document_title: Night game

question_text: where was the first night game in nfl history played

text: Night game

text: Baseball[edit]

text: A baseball game was played under artificial illumination in 1880, the year after Thomas Edison invented the light bulb. It was an experimental game between two department store teams, and it would take another fifty years before organized baseball would sanction night baseball. There were a couple of exhibition night baseball games in the early 1900s between organized baseball teams. One of them was in 1909, and the other was in 1927, but the games did not count in league standings. Even though the games were between professional teams, they were unofficial experiments and did not count as the "nocturnal first". In 1929, the president of the Des Moines, Iowa baseball club announced to the National Association convention he was going to play night baseball in 1930. However, the first official minor league night game actually took place in Independence, Kansas on April 28, 1930.[1]

text: An article in the April 1931 edition of Baseball Magazine stated that Independence was the first team in America to play a league night baseball game. After the game in Independence, night baseball "spread like wildfire" across the minor leagues.[2] In addition to that, in 1935, The Sporting News pointed out that Des Moines, Iowa was not the first to install permanent lights, but it was in fact Independence that did so. By the end of the 1934 season there were sixty-five minor league teams with permanent lights installed on their fields.[3] The light towers installed in Independence in 1930 were removed and scrapped in June 1990.[4] Mickey Mantle, an Independence Yankee in 1949, played under the historic lights.

text: Lighting technology had significantly improved since the 1927 night game exhibition. After fifty years of experiments, a new era in professional baseball was about to start. The Independence Producers of Independence, Kansas were a Class C minor league baseball team that played in a stadium known now as Shulthis Stadium. They purchased lights from the Giant Manufacturing Company and installed permanent lights on their field. When Independence played the night game on April 28, 1930, it made Independence the birthplace of professional night baseball. By the end of the 1930 season there were thirty-eight minor league teams with lights installed on their fields.[5]

text: Independence played the first night game in the history of Organized Baseball on April 28, 1930. The term Organized Baseball refers to Major League Baseball and Minor League Baseball games. Independence lost the league game to the Muskogee Chiefs by a score of 13-3. Independence had previously played an exhibition game against the House of David, a professional baseball team, but the game did not qualify as an Organized Baseball game. Independence did however defeat the House of David with a score of 9-1.[6]

text: Organized Baseball is a specific group of baseball teams, those that are part of Major League Baseball, and the minor league teams associated with them. Organized Baseball games must follow specific rules in order to be Organized Baseball games. Organized Baseball games are official Major League Baseball or minor league games. The Commissioner of Baseball has authority over Organized Baseball.[7] Since Independence had played a night baseball game before any Major League teams did so, the first night game in the history of Organized Baseball took place in Independence, Kansas. Numerous references, photos, and media clippings discussing the first night Organized Baseball game are available can be found on websites.[8][9][10]

text: After the 1930 game in Independence, night baseball did spread to other countries. The first night game baseball game in Canada took place in Vancouver, Canada in 1931.[11] In 1933 Japan played their first night baseball game, and Cuba did so in 1937.[12][13]

text: The first big-league team to play games at night was the 1930 Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro Leagues, who often played against the House of David baseball team, who carried portable lights mounted on trucks along with their team bus. [14][15] The Monarchs first night baseball game was on April 28, 1930. It was an exhibition game in Enid, Oklahoma against Phillips University.[16] The first night game in Major League Baseball history occurred on May 24, 1935 when the Cincinnati Reds beat the Philadelphia Phillies 2–1 at Crosley Field.[17] The original plan was that the Reds would play seven night games each season, one against each visiting club.[18] Night baseball quickly found acceptance in other Major League cities and eventually became the norm; the term "day game" was subsequently coined to designate the increasingly rarer afternoon contests.

text: The last non-expansion/non-relocated team to play all their home games in the daytime were the Chicago Cubs; they played their first official night game in Wrigley Field on August 9, 1988, and beat the New York Mets 6–4.[19] The Cubs still play the fewest home night games of any major league club (35 per season, as of 2014).

text: The first night All-Star Game was held at Philadelphia's Shibe Park in 1943, while the first World Series night game was Game 4 of the 1971 Series at Three Rivers Stadium in Pittsburgh. All All-Star Games since 1969, and all World Series games since Game 6 of the 1987 Series, have been played at night.

text: Cricket[edit]

text: The use of floodlights in cricket matches has helped to bring much investment into the game both at a national and an international level since it began in 1977. Today floodlit (day/night) cricket is played in most of the test playing nations although some nations have only started hosting day/night matches in the last 10 to 12 years. Many important tournaments like Indian Premier League and Champions League Twenty20 have become success due to night games.

text: Cricket was first played under floodlights on Monday, August 11, 1952[20] in England which was watched by several million people on their television sets. Since then every test playing country has installed floodlights in their stadiums. Traditional Cricket floodlights have a long pole on which lights are fixed. This is done because many times the ball travels too high when a batsman hits it and high lights are needed to keep the ball in sight. But many cricket stadiums have different types of floodlights like ANZ Stadium in Australia, stadiums in New Zealand etc. The DSC Cricket Stadium in Dubai recently installed Ring of Fire[21] system of floodlights which is latest and smartest system of floodlight in the world.

text: Gridiron football[edit]

text: The term has also been adopted by other outdoor stadium sports such as American football and Canadian football. The first night football game was played in Mansfield, Pennsylvania on September 28, 1892 between Mansfield State Normal and Wyoming Seminary. It ended bitterly at halftime in a 0–0 tie.[22] In 1893 at the Chicago's World Fair, the Chicago A. A. played a night football game against West Point. Chicago won the 40-minute game 14–0.[23] On November 21, 1902, the Philadelphia Athletics of the first National Football League defeated the Kanaweola Athletic Club, 39–0, at Maple Avenue Driving Park in the first professional football night game.[24] The first night football game west of the Mississippi River was played in Wichita, Kansas in 1905 between Cooper College (now Sterling College of Sterling, Kansas) and Fairmount College (now Wichita State University).[25]

text: The first NFL game played at night was in 1929 when the Chicago Cardinals played the Providence Steam Roller.[26]

text: Motorsports[edit]

text: Automobile races at night can take on two different forms. Sports car races such as the 24 Hours of Le Mans and rally races such as Monte Carlo Rally manage to continue running through the night by having the competing cars utilize headlights.

text: The alternate possibility involves installing a system of flood lights along the circuit to illuminate it for cars that do not have headlights. The lights must be designed to diffuse light over a large space to reduce glare on both windshields and a driver's visor. Systems such as this have been common in short track racing for many years. The night NASCAR race at Bristol Motor Speedway's half-mile track in Tennessee is among the most popular events of the season. The first modern oval track over 1 mile (1.609 kilometers) long to install a lighting system was Charlotte Motor Speedway in 1992.[27] NASCAR sanctioned races have been held at night for many years due to systems like these. MotoGP held its first night race at Losail International Circuit in 2008. Formula One held its first night race at the 2008 Singapore Grand Prix.


document_title: Ptosis (eyelid)

question_text: damage to this nerve can cause a drooping eyelid

root

text: Ptosis (eyelid)

text: Causes[edit]

text: Ptosis occurs due to dysfunction of the muscles that raise the eyelid or their nerve supply (oculomotor nerve for levator palpebrae superioris and sympathetic nerves for superior tarsal muscle). It can affect one eye or both eyes and is more common in the elderly, as muscles in the eyelids may begin to deteriorate. One can, however, be born with ptosis. Congenital ptosis is hereditary in three main forms.[1] Causes of congenital ptosis remain unknown. Ptosis may be caused by damage/trauma to the muscle which raises the eyelid, damage to the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion or damage to the nerve (3rd cranial nerve (oculomotor nerve)) which controls this muscle. Such damage could be a sign or symptom of an underlying disease such as diabetes mellitus, a brain tumor, a pancoast tumor (apex of lung) and diseases which may cause weakness in muscles or nerve damage, such as myasthenia gravis or Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy. Exposure to the toxins in some snake venoms, such as that of the black mamba, may also cause this effect.

tag: p

text: Ptosis can be caused by the aponeurosis of the levator muscle, nerve abnormalities, trauma, inflammation or lesions of the lid or orbit.[2] Dysfunctions of the levators may occur as a result of autoimmune antibodies attacking and eliminating the neurotransmitter.[3]

text: Ptosis may be due to a myogenic, neurogenic, aponeurotic, mechanical or traumatic cause and it usually occurs isolated, but may be associated with various other conditions, like immunological, degenerative, or hereditary disorders, tumors, or infections [4]

text: Acquired ptosis is most commonly caused by aponeurotic ptosis. This can occur as a result of senescence, dehiscence or disinsertion of the levator aponeurosis. Moreover, chronic inflammation or intraocular surgery can lead to the same effect. Also, wearing contact lenses for long periods of time is thought to have a certain impact on the development of this condition.

text: Congenital neurogenic ptosis is believed to be caused by the Horner syndrome.[2] In this case, a mild ptosis may be associated with ipsilateral ptosis, iris and areola hypopigmentation and anhidrosis due to the paresis of the Mueller muscle. Acquired Horner syndrome may result after trauma, neoplastic insult, or even vascular disease.

text: Ptosis due to trauma can ensue after an eyelid laceration with transection of the upper eyelid elevators or disruption of the neural input.[2]

text: Other causes of ptosis include eyelid neoplasms, neurofibromas or the cicatrization after inflammation or surgery. Mild ptosis may occur with aging. A drooping eyelid can be one of the first signals of a third nerve palsy due to a cerebral aneurysm, that otherwise is asymptomatic and referred to as an oculomotor nerve palsy.

text: Drugs[edit]

text: Use of high doses of opioid drugs such as morphine, oxycodone, heroin, or hydrocodone can cause ptosis.[5] Pregabalin (Lyrica), an anticonvulsant drug, has also been known to cause mild ptosis.[6]

text: Classification[edit]

text: Depending upon the cause it can be classified into:

text:
Neurogenic ptosis which includes oculomotor nerve palsy, Horner's syndrome, Marcus Gunn jaw winking syndrome, third cranial nerve misdirection.
Myogenic ptosis which includes oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, myasthenia gravis, myotonic dystrophy, ocular myopathy, simple congenital ptosis, blepharophimosis syndrome
Aponeurotic ptosis which may be involutional or post-operative
Mechanical ptosis which occurs due to edema or tumors of the upper lid
Neurotoxic ptosis which is a classic symptom of envenomation[7] by elapid snakes such as cobras,[8] kraits,[9] mambas and taipans. Bilateral ptosis is usually accompanied by diplopia, dysphagia and/or progressive muscular paralysis. Regardless, neurotoxic ptosis is a precursor to respiratory failure and eventual suffocation caused by complete paralysis of the thoracic diaphragm. It is therefore a medical emergency and immediate treatment is required. Similarly, ptosis may occur in victims of Botulism (caused by Botulinum toxin) and this is also regarded as a life-threatening symptom
Pseudo ptosis due to:

tag: ul

text:
Lack of lid support: empty socket or atrophic globe.
Higher lid position on the other side: as in lid retraction

tag: ol

text: Pathology[edit]

text: Myasthenia gravis is a common neurogenic ptosis which could be also classified as neuromuscular ptosis because the site of pathology is at the neuromuscular junction. Studies have shown that up to 70% of myasthenia gravis patients present with ptosis, and 90% of these patients will eventually develop ptosis.[10] In this case, ptosis can be unilateral or bilateral and its severity tends to be oscillating during the day, because of factors such as fatigue or drug effect. This particular type of ptosis is distinguished from the others with the help of a Tensilon challenge test and blood tests. Also, specific to myasthenia gravis is the fact that coldness inhibits the activity of cholinesterase, which makes possible differentiating this type of ptosis by applying ice onto the eyelids. Patients with myasthenic ptosis are very likely to still experience a variation of the drooping of the eyelid at different hours of the day.

