document_title: Visa requirements for British citizens

question_text: where can you live on a british passport

text: Visa requirements for British citizens

text: History[edit]

text: Visa requirements for British citizens were lifted by some European nations following World War II. The following list shows when countries abolished visa restrictions for British citizens:

text:
France 1 January 1947[3]
Belgium 15 February 1947[4]
Luxembourg 15 February 1947[5]
Norway 1 March 1947[6]
Denmark 22 March 1947[7]
Sweden 1 April 1947[8]

Netherlands 15 April 1947[9]
Switzerland 24 June 1947[10]
Liechtenstein 24 June 1947[10]
Iceland 1 July 1947[11]
Italy 1 January 1948[12]
Monaco 8 November 1948[13]

Austria 15 May 1955[14]
Paraguay 27 November 1966[15]
United States 1 July 1988
Ukraine 1 May 2005[16]
Georgia 1 June 2006[17]
Moldova 1 January 2007[18]

Kyrgyzstan 27 July 2012[19]
Armenia 10 January 2013
Kazakhstan 15 July 2014[20]
Indonesia 13 June 2015[21]
Vietnam 1 July 2015[22]
Belarus 12 February 2017[23]

text: Austria abolished the visa requirement for British citizens on 1 August 1927[24] but this was reversed after the Anschluss in 1938. Visa-free travel was restored for British citizens in 1955.

text: Visas on arrival were discontinued for British citizens by Mali in March 2015 and Malawi on 1 October 2015.

text: Visa requirements map[edit]

text: Visa requirements[edit]

text:
Country
Visa requirement
Allowed stay
Notes

 Afghanistan
Visa required[25]

 Albania
Visa not required[26]
90 days

 Algeria
Visa required[27]

 Andorra
Visa not required[28]

 Angola
Visa required[29]

 Antigua and Barbuda
Visa not required[30]
6 months

 Argentina
Visa not required[31]
90 days[32]

 Armenia
Visa not required[33]
180 days[34]

 Australia
eVisitor[35]
90 days

If granted, eVisitor allows British citizens to stay in Australia for 90 days per visit.
Issued free of charge and valid for one year.

 Austria
EU !Visa not required[36]

Freedom of movement

 Azerbaijan
eVisa[37]
30 days[38]

 Bahamas
Visa not required[39]
21 days

Extendable up to eight months.[40][41]

 Bahrain
eVisa / Visa on arrival[42]
3 months

Visas can be issued on arrival for a stay up to 3 months.[43]
eVisa issued for 14 days, extendable once.[44]

 Bangladesh
Visa on arrival[45]
30 days

Visa on arrival available at Dhaka International Airport[46][47][48]

 Barbados
Visa not required[49]
6 months[50]

 Belarus
Visa not required[51]
5 days

Must arrive and leave via Minsk International Airport
Visas are also issued on arrival at the Minsk International Airport if the support documents were submitted by inviting organization/person not later than 3 business days before expected date of arrival.[52] Visa and police registration required for stays of more than 5 days.[51]

 Belgium
EU !Visa not required[53]

Freedom of movement

 Belize
Visa not required[54]
30 days

 Benin
Visa required[55]

 Bhutan
Visa required[56]

Visa via approved tour operators only[57][58]

 Bolivia
Visa not required[59]
90 days

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Visa not required[60]
90 days

90 days within any 6 month period.

 Botswana
Visa not required[61]
90 days

 Brazil
Visa not required[62]
90 days

Extendable for further 90 days[63]

 Brunei
Visa not required[64]
90 days[65]

 Bulgaria
EU !Visa not required[66]

Freedom of movement

 Burkina Faso
Visa on arrival[67]
1 month

 Burundi
Visa required[68]

 Cambodia
eVisa / Visa on arrival[69]
30 days

Extendable for another 30 days.[70][71]

 Cameroon
Visa required[72][73]

Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.

 Canada
Visa not required[74]
6 months

eTA required if arriving by air.[75]

 Cape Verde
Visa on arrival[76]

 Central African Republic
Visa required[77][78]

 Chad
Visa required[79]

 Chile
Visa not required[80]
90 days

May be extended.

