document_title: Stonehenge

question_text: where did the stones come from to build stonehenge

question_tokens: where did the stones come from to build stonehenge

text: Stonehenge

text: Etymology

text: The Oxford English Dictionary cites Ælfric's tenth-century glossary, in which henge-cliff is given the meaning "precipice", or stone, thus the stanenges or Stanheng "not far from Salisbury" recorded by eleventh-century writers are "supported stones". William Stukeley in 1740 notes, "Pendulous rocks are now called henges in Yorkshire...I doubt not, Stonehenge in Saxon signifies the hanging stones."[11] Christopher Chippindale's Stonehenge Complete gives the derivation of the name Stonehenge as coming from the Old English words stān meaning "stone", and either hencg meaning "hinge" (because the stone lintels hinge on the upright stones) or hen(c)en meaning "hang" or "gallows" or "instrument of torture" (though elsewhere in his book, Chippindale cites the "suspended stones" etymology). Like Stonehenge's trilithons, medieval gallows consisted of two uprights with a lintel joining them, rather than the inverted L-shape more familiar today.

text: The "henge" portion has given its name to a class of monuments known as henges.[11] Archaeologists define henges as earthworks consisting of a circular banked enclosure with an internal ditch.[12] As often happens in archaeological terminology, this is a holdover from antiquarian use, and Stonehenge is not truly a henge site as its bank is inside its ditch. Despite being contemporary with true Neolithic henges and stone circles, Stonehenge is in many ways atypical—for example, at more than 7.3 metres (24 ft) tall, its extant trilithons supporting lintels held in place with mortise and tenon joints, make it unique.[13][14]

text: Early history

text: Mike Parker Pearson, leader of the Stonehenge Riverside Project based at Durrington Walls, noted that Stonehenge appears to have been associated with burial from the earliest period of its existence:

text: Stonehenge was a place of burial from its beginning to its zenith in the mid third millennium B.C. The cremation burial dating to Stonehenge's sarsen stones phase is likely just one of many from this later period of the monument's use and demonstrates that it was still very much a domain of the dead.[10]

text: Stonehenge evolved in several construction phases spanning at least 1500 years. There is evidence of large-scale construction on and around the monument that perhaps extends the landscape's time frame to 6500 years. Dating and understanding the various phases of activity is complicated by disturbance of the natural chalk by periglacial effects and animal burrowing, poor quality early excavation records, and a lack of accurate, scientifically verified dates. The modern phasing most generally agreed to by archaeologists is detailed below. Features mentioned in the text are numbered and shown on the plan, right.

text: Before the monument (8000 BC forward)

text: Archaeologists have found four, or possibly five, large Mesolithic postholes (one may have been a natural tree throw), which date to around 8000 BC, beneath the nearby modern tourist car-park. These held pine posts around 0.75 metres (2 ft 6 in) in diameter, which were erected and eventually rotted in situ. Three of the posts (and possibly four) were in an east-west alignment which may have had ritual significance; no parallels are known from Britain at the time but similar sites have been found in Scandinavia. A settlement that may have been contemporaneous with the posts has been found at Blick Mead, a reliable year round spring 1 mile (1.6 km) from Stonehenge.[15][16]

text: Salisbury Plain was then still wooded but 4,000 years later, during the earlier Neolithic, people built a causewayed enclosure at Robin Hood's Ball and long barrow tombs in the surrounding landscape. In approximately 3500 BC, a Stonehenge Cursus was built 700 metres (2,300 ft) north of the site as the first farmers began to clear the trees and develop the area. A number of other adjacent stone and wooden structures and burial mounds, previously overlooked, may date as far back as 4000 BC.[17] Charcoal from the ‘Blick Mead’ camp 2.4 kilometres (1.5 mi) from Stonehenge (near the Vespasian's Camp site) has been dated to 4000 BC.[18] The University of Buckingham's Humanities Research Institute believes that the community who built Stonehenge lived here over a period of several millennia, making it potentially "one of the pivotal places in the history of the Stonehenge landscape."[19]

text: Stonehenge 1 (ca. 3100 BC)

text: The first monument consisted of a circular bank and ditch enclosure made of Late Cretaceous (Santonian Age) Seaford Chalk, measuring about 110 metres (360 ft) in diameter, with a large entrance to the north east and a smaller one to the south. It stood in open grassland on a slightly sloping spot.[20] The builders placed the bones of deer and oxen in the bottom of the ditch, as well as some worked flint tools. The bones were considerably older than the antler picks used to dig the ditch, and the people who buried them had looked after them for some time prior to burial. The ditch was continuous but had been dug in sections, like the ditches of the earlier causewayed enclosures in the area. The chalk dug from the ditch was piled up to form the bank. This first stage is dated to around 3100 BC, after which the ditch began to silt up naturally. Within the outer edge of the enclosed area is a circle of 56 pits, each about a metre (3 ft 3 in) in diameter, known as the Aubrey holes after John Aubrey, the seventeenth-century antiquarian who was thought to have first identified them. The pits may have contained standing timbers creating a timber circle, although there is no excavated evidence of them. A recent excavation has suggested that the Aubrey Holes may have originally been used to erect a bluestone circle.[21] If this were the case, it would advance the earliest known stone structure at the monument by some 500 years. A small outer bank beyond the ditch could also date to this period.

text: In 2013 a team of archaeologists, led by Mike Parker Pearson, excavated more than 50,000 cremated bones of 63 individuals buried at Stonehenge.[3][4] These remains had originally been buried individually in the Aubrey holes, exhumed during a previous excavation conducted by William Hawley in 1920, been considered unimportant by him, and subsequently re-interred together in one hole, Aubrey Hole 7, in 1935.[22] Physical and chemical analysis of the remains has shown that the cremated were almost equally men and women, and included some children.[3][4] As there was evidence of the underlying chalk beneath the graves being crushed by substantial weight, the team concluded that the first bluestones brought from Wales were probably used as grave markers.[3][4] Radiocarbon dating of the remains has put the date of the site 500 years earlier than previously estimated, to around 3000 BC.[3][4]

text: Analysis of animal teeth found at nearby Durrington Walls, thought to be the 'builders camp', suggests that as many as 4,000 people gathered at the site for the mid-winter and mid-summer festivals; the evidence showed that the animals had been slaughtered around 9 months or 15 months after their spring birth. Strontium isotope analysis of the animal teeth showed that some had been brought from as far afield as the Scottish Highlands for the celebrations.[4][5]

text: Stonehenge 2 (ca. 3000 BC)

text: Evidence of the second phase is no longer visible. The number of postholes dating to the early 3rd millennium BC suggest that some form of timber structure was built within the enclosure during this period. Further standing timbers were placed at the northeast entrance, and a parallel alignment of posts ran inwards from the southern entrance. The postholes are smaller than the Aubrey Holes, being only around 0.4 metres (16 in) in diameter, and are much less regularly spaced. The bank was purposely reduced in height and the ditch continued to silt up. At least twenty-five of the Aubrey Holes are known to have contained later, intrusive, cremation burials dating to the two centuries after the monument's inception. It seems that whatever the holes' initial function, it changed to become a funerary one during Phase 2. Thirty further cremations were placed in the enclosure's ditch and at other points within the monument, mostly in the eastern half. Stonehenge is therefore interpreted as functioning as an enclosed cremation cemetery at this time, the earliest known cremation cemetery in the British Isles. Fragments of unburnt human bone have also been found in the ditch-fill. Dating evidence is provided by the late Neolithic grooved ware pottery that has been found in connection with the features from this phase.

text: Stonehenge 3 I (ca. 2,600 BC)

text: Archaeological excavation has indicated that around 2600 BC, the builders abandoned timber in favour of stone and dug two concentric arrays of holes (the Q and R Holes) in the centre of the site. These stone sockets are only partly known (hence on present evidence are sometimes described as forming 'crescents'); however, they could be the remains of a double ring. Again, there is little firm dating evidence for this phase. The holes held up to 80 standing stones (shown blue on the plan), only 43 of which can be traced today. It is generally accepted that the bluestones (some of which are made of dolerite, an igneous rock), were transported by the builders from the Preseli Hills, 150 miles (240 km) away in modern-day Pembrokeshire in Wales. Another theory is that they were brought much nearer to the site as glacial erratics by the Irish Sea Glacier[23] although there is no evidence of glacial deposition within southern central England.[24]

text: The long distance human transport theory was bolstered in 2011 by the discovery of a megalithic bluestone quarry at Craig Rhos-y-felin, near Crymych in Pembrokeshire, which is the most likely place for some of the stones to have been obtained.[24] Other standing stones may well have been small sarsens (sandstone), used later as lintels. The stones, which weighed about two tons, could have been moved by lifting and carrying them on rows of poles and rectangular frameworks of poles, as recorded in China, Japan and India. It is not known whether the stones were taken directly from their quarries to Salisbury Plain or were the result of the removal of a venerated stone circle from Preseli to Salisbury Plain to "merge two sacred centres into one, to unify two politically separate regions, or to legitimise the ancestral identity of migrants moving from one region to another".[24] Each monolith measures around 2 metres (6.6 ft) in height, between 1 and 1.5 m (3.3 and 4.9 ft) wide and around 0.8 metres (2.6 ft) thick. What was to become known as the Altar Stone is almost certainly derived from the Senni Beds, perhaps from 50 miles (80 kilometres) east of Mynydd Preseli in the Brecon Beacons.[24]

text: The north-eastern entrance was widened at this time, with the result that it precisely matched the direction of the midsummer sunrise and midwinter sunset of the period. This phase of the monument was abandoned unfinished, however; the small standing stones were apparently removed and the Q and R holes purposefully backfilled. Even so, the monument appears to have eclipsed the site at Avebury in importance towards the end of this phase.

text: The Heelstone, a Tertiary sandstone, may also have been erected outside the north-eastern entrance during this period. It cannot be accurately dated and may have been installed at any time during phase 3. At first it was accompanied by a second stone, which is no longer visible. Two, or possibly three, large portal stones were set up just inside the north-eastern entrance, of which only one, the fallen Slaughter Stone, 4.9 metres (16 ft) long, now remains. Other features, loosely dated to phase 3, include the four Station Stones, two of which stood atop mounds. The mounds are known as "barrows" although they do not contain burials. Stonehenge Avenue, a parallel pair of ditches and banks leading 2 miles (3 km) to the River Avon, was also added. Two ditches similar to Heelstone Ditch circling the Heelstone (which was by then reduced to a single monolith) were later dug around the Station Stones.

text: Stonehenge 3 II (2600 BC to 2400 BC)

text: During the next major phase of activity, 30 enormous Oligocene-Miocene sarsen stones (shown grey on the plan) were brought to the site. They may have come from a quarry around 25 miles (40 km) north of Stonehenge on the Marlborough Downs, or they may have been collected from a "litter" of sarsens on the chalk downs, closer to hand. The stones were dressed and fashioned with mortise and tenon joints before 30 were erected as a 33 metres (108 ft) diameter circle of standing stones, with a ring of 30 lintel stones resting on top. The lintels were fitted to one another using another woodworking method, the tongue and groove joint. Each standing stone was around 4.1 metres (13 ft) high, 2.1 metres (6 ft 11 in) wide and weighed around 25 tons. Each had clearly been worked with the final visual effect in mind; the orthostats widen slightly towards the top in order that their perspective remains constant when viewed from the ground, while the lintel stones curve slightly to continue the circular appearance of the earlier monument.

text: The inward-facing surfaces of the stones are smoother and more finely worked than the outer surfaces. The average thickness of the stones is 1.1 metres (3 ft 7 in) and the average distance between them is 1 metre (3 ft 3 in). A total of 75 stones would have been needed to complete the circle (60 stones) and the trilithon horseshoe (15 stones). It was thought the ring might have been left incomplete, but an exceptionally dry summer in 2013 revealed patches of parched grass which may correspond to the location of removed sarsens.[25] The lintel stones are each around 3.2 metres (10 ft) long, 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) wide and 0.8 metres (2 ft 7 in) thick. The tops of the lintels are 4.9 metres (16 ft) above the ground.