text: The ptosis caused by the oculomotor palsy can be unilateral or bilateral, as the subnucleus to the levator muscle is a shared, midline structure in the brainstem. In cases in which the palsy is caused by the compression of the nerve by a tumor or aneurysm, it is highly likely to result in an abnormal ipsilateral papillary response and a larger pupil. Surgical third nerve palsy is characterized by a sudden onset of unilateral ptosis and an enlarged or sluggish pupil to the light. In this case, imaging tests such as CTs or MRIs should be considered. Medical third nerve palsy, contrary to surgical third nerve palsy, usually does not affect the pupil and it tends to slowly improve in several weeks. Surgery to correct ptosis due to medical third nerve palsy is normally considered only if the improvement of ptosis and ocular motility are unsatisfactory after half a year. Patients with third nerve palsy tend to have diminished or absent function of the levator.

text: When caused by Horner's syndrome, ptosis is usually accompanied by miosis and anhidrosis. In this case, the ptosis is due to the result of interruption innervations to the sympathetic, autonomic Muller's muscle rather than the somatic levator palpebrae superioris muscle. The lid position and pupil size are typically affected by this condition and the ptosis is generally mild, no more than 2 mm. The pupil might be smaller on the affected side. While 4% cocaine instilled to the eyes can confirm the diagnosis of Horner's syndrome, Hydroxyamphetamine eye drops can differentiate the location of the lesion.[10]

text: Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia is a systemic condition that occurs and which usually affects only the lid position and the external eye movement, without involving the movement of the pupil. This condition accounts for nearly 45% of myogenic ptosis cases. Most patients develop ptosis due to this disease in their adulthood. Characteristic to ptosis caused by this condition is the fact that the protective up rolling of the eyeball when the eyelids are closed is very poor.

text: Treatment[edit]

text: Aponeurotic and congenital ptosis may require surgical correction if severe enough to interfere with vision or if cosmetics is a concern. Treatment depends on the type of ptosis and is usually performed by an ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgeon, specializing in diseases and problems of the eyelid.

text: Surgical procedures include:

text:
Levator resection
Müller muscle resection
Frontalis sling operation (preferred option for oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy)

text: Non-surgical modalities like the use of "crutch" glasses or Ptosis crutches or special scleral contact lenses to support the eyelid may also be used.

text: Ptosis that is caused by a disease may improve if the disease is treated successfully, although some related diseases, such as oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy currently have no treatments or cures.

text: Etymology[edit]

text: Ptosis is derived from the Greek word πτῶσις ("fall"), and is defined as the "abnormal lowering or prolapse of an organ or body part".


document_title: Color in Chinese culture

question_text: what does the colour green mean in china

text: Color in Chinese culture

text: Theory of the Five Elements[edit]

text: In traditional Chinese art and culture, black, red, qing (青) (a conflation of the idea of green and blue), white and yellow are viewed as standard colors.  These colors correspond to the five elements of water, fire, wood, metal and earth, taught in traditional Chinese physics. Throughout the Shang, Tang, Zhou and Qin dynasties, China's emperors used the Theory of the Five Elements to select colors.

text:
Element
Wood
Fire
Earth
Metal
Water

Color

Green/blue
Red
Yellow
White
Black

Direction

east
south
center
west
north

Planet

Jupiter
Mars
Saturn
Venus
Mercury

Heavenly creature

Azure Dragon青龍
Vermilion Bird朱雀
Winged Snake螣蛇
White Tiger白虎
Black Tortoise玄武

Heavenly Stems

甲, 乙
丙, 丁
戊, 己
庚, 辛
壬, 癸

Phase

New Yang
Full Yang
Yin/Yang balance
New Yin
Full Yin

Energy

Generative
Expansive
Stabilizing
Contracting
Conserving

Season

Spring
Summer
Change of seasons(Every third month)
Autumn
Winter

Climate

Windy
Hot
Damp
Dry
Cold

Development

Sprouting
Blooming
Ripening
Withering
Dormant

Livestock

dog
sheep/goat
cattle
chicken
pig

Fruit

plum
apricot
jujube
peach
chestnut

Grain

wheat
beans
rice
hemp
millet

tag: table

text: Black[edit]

text: Black, corresponding to water, is a neutral colour.  The I Ching, or Book of Changes, regards black as Heaven's color. The saying "heaven and earth of mysterious black" was rooted in the observation that the northern sky was black for a long time. They believed Tian Di, or Heavenly Emperor, resided in the North Star.

text: The Taiji symbol uses black and white to represent the unity of yin and yang. Ancient Chinese people regarded black as the king of colors and honored black more consistently than any other color. Lao Zi said that five colors make people blind, so the Dao School chose black as the color of the Dao.

text: In modern China, black is used in daily clothing. White is associated with death and mourning and was formerly worn at funerals,  but depends on the age of passing.

text: Red[edit]

text:
Red, corresponding with fire, symbolizes good fortune and joy.  Red is found everywhere during Chinese New Year and other holiday celebrations and family gatherings.
A red envelope is a monetary gift which is given in Chinese society during holiday or special occasions.  The red color of the packet symbolizes good luck.  Red is strictly forbidden at funerals as it is a traditionally symbolic color of happiness;[1] however, as the names of the dead were previously written in red, it may be considered offensive to use red ink for Chinese names in contexts other than official seals.

text: In modern China, red remains a very popular color and is affiliated with and used by the Government.

text: Green[edit]

text: Generally green is associated with health, prosperity, and harmony. Green is also the color of jade.  Separately, green hats are associated with infidelity and used as an idiom for a cuckold.[2] This has caused uneasiness for Chinese Catholic bishops, who in ecclesiastical heraldry would normally have a green hat above their arms.  Chinese bishops have compromised by using a violet hat for their coat of arms. Sometimes this hat will have an indigo feather to further display their disdain for the color green.

text: White[edit]

text:
White, corresponding with metal, represents gold and symbolises brightness, purity, and fulfilment.
White is also the color of mourning. It is associated with death and is used predominantly in funerals in Chinese culture.[3] Ancient Chinese people wore white clothes and hats only when they mourned for the dead.

text: Yellow[edit]

text: Yellow, corresponding with earth, is considered the most beautiful and prestigious color. The Chinese saying, Yellow generates Yin and Yang, implies that yellow is the center of everything. Associated with but ranked above brown, yellow signifies neutrality and good luck.  Yellow is sometimes paired with red in place of gold.

text: Yellow was the emperor's color in Imperial China and is held as the symbolic color of the five legendary emperors of ancient China. Yellow often decorates royal palaces, altars and temples, and the color was used in the robes and attire of the emperors.

text: Yellow also represents freedom from worldly cares and is thus esteemed in Buddhism. Monks' garments are yellow, as are elements of Buddhist temples.  Yellow is also used as a mourning color for Chinese Buddhists.

text: Yellow is also symbolic of heroism, as opposed to the Western association of the colour with cowardice.[3]

text: Yellow also means pornography in modern Chinese. For example, yellow movie (黄片) means blue movie, decimates yellow (扫黄) means wipe out pornography.


document_title: The Eve of St. Agnes

question_text: who dies at the end of the eve of st agnes

text: The Eve of St. Agnes

text: Background[edit]

text: Keats based his poem on the folk belief that a girl could see her future husband in a dream if she performed certain rites on the eve of St. Agnes; that is she would go to bed without any supper, undress herself so that she was completely naked and lie on her bed with her hands under the pillow and looking up to the heavens and not to look behind. Then the proposed husband would appear in her dream, kiss her, and feast with her.

text: A Scottish version of the ritual would involve young women meeting together on St. Agnes's Eve at midnight, they would go one by one, into a remote field and throw in some grain, after which they repeated the following rhyme in a prayer to St. Agnes:

text: “Agnes sweet, and Agnes fair, Hither, hither, now repair; Bonny Agnes, let me see The lad who is to marry me.”

text: In the original version of his poem, Keats emphasized the young lovers' sexuality, but his publishers, who feared public reaction, forced him to tone down the eroticism.

text: Plot[edit]

text: On a bitterly chill night, an ancient beadsman performs his penances while in the castle of Madeline's warlike family; meanwhile, an alcohol-fueled revelry has begun among the family. Madeline pines for the love of Porphyro, sworn enemy to her kin. The old dames have told her she may receive sweet dreams of love from him if on this night, St. Agnes' Eve, she retires to bed under the proper ritual of silence and supine receptiveness.

text: Later that night, Porphyro makes his way to the castle and braves entry, seeking out Angela, an elderly woman friendly to his family, and importuning her to lead him to Madeline's room at night where he may but gaze upon her sleeping form. Angela is persuaded only with difficulty, saying she fears damnation if Porphyro does not afterward marry the girl.

text: Concealed in an ornate carven closet in Madeline's room, Porphyro watches as Madeline makes ready for bed, and then, beholding her full beauty in the moonlight, creeps forth as she sleeps to prepare a feast of rare delicacies. Madeline wakes and sees before her the same image she has seen in her dream and, thinking Porphyro part of it, receives him into her bed. Awakening in full and realizing her mistake, she tells Porphyro she cannot hate him for his deception since her heart is so much in his, but that if he goes now he leaves behind "A dove forlorn and lost / With sick unpruned wing".

text: Porphyro declares his love for Madeline and promises her a home with him over the southern moors. They escape the castle past insensate revelers and flee into the night. Angela's death is revealed in the poem's final stanza, and the beadsman, "after thousand aves told, / For aye unsought for slept among his ashes cold".

text: Alluded to by others[edit]

text: Rudyard Kipling's short story "Wireless" (1902) has the narrator witnessing a recreation of the poem by a man in a trance who, by virtue of the similarities of his situation to that of Keats (he is a consumptive apothecary's assistant), becomes "tuned" to the poet.[2]

text: Four lines from the final stanza of Keats' poem form the motto of H.P. Lovecraft's 1926 story "The Outsider".