 China
Visa required[81]

72-hours visa free visit when in transit at Beijing, Changsha, Chengdu, Chongqing, Dalian, Guangzhou, Guilin, Harbin, Kunming, Qingdao, Shenyang, Tianjin, Wuhan, Xi'an and Xiamen.
144-hours visa free visit when in transit at Hangzhou, Nanjing and Shanghai's Hongqiao and Pudong international airports, Railway Station and port.
Visiting visas issued to British citizens are generally valid for 2 years[82]

 Colombia
Visa not required[83]
90 days

Extendable up to 180-days stay within a one-year period.[84]

 Comoros
Visa on arrival[85]

 Republic of the Congo
Visa required[86][87]

 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Visa required[88][89]

 Costa Rica
Visa not required[90]
3 months

 Croatia
EU !Visa not required[91]

Freedom of movement

 Cuba
Visa required !Tourist Card required[92]

 Cyprus
EU !Visa not required[93]

Freedom of movement

 Czech Republic
EU !Visa not required[94]

Freedom of movement

 Denmark
EU !Visa not required[95]

Freedom of movement (DK)

 Djibouti
Visa on arrival[96]

 Dominica
Visa not required[97]
6 months

 Dominican Republic
Visa on arrival !Tourist Card on arrival[98]
30 days

A tourist card must be purchased on arrival.

 Ecuador
Visa not required[99]
90 days

May be extended.

 Egypt
Visa on arrival[100]
30 days

 El Salvador
Visa not required[101]
3 months

 Equatorial Guinea
Visa required[102][103]

 Eritrea
Visa required[104][105]

Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.

 Estonia
EU !Visa not required[106]

Freedom of movement

 Ethiopia
eVisa / Visa on arrival[107]

Visa on arrival only at Addis Ababa Bole International Airport.[108]

 Fiji
Visa not required[109]
4 months

 Finland
EU !Visa not required[110]

Freedom of movement

 France
EU !Visa not required[111]

Freedom of movement

 Gabon
e-Visa[112]

Must arrive via Libreville International Airport.

 Gambia
Visa not required[113]
90 days

 Georgia
Visa not required[114]
1 year

 Germany
EU !Visa not required[115]

Freedom of movement

 Ghana
Visa required[116][117]

Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.

 Greece
EU !Visa not required[118]

Freedom of movement

 Grenada
Visa not required[119]
6 months

 Guatemala
Visa not required[120]
90 days

 Guinea
Visa required[121][122]

 Guinea-Bissau
eVisa / Visa on arrival[123]
90 days

 Guyana
Visa not required[124]
3 months

 Haiti
Visa not required[125]
90 days

 Honduras
Visa not required[126]
3 months

 Hungary
EU !Visa not required[127]

Freedom of movement

 Iceland
EU !Visa not required[128]

Freedom of movement

 India
e-Visa[129]
60 days

e-Visa holders must arrive via 24 designated airports or 3 designated seaports.[130]

 Indonesia
Visa not required[131]
30 days[132]

 Iran
Visa required[133]

 Iraq
Visa required[134]

Visa on arrival for 30 days at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports.

 Ireland
EU !Visa not required[135]

Freedom of movement

 Israel
Visa not required[136]
3 months

 Italy
EU !Visa not required[137]

Freedom of movement

Ivory Coast ! Ivory Coast
eVisa[138]
3 months

eVisa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport.

 Jamaica
Visa not required[139]
180 days

 Japan
Visa not required[140]
90 days

May be extended once.

 Jordan
Visa on arrival !Free visa on arrival[141][142]

Conditions apply[143]

 Kazakhstan
Visa not required[144]
30 days

 Kenya
eVisa / Visa on arrival[145]
3 months

 Kiribati
Visa not required[146]
30 days

 North Korea
Visa required[147][148]

 South Korea
Visa not required[149]
90 days

 Kuwait
eVisa / Visa on arrival[150]
3 months

 Kyrgyzstan
Visa not required[151]
60 days[152][153]

 Laos
Visa on arrival[154]
30 days

 Latvia
EU !Visa not required[155]

Freedom of movement

 Lebanon
Visa on arrival[156]
1 month

Extendable for 2 additional months; granted free of charge at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli visa or seal, holding a telephone number, an address in Lebanon, and a non refundable return or circle trip ticket.

 Lesotho
Visa not required[157]
14 days

 Liberia
Visa required[158][159]

Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.

 Libya
Visa required[160]

Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.

 Liechtenstein
EU !Visa not required[161]

Freedom of movement

 Lithuania
EU !Visa not required[162]

Freedom of movement

 Luxembourg
EU !Visa not required[163]

Freedom of movement

 Macedonia
Visa not required[164]
90 days

 Madagascar
Visa on arrival[165]
30 days

 Malawi
Visa on arrival[166]

 Malaysia
Visa not required[167]
3 months

 Maldives
Visa on arrival !Free visa on arrival[168]
30 days

 Mali
Visa required[169]

 Malta
EU !Visa not required[170]

Freedom of movement

 Marshall Islands
Visa on arrival !Free visa on arrival[171]
90 days

Free of charge.