text: Within this circle stood five trilithons of dressed sarsen stone arranged in a horseshoe shape 13.7 metres (45 ft) across with its open end facing north east. These huge stones, ten uprights and five lintels, weigh up to 50 tons each. They were linked using complex jointing. They are arranged symmetrically. The smallest pair of trilithons were around 6 metres (20 ft) tall, the next pair a little higher, and the largest, single trilithon in the south west corner would have been 7.3 metres (24 ft) tall. Only one upright from the Great Trilithon still stands, of which 6.7 metres (22 ft) is visible and a further 2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in) is below ground. The images of a 'dagger' and 14 'axeheads' have been carved on one of the sarsens, known as stone 53; further carvings of axeheads have been seen on the outer faces of stones 3, 4, and 5. The carvings are difficult to date, but are morphologically similar to late Bronze Age weapons. early 21st-century laser scanning of the carvings supports this interpretation. The pair of trilithons in the north east are smallest, measuring around 6 metres (20 ft) in height; the largest, which is in the south west of the horseshoe, is almost 7.5 metres (25 ft) tall.

text: This ambitious phase has been radiocarbon dated to between 2600 and 2400 BC,[26] slightly earlier than the Stonehenge Archer, discovered in the outer ditch of the monument in 1978, and the two sets of burials, known as the Amesbury Archer and the Boscombe Bowmen, discovered 3 miles (5 km) to the west. At about the same time, a large timber circle and a second avenue were constructed 2 miles (3 km) away at Durrington Walls overlooking the River Avon. The timber circle was oriented towards the rising sun on the midwinter solstice, opposing the solar alignments at Stonehenge. The avenue was aligned with the setting sun on the summer solstice and led from the river to the timber circle. Evidence of huge fires on the banks of the Avon between the two avenues also suggests that both circles were linked. They were perhaps used as a procession route on the longest and shortest days of the year. Parker Pearson speculates that the wooden circle at Durrington Walls was the centre of a 'land of the living', whilst the stone circle represented a 'land of the dead', with the Avon serving as a journey between the two.[27]

text: Stonehenge 3 III (2400 BC to 2280 BC)

text: Later in the Bronze Age, although the exact details of activities during this period are still unclear, the bluestones appear to have been re-erected. They were placed within the outer sarsen circle and may have been trimmed in some way. Like the sarsens, a few have timber-working style cuts in them suggesting that, during this phase, they may have been linked with lintels and were part of a larger structure.

text: Stonehenge 3 IV (2280 BC to 1930 BC)

text: This phase saw further rearrangement of the bluestones. They were arranged in a circle between the two rings of sarsens and in an oval at the centre of the inner ring. Some archaeologists argue that some of these bluestones were from a second group brought from Wales. All the stones formed well-spaced uprights without any of the linking lintels inferred in Stonehenge 3 III. The Altar Stone may have been moved within the oval at this time and re-erected vertically. Although this would seem the most impressive phase of work, Stonehenge 3 IV was rather shabbily built compared to its immediate predecessors, as the newly re-installed bluestones were not well-founded and began to fall over. However, only minor changes were made after this phase.

text: Stonehenge 3 V (1930 BC to 1600 BC)

text: Soon afterwards, the north eastern section of the Phase 3 IV bluestone circle was removed, creating a horseshoe-shaped setting (the Bluestone Horseshoe) which mirrored the shape of the central sarsen Trilithons. This phase is contemporary with the Seahenge site in Norfolk.

text: After the monument (1600 BC on)

text: The Y and Z Holes are the last known construction at Stonehenge, built about 1600 BC, and the last usage of it was probably during the Iron Age. Roman coins and medieval artefacts have all been found in or around the monument but it is unknown if the monument was in continuous use throughout British prehistory and beyond, or exactly how it would have been used. Notable is the massive Iron Age hillfort Vespasian's Camp built alongside the Avenue near the Avon. A decapitated seventh century Saxon man was excavated from Stonehenge in 1923.[28] The site was known to scholars during the Middle Ages and since then it has been studied and adopted by numerous groups.

text: Function and construction

text: Stonehenge was produced by a culture that left no written records. Many aspects of Stonehenge, such as how it was built and which purposes it was used for, remain subject to debate. A number of myths surround the stones.[29] The site, specifically the great trilithon, the encompassing horseshoe arrangement of the five central trilithons, the heel stone, and the embanked avenue, are aligned to the sunset of the winter solstice and the opposing sunrise of the summer solstice.[30][31] A natural landform at the monument's location followed this line, and may have inspired its construction.[32] The excavated remains of culled animal bones suggest that people may have gathered at the site for the winter rather than the summer.[33] Further astronomical associations, and the precise astronomical significance of the site for its people, are a matter of speculation and debate.

text: There is little or no direct evidence revealing the construction techniques used by the Stonehenge builders. Over the years, various authors have suggested that supernatural or anachronistic methods were used, usually asserting that the stones were impossible to move otherwise due to their massive size. However, conventional techniques, using Neolithic technology as basic as shear legs, have been demonstrably effective at moving and placing stones of a similar size.[citation needed] How the stones could be transported by a prehistoric people without the aid of the wheel or a pulley system is not known. The most common theory of how prehistoric people moved megaliths has them creating a track of logs on which the large stones were rolled along.[34] Another megalith transport theory involves the use of a type of sleigh running on a track greased with animal fat.[34] Such an experiment with a sleigh carrying a 40-ton slab of stone was successful near Stonehenge in 1995. A dedicated team of more than 100 workers managed to push and pull the slab along the 18-mile (29 km) journey from Marlborough Downs.[34] Proposed functions for the site include usage as an astronomical observatory or as a religious site.

text: More recently two major new theories have been proposed. Professor Geoffrey Wainwright, president of the Society of Antiquaries of London, and Timothy Darvill, of Bournemouth University, have suggested that Stonehenge was a place of healing—the primeval equivalent of Lourdes.[35] They argue that this accounts for the high number of burials in the area and for the evidence of trauma deformity in some of the graves. However, they do concede that the site was probably multifunctional and used for ancestor worship as well.[36] Isotope analysis indicates that some of the buried individuals were from other regions. A teenage boy buried approximately 1550 BC was raised near the Mediterranean Sea; a metal worker from 2300 BC dubbed the "Amesbury Archer" grew up near the alpine foothills of Germany; and the "Boscombe Bowmen" probably arrived from Wales or Brittany, France.[37]

text: On the other hand, Mike Parker Pearson of Sheffield University has suggested that Stonehenge was part of a ritual landscape and was joined to Durrington Walls by their corresponding avenues and the River Avon. He suggests that the area around Durrington Walls Henge was a place of the living, whilst Stonehenge was a domain of the dead. A journey along the Avon to reach Stonehenge was part of a ritual passage from life to death, to celebrate past ancestors and the recently deceased.[27] Both explanations were first mooted in the twelfth century by Geoffrey of Monmouth, who extolled the curative properties of the stones and was also the first to advance the idea that Stonehenge was constructed as a funerary monument. Whatever religious, mystical or spiritual elements were central to Stonehenge, its design includes a celestial observatory function, which might have allowed prediction of eclipse, solstice, equinox and other celestial events important to a contemporary religion.[38]

text: There are other hypotheses and theories. According to a team of British researchers led by Mike Parker Pearson of the University of Sheffield, Stonehenge may have been built as a symbol of "peace and unity", indicated in part by the fact that at the time of its construction, Britain's Neolithic people were experiencing a period of cultural unification.[29][39]

text: Another idea has to do with a quality of the stones themselves. Researchers from the Royal College of Art in London have discovered that some of the monument’s stones possess "unusual acoustic properties"—when they are struck they respond with a "loud clanging noise". According to Paul Devereux, editor of the journal Time and Mind: The Journal of Archaeology, Consciousness and Culture, this idea could explain why certain bluestones were hauled nearly 200 miles (320 km)—a major technical accomplishment at the time. In certain ancient cultures rocks that ring out, known as lithophones, were believed to contain mystic or healing powers, and Stonehenge has a history of association with rituals. The presence of these "ringing rocks" seems to support the hypothesis that Stonehenge was a "place for healing", as has been pointed out by Bournemouth University archaeologist Timothy Darvill, who consulted with the researchers. Some of the stones of Stonehenge were brought from near a town in Wales called Maenclochog, a name which means "ringing rock".[40]

text: Modern history

text: Folklore

text: "Heel Stone", "Friar’s Heel", or "Sun-Stone"

text: The Heel Stone lies north east of the sarsen circle, beside the end portion of Stonehenge Avenue.[41] It is a rough stone, 16 feet (4.9 m) above ground, leaning inwards towards the stone circle.[41] It has been known by many names in the past, including "Friar's Heel" and "Sun-stone".[42][43] At summer solstice an observer standing within the stone circle, looking north-east through the entrance, would see the Sun rise in the approximate direction of the heel stone, and the sun has often been photographed over it.

text: A folk tale relates the origin of the Friar's Heel reference.[44][45]

text: The name is not unique; there was a monolith with the same name recorded in the nineteenth century by antiquarian Charles Warne at Long Bredy in Dorset.[47]

text: Arthurian legend

text: In the twelfth century, Geoffrey of Monmouth included a fanciful story in his Historia Regum Britanniae ("History of the Kings of Britain") that attributed the monument's construction to the wizard Merlin.[48] Geoffrey's story spread widely, appearing in more and less elaborate form in adaptations of his work such as Wace's Norman French Roman de Brut, Layamon's Middle English Brut, and the Welsh Brut y Brenhinedd.

text: According to Geoffrey the rocks of Stonehenge were healing rocks, called the Giant's dance, which Giants had brought from Africa to Ireland for their healing properties. The fifth-century king Aurelius Ambrosius wished to erect a memorial to 3,000 nobles slain in battle against the Saxons and buried at Salisbury, and at Merlin's advice chose Stonehenge. The king sent Merlin, Uther Pendragon (King Arthur's father), and 15,000 knights, to remove it from Ireland, where it had been constructed on Mount Killaraus by the Giants. They slew 7,000 Irish but, as the knights tried to move the rocks with ropes and force, they failed. Then Merlin, using "gear" and skill, easily dismantled the stones and sent them over to Britain, where Stonehenge was dedicated. After it had been rebuilt near Amesbury, Geoffrey further narrates how first Ambrosius Aurelianus, then Uther Pendragon, and finally Constantine III, were buried inside the "Giants' Ring of Stonehenge".

text: In another legend of Saxons and Britons, in 472 the invading king Hengist invited Brythonic warriors to a feast, but treacherously ordered his men to draw their weapons from concealment and fall upon the guests, killing 420 of them. Hengist erected the stone monument—Stonehenge—on the site to show his remorse for the deed.[49]

text: Sixteenth century to present

text: Stonehenge has changed ownership several times since King Henry VIII acquired Amesbury Abbey and its surrounding lands. In 1540 Henry gave the estate to the Earl of Hertford. It subsequently passed to Lord Carleton and then the Marquess of Queensberry. The Antrobus family of Cheshire bought the estate in 1824. During World War I an aerodrome (Royal Flying Corps "No. 1 School of Aerial Navigation and Bomb Dropping")[50] was built on the downs just to the west of the circle and, in the dry valley at Stonehenge Bottom, a main road junction was built, along with several cottages and a cafe. The Antrobus family sold the site after their last heir was killed in the fighting in France. The auction by Knight Frank & Rutley estate agents in Salisbury was held on 21 September 1915 and included "Lot 15. Stonehenge with about 30 acres, 2 rods, 37 perches [12.44 ha] of adjoining downland."[51]

text: Cecil Chubb bought the site for £6,600 and gave it to the nation three years later. Although it has been speculated that he purchased it at the suggestion of—or even as a present for—his wife, in fact he bought it on a whim, as he believed a local man should be the new owner.[51]

text: In the late 1920s a nationwide appeal was launched to save Stonehenge from the encroachment of the modern buildings that had begun to rise around it.[52] By 1928 the land around the monument had been purchased with the appeal donations, and given to the National Trust to preserve. The buildings were removed (although the roads were not), and the land returned to agriculture. More recently the land has been part of a grassland reversion scheme, returning the surrounding fields to native chalk grassland.[53]