document_title: History of time in the United States

question_text: when did the us begin using daylight savings time

text: History of time in the United States

text: War Time 1918 and 1942[edit]

text: Daylight saving time was established by the Standard Time Act of 1918. The Act was intended to save electricity for seven months of the year, during World War I.[3] DST was repealed in 1919 over a Presidential veto,[4] but standard time in time zones remained in law, with the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) having the authority over time zone boundaries. Daylight time became a local matter.

text: During World War II, Congress enacted the War Time Act (56 Stat. 9) on January 20, 1942. Year-round DST was reinstated in the United States on February 9, 1942, again as a wartime measure to conserve energy resources.[5] This remained in effect until after the end of the war. The Amendment to the War Time Act (59 Stat. 537), enacted September 25, 1945, ended DST as of September 30, 1945. During this period, the official designation War Time was used for year-round DST. For example, Eastern War Time (EWT) would be the equivalent of Eastern Daylight Time during this period.

text: Daylight Saving Time 1945 to 1966[edit]

text: From 1945 to 1966 U.S. federal law did not address DST. States and cities were free to observe DST or not, and most places that did observe DST did so from the last Sunday in April to the last Sunday in September. In the mid-1950s many areas in the northeastern United States began extending DST to the last Sunday in October. The lack of standardization led to a patchwork where some areas observed DST while adjacent areas did not, and it was not unheard of to have to reset a clock several times during a short trip (e.g., bus drivers operating on West Virginia Route 2 between Moundsville, West Virginia, and Steubenville, Ohio had to reset their watches seven times over 35 miles).[6]

text: In summer 1960 April–October Daylight Time was nearly universal in Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware and states east and north of there. In Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kentucky and Virginia and states north and east of there, some areas had it and some did not. Except for California and Nevada, which had April-Sept Daylight Time, 99% of the rest of the country used Standard Time year-round. (The Official Guide says "State law prohibits the observance of "Daylight Saving" time in Kentucky but Anchorage, Louisville and Shelbyville will advance their clocks one hour from Central Standard time for the period April 24 to October 29, inclusive.")

text: In the middle 1960s the airline and other transportation industries lobbied for uniformity of Daylight dates in the United States.

text: DST 1966[edit]

text: The U.S. federal Uniform Time Act became law on April 13, 1966 and it mandated that DST begin nationwide on the last Sunday in April and end on the last Sunday in October, effective in 1967. The act explicitly preempted all previously enacted state laws related to the beginning and ending of DST. Any state that wanted to be exempt from DST could do so by passing a state law, provided that it exempted the entire state, and Alaska, Arizona, Hawaii, Indiana, and Michigan chose to do so. However, Alaska, Indiana, and Michigan subsequently chose to observe DST. The law was amended in 1972 to permit states that straddle a time zone boundary to exempt the entire area of the state lying in one time zone. Indiana chose to exempt the portion of the state lying in the Eastern Time Zone; however, that exemption was eliminated in 2006 and the entire state of Indiana now observes DST, leaving Arizona (with the exception of the Navajo Indian Reservation) and Hawaii as the only two states not to observe DST. On July 8, 1986, President Ronald Reagan signed the Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1986 into law that contained a daylight saving rider authored by Senator Slade Gorton (R-WA).[3] The starting date of DST was amended to the first Sunday in April effective in 1987. DST continued to end on the last Sunday in October. While the states retain the capability to exempt themselves from DST, they are forbidden by the 1966 federal law (15 USC 260a(b))[7] from increasing a state's time spent on DST, unless the United States Congress does this for the entire nation.

text: In response to the 1973 energy crisis, DST in the United States began earlier in both 1974 and 1975, commencing on the first Sunday in January (January 6) in the former year and the last Sunday in February (February 23) in the latter. The extension of daylight saving time was not continued due to public opposition to late sunrise times during the winter months. In 1976, the United States reverted to the schedule set in the Uniform Time Act.

text: DST 2007[edit]

text: Starting March 11, 2007, DST was extended another four to five weeks, from the second Sunday of March to the first Sunday of November. The change was introduced by Representatives Fred Upton (R-MI) and Edward Markey (D-MA) and added to the Energy Policy Act of 2005; the House had originally approved a motion that would have extended DST even farther from the first Sunday in March to the last Sunday in November, but Senators Jeff Bingaman (D-NM) and Pete Domenici (R-NM) agreed to scale back the proposal in conference committee due to complaints from farmers and the airline industry. Proponents claimed that the extension would save "the equivalent of" 10,000 barrels (1,600 m3) of oil per day, but this figure was based on U.S. Department of Energy information from the 1970s, the accuracy and relevance of which the DoE no longer stands by. More recent studies by the Department of Energy and California Energy Commission have predicted much smaller energy benefits.[8] There is very little recent research on what the actual positive effects, if any, might be.

text: Since DST moves sunrise one hour later by the clock, late sunrise times become a problem when DST is observed either too far before the vernal equinox or too far after the autumnal equinox. Because of this, the extension was greeted with criticism by those concerned for the safety of children who would have been forced to travel to school before sunrise, especially in the month of March. In addition, the airline industry was especially concerned if DST were to be extended through to the last Sunday in November, as this is very often (6 out of every 7 years) the Sunday after Thanksgiving. This is one of the busiest travel days at American airports, and could have resulted in much havoc among travelers who forgot that the clocks were changing that day.

text: If the original proposal to extend DST through the last Sunday in November had been adopted, the entire United States, with the exception of the states that exempted themselves, would have experienced the latest sunrises of the year during the month of November, which would have approached the extremely late sunrise times when DST went into effect on January 6, 1974 due to the 1973 energy crisis creeping after 9 am in places like New Salem, North Dakota at the northwestern edges of time zones.

text: Start and end dates of United States Daylight Time[edit]

text:
Key to colors

future date

2nd Sunday March 1st Sunday November

1st Sunday April last Sunday October

last Sunday April last Sunday October

text:
Year
Begins (local)
Ends (local)
Notes

2020
Sun March 8 02:00
Sun November 1 02:00

2019
Sun March 10 02:00
Sun November 3 02:00

2018
Sun March 11 02:00
Sun November 4 02:00

2017
Sun March 12 02:00
Sun November 5 02:00

2016
Sun March 13 02:00
Sun November 6 02:00

2015
Sun March 8 02:00
Sun November 1 02:00

2014
Sun March 9 02:00
Sun November 2 02:00

2013
Sun March 10 02:00
Sun November 3 02:00

2012
Sun March 11 02:00
Sun November 4 02:00

2011
Sun March 13 02:00
Sun November 6 02:00

2010
Sun March 14 02:00
Sun November 7 02:00

2009
Sun March 8 02:00
Sun November 1 02:00

2008
Sun March 9 02:00
Sun November 2 02:00

2007
Sun March 11 02:00
Sun November 4 02:00
Energy Policy Act of 2005

2006
Sun April 2 02:00
Sun October 29 02:00
All of Indiana now on DST

2005
Sun April 3 02:00
Sun October 30 02:00

2004
Sun April 4 02:00
Sun October 31 02:00

2003
Sun April 6 02:00
Sun October 26 02:00

2002
Sun April 7 02:00
Sun October 27 02:00

2001
Sun April 1 02:00
Sun October 28 02:00

2000
Sun April 2 02:00
Sun October 29 02:00

1999
Sun April 4 02:00
Sun October 31 02:00

1998
Sun April 5 02:00
Sun October 25 02:00

1997
Sun April 6 02:00
Sun October 26 02:00

1996
Sun April 7 02:00
Sun October 27 02:00

1995
Sun April 2 02:00
Sun October 29 02:00

1994
Sun April 3 02:00
Sun October 30 02:00

1993
Sun April 4 02:00
Sun October 31 02:00

1992
Sun April 5 02:00
Sun October 25 02:00

1991
Sun April 7 02:00
Sun October 27 02:00

1990
Sun April 1 02:00
Sun October 28 02:00

1989
Sun April 2 02:00
Sun October 29 02:00

1988
Sun April 3 02:00
Sun October 30 02:00

1987
Sun April 5 02:00
Sun October 25 02:00
Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1986

1986
Sun April 27 02:00
Sun October 26 02:00

1985
Sun April 28 02:00
Sun October 27 02:00

1984
Sun April 29 02:00
Sun October 28 02:00

1983
Sun April 24 02:00
Sun October 30 02:00
Alaska time zones changed Sun October 30 02:00

1982
Sun April 25 02:00
Sun October 31 02:00

1981
Sun April 26 02:00
Sun October 25 02:00

1980
Sun April 27 02:00
Sun October 26 02:00

1979
Sun April 29 02:00
Sun October 28 02:00

1978
Sun April 30 02:00
Sun October 29 02:00

1977
Sun April 24 02:00
Sun October 30 02:00

1976
Sun April 25 02:00
Sun October 31 02:00

1975
Sun February 23 02:00
Sun October 26 02:00
Emergency Daylight Time Act
Michigan exempted, began DST Sun April 27 02:00

1974
Sun January 6 02:00
Sun October 27 02:00
Emergency Daylight Time Act
Southern Idaho and eastern Oregon (Mountain time zone)
began DST Sun February 3 02:00

1973
Sun April 29 02:00
Sun October 28 02:00
All of Michigan now on DST

1972
Sun April 30 02:00
Sun October 29 02:00

1971
Sun April 25 02:00
Sun October 31 02:00
Indiana (Eastern time zone) opts out

1970
Sun April 26 02:00
Sun October 25 02:00

1969
Sun April 27 02:00
Sun October 26 02:00
All of Alaska and Indiana now on DST

1968
Sun April 28 02:00
Sun October 27 02:00
Arizona and Michigan opt out

1967
Sun April 30 02:00
Sun October 29 02:00
Uniform Time Act of 1966
Alaska, Hawaii, Indiana and territories opt out

1946–66

Local decision, various dates

1945

Sun September 30 02:00
War Time ends

1944

War Time all year
Arizona War Time not observed Sat January 1 02:00–Sat April 1 02:00
Arizona War Time ends Sat September 30 02:00[9]

1943

War Time all year

1942
Mon February 9 02:00

War Time begins year round

1920–41

Local decision, various dates

1919
Sun March 30 02:00
Sun October 26 02:00
War Time ends

1918
Sun March 31 02:00
Sun October 27 02:00
War Time begins summer only


document_title: Pac-12 Conference

question_text: when did the pac 10 become the pac 12

question_tokens: when did the pac 10 become the pac 12

text: Pac-12 Conference

text: Member schools[edit]

text: Full members[edit]

text: The Pac-12 has twelve full member institutions. Football is the only sport where the conference is split into two divisions, the North Division and the South Division.

text: The Pac-12's members are spread evenly between 3 regions, with 4 schools each in California, the Pacific Northwest, and the Four Corners region.