 Mauritania
Visa on arrival[172]

Available at Nouakchott–Oumtounsy International Airport.

 Mauritius
Visa not required[173]
90 days

 Mexico
Visa not required[174]
180 days[175]

 Micronesia
Visa not required[176]
30 days

 Moldova
Visa not required[177]
90 days

90 days within any 6 month period

 Monaco
Visa not required[178]

 Mongolia
Visa required[179][180]

 Montenegro
Visa not required[181]
90 days

Must register with the local police station (either through a tourist organisation or at hotel reception) within 24 hours of arrival.[182]

 Morocco
Visa not required[183]
90 days

 Mozambique
Visa on arrival[184]
30 days[185]

 Myanmar
eVisa[186]
28 days

eVisa holders must arrive via Yangon, Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airports[187] Regular visa for up to three months[188]

 Namibia
Visa not required[189]
3 months

3 months within a calendar year[190][191]

 Nauru
Visa required[192]

   Nepal
Visa on arrival[193]
90 days

Visa-on-arrival is extendable[194]

 Netherlands
EU !Visa not required[195]

Freedom of movement (European Netherlands)

 New Zealand
Visa not required[196]
6 months

 Nicaragua
Visa not required[197]
90 days

 Niger
Visa required[198][199]

 Nigeria
Visa required[200]

Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.

 Norway
EU !Visa not required[201]

Freedom of movement

 Oman
eVisa / Visa on arrival[202]
3 months

 Pakistan
Visa required[203]

Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days. Conditions apply.[204]
Visa on arrival when travelling as part of a group through a designated tour operator.[205]

 Palau
Visa on arrival !Free visa on arrival[206]
30 days

 Panama
Visa not required[207]
180 days

 Papua New Guinea
Visa on arrival !Free visa on arrival[208][209]
60 days

Issued free of charge.

 Paraguay
Visa not required[210]
90 days

 Peru
Visa not required[211]
183 days

 Philippines
Visa not required[212]
30 days

 Poland
EU !Visa not required[213]

Freedom of movement

 Portugal
EU !Visa not required[214]

Freedom of movement

 Qatar
eVisa / Visa on arrival[215]
30 days

Available at Hamad International Airport.
eVisa is also available.

 Romania
EU !Visa not required[216]

Freedom of movement

 Russia
Visa required[217]

 Rwanda
Visa on arrival[218]
30 days

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
Visa not required[219]
3 months

 Saint Lucia
Visa not required[220]
6 weeks

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Visa not required[221]
1 month

 Samoa
Visa on arrival !Free Entry Permit on arrival[222]
60 days

Free of charge.

 San Marino
Visa not required[223]

 São Tomé and Príncipe
Visa not required[224]
15 days

 Saudi Arabia
Visa required[225]

 Senegal
Visa not required[226]
90 days

 Serbia
Visa not required[227]
90 days

 Seychelles
Visa on arrival !Free Visitor's Permit on arrival[228]
3 months

Issued free of charge.

 Sierra Leone
Visa required[229][230]

Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.

 Singapore
Visa not required[231]
90 days

 Slovakia
EU !Visa not required[232]

Freedom of movement

 Slovenia
EU !Visa not required[233]

Freedom of movement

 Solomon Islands
Visa on arrival !Free Visitor's permit on arrival[234]
3 months

Issued free of charge.

 Somalia
Visa required[235]

Visa may be obtained on arrival, provided an invitation letter by the sponsor had been submitted to the authorities before arrival.

 South Africa
Visa not required[236]
90 days[237]

 South Sudan
Visa required[238][239]

 Spain
EU !Visa not required[240]

Freedom of movement

 Sri Lanka
eVisa / Visa on arrival[241]
30 days

British citizens are allowed to extend their stay twice when in the country to a maximum stay of 90 days in total.[242]

 Sudan
Visa required[243][244]

 Suriname
Visa on arrival !Tourist Card on arrival[245]
90 days

 Swaziland
Visa not required[246]
30 days

 Sweden
EU !Visa not required[247]

Freedom of movement

  Switzerland
EU !Visa not required[248]

Freedom of movement

 Syria
Visa required[249][250]

Visa not required for citizens born in Syria.