text: Neopaganism

text: During the twentieth century, Stonehenge began to revive as a place of religious significance, this time by adherents of Neopaganism and New Age beliefs, particularly the Neo-druids. The historian Ronald Hutton would later remark that "it was a great, and potentially uncomfortable, irony that modern Druids had arrived at Stonehenge just as archaeologists were evicting the ancient Druids from it."[54] The first such Neo-druidic group to make use of the megalithic monument was the Ancient Order of Druids, who performed a mass initiation ceremony there in August 1905, in which they admitted 259 new members into their organisation. This assembly was largely ridiculed in the press, who mocked the fact that the Neo-druids were dressed up in costumes consisting of white robes and fake beards.[55]

text: Between 1972 and 1984, Stonehenge was the site of the Stonehenge Free Festival. After the Battle of the Beanfield in 1985, this use of the site was stopped for several years and ritual use of Stonehenge is now heavily restricted.[56] Some Druids have arranged an assembling of monuments styled on Stonehenge in other parts of the world as a form of Druidist worship.[57]

text: Setting and access

text: When Stonehenge was first opened to the public it was possible to walk among and even climb on the stones, but the stones were roped off in 1977 as a result of serious erosion.[58] Visitors are no longer permitted to touch the stones, but are able to walk around the monument from a short distance away. English Heritage does, however, permit access during the summer and winter solstice, and the spring and autumn equinox. Additionally, visitors can make special bookings to access the stones throughout the year.[59]

text: The access situation and the proximity of the two roads has drawn widespread criticism, highlighted by a 2006 National Geographic survey. In the survey of conditions at 94 leading World Heritage Sites, 400 conservation and tourism experts ranked Stonehenge 75th in the list of destinations, declaring it to be "in moderate trouble".[60]

text: As motorised traffic increased, the setting of the monument began to be affected by the proximity of the two roads on either side—the A344 to Shrewton on the north side, and the A303 to Winterbourne Stoke to the south. Plans to upgrade the A303 and close the A344 to restore the vista from the stones have been considered since the monument became a World Heritage Site. However, the controversy surrounding expensive re-routing of the roads has led to the scheme being cancelled on multiple occasions. On 6 December 2007, it was announced that extensive plans to build Stonehenge road tunnel under the landscape and create a permanent visitors' centre had been cancelled.[61]

text: On 13 May 2009, the government gave approval for a £25 million scheme to create a smaller visitors' centre and close the A344, although this was dependent on funding and local authority planning consent.[62] On 20 January 2010 Wiltshire Council granted planning permission for a centre 2.4 km (1.5 miles) to the west and English Heritage confirmed that funds to build it would be available, supported by a £10m grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund.[63] On 23 June 2013 the A344 was closed to begin the work of removing the section of road and replacing it with grass.[64][65] The centre, designed by Denton Corker Marshall, opened to the public on 18 December 2013.[66]

text: Stonehenge Roundtable Access

text: The earlier rituals were augmented by the Stonehenge Free Festival, loosely organised by the Politantric Circle, held between 1972 and 1984, during which time the number of midsummer visitors had risen to around 30,000.[67] However, in 1985 the site was closed to festivalgoers by English Heritage and the National Trust. A consequence of the end of the festival in 1985 was the violent confrontation between the police and New Age travellers that became known as the Battle of the Beanfield when police blockaded a convoy of travellers to prevent them from approaching Stonehenge. Beginning in 1985, the year of the Battle of the Beanfield, no access was allowed into the stones at Stonehenge for any religious reason. This 'exclusion zone' policy continued for almost fifteen years and until just before the arrival of the twenty-first century, visitors were not allowed to go into the stones at times of religious significance: the two Solstices (Winter and Summer) and two Equinoxes (Vernal and Autumnal).[68]

text: However, now due to the Roundtable process and the 'Court of Human Rights' rulings gained by picketing by campaigners such as Brian "Viziondanz" Felstein and King Arthur Pendragon, some access had been gained four times a year. The 'Court of Human Rights' rulings recognises that members of any genuine religion have a right to worship in their own church, and Stonehenge is a place of worship to Neo-Druids, Pagans and other 'Earth based' or 'old' religions. The Roundtable meetings include members of the Wiltshire Police force, National Trust, English Heritage, Pagans, Druids, Spiritualists and others.

text: At the Summer Solstice 2003 which fell over a weekend over 30,000 people attended a gathering at and in the stones. The 2004 gathering was smaller (around 21,000 people).

text: Archaeological research and restoration

text: {{{annotations}}}

text: Throughout recorded history, Stonehenge and its surrounding monuments have attracted attention from antiquarians and archaeologists. John Aubrey was one of the first to examine the site with a scientific eye in 1666, and recorded in his plan of the monument the pits that now bear his name. William Stukeley continued Aubrey’s work in the early eighteenth century, but took an interest in the surrounding monuments as well, identifying (somewhat incorrectly) the Cursus and the Avenue. He also began the excavation of many of the barrows in the area, and it was his interpretation of the landscape that associated it with the Druids.[69] Stukeley was so fascinated with Druids that he originally named Disc Barrows as Druids' Barrows. The most accurate early plan of Stonehenge was that made by Bath architect John Wood in 1740.[70] His original annotated survey has recently been computer redrawn and published.[71][page needed] Importantly Wood’s plan was made before the collapse of the southwest trilithon, which fell in 1797 and was restored in 1958.

text: William Cunnington was the next to tackle the area in the early nineteenth century. He excavated some 24 barrows before digging in and around the stones and discovered charred wood, animal bones, pottery and urns. He also identified the hole in which the Slaughter Stone once stood. Richard Colt Hoare supported Cunnington's work and excavated some 379 barrows on Salisbury Plain including on some 200 in the area around the Stones, some excavated in conjunction with William Coxe. To alert future diggers to their work they were careful to leave initialled metal tokens in each barrow they opened. Cunnington's finds are displayed at the Wiltshire Museum. In 1877 Charles Darwin dabbled in archaeology at the stones, experimenting with the rate at which remains sink into the earth for his book The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms.

text: William Gowland oversaw the first major restoration of the monument in 1901 which involved the straightening and concrete setting of sarsen stone number 56 which was in danger of falling. In straightening the stone he moved it about half a metre from its original position.[71] Gowland also took the opportunity to further excavate the monument in what was the most scientific dig to date, revealing more about the erection of the stones than the previous 100 years of work had done. During the 1920 restoration William Hawley, who had excavated nearby Old Sarum, excavated the base of six stones and the outer ditch. He also located a bottle of port in the Slaughter Stone socket left by Cunnington, helped to rediscover Aubrey's pits inside the bank and located the concentric circular holes outside the Sarsen Circle called the Y and Z Holes.[72]

text: Richard Atkinson, Stuart Piggott and John F. S. Stone re-excavated much of Hawley's work in the 1940s and 1950s, and discovered the carved axes and daggers on the Sarsen Stones. Atkinson's work was instrumental in furthering the understanding of the three major phases of the monument's construction.

text: In 1958 the stones were restored again, when three of the standing sarsens were re-erected and set in concrete bases. The last restoration was carried out in 1963 after stone 23 of the Sarsen Circle fell over. It was again re-erected, and the opportunity was taken to concrete three more stones. Later archaeologists, including Christopher Chippindale of the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge and Brian Edwards of the University of the West of England, campaigned to give the public more knowledge of the various restorations and in 2004 English Heritage included pictures of the work in progress in its book Stonehenge: A History in Photographs.[73][74][75]

text: In 1966 and 1967, in advance of a new car park being built at the site, the area of land immediately northwest of the stones was excavated by Faith and Lance Vatcher. They discovered the Mesolithic postholes dating from between 7000 and 8000 BC, as well as a 10-metre (33 ft) length of a palisade ditch – a V-cut ditch into which timber posts had been inserted that remained there until they rotted away. Subsequent aerial archaeology suggests that this ditch runs from the west to the north of Stonehenge, near the avenue.[72]

text: Excavations were once again carried out in 1978 by Atkinson and John Evans during which they discovered the remains of the Stonehenge Archer in the outer ditch,[76] and in 1979 rescue archaeology was needed alongside the Heel Stone after a cable-laying ditch was mistakenly dug on the roadside, revealing a new stone hole next to the Heel Stone.

text: In the early 1980s Julian Richards led the Stonehenge Environs Project, a detailed study of the surrounding landscape. The project was able to successfully date such features as the Lesser Cursus, Coneybury Henge and several other smaller features.

text: In 1993 the way that Stonehenge was presented to the public was called 'a national disgrace' by the House of Commons Public Accounts Committee. Part of English Heritage's response to this criticism was to commission research to collate and bring together all the archaeological work conducted at the monument up to this date. This two-year research project resulted in the publication in 1995 of the monograph Stonehenge in its landscape, which was the first publication presenting the complex stratigraphy and the finds recovered from the site. It presented a rephasing of the monument.[77]

text: More recent excavations include a series of digs held between 2003 and 2008 known as the Stonehenge Riverside Project, led by Mike Parker Pearson. This project mainly investigated other monuments in the landscape and their relationship to the stones — notably Durrington Walls, where another "Avenue" leading to the River Avon was discovered. The point where the Stonehenge Avenue meets the river was also excavated, and revealed a previously unknown circular area which probably housed four further stones, most likely as a marker for the starting point of the avenue. In April 2008 Tim Darvill of the University of Bournemouth and Geoff Wainwright of the Society of Antiquaries, began another dig inside the stone circle to retrieve dateable fragments of the original bluestone pillars. They were able to date the erection of some bluestones to 2300 BC,[2] although this may not reflect the earliest erection of stones at Stonehenge. They also discovered organic material from 7000 BC, which, along with the Mesolithic postholes, adds support for the site having been in use at least 4,000 years before Stonehenge was started. In August and September 2008, as part of the Riverside Project, Julian Richards and Mike Pitts excavated Aubrey Hole 7, removing the cremated remains from several Aubrey Holes that had been excavated by Hawley in the 1920s, and re-interred in 1935.[22] A licence for the removal of human remains at Stonehenge had been granted by the Ministry of Justice in May 2008, in accordance with the Statement on burial law and archaeology issued in May 2008. One of the conditions of the licence was that the remains should be reinterred within two years and that in the intervening period they should be kept safely, privately and decently.[78][79]

text: A new landscape investigation was conducted in April 2009. A shallow mound, rising to about 40 cm (16 inches) was identified between stones 54 (inner circle) and 10 (outer circle), clearly separated from the natural slope. It has not been dated but speculation that it represents careless backfilling following earlier excavations seems disproved by its representation in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century illustrations. Indeed, there is some evidence that, as an uncommon geological feature, it could have been deliberately incorporated into the monument at the outset.[20] A circular, shallow bank, little more than 10 cm (4 inches) high, was found between the Y and Z hole circles, with a further bank lying inside the "Z" circle. These are interpreted as the spread of spoil from the original Y and Z holes, or more speculatively as hedge banks from vegetation deliberately planted to screen the activities within.[20]

text: In July 2010, the Stonehenge Hidden Landscape Project discovered a "henge-like" monument less than 1 km (0.62 miles) away from the main site.[80] This new hengiform monument was subsequently revealed to be located "at the site of Amesbury 50", a round barrow in the Cursus Barrows group.[81]

text: On 26 November 2011, archaeologists from University of Birmingham announced the discovery of evidence of two huge pits positioned within the Stonehenge Cursus pathway, aligned in celestial position towards midsummer sunrise and sunset when viewed from the Heel Stone.[82][83] The new discovery is part of the Stonehenge Hidden Landscape Project which began in the summer of 2010.[84] The project uses non-invasive geophysical imaging technique to reveal and visually recreate the landscape. According to team leader Vince Gaffney, this discovery may provide a direct link between the rituals and astronomical events to activities within the Cursus at Stonehenge.[83]

text: On 18 December 2011, geologists from University of Leicester and the National Museum of Wales announced the discovery of the exact source of some of the rhyolite fragments found in the Stonehenge debitage. These fragments do not seem to match any of the standing stones or bluestone stumps. The researchers have identified the source as a 70-metre (230 ft) long rock outcrop called Craig Rhos-y-Felin (51°59′30.07″N 4°44′40.85″W / 51.9916861°N 4.7446806°W / 51.9916861; -4.7446806 (Craig Rhos-y-Felin)), near Pont Saeson in north Pembrokeshire, located 220 kilometres (140 mi) from Stonehenge.[85][86]

text: On 10 September 2014 the University of Birmingham announced findings including evidence of adjacent stone and wooden structures and burial mounds, overlooked previously, that may date as far back as 4000 BC.[17] An area extending to 12 square kilometres (1,200 ha) was studied to a depth of three metres with ground-penetrating radar equipment. As many as seventeen new monuments, revealed nearby, may be Late Neolithic monuments that resemble Stonehenge. The interpretation suggests a complex of numerous related monuments. Also included in the discovery is that the cursus track is terminated by two five-meter wide extremely deep pits,[87] whose purpose is still a mystery.