text: Endowment figures per NACUBO's 2017 figures and from the University of California Endowment Report.[4][5]

text: † Total University of Colorado System Endowment

text:
Institution
Location
Founded
Joined
Type
Enrollment
Endowment
Nickname
Colors

Arizona !University of Arizona
Tucson, Arizona
1885
1978
Public
43,625 [6]
7008843529000000000♠$843,529,000
Wildcats

Arizona State University
Tempe, Arizona
1885
1978
Public
71,946 [7]
7008661046000000000♠$661,046,000
Sun Devils

California, Berkeley !University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, California
1868
1915
Public
41,910 [8]
7009429758100000000♠$4,297,581,000
Golden Bears

California, Los Angeles !University of California, Los Angeles
Los Angeles, California
1919
1928
Public
45,428 [9]
7009206257300000000♠$2,062,573,000
Bruins

Colorado !University of Colorado Boulder
Boulder, Colorado
1876
2011
Public
33,246 [10]
7009122020400000000♠$1,220,204,000 †
Buffaloes

Oregon !University of Oregon
Eugene, Oregon
1876
1915
Public
22,980 [11]
7008828459000000000♠$828,459,000
Ducks

Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon
1868
1915
Public
31,904 [12]
7008549448000000000♠$549,448,000
Beavers

Southern California !University of Southern California
Los Angeles, California
1880
1922
Private
45,500 [13]
7009512845900000000♠$5,128,459,000
Trojans

Stanford University
Stanford, California
1891
1918
Private
16,336 [14]
7010247849430000000♠$24,784,943,000
Cardinal

Utah !University of Utah
Salt Lake City, Utah
1850
2011
Public
32,780 [15]
7009112768600000000♠$1,127,686,000
Utes

Washington !University of Washington
Seattle, Washington
1861
1915
Public
56,819 [16]
7009252925000000000♠$2,529,250,000
Huskies

Washington State University
Pullman, Washington
1890
1917
Public
30,614 [17]
7008974029000000000♠$974,029,000
Cougars

text: Affiliate members[edit]

text: The Pac-12 has three affiliate member institutions in California.

text:
Institution
Location
Founded
Joined
Type
Enrollment
Nickname
Colors
Primary Conference
Pac-12 Sports

California Polytechnic State University
San Luis Obispo, California
1901
1986–87
Public
19,777
Mustangs

Big West
Wrestling

California State University, Bakersfield
Bakersfield, California
1965
1987–88
Public
8,002
Roadrunners

WAC
Wrestling

San Diego State University
San Diego
1897
2005–06
Public
34,500
Aztecs

Mountain West
Men's soccer

text: Cal State Bakersfield initially announced it would become a men's soccer affiliate starting in 2013,[18] but never went through with those plans, accepting an invitation to become an all-sports member of the Western Athletic Conference, which sponsors men's soccer, also in 2013. The school will maintain its Pac-12 affiliation in wrestling, which the WAC does not sponsor.[19]

text: Former members[edit]

text: No school has left the Pac-12 since its founding as the AAWU in 1959. Two members of the PCC were not invited to join the AAWU or its successors.

text:
Institution
Location
Founded
Joined
Left
Type
Enrollment
Nickname
Colors
Current Conference

University of Idaho
Moscow, Idaho
1889
1922
1959
Public
11,957
Vandals

Big Sky

University of Montana
Missoula, Montana
1893
1924
1950
Public
14,921
Grizzlies

text: Former affiliate members[edit]

text:
Institution
Location
Founded
Type
Enrollment
Nickname
Primary Conference
Pac-12 Sports
Joined
Left

Boise State University
Boise, Idaho
1932
Public
19,667
Broncos
Mountain West
Wrestling[a]
1987–88
2016–17

University of California, Davis
Davis, California
1905
Public
34,155
Aggies
Big West
Wrestling
1992–93
2009–10

University of California, Santa Barbara
Santa Barbara, California
1909
Public
20,559
Gauchos
Big West
Men's swimming & diving[b]
2010–11
2014–15

California Polytechnic State University
San Luis Obispo, California
1901
Public
19,777
Mustangs
Big West
Men's swimming & diving[b]
2010–11
2014–15

California State University, Fresno
Fresno, California
1911
Public
23,060
Bulldogs
Mountain West
Wrestling[c]
1986–87
1990–91

California State University, Fullerton
Fullerton, California
1957
Public
38,325
Titans
Big West
Wrestling
1986–87
2010–11

Eastern Washington University
Cheney, Washington
1882
Public
13,453
Eagles
Big Sky
Baseball
1982–83
1989–90

Gonzaga University
Spokane, Washington
1887
Private
7,229
Bulldogs
WCC
Baseball
1982–83
1994–95

Portland State University
Portland, Oregon
1946
Public
29,452
Vikings
Big Sky
Baseball
1982–83
1997–98

Wrestling
1998–99
2008–09

Portland !University of Portland
Portland, Oregon
1901
Private
3,200
Pilots
WCC
Baseball
1982–83
1994–95

San Jose State University
San Jose, California
1857
Public
31,278
Spartans
Mountain West
Wrestling
1986–87
1987–88

Utah State University
Logan, Utah
1888
Public
28,796
Aggies
Mountain West
Wrestling
1986–87
1988–89

text:
Jump up ^ Boise State dropped wrestling after the 2016–17 season.
^ Jump up to: a b This team now competes in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation.
Jump up ^ Fresno State eventually dropped wrestling after the 2005–06 season. The program was revived in 2017 and now competes in the Big 12 Conference.

text: Facilities[edit]

text:
School
Football stadium
Capacity
Basketball arena
Capacity
Baseball stadium
Capacity

Arizona
Arizona Stadium
56,037[20]
McKale Center
14,655[21]
Hi Corbett Field
9,500[22]

Arizona State
Sun Devil Stadium
56,232[23]
Wells Fargo Arena
10,754[24]
Phoenix Municipal Stadium
8,775[25]

California
California Memorial Stadium
62,467[26]
Haas Pavilion
11,877[27]
Evans Diamond
2,500[28]

Colorado
Folsom Field
53,613[29]
Coors Events Center
11,064[30]
No team, dropped in 1980

Oregon
Autzen Stadium
54,000[31]
Matthew Knight Arena
12,346[32]
PK Park
3,600[33]

Oregon State
Reser Stadium
43,363[34]
Gill Coliseum
9,604[35]
Goss Stadium at Coleman Field
3,248[36]

Stanford
Stanford Stadium
50,424[37]
Maples Pavilion
7,233[38]
Klein Field at Sunken Diamond
4,000[39]

UCLA
Rose Bowl
91,936[40]
Pauley Pavilion
13,800[41][42]
Jackie Robinson Stadium
1,820[43]

USC
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
93,607[44]
Galen Center
10,258[45]
Dedeaux Field
2,500[46]

Utah
Rice-Eccles Stadium
45,807[47]
Jon M. Huntsman Center
15,000[48]
Smith's Ballpark
15,411[49]

Washington
Husky Stadium
70,138[50]
Hec Edmundson Pavilion
10,000[51]
Husky Ballpark
2,212[52]

Washington State
Martin Stadium
32,740[53]
Beasley Coliseum
11,671[54]
Bailey-Brayton Field
3,500[55]

text: Key personnel[edit]

text:
School
Athletic director
Football coach
Men's basketball coach
Women's basketball coach
Baseball coach

Arizona
Dave Heeke
Kevin Sumlin
Sean Miller
Adia Barnes
Jay Johnson

Arizona State
Ray Anderson
Herm Edwards
Bobby Hurley
Charli Turner Thorne
Tracy Smith

California
H. Michael Williams
Justin Wilcox
Wyking Jones
Lindsay Gottlieb
Mike Neu (baseball)

Colorado
Rick George
Mike MacIntyre
Tad Boyle
JR Payne
No team

Oregon
Rob Mullens
Mario Cristobal
Dana Altman
Kelly Graves
George Horton

Oregon State
Scott Barnes
Jonathan Smith
Wayne Tinkle
Scott Rueck
Pat Casey

Stanford
Bernard Muir
David Shaw
Jerod Haase
Tara VanDerveer
David Esquer

UCLA
Dan Guerrero
Chip Kelly
Steve Alford
Cori Close
John Savage

USC
Lynn Swann
Clay Helton
Andy Enfield
Mark Trakh
Dan Hubbs

Utah
Chris Hill
Kyle Whittingham
Larry Krystkowiak
Lynne Roberts
Bill Kinneberg

Washington
Jennifer Cohen
Chris Petersen
Mike Hopkins
Jody Wynn
Lindsay Meggs

Washington State
Pat Chun
Mike Leach
Ernie Kent
June Daugherty
Marty Lees

text: Academics[edit]

text: Eight of the twelve member schools are members of the Association of American Universities (AAU), including all four California-based schools.[56] The only FBS conference with more AAU members is the Big Ten with 13 out of 14 member institutions having AAU membership.

text:
University of Arizona
University of California, Berkeley
University of California, Los Angeles
University of Colorado Boulder
University of Oregon
University of Southern California
Stanford University
University of Washington

text: Additionally, these member schools are also highly ranked nationally and globally by various groups, including the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) and Times Higher Education World University Rankings (Times). As of 2014, four Pac-12 institutions are ranked in the top 20 universities in the world, the most out of all conferences outside the Ivy League with Stanford ranked 2nd, UC Berkeley ranked 4th (the highest ranking of any public university), UCLA ranked 12th, and the University of Washington ranked at 15th. In 2014, of the twelve member schools, nine were ranked in the top 100 universities in the world.[57]

text: Athletic department revenue by school[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Total revenue includes ticket sales, contributions and donations, rights and licensing, student fees, school funds and all other sources including TV income, camp income, concessions, and novelties. Total expenses includes coach and staff salaries, scholarships, buildings and grounds, maintenance, utilities and rental fees, recruiting, team travel, equipment and uniforms, conference dues, and insurance.

text: The following table is updated to show institutional reporting to the Department of Education as shown on the DOE Equity in Athletics website for the 2013–14 academic year. The national ranking of revenue is based on 2075 institutions reporting to the Department of Education that year. Source: http://ope.ed.gov/athletics.

text:
Conf
rank
(2013–14)
National
rank
(2013–14)
Institution
2013–14
Total revenue
from athletics
2013–14
Total expenses
on athletics