 Tajikistan
eVisa[251]
45 days

 Tanzania
Visa on arrival[252]

 Thailand
Visa not required[253]
30 days

If not arriving by air, British citizens are only permitted two visits per year.

 Timor-Leste
Visa on arrival[254]
30 days

Visa on arrival is only available at the Presidente Nicolau Lobato International Airport or at the Dili Sea Port.

 Togo
Visa on arrival[255]
7 days

 Tonga
Visa on arrival !Free visa on arrival[256]
31 days

Issued free of charge.

 Trinidad and Tobago
Visa not required[257]
90 days

 Tunisia
Visa not required[258]
3 months

 Turkey
eVisa / Visa on arrival[259]
3 months

 Turkmenistan
Visa required[260]

Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.

 Tuvalu
Visa on arrival !Free visa on arrival[261]
1 month

Issued free of charge.

 Uganda
eVisa / Visa on arrival[262]

May apply online.[263]

 Ukraine
Visa not required[264]
90 days

90 days within any 180 day period[265][266][267]

 United Arab Emirates
Visa on arrival !Free visa on arrival[268]
30 days

Issued free of charge.

 United States
Visa not required !Visa Waiver Program[269]
90 days

ESTA required if arriving by air or cruise ship, which is valid for 2 years.[270]
ESTA is not required for Guam and Northern Mariana Islands.

 Uruguay
Visa not required[271]
90 days

 Uzbekistan
Visa required[272]

Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.
Simplified procedure for British citizens.[273]

 Vanuatu
Visa not required[274]
30 days

  Vatican City
Visa not required[275]

 Venezuela
Visa not required[276]
90 days[277]

 Vietnam
Visa not required[278]
15 days

Visa exemption is valid from 1 July 2015 until 30 June 2018.[279]
A single entry eVisa valid for 30 days is also available.[280]

 Yemen
Visa required[281][282]

 Zambia
eVisa / Visa on arrival[283]
90 days

British citizens are eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zimbabwe.[284]

 Zimbabwe
eVisa / Visa on arrival[285]
3 months

British citizens are also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zambia.[284]

text: British Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories[edit]

text:
British Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories

Visitor to
Visa requirement
Allowed stay
Notes

 Ascension Island
Visa not required
3 months

Entry permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance.[286]

 Anguilla
Visa not required
3 months[287][288]

British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode.

 Bermuda
Visa not required
6 months[289][290]

British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode.

 British Antarctic Territory
Special permit required[291][292]

 British Indian Ocean Territory
Special permit required[293][294]

 British Virgin Islands
Visa not required
1 month[295][296]

Extension of stay possible.
British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode.

 Cayman Islands
Visa not required
6 months[297][298]

British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode.

 Falkland Islands
Visitor's permit on arrival
4 weeks[299][300]

The initial visitor's permit is valid for 4 weeks.
Visitors who have a connection with the Falkland Islands have right of abode.

 Guernsey
EU !Right of abode

British citizens have right of abode in the Bailiwick of Guernsey.[301]
In Guernsey and Sark, a work or employment permit is not required.[302]
In Alderney, a work or employment permit is required for persons without Guernsey (Alderney) status.[303]

 Isle of Man
EU !Right of abode

Work or employment permit is required for persons without "Isle of Man worker" status.[304][305]

 Jersey
EU !Right of abode

Work or employment permit is not required.[306]

 Gibraltar
EU !Right of abode

British citizens have right of abode in Gibraltar.

 Montserrat
Visa not required
6 months[307]

British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode.

 Pitcairn Islands
Visa not required
14 days[308]

Landing fee applies.[309][310][311][312]

 Saint Helena
Entry permit on arrival
183 days[313]

The entry permit costs £25 and is issued on arrival.

 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Permit required

Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required (72 hours/1 month for 110/160 pounds sterling).[314][315][316]

 Turks and Caicos Islands
Visa not required
90 days[317][318]

British citizens with a connection to the territory have right of abode.