text: In popular culture

text:
"Stonehenge" from mockumentary This Is Spinal Tap
"Stonehenge", a 2013 song by Ylvis[88]


document_title: List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees

question_text: who was the youngest winner of the best actress in a leading role academy award

root

text: Superlatives[edit]

text: Among the oldest and youngest winners and nominees of Academy Awards in standard competitive categories, the following superlatives emerge:

tag: p

text:
Superlative
Overall
Director
Actor
Actress

Oldest Nominee
Plummer, ChristopherChristopher Plummer
Age 88
Huston, JohnJohn Huston
Age 79
Plummer, ChristopherChristopher Plummer
Age 88
Stuart, GloriaGloria Stuart
Age 87

Oldest Winner
Plummer, ChristopherChristopher Plummer
Age 82
Eastwood, ClintClint Eastwood
Age 74
Plummer, ChristopherChristopher Plummer
Age 82
Tandy, JessicaJessica Tandy
Age 80

Youngest Nominee
Henry, JustinJustin Henry
Age 8
Singleton, JohnJohn Singleton
Age 24
Henry, JustinJustin Henry
Age 8
Wallis, QuvenzhanéQuvenzhané Wallis
Age 9

Youngest Winner
O'Neal, TatumTatum O'Neal
Age 10
Chazelle, DamienDamien Chazelle
Age 32
Hutton, TimothyTimothy Hutton
Age 20
O'Neal, TatumTatum O'Neal
Age 10

tag: table

text: Best Director[edit]

text: Oldest winners[edit]

text:
Rank
Age
Name
Film
Year in Film
Date of Birth
Date of Award
Notes

1
7004273010000000000♠74 years, 272 days
Eastwood, ClintClint Eastwood
Million Dollar Baby
2004
000000001930-05-31-0000May 31, 1930
000000002005-02-27-0000February 27, 2005
Has held record for 13 years (2005–2018)

2
7004254190000000000♠69 years, 217 days
Polanski, RomanRoman Polanski
The Pianist
2002
000000001933-08-18-0000August 18, 1933
000000002003-03-23-0000March 23, 2003
Held record for 2 years (2003–2005)

3
7004240130000000000♠65 years, 272 days
Cukor, GeorgeGeorge Cukor
My Fair Lady
1964
000000001899-07-07-0000July 7, 1899
000000001965-04-05-0000April 5, 1965
Held record for 38 years (1965–2003)

4
7004234760000000000♠64 years, 100 days
Scorsese, MartinMartin Scorsese
The Departed
2006
000000001942-11-17-0000November 17, 1942
000000002007-02-25-0000February 25, 2007

5
7004229480000000000♠62 years, 302 days
Eastwood, ClintClint Eastwood
Unforgiven
1992
000000001930-05-31-0000May 31, 1930
000000001993-03-29-0000March 29, 1993

6
7004227510000000000♠62 years, 105 days
Reed, CarolCarol Reed
Oliver!
1968
000000001906-12-30-0000December 30, 1906
000000001969-04-14-0000April 14, 1969

7
7004218960000000000♠59 years, 346 days
Zinnemann, FredFred Zinnemann
A Man for All Seasons
1966
000000001907-04-29-0000April 29, 1907
000000001967-04-10-0000April 10, 1967

8
7004217750000000000♠59 years, 225 days
Attenborough, RichardRichard Attenborough
Gandhi
1982
000000001923-08-29-0000August 29, 1923
000000001983-04-11-0000April 11, 1983

9
7004215950000000000♠59 years, 46 days
Ford, JohnJohn Ford
The Quiet Man
1952
000000001894-02-01-0000February 1, 1894
000000001953-03-19-0000March 19, 1953
Held record for 12 years (1953–1965)

10
7004213090000000000♠58 years, 124 days
Lee, AngAng Lee
Life of Pi
2012
000000001954-10-23-0000October 23, 1954
000000002013-02-24-0000February 24, 2013

text: Oldest nominees[edit]

text:
Rank
Age
Name
Film
Year in Film
Date of Birth
Date of Nomination
Notes

1
7004290390000000000♠79 years, 184 days
Huston, JohnJohn Huston
Prizzi's Honor
1985
000000001906-08-05-0000August 5, 1906
000000001986-02-05-0000February 5, 1986
Has held record for 32 years (1986–2018)

2
7004286830000000000♠78 years, 193 days
Crichton, CharlesCharles Crichton
A Fish Called Wanda
1988
000000001910-08-06-0000August 6, 1910
000000001989-02-15-0000February 15, 1989

3
7004281160000000000♠76 years, 357 days
Altman, RobertRobert Altman
Gosford Park
2001
000000001925-02-20-0000February 20, 1925
000000002002-02-12-0000February 12, 2002

4
7004280770000000000♠76 years, 318 days
Lean, DavidDavid Lean
A Passage to India
1984
000000001908-03-25-0000March 25, 1908
000000001985-02-06-0000February 6, 1985
Held record for 1 year (1985–1986)

5
7004279960000000000♠76 years, 237 days
Eastwood, ClintClint Eastwood
Letters from Iwo Jima
2006
000000001930-05-31-0000May 31, 1930
000000002007-01-23-0000January 23, 2007

6
7004278130000000000♠76 years, 54 days
Allen, WoodyWoody Allen
Midnight In Paris
2011
000000001935-12-01-0000December 1, 1935
000000002012-01-24-0000January 24, 2012

7
7004277130000000000♠75 years, 319 days
Kurosawa, AkiraAkira Kurosawa
Ran
1985
000000001910-03-23-0000March 23, 1910
000000001986-02-05-0000February 5, 1986

8
7004272680000000000♠74 years, 239 days
Eastwood, ClintClint Eastwood
Million Dollar Baby
2004
000000001930-05-31-0000May 31, 1930
000000002005-01-25-0000January 25, 2005
Winner

9
7004269040000000000♠73 years, 241 days
Mystic River
2003
000000002004-01-27-0000January 27, 2004

10
7004261130000000000♠71 years, 181 days
DeMille, Cecil B.Cecil B. DeMille
The Greatest Show on Earth
1952
000000001881-08-12-0000August 12, 1881
000000001953-02-09-0000February 9, 1953
Held record for 32 years (1953–1985)

text: Youngest winners[edit]

text:
Rank
Age
Name
Film
Year in Film
Date of Birth
Date of Award
Notes

1
7004117260000000000♠32 years, 38 days
Chazelle, DamienDamien Chazelle
La La Land
2016
000000001985-01-19-0000January 19, 1985
000000002017-02-26-0000February 26, 2017
Has held record for 1 year (2017–2018)

2
7004119470000000000♠32 years, 260 days
Taurog, NormanNorman Taurog
Skippy
1930/31
000000001899-02-23-0000February 23, 1899
000000001931-11-10-0000November 10, 1931
Held record for 86 years (1931–2017)

3
7004122810000000000♠33 years, 228 days
Milestone, LewisLewis Milestone
Two Arabian Knights
1927/28
000000001895-09-30-0000September 30, 1895
000000001929-05-16-0000May 16, 1929
Held record for 2 years (1929–1931)

4
7004126560000000000♠34 years, 238 days
Mendes, SamSam Mendes
American Beauty
1999
000000001965-08-01-0000August 1, 1965
000000002000-03-26-0000March 26, 2000

5
7004128060000000000♠35 years, 23 days
Borzage, FrankFrank Borzage
7th Heaven
1927/28
000000001894-04-23-0000April 23, 1894
000000001929-05-16-0000May 16, 1929

6
7004128190000000000♠35 years, 36 days
Milestone, LewisLewis Milestone
All Quiet on the Western Front
1929/30
000000001895-09-30-0000September 30, 1895
000000001930-11-05-0000November 5, 1930

7
7004130960000000000♠35 years, 313 days
Richardson, TonyTony Richardson
Tom Jones
1963
000000001928-06-05-0000June 5, 1928
000000001964-04-13-0000April 13, 1964

8
7004131500000000000♠36 years, 1 day
Coppola, Francis FordFrancis Ford Coppola
The Godfather Part II
1974
000000001939-04-07-0000April 7, 1939
000000001975-04-08-0000April 8, 1975

9
7004132000000000000♠36 years, 51 days
Mann, DelbertDelbert Mann
Marty
1955
000000001920-01-30-0000January 30, 1920
000000001956-03-21-0000March 21, 1956

10
7004132150000000000♠36 years, 66 days
Costner, KevinKevin Costner
Dances with Wolves
1990
000000001955-01-18-0000January 18, 1955
000000001991-03-25-0000March 25, 1991

text: Youngest nominees[edit]

text:
Rank
Age
Name
Film
Year in Film
Date of Birth
Date of Nomination
Notes

1
7003881000000000000♠24 years, 44 days
Singleton, JohnJohn Singleton
Boyz n the Hood
1991
000000001968-01-06-0000January 6, 1968
000000001992-02-19-0000February 19, 1992
Has held record for 26 years (1992–2018)

2
7003977600000000000♠26 years, 279 days
Welles, OrsonOrson Welles
Citizen Kane
1941
000000001915-05-06-0000May 6, 1915
000000001942-02-09-0000February 9, 1942
Held record for 50 years (1942–1992)

3
7004106580000000000♠29 years, 66 days
Branagh, KennethKenneth Branagh
Henry V
1989
000000001960-12-10-0000December 10, 1960
000000001990-02-14-0000February 14, 1990

4
7004107050000000000♠29 years, 113 days
Lelouch, ClaudeClaude Lelouch
A Man and a Woman
1966
000000001937-10-30-0000October 30, 1937
000000001967-02-20-0000February 20, 1967

5
7004107850000000000♠29 years, 193 days
Shyamalan, M. NightM. Night Shyamalan
The Sixth Sense
1999
000000001970-08-06-0000August 6, 1970
000000002000-02-15-0000February 15, 2000

6
7004108730000000000♠29 years, 281 days
Lucas, GeorgeGeorge Lucas
American Graffiti
1973
000000001944-05-14-0000May 14, 1944
000000001974-02-19-0000February 19, 1974

7
7004110460000000000♠30 years, 88 days
Zeitlin, BenhBenh Zeitlin
Beasts of the Southern Wild
2012
000000001982-10-14-0000October 14, 1982
000000002013-01-10-0000January 10, 2013

8
7004110520000000000♠30 years, 95 days
Reitman, JasonJason Reitman
Juno
2007
000000001977-10-19-0000October 19, 1977
000000002008-01-22-0000January 22, 2008

9
7004110730000000000♠30 years, 116 days
Jonze, SpikeSpike Jonze
Being John Malkovich
1999
000000001969-10-22-0000October 22, 1969
000000002000-02-15-0000February 15, 2000

10
7004113880000000000♠31 years, 65 days
Spielberg, StevenSteven Spielberg
Close Encounters of the Third Kind
1977
000000001946-12-18-0000December 18, 1946
000000001978-02-21-0000February 21, 1978

text: Best Actor in a Leading Role[edit]

text: Oldest winners[edit]

text:
Rank
Age
Name
Film
Year in Film
Date of Birth
Date of Award
Notes

1
7004280760000000000♠76 years, 317 days
Fonda, HenryHenry Fonda
On Golden Pond
1981
000000001905-05-16-0000May 16, 1905
000000001982-03-29-0000March 29, 1982
Has held record for 36 years (1982–2018)

2
7004229620000000000♠62 years, 316 days
Wayne, JohnJohn Wayne
True Grit
1969
000000001907-05-26-0000May 26, 1907
000000001970-04-07-0000April 7, 1970
Held record for 12 years (1970–1982)

3
7004228530000000000♠62 years, 209 days
Arliss, GeorgeGeorge Arliss
Disraeli
1929/30
000000001868-04-10-0000April 10, 1868
000000001930-11-05-0000November 5, 1930
Held record for 40 years (1930–1970)