1
12
Stanford University
$110,240,490
$110,240,490

2
13
University of Southern California
$106,528,649
$106,528,649

3
19
University of Washington
$100,275,186
$86,097,136

4
22
University of Arizona
$97,630,769
$93,273,995

5
27
University of California, Berkeley
$90,262,140
$76,446,272

6
33
University of California, Los Angeles
$86,426,780
$86,426,780

7
35
University of Oregon
$81,546,443
$79,961,755

8
45
Arizona State University
$72,775,808
$72,599,644

9
55
Oregon State University
$67,033,751
$67,033,751

10
60
University of Colorado
$64,303,098
$64,303,098

11
62
Washington State University
$60,727,273
$60,727,273

12
65
University of Utah
$59,005,590
$57,819,434

text: History[edit]

text: Pacific Coast Conference[edit]

text: The roots of the Pac-12 Conference go back to December 2, 1915, when the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) was founded at a meeting at the Imperial Hotel in Portland, Oregon.[58] Charter members were the University of California (now University of California, Berkeley), University of Washington, University of Oregon, and Oregon Agricultural College (now Oregon State University). The PCC began play in 1916.

text: One year later, Washington State College (now Washington State University) joined the league, followed by Stanford University in 1918.

text: In 1922, the PCC expanded to eight teams with the admission of USC and Idaho. Montana joined the Conference in 1924, and in 1928, the PCC grew to 10 members with the addition of UCLA.

text: For many years, the conference split into two divisions for basketball and baseball – a Southern Division comprising the four California schools and a Northern Division comprising the six schools in the Pacific Northwest.

text: In 1950, Montana departed to join the Mountain States Conference. The PCC continued as a nine-team league through June 1959.

text: AAWU (Big Five and Big Six)[edit]

text: Following "pay-for-play" scandals at California, USC, UCLA, and Washington, the PCC disbanded in June 1959. Ten months earlier in August 1958, these four schools agreed to form a new conference that would take effect the following summer.[59][60] When the four schools and Stanford began discussions for a new conference in 1959, retired Admiral Thomas J. Hamilton interceded and suggested the schools consider creating a national "power conference" (Hamilton had been a key player, head coach, and athletic director at Navy, and was the current athletic director at Pittsburgh). Nicknamed the "Airplane Conference,"[61][62][63] the five former PCC schools would have played with other major academically-oriented schools, including Army, Navy, Air Force, Notre Dame, Penn, Penn State, Duke, and Georgia Tech among others.[61][64] The effort fell through when a Pentagon official vetoed the idea and the service academies backed out.[65]

text: On July 1, 1959, the new Athletic Association of Western Universities was launched, with California, UCLA, USC, and Washington as the four charter members.[66] Stanford joined during the first month.[60][67] Hamilton left Pittsburgh to become the first commissioner of the AAWU,[66][68] and remained for twelve years.[69] The conference also was popularly known as the Big Five from 1960 to 1962.[70] When Washington State joined in 1962,[71] the conference became informally known as the Big Six.[70][72]

text: Oregon and Oregon State joined in the summer of 1964.[73][74] With the addition of the two Oregon schools, the conference was known unofficially as the Pacific Athletic Conference,[75][76][77][78][79] and then the Pacific-8 (as there already was a major conference called the Big Eight). In 1968, the AAWU formally renamed itself the Pacific-8 Conference, or Pac-8 for short. The Pac-8 did not allow a second bowl team from the conference until the 1975 season.[80]

text: Idaho was never invited to join the AAWU[citation needed]; the Vandals were independent for four years until the formation of the Big Sky Conference in 1963, and were independent in football until 1965.

text: In 1978, the conference added Arizona and Arizona State from the Western Athletic Conference, becoming the Pacific-10 Conference or Pac-10. The invitations to the schools were extended in December 1976,[81] and the expansion formally announced in May 1977.[82]

text: In 1986, the Pac-10 began sponsoring women's athletics. Prior to this time members' women's teams competed with other large universities on the Pacific coast in either the Northern Pacific Conference or the Western Collegiate Athletic Association.

text: In the mid-1990s the conference expressed interest in admitting the University of Colorado and the University of Texas after the collapse of the Southwest Conference. Texas expressed an interest in joining a strong academic conference, but joined three fellow Southwest Conference schools (Texas A&M, Texas Tech, and Baylor) to merge with the Big Eight Conference to form the Big 12 Conference in 1996. Colorado elected to remain in the newly formed Big 12.[83]

text: Before the addition of Colorado and Utah in 2011, only the Ivy League had maintained its membership for a longer time than the Pac-10 among Division I conferences. Commissioner Larry Scott said on February 9, 2010, that the window for expansion was open for the next year as the conference began negotiations for a new television deal. Speaking on a conference call to introduce former Big 12 commissioner Kevin Weiberg as his new deputy, Scott talked about possibly adding new teams to the conference and launching a new television network.[84] Scott, the former head of the Women's Tennis Association, took over the conference in July 2009. In his first eight months on the job, he saw growing interest from the membership over the possibility of adding teams for the first time since Arizona and Arizona State joined the conference in 1978.

text: In early June 2010, there were reports that the Pac-10 was considering adding up to six teams to the conference: the University of Texas, Texas A&M University, Texas Tech University, the University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma State University, and the University of Colorado.[85]

text: On June 10, 2010, the University of Colorado Boulder officially accepted an invitation to join the Pac-10 Conference, effective starting with the 2012–2013 academic year.[86][87] The school later announced it would join the conference a year earlier than previously announced, in the 2011–2012 academic year.

text: On June 15, 2010, a deal was reached between Texas and the Big 12 Conference to keep Texas, Texas A&M, Texas Tech, Oklahoma, and Oklahoma State in the Big 12. Following Texas' decision, the other Big 12 schools that had been rumored candidates to join the Pac-10 announced they would remain in the Big 12. This deal effectively ended the Pac-10's ambition to potentially become a sixteen-team conference.[88]

text: On June 17, 2010, the University of Utah officially accepted an invitation to join the Pac-10 Conference, effective starting July 2011.[86] Utah was a member of the Western Athletic Conference (WAC) with Arizona and Arizona State before those two left for the Pac-10 in 1978. The Utes left an expanded WAC with seven other schools in 1999 to form the new Mountain West Conference. Utah became the first "BCS Buster" to join a BCS conference, having played in (and won) two BCS games beforehand.

text: On July 27, 2010, the conference unveiled a new logo and announced that the Pac-10 would be renamed the Pac-12 when Utah and Colorado formally joined in July 2011. On October 21, the Pac-12 announced that its football competition would be split into two divisions—a North Division comprising the Pacific Northwest and Bay Area schools, and a South Division comprising the Mountain Time Zone and Southern California schools. On July 1, 2011, the Pac-12 assumed its current alignment when both Colorado and Utah officially joined as full members.

text: On August 15, 2012, the conference debuted the Pac-12 Network. It was the third college sports conference to launch a dedicated network, and the first to completely fund and own their own network outright.

text: To this day, the Pac-12 claims the PCC's history as its own. It inherited the PCC's berth in the Rose Bowl, and the eight largest schools in the old PCC all eventually joined the new league.

text: The Pac-12 is one of the founding members of the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation (MPSF), a conference organized to provide competition in non-revenue Olympic sports. All-Pac-12 members participate in at least one MPSF sport (men's and women's indoor track and field both actually have enough participating Pac-12 schools for the conference to sponsor a championship, but the Pac-12 has opted not to do so). For certain sports, the Pac-12 admits certain schools as associate members.

text: Membership timeline[edit]

text: Full members

text: Sponsored sports[edit]

text: The Pac-12 Conference sponsors championship competition in 10 men's and 13 women's NCAA-sanctioned sports, plus one men's sport that is not sanctioned by the NCAA. Three schools are associate members in a single men's sport.[89]

text: The newest sport to be sponsored by the Pac-12 is women's lacrosse, which begins play in spring 2018 following the elevation of Arizona State's club team to full varsity status.[90]

text:
Pac-12 teams in conference competition

Sport
Men's
Women's

Baseball
11
-

Basketball
12
12

Beach volleyball ^
-
8

Cross country
9
12

Football
12
-

Golf
12
11

Gymnastics
-
8

Lacrosse
-
6

Rowing †
6
7

Soccer
6
12

Softball
-
9

Swimming & Diving
8
9

Tennis
8
11

Track & Field Outdoor
10
12

Volleyball
-
12

Wrestling
5
-

text:
^ — Beach volleyball is a fully sanctioned NCAA sport which held its first national championship in the spring of 2016.[91] The Pac-12 is the second conference (after the Atlantic Sun Conference) to sponsor a championship in the sport.[92]
† — Rowing (M) is sanctioned by the Intercollegiate Rowing Association, not by the NCAA; Rowing (W) is sanctioned by both.

text: Men's sponsored sports by school[edit]

text: Member-by-member sponsorship of the 11 men's Pac-12 sports.

text:
School
Baseball
Basketball
Cross
Country
Football
Golf
Rowing[a]
Soccer
Swimming
& Diving
Tennis
Track
& Field
Outdoor
Wrestling
Total
Sports

Arizona
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
8

Arizona State
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
9

California
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
10

Colorado
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y[b]
N
N
N
Y
N
5

Oregon
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
7

Oregon State
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
Y
7

Stanford
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
11

UCLA
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
N
8

USC
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
7

Utah
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
N
N
6

Washington
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
9

Washington State
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y[b]
N
N
N
Y
N
6

Totals
11
12
9
12
12
4+2[c]
5+1[d]
6
9
10
3+2[e]
93+3[f]+2[g]

text: Men's sports that are not sponsored by the Pac-12 but are fielded as a varsity sport at Pac-12 schools

text:
School
Fencing
Gymnastics
Ice
Hockey
Lacrosse
Rugby[a]
Sailing[a]
Skiing
Track & Field
Indoor
Volleyball
Water
Polo
Total
Sports

Arizona

PAC

MPSF

2

Arizona State

IND

PAC

MPSF

3

California

MPSF

PAC

MPSF

MPSF
4

Colorado

RMISA
MPSF

2

Oregon

MPSF

1

Oregon State

PAC[b]

1

Stanford
IND
MPSF

PCCSC

MPSF
MPSF
MPSF
6

UCLA

PAC

MPSF
MPSF
MPSF
4

USC

MPSF
MPSF
MPSF
3

Utah

[h]
PAC

RMISA

2

Washington

MPSF

1

Washington State

MPSF

1

Totals
1
2
1
0
1 + 5
1
2
10
3
4
25+5

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c Not an NCAA-sanctioned sport.
^ Jump up to: a b c Club status team competing against varsity teams.
Jump up ^ 4 full varsity teams and 2 club status teams.
Jump up ^ Affiliate: San Diego State
Jump up ^ Affiliates: Cal Poly, Cal State Bakersfield
Jump up ^ Affiliate members with full varsity status.
Jump up ^ Club teams.
Jump up ^ Utah will elevate its club lacrosse team to full varsity status for the 2019 season (2018–19 school year).[93]

text: Women's sponsored sports by school[edit]

text: Member-by-member sponsorship of the 13 women's Pac-12 sports.

text:
School
Basketball
Beach
Volleyball
Cross
Country
Golf
Gymnastics
Lacrosse
Rowing
Soccer
Softball
Swimming
& Diving
Tennis
Track
& Field
Outdoor
Volleyball
Total
Sports