 Tristan da Cunha
Permission required

Permission to land required for 15/30 pounds sterling (yacht/ship passenger) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island, Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands, unless connection with Tristan da Cunha, in which case right of abode.[319]

text: Territories and disputed areas[edit]

text:
Europe

Visitor to
Visa requirement
Notes (excluding departure fees)

 Abkhazia
Visa required[320]

 Artsakh
Visa required[321][322]
Visa required (issued for single entry for 21 days/1/2/3 months or multiple entry visa for 1/2/3 months). Travellers with Artsakh visa (expired or valid) or evidence of travel to Artsakh (stamps) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan.[323]

 Mount Athos
Special permit required
Special permit required (4 days: 25 euro for Orthodox visitors, 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors, 18 euro for students). There is a visitors' quota: maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed.[324][325]

 Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park
Visa not required
Visa-free for 3 days;[326] must first obtain an electronic pass[327]

 Crimea
Visa required
Visa issued by Russia is required.[328]

 Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
Visa not required
Visa free access for 3 months. Passport required.[329][330]

 UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus
Access Permit required[331]
Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone, except Civil Use Areas.

 Faroe Islands
Visa not required[332]

 Jan Mayen
Permit required
Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours[333] and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours.[334]

 Kosovo
Visa not required
Visa free 90 days[335]

 Novorossiya
Restricted area
Crossing from Ukraine requires visit purpose to be explained to Ukrainian passport control on exit and those who entered from Russia are not allowed to proceed further into Ukraine.[336][337]

 Russia
Special authorization required
Several closed cities require special authorization.[338]

 South Ossetia
Visa not required
Visa free. Multiple entry visa to Russia and three-day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia.[339][340]

 Transnistria
Visa not required
Visa free. Registration required after 24h.[341][342]

Africa

Visitor to
Visa requirement
Notes (excluding departure fees)

 Eritrea outside Asmara
Travel permit required
Visa covers Asmara only; to travel in the rest of the country, a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required (20 Eritrean nakfa).[343]

 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Visa not required
Visa not required up to 3 months in the Western Sahara controlled territory.[344]

 Somaliland
Visa on arrival
Visa issued on arrival (30 days for 30 US dollars, payable on arrival).[345][346]

 Sudan
Travel permit required
All foreigners traveling more than 25 kilometers outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit.

 Darfur
Travel permit required
Separate travel permit is required.[347]

Asia

Visitor to
Visa requirement
Notes (excluding departure fees)

 Hainan
Visa on arrival[348]
Visa on arrival for 15 days. Available at Haikou Meilan International Airport and Sanya Phoenix International Airport.
Visa not required for 21 days for travelling as part of a tourist group (5 or more people)[349]

 Hong Kong
Visa not required
Visa not required for 180 days.[350] Prior to April 1997, British citizens were allowed to land and remain in Hong Kong for 12 months without being subject to any other condition of stay.[351]

 India PAP/RAP
PAP/RAP required
Protected Area Permit (PAP) required for whole states of Nagaland and Sikkim and parts of states Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh. Restricted Area Permit (RAP) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Sikkim. Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year.[352][353][354][355][356][357]

 Iraqi Kurdistan
Visa on arrival
Visa on arrival for 15 days is available at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports.[134]

 Kazakhstan
Special permission required
Special permission required for the town of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast, and the town of Gvardeyskiy near Almaty.[358]

 Kish Island
Visa not required
Visitors to Kish Island do not require a visa.[359]

 Macao
Visa not required
Visa not required for 6 months[360]

 Sabah and Sarawak
Visa not required
These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them, however the same visa applies.[361]

 Maldives
Permission required
With the exception of the capital Malé, tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of Maldives.[362]

 North Korea outside Pyongyang
Special permit required
People are not allowed to leave the capital city, tourists can only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide (no independent moving)

 Palestine
Visa not required[363]
Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed.[364]

 Taiwan
Visa not required
Visa not required for 90 days[365]

 Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province
OIVR permit required
OIVR permit required (15+5 Tajikistani Somoni) and another special permit (free of charge) is required for Lake Sarez.[366][367][368]

 Tibet Autonomous Region
TTP required
Tibet Travel Permit required (10 US Dollars).[369][370][371]

 Turkmenistan
Special permit required
A special permit, issued prior to arrival by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is required if visiting the following places: Atamurat, Cheleken, Dashoguz, Serakhs and Serhetabat.[372]

 Korean Demilitarized Zone
Restricted zone.

 UNDOF Zone and Ghajar
Restricted zone.