4
7004227080000000000♠62 years, 63 days
Newman, PaulPaul Newman
The Color of Money
1986
000000001925-01-26-0000January 26, 1925
000000001987-03-30-0000March 30, 1987

5
7004222500000000000♠60 years, 335 days
Nicholson, JackJack Nicholson
As Good as It Gets
1997
000000001937-04-22-0000April 22, 1937
000000001998-03-23-0000March 23, 1998

6
7004220960000000000♠60 years, 181 days
Finch, PeterPeter Finch
Network
1976
000000001916-09-28-0000September 28, 1916
000000001977-03-28-0000March 28, 1977
Posthumous award

7
7004220080000000000♠60 years, 93 days
Bridges, JeffJeff Bridges
Crazy Heart
2009
000000001949-12-04-0000December 4, 1949
000000002010-03-07-0000March 7, 2010

8
7004218980000000000♠59 years, 348 days
Oldman, GaryGary Oldman
Darkest Hour
2017
000000001958-03-21-0000March 21, 1958
000000002018-03-04-0000March 4, 2018

9
7004208580000000000♠57 years, 40 days
Colman, RonaldRonald Colman
A Double Life
1947
000000001891-02-09-0000February 9, 1891
000000001948-03-20-0000March 20, 1948

10
7004208500000000000♠57 years, 31 days
Harrison, RexRex Harrison
My Fair Lady
1964
000000001908-03-05-0000March 5, 1908
000000001965-04-05-0000April 5, 1965

text: Oldest nominees[edit]

text:
Rank
Age
Name
Film
Year in Film
Date of Birth
Date of Nomination
Notes

1
7004290210000000000♠79 years, 167 days
Farnsworth, RichardRichard Farnsworth
The Straight Story
1999
000000001920-09-01-0000September 1, 1920
000000002000-03-22-0000March 22, 2000
Has held record for 18 years (2000–2018)

2
7004283500000000000♠77 years, 226 days
Dern, BruceBruce Dern
Nebraska
2013
000000001936-06-06-0000June 6, 1936
000000002014-01-16-0000January 16, 2014

3
7004280300000000000♠76 years, 271 days
Fonda, HenryHenry Fonda
On Golden Pond
1981
000000001905-05-16-0000May 16, 1905
000000001982-03-29-0000March 29, 1982
Winner
Held record for 18 years (1982–2000)

4
7004272680000000000♠74 years, 239 days
Eastwood, ClintClint Eastwood
Million Dollar Baby
2004
000000001930-05-31-0000May 31, 1930
000000002005-01-25-0000January 25, 2005

5
7004272020000000000♠74 years, 174 days
O'Toole, PeterPeter O'Toole
Venus
2006
000000001932-08-02-0000August 2, 1932
000000002007-01-23-0000January 23, 2007

6
7004265440000000000♠72 years, 246 days
Freeman, MorganMorgan Freeman
Invictus
2009
000000001937-06-01-0000June 1, 1937
000000002010-02-02-0000February 2, 2010

7
7004262070000000000♠71 years, 274 days
Olivier, LaurenceLaurence Olivier
The Boys from Brazil
1978
000000001907-05-22-0000May 22, 1907
000000001979-02-20-0000February 20, 1979
Held record for 3 years (1979–1982)

8
7004259540000000000♠71 years, 21 days
Langella, FrankFrank Langella
Frost/Nixon
2008
000000001938-01-01-0000January 1, 1938
000000002009-01-22-0000January 22, 2009

9
7004255860000000000♠70 years, 19 days
Newman, PaulPaul Newman
Nobody's Fool
1994
000000001925-01-26-0000January 26, 1925
000000001995-02-14-0000February 14, 1995

10
7004255360000000000♠69 years, 334 days
Caine, MichaelMichael Caine
The Quiet American
2002
000000001933-03-14-0000March 14, 1933
000000002003-02-11-0000February 11, 2003

text: Youngest winners[edit]

text:
Rank
Age
Name
Film
Year in Film
Date of Birth
Date of Award
Notes

1
7004109350000000000♠29 years, 343 days
Brody, AdrienAdrien Brody
The Pianist
2002
000000001973-04-14-0000April 14, 1973
000000002003-03-23-0000March 23, 2003
Has held record for 15 years (2003–2018)

2
7004111140000000000♠30 years, 156 days
Dreyfuss, RichardRichard Dreyfuss
The Goodbye Girl
1977
000000001947-10-29-0000October 29, 1947
000000001978-04-03-0000April 3, 1978
Held record for 25 years (1978–2003)

3
7004113180000000000♠30 years, 361 days
Brando, MarlonMarlon Brando
On the Waterfront
1954
000000001924-04-03-0000April 3, 1924
000000001955-03-30-0000March 30, 1955
Held record for 23 years (1955–1978)

4
7004114450000000000♠31 years, 122 days
Schell, MaximilianMaximilian Schell
Judgment at Nuremberg
1961
000000001930-12-08-0000December 8, 1930
000000001962-04-09-0000April 9, 1962

5
7004117660000000000♠32 years, 78 days
Cage, NicolasNicolas Cage
Leaving Las Vegas
1995
000000001964-01-07-0000January 7, 1964
000000001996-03-25-0000March 25, 1996

6
7004119710000000000♠32 years, 283 days
Stewart, JamesJames Stewart
The Philadelphia Story
1940
000000001908-05-20-0000May 20, 1908
000000001941-02-27-0000February 27, 1941
Held record for 14 years (1941–1955)

7
7004120190000000000♠32 years, 331 days
Day-Lewis, DanielDaniel Day-Lewis
My Left Foot
1989
000000001957-04-29-0000April 29, 1957
000000001990-03-26-0000March 26, 1990

8
7004121000000000000♠33 years, 47 days
Redmayne, EddieEddie Redmayne
The Theory of Everything
2014
000000001982-01-06-0000January 6, 1982
000000002015-02-22-0000February 22, 2015

9
7004124440000000000♠34 years, 26 days
Gable, ClarkClark Gable
It Happened One Night
1934
000000001901-02-01-0000February 1, 1901
000000001935-02-27-0000February 27, 1935
Held record for 6 years (1935–1941)

10
7004126760000000000♠34 years, 258 days
Laughton, CharlesCharles Laughton
The Private Life of Henry VIII
1932/33
000000001899-07-01-0000July 1, 1899
000000001934-03-16-0000March 16, 1934
Held record for 1 year (1934–1935)

text: Youngest nominees[edit]

text:
Rank
Age
Name
Film
Year in Film
Date of Birth
Date of Nomination
Notes

1
7003330700000000000♠9 years, 20 days
Cooper, JackieJackie Cooper
Skippy
1930/31
000000001922-09-15-0000September 15, 1922
000000001931-10-05-0000October 5, 1931
Has held record for 87 years (1931–2018)

2
7003708100000000000♠19 years, 142 days
Rooney, MickeyMickey Rooney
Babes in Arms
1939
000000001920-09-23-0000September 23, 1920
000000001940-02-12-0000February 12, 1940

3
7003806300000000000♠22 years, 27 days
Chalamet, TimothéeTimothée Chalamet
Call Me by Your Name
2017
000000001995-12-27-0000December 27, 1995
000000002018-01-23-0000January 23, 2018

4
7003853700000000000♠23 years, 137 days
Rooney, MickeyMickey Rooney
The Human Comedy
1943
000000001920-09-23-0000September 23, 1920
000000001944-02-07-0000February 7, 1944

5
7003876900000000000♠24 years, 3 days
Travolta, JohnJohn Travolta
Saturday Night Fever
1977
000000001954-02-18-0000February 18, 1954
000000001978-02-21-0000February 21, 1978

6
7003914100000000000♠25 years, 10 days
Dean, JamesJames Dean
East of Eden
1955
000000001931-02-08-0000February 8, 1931
000000001956-02-18-0000February 18, 1956
Posthumous nomination

7
7003950700000000000♠26 years, 10 days
Giant
1956
000000001957-02-18-0000February 18, 1957

8
7003956800000000000♠26 years, 72 days
Gosling, RyanRyan Gosling
Half Nelson
2006
000000001980-11-12-0000November 12, 1980
000000002007-01-23-0000January 23, 2007

9
7003977600000000000♠26 years, 279 days
Welles, OrsonOrson Welles
Citizen Kane
1941
000000001915-05-06-0000May 6, 1915
000000001942-02-09-0000February 9, 1942

10
7003979900000000000♠26 years, 302 days
Ledger, HeathHeath Ledger
Brokeback Mountain
2005
000000001979-04-04-0000April 4, 1979
000000002006-01-31-0000January 31, 2006

text: Best Actress in a Leading Role[edit]

text: Oldest winners[edit]

text:
Rank
Age
Name
Film
Year in Film
Date of Birth
Date of Award
Notes

1
7004295120000000000♠80 years, 292 days
Tandy, JessicaJessica Tandy
Driving Miss Daisy
1989
000000001909-06-07-0000June 7, 1909
000000001990-03-26-0000March 26, 1990
Has held record for 28 years (1990–2018)

2
7004273500000000000♠74 years, 321 days
Hepburn, KatharineKatharine Hepburn
On Golden Pond
1981
000000001907-05-12-0000May 12, 1907
000000001982-03-29-0000March 29, 1982
Held record for 8 years (1982–1990)

3
7004230100000000000♠63 years, 1 day
Dressler, MarieMarie Dressler
Min and Bill
1930/31
000000001868-11-09-0000November 9, 1868
000000001931-11-10-0000November 10, 1931
Held record for 51 years (1931–1982)

4
7004228940000000000♠62 years, 249 days
Streep, MerylMeryl Streep
The Iron Lady
2011
000000001949-06-22-0000June 22, 1949
000000002012-02-26-0000February 26, 2012

5
7004226180000000000♠61 years, 337 days
Hepburn, KatharineKatharine Hepburn
The Lion in Winter
1968
000000001907-05-12-0000May 12, 1907
000000001969-04-14-0000April 14, 1969

6
7004224940000000000♠61 years, 214 days
Mirren, HelenHelen Mirren
The Queen
2006
000000001945-07-26-0000July 26, 1945
000000002007-02-25-0000February 25, 2007

7
7004224020000000000♠61 years, 122 days
Page, GeraldineGeraldine Page
The Trip to Bountiful
1985
000000001924-11-22-0000November 22, 1924
000000001986-03-24-0000March 24, 1986

8
7004222490000000000♠60 years, 334 days
Hepburn, KatharineKatharine Hepburn
Guess Who's Coming to Dinner
1967
000000001907-05-12-0000May 12, 1907
000000001968-04-10-0000April 10, 1968

9
7004221690000000000♠60 years, 254 days
McDormand, FrancesFrances McDormand
Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri
2017
000000001957-06-23-0000June 23, 1957
000000002018-03-04-0000March 4, 2018

10
7004199240000000000♠54 years, 201 days
Booth, ShirleyShirley Booth
Come Back, Little Sheba
1952
000000001898-08-30-0000August 30, 1898
000000001953-03-19-0000March 19, 1953

text: Oldest nominees[edit]

text:
Rank
Age
Name
Film
Year in Film
Date of Birth
Date of Nomination
Notes

1
7004313670000000000♠85 years, 321 days
Riva, EmmanuelleEmmanuelle Riva
Amour
2012
000000001927-02-24-0000February 24, 1927
000000002013-01-10-0000January 10, 2013
Has held record for 5 years (2013–2018)

2
7004294720000000000♠80 years, 252 days
Tandy, JessicaJessica Tandy
Driving Miss Daisy
1989
000000001909-06-07-0000June 7, 1909
000000001990-02-14-0000February 14, 1990
Winner
Held record for 23 years (1990–2013)

3
7004292300000000000♠80 years, 11 days
Evans, EdithEdith Evans
The Whisperers
1967
000000001888-02-08-0000February 8, 1888
000000001968-02-19-0000February 19, 1968
Held record for 22 years (1968–1990)

4
7004288930000000000♠79 years, 38 days
Dench, JudiJudi Dench
Philomena
2013
000000001934-12-09-0000December 9, 1934
000000002014-01-16-0000January 16, 2014