Arizona
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
11

Arizona State
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
12

California
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
13

Colorado
Y
N
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
8

Oregon
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
10

Oregon State
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
10

Stanford
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
13

UCLA
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
12

USC
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
11

Utah
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
9

Washington
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
11

Washington State
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
9

Totals
12
8
12
11
8
6
7
12
9
9
11
12
12
129

text: Women's sports that are not sponsored by the Pac-12 but are fielded as a varsity sport at Pac-12 schools

text:
School
Acrobatics
& Tumbling[w 1]
Fencing
Field
Hockey
Sailing[w 1]
Skiing
Squash[w 1]
Synchronized
Swimming[w 1]
Track
& Field
Indoor
Triathlon
Water
Polo
Total
Sports

Arizona

MPSF

1

Arizona State

MPSF
IND
MPSF
3

California

AmEast

MPSF

MPSF
3

Colorado

RMISA

MPSF

2

Oregon
NCATA

MPSF

2

Oregon State

MPSF

1

Stanford

IND
AmEast
PCCSC

IND
IND
MPSF

MPSF
7

UCLA

MPSF

MPSF
2

USC

MPSF

MPSF
2

Utah

RMISA

MPSF

2

Washington

MPSF

1

Washington State

MPSF

1

Totals
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
12
1
5
27

text: ^ Jump up to: a b c d Not an NCAA sanctioned sport.

text: NCAA national titles[edit]

text:
School
Team
Individual

Men
Women
Co-ed†
Total
Men
Women
Co-ed
Total

Arizona
7
12
0
19
83
93
0
176

Arizona State
11
13
0
24
66
46
0
112

California
28
8
0
36
155
86
0
241

UCLA
75
41
0
116
166
103
0
269

Colorado
16
2
8
26
23
15
90
128

Oregon
19
14
0
33
102
42
0
144

Oregon State
3
0
0
3
32
7
0
39

USC
84
20
0
104
319
72
0
391

Stanford
64
53
0
117
265
204
14
483

Utah
2
9
10
21
5
25
72
102

Washington
0
8
0
8
54
17
2
73

Washington State
2
0
0
2
79
6
1
86

Conference total
311
180
18
509
1349
716
179
2244

text: See also: List of NCAA schools with the most NCAA Division I championships, List of NCAA schools with the most Division I national championships, and NCAA Division I FBS Conferences

text: Team titles through Sept. 22, 2017; individual titles through July 1, 2016[94]

text: † Co-ed sports include fencing (since 1990), rifle, and skiing (since 1983). Team fencing championships before 1990 and team skiing championships before 1983 were awarded as men's or women's championships and are counted here as such.

text: These totals do not include football national championships, which the NCAA does not officially award at the FBS level. Various polls, formulas, and other third-party systems have been used to determine national championships, not all of which are universally accepted. These totals also do not include championships prior to the inception of the NCAA.

text: USC claims 11 national football championships,[95] California claims 5,[96][97] Washington and Stanford claim 2,[98][99] and Colorado, Utah, and UCLA claim 1.[100][101][102][102][103][104]

text: Conference champions[edit]

text:
Football
Men's basketball
Women's basketball
Baseball
Softball
Gymnastics
Men's soccer
Women's soccer
Women's volleyball

text: Football[edit]

text: Rivalries[edit]

text: Each of the ten schools that were conference members before 2011 has its own in-state, conference rivalry. One is an intracity rivalry (UCLA-USC), and another is within the same metropolitan area (California-Stanford). Colorado and Utah, who joined in 2011, were historic rivals in the Rocky Mountain region prior to 1962 when they suspended the series. These rivalries (and the name given to the football forms) are:

text:
Oregon–Oregon State (The Civil War; the Platypus Trophy, not officially recognized by the Universities, is awarded to the winning alumni association).
California–Stanford (The Big Game; winner gets the Stanford Axe).
Arizona–Arizona State (The Duel in the Desert; winner gets the Territorial Cup).
Colorado–Utah (Rumble in the Rockies).
Washington–Washington State (the Apple Cup; since 1962 the winner receives the Apple Cup trophy).
UCLA–USC (The winner of the annual game gets the Victory Bell; referred among the students as the Gauntlet or the Crosstown Gauntlet, it has now been rebranded as the SoCal BMW Crosstown Cup and is awarded to the athletic department with the most victories[105]).

text: The most frequently played rivalries in the conference are the Civil War between Oregon and Oregon State (120 meetings through 2016) and the Big Game between Stanford and California (119 meetings). These rivalries are among the ten most played rivalries in Division I FBS football.

text: The two newest members, Colorado and Utah, had a football rivalry that had been dormant since 1962 – both were conference rivals previously in the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference (now a Division II conference), and later the now-defunct Mountain States Conference (also known as the Skyline Conference). Even after Colorado joined what became the Big 12 in 1948 (the conference was then known popularly as the Big 7 Conference), the two schools continued their football rivalry for over a decade before ending it after the 1962 season. With the two schools being placed in the same division for football starting in 2011, the rivalry was revived with their 58th meeting during the 2011 season.

text: All of the California schools consider each other major rivals, due to the culture clash between Northern and Southern California.[106] California and UCLA have a rivalry rooted in their shared history as the top programs within the University of California system. Stanford and USC have a rivalry rooted in their shared history as the only private schools in the Pac-12. California and USC also have a long history, having played each other every year in football since 1916.

text: Oregon, Oregon State, Washington, and Washington State all consider each other major rivals due to their proximity and long history. The Oregon–Washington rivalry is sometimes referred to as the Border War.[107]

text: Arizona and New Mexico have a recently renewed rivalry game, based upon when they were both members of the WAC and both states were longtime territories before being admitted as states in 1912. They played for the Kit Carson Rifle trophy, which was no longer used starting with their meeting in the 1997 Insight Bowl.[108][109]

text: USC and Notre Dame have an intersectional rivalry (See Notre Dame–USC rivalry). The games in odd-numbered years are played in South Bend in mid-October, while the games in even-numbered years are played in Los Angeles, usually in late November.

text: Stanford and Notre Dame also have an intersectional rivalry (See Notre Dame–Stanford football rivalry). The schedule of the Stanford–Notre Dame rivalry mirrors that of USC–Notre Dame. The games in even-numbered years are played at Notre Dame in mid-October, while the games in odd-numbered years are played at Stanford in late November.

text: The isolated rural campuses of Washington State and Idaho are eight miles (13 km) apart on the Palouse, creating a natural border war known as the Battle of the Palouse. Idaho rejoined FBS in 1996.

text: Utah and BYU have a fierce rivalry nicknamed the Holy War that goes back to 1896.

text: Colorado also has a rivalry with in-state rival Colorado State called the Rocky Mountain Showdown.

text: With the NCAA permanently approving 12-game schedules in college football beginning in 2006, the Pac-10– alone among major conferences in doing so – went to a full nine-game conference schedule. Previously, the schools did not play one non-rival opponent, resulting in an eight-game conference schedule (four home games and four away). In 2010, the last season before the arrival of Colorado and Utah, the only other BCS conference that played a round-robin schedule was the Big East. The schedule consisted of one home and away game against the two schools in each region, plus the game against the primary in-state rival.

text: Divisions[edit]

text: On October 21, 2010 the Pac-10 announced the creation of divisions and a championship game in football, to be used when Colorado and Utah joined the conference effective July 1, 2011. The twelve members were split into two divisions for football only: a North Division comprising the Pacific Northwest and Bay Area schools, and a South Division comprising the Mountain Time Zone and Los Angeles schools.[110] The four California schools (gray background below) will still play each other every season despite spanning both divisions.

text:
North Division
South Division

Oregon
Arizona

Oregon State
Arizona State

Washington
Colorado

Washington State
Utah

California
UCLA

Stanford
USC

text: A nine-game conference schedule is being maintained, with five games within the assigned division and four games from the opposite division. The four California teams will play each other every season. Consequently, the four non-California teams in each division will only play one of the two California teams from the opposite division each year.

text: The Pac-12 Football Championship Game features the North Division Champion against the South Division Champion. The divisional champions are determined based on record in all conference games (both divisional and cross-divisional). The first three championship games was played at the home stadium of the participant with the better overall conference record.[111] Since 2014, the Championship Game has been hosted at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California.

text: Bowl games[edit]

text: As of the 2017 college football season, the following is the selection order of bowl games with Pac-12 tie-ins. If a Pac-12 team is selected to participate in the College Football Playoff, all other bowl-eligible teams move up one spot in the order.

text:
Pick
Name
Location
Opposing
conference
Opposing
pick

1
Rose Bowl
Pasadena, California
Big Ten
1

2
Alamo Bowl
San Antonio, Texas
Big 12
2

3
Holiday Bowl
San Diego, California
Big Ten
4

4
Foster Farms Bowl
Santa Clara, California
Big Ten
6

5
Sun Bowl
El Paso, Texas
ACC
4

6
Las Vegas Bowl
Las Vegas, Nevada
MWC
1

7
Cactus Bowl
Tempe, Arizona
Big 12
5

text: Pac-12 All-Century Football Team[edit]

text: In honor of the 100th anniversary of the establishment of the conference, an All-Century Team was unveiled on December 2, 2015, voted on by a panel of coaches, players, and the media.[112]

text:
Quarterbacks: John Elway, Stanford; Marcus Mariota, Oregon; Jim Plunkett, Stanford; Andrew Luck, Stanford; Matt Leinart, USC
Running backs: Marcus Allen, USC; OJ Simpson, USC; Charles White, USC; Reggie Bush, USC; Mike Garrett, USC
Wide receivers: Keyshawn Johnson, USC; Lynn Swann, USC; Marqise Lee, USC; JJ Stokes, UCLA; Ken Margerum, Stanford
Tight ends: Tony Gonzalez, California; Charles Young, USC;
Offensive line: Jonathan Ogden, UCLA; Ron Yary, USC; Tony Boselli, USC; Anthony Muñoz, USC; Lincoln Kennedy, Washington; Brad Budde, USC; Randall McDaniel, Arizona State
Defensive ends: Tedy Bruschi, Arizona; Terrell Suggs, Arizona State; Willie McGinest, USC; Andre Carter, California; Jim Jeffcoat, Arizona State
Defensive tackles: Steve Emtman, Washington; Haloti Ngata, Oregon; Rob Waldrop, Arizona; Leonard Williams, USC; Ed White, California
Linebackers Junior Seau, USC; Jerry Robinson, UCLA; Ricky Hunley, Arizona; Richard Wood, USC; Chris Claiborne, USC
Cornerbacks Joey Browner, USC; Mel Renfro, Oregon; Chris McAlister, Arizona; Antoine Cason, Arizona
Safeties: Ronnie Lott, USC ; Kenny Easley, UCLA; Troy Polamalu, USC; Mark Carrier, USC
Kicker: Jason Hanson, Washington State
Punter: Tom Hackett, Utah
Returner: Reggie Bush, USC
Coach: John McKay, USC

text: Note: Bold Italic notes Offensive, Defensive and Coach of the Century selections; The voting panel was made up of 119 former players, coaches and media.[113]


document_title: Olympic flame

question_text: when did the olympic flame was lighted first time

text: Olympic flame

text: Origins[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Olympic flame[edit]

text: The Olympic flame as a symbol of the modern Olympic movement was introduced by architect Jan Wils who designed the stadium for the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam.

text: The idea for the Olympic flame was derived from ancient Greece, where a sacred fire was kept burning throughout the celebration of the ancient Olympics on the altar of the sanctuary of Hestia.[2][3] In Ancient Greek mythology, fire had divine connotations — it was thought to have been stolen from the gods by Prometheus. Sacred fires were  present at many ancient Greek sanctuaries, including those at Olympia. Every four years, when Zeus was honoured at the Olympic Games, additional fires were lit at his temple and that of his wife, Hera. The modern Olympic flame is ignited at the site where the temple of Hera used to stand.

text: When the tradition of an Olympic fire was reintroduced during the 1928 Summer Olympics, an employee of the Electric Utility of Amsterdam lit the first modern Olympic flame in the Marathon Tower of the Olympic Stadium in Amsterdam.[4] The Olympic flame has been part of the Summer Olympics ever since. The Olympic flame was first introduced to the Winter Olympics at the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen.

text: Olympic torch relay[edit]

text: By contrast to the Olympic flame proper, the Olympic torch relay, which transports the flame from Olympia, Greece to the various designated sites of the Games, had no ancient precedent and was introduced by Carl Diem at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin[5] which were organized by the Nazis under the guidance of Joseph Goebbels.

text: At the first Olympic torch relay, the flame was transported from Olympia to Berlin over 3,187 kilometres by 3,331 runners in twelve days and eleven nights. There were minor protests in Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia on the way, which were suppressed by the local security forces. Leni Riefenstahl later staged the torch relay for the 1938 film Olympia.[6]

text: Main ceremonies[edit]

text: Olympic flame lighting[edit]

text: The Olympic fire is ignited several months before the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games at the site of the ancient Olympics in Olympia, Greece.

text: Eleven women, representing the Vestal Virgins,[notes 1] perform a celebration at the Temple of Hera in which the first torch of the Olympic Torch Relay is kindled by the light of the Sun, its rays concentrated by a parabolic mirror.

text: Olympic torch relay[edit]

text: After the ceremony at Olympia, the Olympic flame first travels around Greece, and is then transferred during a ceremony in the Panathenaic Stadium in Athens from the prior Olympic city to the current year's host city.[7][8]

text: The Olympic torch relay in the host country ends with the lighting of the Olympic cauldron during the opening ceremony in the central host stadium of the Games. The final carrier is often kept unannounced until the last moment. Over the years, it has become a tradition to let famous athletes, former athletes or athletes with significant achievements and milestones be the last runner in the Olympic torch relay.

text: Notable torch relays[edit]

text: The Olympic torch travels routes that symbolise human achievement. Although most of the time the torch with the Olympic flame is still carried by runners, it has been transported in many different ways. The fire travelled by boat in 1948 and 2012 to cross the English Channel and was carried by rowers in Canberra as well as by dragon boat in Hong Kong[9] in 2008, and it was first transported by airplane in 1952, when the fire travelled to Helsinki. In 1956, all carriers in the torch relay to Stockholm, where the equestrian events were held instead of in Melbourne, travelled on horseback.

text: Remarkable means of transportation were used in 1976, when the flame was transformed to a radio signal and transmitted from Europe to the New World: Heat sensors in Athens detected the flame, the signal was sent to Ottawa via satellite where it was received and used to trigger a laser beam to re-light the flame.[10][11] The torch, but not the flame, was taken into space by astronauts in 1996, 2000 and 2013.[12] In 2000, the torch was carried under the water by divers near the Great Barrier Reef. Other unique means of transportation include a Native American canoe, a camel, and Concorde.[13] The torch has been carried across water; the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games was carried across the port of Marseilles by a diver holding it aloft above the water.[14] In 2000, an underwater flare was used by a diver across the Great Barrier Reef en route to the Sydney Games.[15] In 2012 it was carried by boat across Bristol harbour in the UK and on the front of a London Underground train to Wimbledon.

text: In 2004, the first global torch relay was undertaken, a journey that lasted 78 days. The Olympic flame covered a distance of more than 78,000 km in the hands of some 11,300 torchbearers, travelling to Africa and South America for the first time, visiting all previous Olympic cities and finally returning to Athens for the 2004 Summer Olympics. The 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay spanned all six inhabited continents before proceeding through China, but was met with protests in London, Paris, and San Francisco. As a result, in 2009, the International Olympic Committee announced that future torch relays could be held only within the country hosting the Olympics after the initial Greek leg. Although this rule took effect with the 2014 Winter Olympics, the organizers of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver and the 2012 Summer Olympics in London chose to hold their torch relays only in their respective hosting countries of Canada and the United Kingdom[16] (except for brief stops in the United States and Ireland, respectively). The London 2012 torch travelled 8,000 miles across the UK. The Rio 2016 torch travelled 12,000 miles across Brazil.

text: Protests against relays[edit]

text:
Wikinews has related news:
 Protests surround Olympic torch relay

text: There have been protests against Olympic torch relays since the they were first introduced. In 1936, there were minor protests against the torch relay to Nazi Germany in Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia, which were suppressed by the local security forces.

text: In the 1956 Melbourne Games in Australia, local veterinary student Barry Larkin protested against the relay when he tricked onlookers by carrying a fake flame, consisting of a pair of underpants set on fire in a plum pudding can, attached to a chair leg. He successfully managed to hand over the fake flame to the Mayor of Sydney, Pat Hills and escape without being noticed.[17][18][19]

text: In 2008 there were various attempts to stop the Olympic flame as a protest against China's human rights record. In London, a "ring of steel" was formed around the flame to protect it, but one protester managed to grab hold of the torch while it was being held by television presenter Konnie Huq.[20]

text: In 2016, ten days before the beginning of the Rio Games in Brazil, citizens of Angra dos Reis, a city near Rio de Janeiro, managed to put out the Olympic flame when protesting against the city's spending money on hosting the games, despite the economic crisis that took hold of Brazil.[21]

text: Re-igniting the flame[edit]

text: It is not uncommon for the Olympic flame to be accidentally or deliberately extinguished during the course of the torch relay (and on at least one occasion the cauldron itself has gone out during the Games). To guard against this eventuality, multiple copies of the flame are transported with the relay or maintained in backup locations. When a torch goes out, it is re-lit (or another torch is lit) from one of the backup sources. Thus, the fires contained in the torches and Olympic cauldrons all trace a common lineage back to the same Olympia lighting ceremony.

text:
One of the more memorable extinguishings occurred at the 1976 Summer Olympics held in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. After a rainstorm doused the Olympic flame a few days after the games had opened, an official re-lit the flame using a cigarette lighter. Organizers quickly doused it again and re-lit it using a backup of the original flame.[11]
At the 2004 Summer Olympics, when the Olympic flame came to the Panathinaiko Stadium to start the global torch relay, the night was very windy and the torch, lit by Gianna Angelopoulos-Daskalaki of the Athens 2004 Organizing Committee, blew out due to the wind, but was re-lit from the backup flame taken from the original flame lit at Olympia.
In 2008 the Olympic torch was extinguished at least two times by Chinese officials (five times according to French police[22]) so that it could be transported in a bus amid protests while it was being paraded through Paris.[23][24] This eventually led to the cancellation of the relay's last leg in the city.[25] The fire itself, however, remained preserved in the backup lantern used to keep it overnight and on airplanes, and the torch was re-lit using this flame.
In October 2013 in Russia, the Olympic flame was blown out at the Kremlin and was reignited from a security officer's lighter instead of the back up flame.[26]

text: The current design of the torch has a safeguard built into it: There are two flames inside the torch.  There is a highly visible (yellow flame) portion which burns cooler and is more prone to extinguish in wind and rain, but there is also a smaller hotter (blue in the candle's wick) flame akin to a pilot light hidden inside the torch which is protected from wind and rain and is capable of relighting the cooler more visible portion if it is extinguished.  The fuel inside the torch lasts for approximately 15 minutes before the flame is exhausted.[27]

text: Selected relays in detail[edit]

text: Wikimedia Commons has media related to Olympic torches and torch relays.

text:
1936 Summer Olympics torch relay
Cancelled 1940 Summer Olympics torch relay
1948 Summer Olympics torch relay
1952 Winter Olympics torch relay
1968 Summer Olympics torch relay
1976 Summer Olympics torch relay
1984 Summer Olympics torch relay
1996 Summer Olympics torch relay
2000 Summer Olympics torch relay
2002 Winter Olympics torch relay
2004 Summer Olympics torch relay
2006 Winter Olympics torch relay
2008 Summer Olympics torch relay
2008 Summer Paralympics torch relay
2010 Winter Olympics torch relay
2010 Winter Paralympics torch relay
2010 Summer Youth Olympics torch relay
2012 Summer Olympics torch relay
2014 Winter Olympics torch relay
2016 Summer Olympics torch relay
2018 Winter Olympics torch relay

text: Olympic cauldron lighting[edit]

text: During the opening ceremony, the final bearer of the torch runs towards the cauldron, often placed at the top of a grand staircase, and then uses the torch to start the flame in the stadium. The climactic transfer of the Olympic flame from the final torch to the cauldron at the central host stadium marks the symbolic commencement of the Games.

text: As with being the final runner of the Olympic torch relay, it is considered to be a great honor to light the Olympic cauldron, and similarly it has become a tradition to select notable athletes to conduct this part of the ceremony.

text: After being lit, the flame in the Olympic cauldron continues to burn throughout the Games, until the day of the closing ceremony and celebration, when it is finally put out, symbolizing the official end of the Games.

text: Notable cauldron ceremonies[edit]

text: The first well-known athlete to light the cauldron in the stadium was ninefold Olympic Champion Paavo Nurmi, who excited the home crowd in Helsinki in 1952. In 1968, Enriqueta Basilio became the first woman to light the Olympic Cauldron at the Olympic Games in Mexico City.

text: Perhaps one of the most spectacular of Olympic cauldron lighting ceremonies took place at the 1992 Summer Olympics, when Paralympic archer Antonio Rebollo lit the cauldron by shooting a burning arrow over it, which ignited gas rising from the cauldron.[28][29][28] Unofficial videos seem to indicate that the flame was lit from below.[30][31] Twenty years after the Barcelona Games one of those involved said that the flame was "switched on" ("Se encendió con un botón", in Spanish).[32] Two years later, the Olympic fire was brought into the stadium of Lillehammer by a ski jumper. In Beijing 2008, Li Ning "ran" on air around the Bird's Nest and lit the flame.