5
7004277060000000000♠75 years, 313 days
Robson, MayMay Robson
Lady for a Day
1932/33
000000001858-04-19-0000April 19, 1858
000000001934-02-26-0000February 26, 1934
Held record for 34 years (1934–1968)

6
7004273040000000000♠74 years, 275 days
Hepburn, KatharineKatharine Hepburn
On Golden Pond
1981
000000001907-05-12-0000May 12, 1907
000000001982-02-11-0000February 11, 1982
Winner

7
7004263430000000000♠72 years, 45 days
Dench, JudiJudi Dench
Notes on a Scandal
2006
000000001934-12-09-0000December 9, 1934
000000002007-01-23-0000January 23, 2007

8
7004259860000000000♠71 years, 53 days
Mrs Henderson Presents
2005
000000002006-01-31-0000January 31, 2006

9
7004255450000000000♠69 years, 343 days
Rampling, CharlotteCharlotte Rampling
45 Years
2015
000000001946-02-05-0000February 5, 1946
000000002016-01-14-0000January 14, 2016

10
7004253180000000000♠69 years, 116 days
Montenegro, FernandaFernanda Montenegro
Central Station
1998
000000001929-10-16-0000October 16, 1929
000000001999-02-09-0000February 9, 1999

text: Youngest winners[edit]

text:
Rank
Age
Name
Film
Year in Film
Date of Birth
Date of Award
Notes

1
7003788800000000000♠21 years, 218 days
Matlin, MarleeMarlee Matlin
Children of a Lesser God
1986
000000001965-08-24-0000August 24, 1965
000000001987-03-30-0000March 30, 1987
Has held record for 31 years (1987–2018)

2
7003822900000000000♠22 years, 193 days
Lawrence, JenniferJennifer Lawrence
Silver Linings Playbook
2012
000000001990-08-15-0000August 15, 1990
000000002013-02-24-0000February 24, 2013

3
7003825800000000000♠22 years, 222 days
Gaynor, JanetJanet Gaynor
7th Heaven, Street Angel, and Sunrise
1927/28
000000001906-10-06-0000October 6, 1906
000000001929-05-16-0000May 16, 1929
Held record for 58 years (1929–1987)

4
7003889300000000000♠24 years, 127 days
Fontaine, JoanJoan Fontaine
Suspicion
1941
000000001917-10-22-0000October 22, 1917
000000001942-02-26-0000February 26, 1942

5
7003909100000000000♠24 years, 325 days
Hepburn, AudreyAudrey Hepburn
Roman Holiday
1953
000000001929-05-04-0000May 4, 1929
000000001954-03-25-0000March 25, 1954

6
7003913200000000000♠25 years, 0 days
Jones, JenniferJennifer Jones
The Song of Bernadette
1943
000000001919-03-02-0000March 2, 1919
000000001944-03-02-0000March 2, 1944

7
7003926900000000000♠25 years, 138 days
Kelly, GraceGrace Kelly
The Country Girl
1954
000000001929-11-12-0000November 12, 1929
000000001955-03-30-0000March 30, 1955

8
7003937100000000000♠25 years, 240 days
Swank, HilaryHilary Swank
Boys Don't Cry
1999
000000001974-07-30-0000July 30, 1974
000000002000-03-26-0000March 26, 2000

9
7003950000000000000♠26 years, 4 days
Christie, JulieJulie Christie
Darling
1965
000000001940-04-14-0000April 14, 1940
000000001966-04-18-0000April 18, 1966

10
7003961200000000000♠26 years, 116 days
Leigh, VivienVivien Leigh
Gone with the Wind
1939
000000001913-11-05-0000November 5, 1913
000000001940-02-29-0000February 29, 1940

text: Youngest nominees[edit]

text:
Rank
Age
Name
Film
Year in Film
Date of Birth
Date of Nomination
Notes

1
7003342300000000000♠9 years, 135 days
Wallis, QuvenzhanéQuvenzhané Wallis
Beasts of the Southern Wild
2012
000000002003-08-28-0000August 28, 2003
000000002013-01-10-0000January 10, 2013
Has held record for 5 years (2013–2018)

2
7003505700000000000♠13 years, 309 days
Castle-Hughes, KeishaKeisha Castle-Hughes
Whale Rider
2003
000000001990-03-24-0000March 24, 1990
000000002004-01-27-0000January 27, 2004
Held record for 9 years (2004–2013)

3
7003746800000000000♠20 years, 163 days
Lawrence, JenniferJennifer Lawrence
Winter's Bone
2010
000000001990-08-15-0000August 15, 1990
000000002011-01-25-0000January 25, 2011

4
7003754000000000000♠20 years, 235 days
Adjani, IsabelleIsabelle Adjani
The Story of Adele H.
1975
000000001955-06-27-0000June 27, 1955
000000001976-02-17-0000February 17, 1976
Held record for 28 years (1976–2004)

5
7003761600000000000♠20 years, 311 days
Knightley, KeiraKeira Knightley
Pride & Prejudice
2005
000000001985-03-26-0000March 26, 1985
000000002006-01-31-0000January 31, 2006

6
7003764000000000000♠20 years, 335 days
Page, EllenEllen Page
Juno
2007
000000001987-02-21-0000February 21, 1987
000000002008-01-22-0000January 22, 2008

7
7003784100000000000♠21 years, 171 days
Matlin, MarleeMarlee Matlin
Children of a Lesser God
1986
000000001965-08-24-0000August 24, 1965
000000001987-02-11-0000February 11, 1987
Winner

8
7003794700000000000♠21 years, 277 days
Ronan, SaoirseSaoirse Ronan
Brooklyn
2015
000000001994-04-12-0000April 12, 1994
000000002016-01-14-0000January 14, 2016

9
7003809600000000000♠22 years, 60 days
Hartman, ElizabethElizabeth Hartman
A Patch of Blue
1965
000000001943-12-23-0000December 23, 1943
000000001966-02-21-0000February 21, 1966
Held record for 10 years (1966–1976)

10
7003816400000000000♠22 years, 128 days
Winslet, KateKate Winslet
Titanic
1997
000000001975-10-05-0000October 5, 1975
000000001998-02-10-0000February 10, 1998

text: Best Actor in a Supporting Role[edit]

text: Oldest winners[edit]

text:
Rank
Age
Name
Film
Year in Film
Date of Birth
Date of Award
Notes

1
7004300250000000000♠82 years, 75 days
Plummer, ChristopherChristopher Plummer
Beginners
2011
000000001929-12-13-0000December 13, 1929
000000002012-02-26-0000February 26, 2012
Oldest winner in any acting category [4]
Has held record for 6 years (2012–2018)

2
7004292880000000000♠80 years, 69 days
Burns, GeorgeGeorge Burns
The Sunshine Boys
1975
000000001896-01-20-0000January 20, 1896
000000001976-03-29-0000March 29, 1976
Held record for 36 years (1976–2012)

3
7004288640000000000♠79 years, 9 days
Douglas, MelvynMelvyn Douglas
Being There
1979
000000001901-04-05-0000April 5, 1901
000000001980-04-14-0000April 14, 1980

4
7004284730000000000♠77 years, 349 days
Gielgud, JohnJohn Gielgud
Arthur
1981
000000001904-04-14-0000April 14, 1904
000000001982-03-29-0000March 29, 1982

5
7004284210000000000♠77 years, 297 days
Ameche, DonDon Ameche
Cocoon
1985
000000001908-05-31-0000May 31, 1908
000000001986-03-24-0000March 24, 1986

6
7004267040000000000♠73 years, 41 days
Palance, JackJack Palance
City Slickers
1991
000000001919-02-18-0000February 18, 1919
000000001992-03-30-0000March 30, 1992

7
7004266340000000000♠72 years, 336 days
Arkin, AlanAlan Arkin
Little Miss Sunshine
2006
000000001934-03-26-0000March 26, 1934
000000002007-02-25-0000February 25, 2007

8
7004261250000000000♠71 years, 192 days
Houseman, JohnJohn Houseman
The Paper Chase
1973
000000001902-09-22-0000September 22, 1902
000000001974-04-02-0000April 2, 1974
Held record for 2 years (1974–1976)

9
7004257690000000000♠70 years, 202 days
Coburn, JamesJames Coburn
Affliction
1998
000000001928-08-31-0000August 31, 1928
000000001999-03-21-0000March 21, 1999

10
7004257420000000000♠70 years, 176 days
Gwenn, EdmundEdmund Gwenn
Miracle on 34th Street
1947
000000001877-09-26-0000September 26, 1877
000000001948-03-20-0000March 20, 1948
Held record for 26 years (1948–1974)

text: Oldest nominees[edit]

text:
Rank
Age
Name
Film
Year in Film
Date of Birth
Date of Nomination
Notes

1
7004321830000000000♠88 years, 41 days
Plummer, ChristopherChristopher Plummer
All the Money in the World
2017
000000001929-12-13-0000December 13, 1929
000000002018-01-23-0000January 23, 2018
Oldest nominee in any category
Has held record for 0 years (2018- )

2
7004306910000000000♠84 years, 10 days
Duvall, RobertRobert Duvall
The Judge
2014
000000001931-01-05-0000January 5, 1931
000000002015-01-15-0000January 15, 2015
Held the record for 3 years (2015-2018)

3
7004302890000000000♠82 years, 339 days
Holbrook, HalHal Holbrook
Into the Wild
2007
000000001925-02-17-0000February 17, 1925
000000002008-01-22-0000January 22, 2008
Held the record for 7 years (2008–2015)

4
7004302390000000000♠82 years, 289 days
von Sydow, MaxMax von Sydow
Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close
2011
000000001929-04-10-0000April 10, 1929
000000002012-01-24-0000January 24, 2012

5
7004300000000000000♠82 years, 49 days
Richardson, RalphRalph Richardson
Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes
1984
000000001902-12-19-0000December 19, 1902
000000001985-02-06-0000February 6, 1985
Posthumous nomination
Held record for 23 years (1985–2008)

6
7004299920000000000♠82 years, 42 days
Plummer, ChristopherChristopher Plummer
Beginners
2011
000000001929-12-13-0000December 13, 1929
000000002012-01-24-0000January 24, 2012
Winner

7
7004292710000000000♠80 years, 51 days
The Last Station
2009
000000002010-02-02-0000February 2, 2010

8
7004292470000000000♠80 years, 28 days
Burns, GeorgeGeorge Burns
The Sunshine Boys
1975
000000001896-01-20-0000January 20, 1896
000000001976-02-17-0000February 17, 1976
Winner
Held record for 9 years (1976–1985)

9
7004288150000000000♠78 years, 326 days
Douglas, MelvynMelvyn Douglas
Being There
1979
000000001901-04-05-0000April 5, 1901
000000001980-02-25-0000February 25, 1980
Winner

10
7004287800000000000♠78 years, 290 days
Arkin, AlanAlan Arkin
Argo
2012
000000001934-03-26-0000March 26, 1934
000000002013-01-10-0000January 10, 2013

text: Youngest winners[edit]

text:
Rank
Age
Name
Film
Year in Film
Date of Birth
Date of Award
Notes

1
7003753200000000000♠20 years, 227 days
Hutton, TimothyTimothy Hutton
Ordinary People
1980
000000001960-08-16-0000August 16, 1960
000000001981-03-31-0000March 31, 1981
Has held record for 37 years (1981–2018)

2
7004100670000000000♠27 years, 205 days
Chakiris, GeorgeGeorge Chakiris
West Side Story
1961
000000001934-09-16-0000September 16, 1934
000000001962-04-09-0000April 9, 1962
Held record for 19 years (1962–1981)

3
7004106740000000000♠29 years, 81 days
Gooding, Jr., CubaCuba Gooding, Jr.
Jerry Maguire
1996
000000001968-01-02-0000January 2, 1968
000000001997-03-24-0000March 24, 1997

4
7004109170000000000♠29 years, 324 days
Ledger, HeathHeath Ledger
The Dark Knight
2008
000000001979-04-04-0000April 4, 1979
000000002009-02-22-0000February 22, 2009
Posthumous award

5
7004113640000000000♠31 years, 42 days
Lemmon, JackJack Lemmon
Mister Roberts
1955
000000001925-02-08-0000February 8, 1925
000000001956-03-21-0000March 21, 1956
Held record for 6 years (1956–1962)