text: In Vancouver 2010, four athletes—Catriona Le May Doan, Wayne Gretzky, Steve Nash and Nancy Greene—were given the honour of lighting the flame simultaneously indoors before Wayne Gretzky transferred the flame to an outdoor cauldron at Vancouver's waterfront. Other famous last bearers of the torch include heavyweight boxing champion Muhammad Ali (1996), Australian aboriginal runner Cathy Freeman (2000), Brazilian marathon runner Vanderlei de Lima (2016), and South Korean figure skater Yuna Kim (2018).

text: On other occasions, the people who lit the cauldron in the stadium are not famous, but nevertheless symbolize Olympic ideals. Japanese runner Yoshinori Sakai was born in Hiroshima on 6 August 1945, the day the nuclear weapon Little Boy destroyed that city. He symbolized the rebirth of Japan after the Second World War when he opened the 1964 Tokyo Games. At the 1976 Games in Montreal, two teenagers — one from the French-speaking part of the country, one from the English-speaking part — symbolized the unity of Canada.

text: At the 2012 Games in London, the torch was carried by Sir Steve Redgrave to a group of seven young British athletes (Callum Airlie, Jordan Duckitt, Desiree Henry, Katie Kirk, Cameron MacRitchie, Aidan Reynolds and Adelle Tracey)  — each nominated by a British Olympic champion —  who then each lit a single tiny flame on the ground, igniting 204 copper petals before they converged to form the cauldron for the Games.

text: Design of equipment used[edit]

text: Olympic torch designs[edit]

text: Wikimedia Commons has media related to Olympic torches.

text: The design of the torch used in the relay to the Games changes for each Games. They may be designed to represent a classical ideal, or to represent some local aspect of those particular Games.[14][33][34]

text: The first Olympic torches in 1936 were produced by the Krupp armaments company in wood and metal, inspired by an olive leaf. The distinctive 1976 torch was manufactured by John L. Saksun's The Queensway Machine Products Ltd. Some (such as Albertville in 1992 and Turin in 2006) have been designed by famous industrial designers. These design-led torches have been less popular than the more classical designs, the Turin torch in particular was criticised for being simply too heavy for the runners.

text: The torch for the 1948 London Olympics was designed by architect Ralph Lavers.[35] They were cast in Hiduminium aluminium alloy[36] with a length of 47 cm and a weight of 960 g. This classical design of a long handle capped by a cylindrical bowl re-appeared in many later torch designs. The torch used for the final entry to the stadium and the lighting of the cauldron was of a different design, also a feature that would re-appear in later years. This torch did not require the long distance duration or weather resistance of the other torches, but did need a spectacular flame for the opening ceremony.

text: At the Melbourne Olympics of 1956, the magnesium/aluminium fuel used for the final torch was certainly spectacular, but also injured its holder.[15] Runners were also burned by the solid-fueled torch for the 1968 Mexico Games. The fuel used for the torch has varied. Early torches used solid or liquid fuels, including olive oil.[37]

text: For a particularly bright display, pyrotechnic compounds and even burning metals have been used. Since the Munich Games of 1972, most torches have instead used a liquefied gas such as propylene or a propane/butane mixture. These are easily stored, easily controlled and give a brightly luminous flame.

text:
The number of torches made has varied from, for example, 22 for Helsinki in 1952, 6,200 for the 1980 Moscow Games[14] and 8,000 for the London 2012 Games.
In transit, the flame sometimes travels by air. A version of the miner's safety lamp is used, kept alight in the air. These lamps are also used during the relay, as a back-up in case the primary torch goes out. This has happened before several Games, but the torch is simply re-lit and carries on.

text:
Berlin 1936 torch

Melbourne 1956 torch

Rome 1960 torch

Tokyo 1964 torch

Grenoble 1968 torch

Innsbruck 1976 torch

Montreal 1976 torch

Barcelona 1992 torch

Sydney 2000 torch

Turin 2006 torch

Beijing 2008 torch

Vancouver 2010 torch

London 2012 torch

Sochi 2014 torch

Rio 2016 torch

PyeongChang 2018 torch

text: Olympic cauldron designs[edit]

text: Wikimedia Commons has media related to Olympic cauldrons.

text: The cauldron and the pedestal are always the subject of unique and often dramatic design. These also tie in with how the cauldron is lit during the Opening Ceremony.

text:
In Los Angeles in 1984, Rafer Johnson lit a wick of sorts[clarification needed] at the top of the archway after having climbed a big flight of steps. The flame flared up a pipe, through the Olympic Rings and on up the side of the tower to ignite the cauldron.
In Atlanta in 1996, the cauldron was an artistic scroll decorated in red and gold. It was lit by  Muhammad Ali, using a mechanical, self-propelling fuse ball that transported the flame up a wire from the stadium to its cauldron.[38] At the 1996 Summer Paralympics, the scroll was lit by paraplegic climber Mark Wellman, hoisting himself up a rope to the cauldron.
For the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Cathy Freeman walked across a circular pool of water and ignited the cauldron through the water, surrounding herself within a ring of fire. The planned spectacular climax to the ceremony was delayed by the technical glitch of a computer switch which malfunctioned, causing the sequence to shut down by giving a false reading. This meant that the Olympic flame was suspended in mid-air for about four minutes, rather than immediately rising up a water-covered ramp to the top of the stadium. When it was discovered what the problem was, the program was overridden and the cauldron continued up the ramp, where it finally rested on a tall silver pedestal.
For the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States, the cauldron was lit by the members of the winning 1980 US hockey team. After being skated around the centre ice rink there in the stadium, the flame was carried up a staircase to the team members, who then lit a wick of sorts at the bottom of the cauldron tower which set off a line of flames that travelled up inside the tower until it reached the cauldron at the top which ignited. This cauldron was the first to use glass and incorporated running water to prevent the glass from heating and to keep it clean.
For the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, the cauldron was in the shape of a giant olive leaf which bowed down to accept the flame from windsurfer Nikolaos Kaklamanakis.[39]
In the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Stefania Belmondo placed the flame on an arched lighting apparatus, which initiated a series of fireworks before lighting the top of the 57 metres (187 ft) high Olympic cauldron, the highest in the history of the Winter Olympic Games.[40]
In the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, the cauldron resembled the end of a scroll that lifted out from the stadium rim and spiralled upwards. It was lit by Li Ning, who was raised to the rim of the stadium by wires. He ran around the rim of the stadium while suspended and as he ran, an unrolling scroll was projected showing film clips of the flame's journey around the world. As he approached the cauldron, he lit an enormous wick, which then transferred the flame to the cauldron. The flame then spiralled up the structure of the cauldron before lighting it at the top.[41]
In the 2010 Winter Olympics at Vancouver, a team of athletes (Catriona Le May Doan, Steve Nash, Nancy Greene and Wayne Gretzky) were to simultaneously light the base of poles, which would then carry the flames upwards to the cauldron. However, only three out of four poles came out of the ground due to mechanical problems, resulting in inadvertently excluding Le May Doan from lighting it with the other three athletes. Because the site of the ceremonies - BC Place - was a domed stadium, Gretzky was sent via the back of a pick-up truck to a secondary site — the Vancouver Convention Centre which served as the International Broadcast Centre for these Olympics — to light a larger cauldron of a similar design located outdoors, as Olympic rules state that the flame must be in public view for the entirety of the Olympics. In the closing ceremonies, Le May Doan took part in a joke about the mechanical glitch, and she was able to light the fully raised fourth pole and have the indoor cauldron relit.
At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, the flame was passed to a group of seven young British athletes who then each lit a single tiny flame on the ground, igniting 204 petals, one for each competing nation or territory.[42] Mounted on long, hinged arms, the petals were raised and converged to form the Olympic cauldron. The cauldron that traditionally flames continuously from the opening until the closing ceremony was temporarily extinguished (the flame itself was transferred to a lantern)[43] prior to the athletics events while the cauldron was moved to the southern side of the stadium. It was relit by Austin Playfoot, a torchbearer from the 1948 Olympics.[44] In contrast to the cauldrons in Vancouver, the cauldron was not visible to the public outside the stadium. Instead, monitors had been placed throughout the Olympic Park showing the public live footage of the flame.
For the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia, the cauldron was situated directly outside Fisht Olympic Stadium, the ceremonial venue for the Games. After the torch's lap around the stadium, Vladislav Tretiak and Irina Rodnina carried the torch outside the stadium to light a larger version of the "celebration cauldron" used in the main torch relay at the center of the Olympic Park. A line of gas jets carried the flame from the celebration cauldron up the main cauldron tower, eventually lighting it at the top.
For the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the cauldron was lit inside the Maracanã Stadium, the ceremonial venue for the Games, by Vanderlei de Lima. As part of these Games' appeal towards environmental protection, organizers deliberately chose to use a basic design with a smaller flame than past cauldrons. To compensate for the smaller cauldron, it is accompanied by a larger kinetic sculpture designed by Anthony Howe. A very similar public cauldron was lit in a plaza outside the Candelária Church following the opening ceremony.[45][46][47]
For the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, the flame was eventually handed to Yuna Kim, who was at the top of a set of steps. She then lit a wick of sorts, which lit a large metal flaming pillar. The pillar rose to the top of the cauldron, lighting it. The cauldron was a large white sculpture with a large sphere on the top, acting for the cauldron. The cauldron's design was inspired by Joseon white porcelain.

text:
Traditional Olympic cauldrons often employ a simple bowl-on-pedestal design, such as the cauldron used for the 1936 Summer Olympics

Olympic cauldron at Moscow 1980

Olympic cauldron at Seoul 1988, during the opening ceremony

Olympic cauldron at Barcelona 1992

Olympic cauldron at Atlanta 1996

Olympic cauldron at Athens 2004 during the opening ceremony

Olympic cauldron at Turin 2006

Olympic cauldron at Beijing 2008 during the opening ceremony

Olympic cauldron during the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Winter Games

More artistic and abstract designs for cauldrons, including the 2012 Summer Olympics cauldron, have also been used.

Cauldrons can also take on monolithic forms, an example of which being the "cauldron tower" used for the 2014 Winter Olympics

The 2016 cauldron features a kinetic sculpture with a small flame.

The 2016 Olympics public cauldron, in a plaza at downtown Rio de Janeiro

Olympic Cauldron at PyeongChang 2018

text: Coinage[edit]

text: The Olympic flame has been used as a symbol and main motif numerous times in different commemorative coins.  A recent sample was the 50th anniversary of the Helsinki Olympic Games commemorative coin, minted in 2002. In the obverse, the Olympic flame above the Earth can be seen. Note that Finland is the only country highlighted, as the host of the 1952 games.