6
7004115570000000000♠31 years, 234 days
De Niro, RobertRobert De Niro
The Godfather Part II
1974
000000001943-08-17-0000August 17, 1943
000000001975-04-08-0000April 8, 1975

7
7004117690000000000♠32 years, 81 days
Heflin, VanVan Heflin
Johnny Eager
1942
000000001910-12-13-0000December 13, 1910
000000001943-03-04-0000March 4, 1943
Held record for 13 years (1943–1956)

8
7004121110000000000♠33 years, 58 days
Russell, HaroldHarold Russell
The Best Years of Our Lives
1946
000000001914-01-14-0000January 14, 1914
000000001947-03-13-0000March 13, 1947
Sole winner of two Academy Awards for same performance

9
7004124530000000000♠34 years, 34 days
del Toro, BenicioBenicio del Toro
Traffic
2000
000000001967-02-19-0000February 19, 1967
000000002001-03-25-0000March 25, 2001

10
7004128720000000000♠35 years, 88 days
Washington, DenzelDenzel Washington
Glory
1989
000000001954-12-28-0000December 28, 1954
000000001990-03-26-0000March 26, 1990

text: Youngest nominees[edit]

text:
Rank
Age
Name
Film
Year in Film
Date of Birth
Date of Nomination
Notes

1
7003319800000000000♠8 years, 276 days
Henry, JustinJustin Henry
Kramer vs. Kramer
1979
000000001971-05-25-0000May 25, 1971
000000001980-02-25-0000February 25, 1980
Youngest nominee in any category
Has held record for 38 years (1980–2018)

2
7003432800000000000♠11 years, 311 days
Osment, Haley JoelHaley Joel Osment
The Sixth Sense
1999
000000001988-04-10-0000April 10, 1988
000000002000-02-15-0000February 15, 2000

3
7003433000000000000♠11 years, 312 days
deWilde, BrandonBrandon deWilde
Shane
1953
000000001942-04-09-0000April 9, 1942
000000001954-02-15-0000February 15, 1954
Held record for 26 years (1954–1980)

4
7003599100000000000♠16 years, 147 days
Wild, JackJack Wild
Oliver!
1968
000000001952-09-30-0000September 30, 1952
000000001969-02-24-0000February 24, 1969

5
7003624800000000000♠17 years, 39 days
Mineo, SalSal Mineo
Rebel Without a Cause
1955
000000001939-01-10-0000January 10, 1939
000000001956-02-18-0000February 18, 1956

6
7003675100000000000♠18 years, 176 days
Phoenix, RiverRiver Phoenix
Running on Empty
1988
000000001970-08-23-0000August 23, 1970
000000001989-02-15-0000February 15, 1989

7
7003703000000000000♠19 years, 90 days
DiCaprio, LeonardoLeonardo DiCaprio
What's Eating Gilbert Grape
1993
000000001974-11-11-0000November 11, 1974
000000001994-02-09-0000February 9, 1994

8
7003734800000000000♠20 years, 43 days
Hedges, LucasLucas Hedges
Manchester by the Sea
2016
000000001996-12-12-0000December 12, 1996
000000002017-01-24-0000January 24, 2017

9
7003749000000000000♠20 years, 185 days
Hutton, TimothyTimothy Hutton
Ordinary People
1980
000000001960-08-16-0000August 16, 1960
000000001981-02-17-0000February 17, 1981
Winner

10
7003808400000000000♠22 years, 48 days
Mineo, SalSal Mineo
Exodus
1960
000000001939-01-10-0000January 10, 1939
000000001961-02-27-0000February 27, 1961

text: Best Actress in a Supporting Role[edit]

text: Oldest winners[edit]

text:
Rank
Age
Name
Film
Year in Film
Date of Birth
Date of Award
Notes

1
7004282180000000000♠77 years, 93 days
Ashcroft, PeggyPeggy Ashcroft
A Passage to India
1984
000000001907-12-22-0000December 22, 1907
000000001985-03-25-0000March 25, 1985
Has held record for 33 years (1985–2018)

2
7004271120000000000♠74 years, 85 days
Hull, JosephineJosephine Hull
Harvey
1950
000000001877-01-03-0000January 3, 1877
000000001951-03-29-0000March 29, 1951
Held record for 34 years (1951–1985)

3
7004264630000000000♠72 years, 166 days
Gordon, RuthRuth Gordon
Rosemary's Baby
1968
000000001896-10-30-0000October 30, 1896
000000001969-04-14-0000April 14, 1969

4
7004262690000000000♠71 years, 338 days
Rutherford, MargaretMargaret Rutherford
The V.I.P.s
1963
000000001892-05-11-0000May 11, 1892
000000001964-04-13-0000April 13, 1964

5
7004257540000000000♠70 years, 187 days
Hayes, HelenHelen Hayes
Airport
1970
000000001900-10-10-0000October 10, 1900
000000001971-04-15-0000April 15, 1971

6
7004239530000000000♠65 years, 212 days
Barrymore, EthelEthel Barrymore
None But the Lonely Heart
1944
000000001879-08-15-0000August 15, 1879
000000001945-03-15-0000March 15, 1945
Held record for 6 years (1945–1951)

7
7004234780000000000♠64 years, 102 days
Dench, JudiJudi Dench
Shakespeare in Love
1998
000000001934-12-09-0000December 9, 1934
000000001999-03-21-0000March 21, 1999

8
7004228840000000000♠62 years, 238 days
Straight, BeatriceBeatrice Straight
Network
1976
000000001914-08-02-0000August 2, 1914
000000001977-03-28-0000March 28, 1977

9
7004224150000000000♠61 years, 135 days
Darwell, JaneJane Darwell
The Grapes of Wrath
1940
000000001879-10-15-0000October 15, 1879
000000001941-02-27-0000February 27, 1941
Held record for 4 years (1941–1945)

10
7004217720000000000♠59 years, 222 days
Bergman, IngridIngrid Bergman
Murder on the Orient Express
1974
000000001915-08-29-0000August 29, 1915
000000001975-04-08-0000April 8, 1975

text: Oldest nominees[edit]

text:
Rank
Age
Name
Film
Year in Film
Date of Birth
Date of Nomination
Notes

1
7004319980000000000♠87 years, 221 days
Stuart, GloriaGloria Stuart
Titanic
1997
000000001910-07-04-0000July 4, 1910
000000001998-02-10-0000February 10, 1998
Has held record for 20 years (1998-2018)

2
7004311330000000000♠85 years, 87 days
Dee, RubyRuby Dee
American Gangster
2007
000000001922-10-27-0000October 27, 1922
000000002008-01-22-0000January 22, 2008

3
7004307520000000000♠84 years, 71 days
Squibb, JuneJune Squibb
Nebraska
2013
000000001929-11-06-0000November 6, 1929
000000002014-01-16-0000January 16, 2014

4
7004302070000000000♠82 years, 257 days
Tandy, JessicaJessica Tandy
Fried Green Tomatoes
1991
000000001909-06-07-0000June 7, 1909
000000001992-02-19-0000February 19, 1992
Held record for 6 years (1992–1998)

5
7004299870000000000♠82 years, 37 days
Le Gallienne, EvaEva Le Gallienne
Resurrection
1980
000000001899-01-11-0000January 11, 1899
000000001981-02-17-0000February 17, 1981
Held record for 11 years (1981–1992)

6
7004288800000000000♠79 years, 26 days
Sothern, AnnAnn Sothern
The Whales of August
1987
000000001909-01-22-0000January 22, 1909
000000001988-02-17-0000February 17, 1988

7
7004283570000000000♠77 years, 234 days
Whitty, MayMay Whitty
Mrs. Miniver
1942
000000001865-06-19-0000June 19, 1865
000000001943-02-08-0000February 8, 1943
Held record for 38 years (1943–1981)

8
7004281710000000000♠77 years, 46 days
Ashcroft, PeggyPeggy Ashcroft
A Passage to India
1984
000000001907-12-22-0000December 22, 1907
000000001985-02-06-0000February 6, 1985
Winner

9
7004281390000000000♠77 years, 15 days
Evans, EdithEdith Evans
The Chalk Garden
1964
000000001888-02-08-0000February 8, 1888
000000001965-02-23-0000February 23, 1965

10
7004278250000000000♠76 years, 67 days
Cooper, GladysGladys Cooper
My Fair Lady
1964
000000001888-12-18-0000December 18, 1888
000000001965-02-23-0000February 23, 1965

text: Youngest winners[edit]

text:
Rank
Age
Name
Film
Year in Film
Date of Birth
Date of Award
Notes

1
7003380100000000000♠10 years, 148 days
O'Neal, TatumTatum O'Neal
Paper Moon
1973
000000001963-11-05-0000November 5, 1963
000000001974-04-02-0000April 2, 1974
Youngest winner in any category
Has held record for 44 years (1974–2018)

2
7003425800000000000♠11 years, 240 days
Paquin, AnnaAnna Paquin
The Piano
1993
000000001982-07-24-0000July 24, 1982
000000001994-03-21-0000March 21, 1994

3
7003595900000000000♠16 years, 115 days
Duke, PattyPatty Duke
The Miracle Worker
1962
000000001946-12-14-0000December 14, 1946
000000001963-04-08-0000April 8, 1963
Held record for 11 years (1963–1974)

4
7003871100000000000♠23 years, 310 days
Baxter, AnneAnne Baxter
The Razor's Edge
1946
000000001923-05-07-0000May 7, 1923
000000001947-03-13-0000March 13, 1947
Held record for 16 years (1947–1963)

5
7003889400000000000♠24 years, 128 days
Wright, TeresaTeresa Wright
Mrs. Miniver
1942
000000001918-10-27-0000October 27, 1918
000000001943-03-04-0000March 4, 1943
Held record for 4 years (1943–1947)

6
7003890300000000000♠24 years, 137 days
Hawn, GoldieGoldie Hawn
Cactus Flower
1969
000000001945-11-21-0000November 21, 1945
000000001970-04-07-0000April 7, 1970

7
7003906200000000000♠24 years, 296 days
Jolie, AngelinaAngelina Jolie
Girl, Interrupted
1999
000000001975-06-04-0000June 4, 1975
000000002000-03-26-0000March 26, 2000

8
7003929700000000000♠25 years, 166 days
Hudson, JenniferJennifer Hudson
Dreamgirls
2006
000000001981-09-12-0000September 12, 1981
000000002007-02-25-0000February 25, 2007

9
7003987900000000000♠27 years, 17 days
Jones, ShirleyShirley Jones
Elmer Gantry
1960
000000001934-03-31-0000March 31, 1934
000000001961-04-17-0000April 17, 1961

10
7004100090000000000♠27 years, 148 days
Vikander, AliciaAlicia Vikander
The Danish Girl
2015
000000001988-10-03-0000October 3, 1988
000000002016-02-28-0000February 28, 2016

text: Youngest nominees[edit]

text:
Rank
Age
Name
Film
Year in Film
Date of Birth
Date of Nomination
Notes

1
7003375900000000000♠10 years, 106 days
O'Neal, TatumTatum O'Neal
Paper Moon
1973
000000001963-11-05-0000November 5, 1963
000000001974-02-19-0000February 19, 1974
Winner
Has held record for 44 years (1974–2018)

2
7003379300000000000♠10 years, 141 days
Badham, MaryMary Badham
To Kill a Mockingbird
1962
000000001952-10-07-0000October 7, 1952
000000001963-02-25-0000February 25, 1963
Held record for 11 years (1963–1974)

3
7003384500000000000♠10 years, 192 days
Cummings, QuinnQuinn Cummings
The Goodbye Girl
1977
000000001967-08-13-0000August 13, 1967
000000001978-02-21-0000February 21, 1978

4
7003393600000000000♠10 years, 284 days
Breslin, AbigailAbigail Breslin
Little Miss Sunshine
2006
000000001996-04-14-0000April 14, 1996
000000002007-01-23-0000January 23, 2007

5
7003419900000000000♠11 years, 181 days
McCormack, PattyPatty McCormack
The Bad Seed
1956
000000001945-08-21-0000August 21, 1945
000000001957-02-18-0000February 18, 1957
Held record for 6 years (1957–1963)

6
7003421800000000000♠11 years, 200 days
Paquin, AnnaAnna Paquin
The Piano
1993
000000001982-07-24-0000July 24, 1982
000000001994-02-09-0000February 9, 1994
Winner

7
7003503300000000000♠13 years, 285 days
Ronan, SaoirseSaoirse Ronan
Atonement
2007
000000001994-04-12-0000April 12, 1994
000000002008-01-22-0000January 22, 2008

8
7003511900000000000♠14 years, 5 days
Granville, BonitaBonita Granville
These Three
1936
000000001923-02-02-0000February 2, 1923
000000001937-02-07-0000February 7, 1937
Held record for 20 years (1937–1957)

9
7003515800000000000♠14 years, 45 days
Steinfeld, HaileeHailee Steinfeld
True Grit
2010
000000001996-12-11-0000December 11, 1996
000000002011-01-25-0000January 25, 2011

10
7003519700000000000♠14 years, 83 days
Foster, JodieJodie Foster
Taxi Driver
1976
000000001962-11-19-0000November 19, 1962
000000001977-02-10-0000February 10, 1977

text: Honorary Awards[edit]

text: Academy Honorary Award[edit]

text: Oldest honorees[edit]

text:
Rank
Age
Name
Film
Year in Film
Date of Birth
Date of Award
Notes

1
7004359310000000000♠98 years, 137 days
Boyle, Robert F.Robert F. Boyle

2007
000000001909-10-10-0000October 10, 1909
000000002008-02-24-0000February 24, 2008
Has held record for 10 years (2008–2018)

2
7004346750000000000♠94 years, 341 days
Wallach, EliEli Wallach

2010
000000001915-12-07-0000December 7, 1915
000000002010-11-13-0000November 13, 2010

3
7004344160000000000♠94 years, 83 days
O'Hara, MaureenMaureen O'Hara

2014
000000001920-08-17-0000August 17, 1920
000000002014-11-08-0000November 8, 2014

4
7004336880000000000♠92 years, 86 days
Roach, HalHal Roach

1983
000000001892-01-14-0000January 14, 1892
000000001984-04-09-0000April 9, 1984
Held record for 24 years (1984–2008)

5
7004332080000000000♠90 years, 336 days
Coates, Anne V.Anne V. Coates

2016
000000001925-12-12-0000December 12, 1925
000000002016-11-12-0000November 12, 2016

6
7004327020000000000♠89 years, 195 days
Kazan, EliaElia Kazan

1998
000000001909-09-07-0000September 7, 1909
000000001999-03-21-0000March 21, 1999

7
7004326720000000000♠89 years, 165 days
Varda, AgnèsAgnès Varda

2017
000000001928-05-30-0000May 30, 1928
000000002017-11-11-0000November 11, 2017

8
7004326460000000000♠89 years, 139 days
Smith, DickDick Smith

2011
000000001922-06-26-0000June 26, 1922
000000002011-11-12-0000November 12, 2011

9
7004325030000000000♠88 years, 361 days
Stalmaster, LynnLynn Stalmaster

2016
000000001927-11-17-0000November 17, 1927
000000002016-11-12-0000November 12, 2016

10
7004321730000000000♠88 years, 31 days
Lansbury, AngelaAngela Lansbury

2013
000000001925-10-16-0000October 16, 1925
000000002013-11-16-0000November 16, 2013

text: Oldest acting honorees[edit]

text:
Rank
Age
Name
Film
Year in Film
Date of Birth
Date of Award
Notes

1
7004346750000000000♠94 years, 341 days
Wallach, EliEli Wallach

2010
000000001915-12-07-0000December 7, 1915
000000002010-11-13-0000November 13, 2010
Has held record for 8 years (2010–2018)

2
7004344160000000000♠94 years, 83 days
O'Hara, MaureenMaureen O'Hara

2014
000000001920-08-17-0000August 17, 1920
000000002014-11-08-0000November 8, 2014

3
7004321730000000000♠88 years, 31 days
Lansbury, AngelaAngela Lansbury

2013
000000001925-10-16-0000October 16, 1925
000000002013-11-16-0000November 16, 2013

4
7004312810000000000♠85 years, 235 days
Loy, MyrnaMyrna Loy

1990
000000001905-08-02-0000August 2, 1905
000000001991-03-25-0000March 25, 1991
Held record for 19 years (1991–2010)

5
7004311940000000000♠85 years, 148 days
Rowlands, GenaGena Rowlands

2015
000000001930-06-19-0000June 19, 1930
000000002015-11-14-0000November 14, 2015

6
7004311050000000000♠85 years, 59 days
Bacall, LaurenLauren Bacall

2009
000000001924-09-16-0000September 16, 1924
000000002009-11-14-0000November 14, 2009

7
7004304970000000000♠83 years, 182 days
Marx, GrouchoGroucho Marx

1973
000000001890-10-02-0000October 2, 1890
000000001974-04-02-0000April 2, 1974
Held record for 17 years (1974–1991)

8
7004303090000000000♠82 years, 360 days
Chaplin, CharlieCharlie Chaplin

1971
000000001889-04-16-0000April 16, 1889
000000001972-04-10-0000April 10, 1972
Held record for 2 years (1972–1974)

9
7004303050000000000♠82 years, 356 days
Pickford, MaryMary Pickford

1975
000000001893-04-08-0000April 8, 1893
000000001976-03-29-0000March 29, 1976

10
7004302360000000000♠82 years, 286 days
Bellamy, RalphRalph Bellamy

1986
000000001904-06-17-0000June 17, 1904
000000001987-03-30-0000March 30, 1987

text: Honorary Juvenile Award[edit]

text: Youngest honorees[edit]

text:
Rank
Age
Name
Film
Year in Film
Date of Birth
Date of Award
Notes

1
7003250100000000000♠6 years, 310 days
Temple, ShirleyShirley Temple

1934
000000001928-04-23-0000April 23, 1928
000000001935-02-27-0000February 27, 1935
Has held record for 83 years (1935–2018)

2
7003264800000000000♠7 years, 91 days
Winter, VincentVincent Winter
The Little Kidnappers
1954
000000001947-12-29-0000December 29, 1947
000000001955-03-30-0000March 30, 1955

3
7003298100000000000♠8 years, 59 days
O'Brien, MargaretMargaret O'Brien
Meet Me in St. Louis
1944
000000001937-01-15-0000January 15, 1937
000000001945-03-15-0000March 15, 1945

4
7003369100000000000♠10 years, 39 days
Whiteley, JonJon Whiteley
The Little Kidnappers
1954
000000001945-02-19-0000February 19, 1945
000000001955-03-30-0000March 30, 1955

5
7003444200000000000♠12 years, 59 days
Jandl, IvanIvan Jandl
The Search
1948
000000001937-01-24-0000January 24, 1937
000000001949-03-24-0000March 24, 1949

6
7003455000000000000♠12 years, 167 days
Jarman, Jr., ClaudeClaude Jarman, Jr.
The Yearling
1946
000000001934-09-27-0000September 27, 1934
000000001947-03-13-0000March 13, 1947

7
7003476800000000000♠13 years, 20 days
Driscoll, BobbyBobby Driscoll

1949
000000001937-03-03-0000March 3, 1937
000000001950-03-23-0000March 23, 1950

8
7003514600000000000♠14 years, 32 days
Garner, Peggy AnnPeggy Ann Garner
A Tree Grows in Brooklyn
1945
000000001932-02-03-0000February 3, 1932
000000001946-03-07-0000March 7, 1946

9
7003547800000000000♠14 years, 364 days
Mills, HayleyHayley Mills
Pollyanna
1960
000000001946-04-18-0000April 18, 1946
000000001961-04-17-0000April 17, 1961

10
7003629000000000000♠17 years, 81 days
Durbin, DeannaDeanna Durbin

1938
000000001921-12-04-0000December 4, 1921
000000001939-02-23-0000February 23, 1939


document_title: Fort Davis, Texas

question_text: what city in texas has the highest elevation

text: Fort Davis, Texas

text: Geography[edit]

text: Fort Davis is located at 30°35′34″N 103°53′31″W / 30.59278°N 103.89194°W / 30.59278; -103.89194 (30.592880, -103.891996).[6]

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 5.6 square miles (15 km2), all land.

text: Fort Davis has the highest elevation above sea level of any county seat in Texas; the elevation is 5,050 feet.

text: Demographics[edit]

text: As of the census[1] of 2000, there were 1,050 people, 415 households, and 298 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 188.2 people per square mile (72.7/km²). There were 525 housing units at an average density of 94.1 per square mile (36.3/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 88.29% White, 0.19% African American, 0.48% Native American, 7.62% from other races, and 3.43% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 49.33% of the population.

text: There were 415 households out of which 32.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.6% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.0% were non-families. 24.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.02.

text: In the CDP, the population was spread out with 24.7% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, 25.4% from 45 to 64, and 15.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 102.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.3 males.

text: The median income for a household in the CDP was $25,882, and the median income for a family was $27,955. Males had a median income of $22,500 versus $20,000 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $14,249. About 20.7% of families and 21.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.3% of those under age 18 and 26.0% of those age 65 or over.

text: Climate[edit]

text: Fort Davis experiences a semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk) with cool, dry winters and hot, dry summers.

text:
Coordinates: 30°35′59″N 103°53′13″W / 30.59972°N 103.88694°W / 30.59972; -103.88694
Elevation: 4,864 feet (1,483 m)[7]

tag: ul

text:
[hide]Climate data for Fort Davis, Texas (Jan 1, 1902–Mar 31, 2013)

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
81
(27)
85
(29)
90
(32)
97
(36)
102
(39)
107
(42)
103
(39)
101
(38)
101
(38)
100
(38)
85
(29)
79
(26)
107
(42)

Average high °F (°C)
60.8
(16)
64.4
(18)
71.3
(21.8)
78.9
(26.1)
85.8
(29.9)
90.3
(32.4)
88.4
(31.3)
87.4
(30.8)
83.2
(28.4)
76.9
(24.9)
67.5
(19.7)
60.6
(15.9)
76.3
(24.6)

Daily mean °F (°C)
44.8
(7.1)
48.1
(8.9)
54.3
(12.4)
62.0
(16.7)
69.6
(20.9)
75.3
(24.1)
75.2
(24)
74.2
(23.4)
69.3
(20.7)
61.3
(16.3)
51.7
(10.9)
45.2
(7.3)
60.9
(16.1)

Average low °F (°C)
28.8
(−1.8)
31.8
(−0.1)
37.3
(2.9)
45.0
(7.2)
53.4
(11.9)
60.3
(15.7)
62.1
(16.7)
61.0
(16.1)
55.3
(12.9)
45.7
(7.6)
35.9
(2.2)
29.7
(−1.3)
45.5
(7.5)

Record low °F (°C)
2
(−17)
0
(−18)
10
(−12)
20
(−7)
33
(1)
42
(6)
47
(8)
51
(11)
36
(2)
18
(−8)
8
(−13)
0
(−18)
0
(−18)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
0.50
(12.7)
0.46
(11.7)
0.38
(9.7)
0.54
(13.7)
1.31
(33.3)
1.98
(50.3)
2.85
(72.4)
2.91
(73.9)
2.27
(57.7)
1.35
(34.3)
0.54
(13.7)
0.55
(14)
15.64
(397.3)

Average snowfall inches (cm)
1.2
(3)
0.7
(1.8)
0.3
(0.8)
0.1
(0.3)
0.0
(0)
0.0
(0)
0.0
(0)
0.0
(0)
0.0
(0)
0.2
(0.5)
0.5
(1.3)
1.0
(2.5)
3.9
(9.9)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.001 in)
2.66
2.23
2.14
2.15
4.49
6.48
8.69
8.27
6.88
4.20
2.35
2.60
54.30

Source: Western Regional Climate Center, Desert Research Institute[8]

text: Points of interest[edit]

text:
Chihuahuan Desert Nature Center and Botanical Gardens at the Chihuahuan Desert Research Institute[1]
Fort Davis National Historic Site
The McDonald Observatory of the University of Texas at Austin [2]
Fort Davis is home to one of ten dishes comprising the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA)
Davis Mountains State Park [3]

text: Education[edit]

text: Fort Davis is served by the Fort Davis Independent School District.

text:
Dirks-Anderson Elementary School
Fort Davis High School

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Hotel Limpia (c. 1912)

Masonic Lodge