 Phú Quốc
Visa not required
Can visit without a visa for up to 30 days.[373]

 Yemen
Special permission required
Special permission needed for travel outside Sana’a or Aden.[374]

Caribbean and North Atlantic

Visitor to
Visa requirement
Notes (excluding departure fees)

 Aruba
Visa not required
Visa not required for 30 days, extendable to 180 days.[375][376]

 Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba
Visa not required
Visa not required up to 3 months[377][378]

 San Andrés and Leticia
Tourist Card on arrival
Visitors arriving at Gustavo Rojas Pinilla International Airport and Alfredo Vásquez Cobo International Airport must buy tourist cards on arrival.[379]

 Curaçao
Visa not required
Visa not required for 3 months.[380]

 French West Indies
Visa not required
French West Indies refers to Martinique, Guadeloupe, Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy.[381]

 Greenland
Visa not required[332]

 Margarita Island
Visa not required
All visitors are fingerprinted.[382]

 Puerto Rico
Visa not required
Visa not required under the Visa Waiver Program, for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years. ESTA required.[383]

 Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Visa not required
Visa not required for 90 days.[384]

 Sint Maarten
Visa not required
Visa not required for 3 months.[385][386]

 U.S. Virgin Islands
Visa not required[387]
Visa not required under the Visa Waiver Program, for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years. ESTA required.[383]

Oceania

Visitor to
Visa requirement
Notes (excluding departure fees)

 American Samoa
Entry Permit required[388]

 Ashmore and Cartier Islands
Special authorisation required
Special authorisation required.[389]

 Clipperton Island
Special permit required
Special permit required.[390]

 Cook Islands
Visa not required
Visa free access for 31 days.[391]

 Lau Province
Special permission required
Special permission required.[392]

 French Polynesia
Visa not required
Visa not required.[393]

 Guam
Visa not required[394]
45 days

 New Caledonia
Visa not required
Visa not required for 3 months.[393]

 Niue
Visa on arrival
Visa on arrival valid for 30 days is issued free of charge.[395]

 Northern Mariana Islands
Visa not required[396]
45 days

 Tokelau
Entry Permit required[397]

 United States Minor Outlying Islands
Special permits required
Special permits required for Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island.[398][399][400][401][402][403][404]

 Wallis and Futuna
Visa not required
Visa not required.[405]

South America

Visitor to
Visa requirement
Notes (excluding departure fees)

 Galápagos
Pre-registration required
Online pre-registration is required. Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure.[406]

South Atlantic and Antarctica

Visitor to
Visa requirement
Notes (excluding departure fees)

Antarctica
Special authorisation required
Special permits required for  French Southern and Antarctic Lands,  Argentine Antarctica,  Australian Antarctic Territory,  Chilean Antarctic Territory,  Heard Island and McDonald Islands,  Peter I Island,  Queen Maud Land,  Ross Dependency.[291][407][408][409][410][411][412][413][414][415]

text: Non-ordinary passports[edit]

text: Holders of various categories of official British passports have additional visa-free access to the following countries - China (diplomatic passports),[416] Kuwait (diplomatic or official passports),[417] Mongolia (diplomatic or official passports),[418] Qatar (diplomatic or official passports and British Diplomatic Messenger or Queen's Messenger Passports)[419] and the United Arab Emirates (diplomatic or official passports).[420] Holders of diplomatic or service passports of any country have visa-free access to Cape Verde, Ethiopia,[421] Mali[422] and Zimbabwe.[423] Holders of British official and diplomatic passports require a visa for South Africa.[424]

text: Non-visa restrictions[edit]

text: Passport validity length[edit]

text: Many countries require passports to be valid for at least 6 months upon arrival.[425]

text: Countries requiring passports to be valid at least 6 months on arrival include Afghanistan, Algeria, Anguilla, Bahrain, Bhutan, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Côte d'Ivoire, Curaçao, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq (except when arriving at Basra and Erbil or Sulaimaniyah), Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Qatar, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Somaliland, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen and Zimbabwe.[426]

text: Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia.

text: Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include European Union countries (except Denmark, Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom, and except for EU/EEA/Swiss citizens), Albania, Belarus, Georgia, Honduras, Iceland, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Moldova, Monaco, Nauru, Panama, Saint Barthélemy, San Marino, Switzerland and the United Arab Emirates.

text: Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry.

text: Countries that require a passport validity of at least 1 month on arrival include Eritrea, Hong Kong, Macao, New Zealand and South Africa.[427]

text: Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay.

text: Blank passport pages[edit]

text: Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages in the passport being presented, generally one or two pages.[428]

text: Vaccination[edit]

text: Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Uganda, and Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination.

text: Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area.[429]

text: Israeli stamps[edit]

text: Iran,[430] Kuwait,[431] Lebanon,[432] Libya,[433] Saudi Arabia,[434] Sudan,[435] Syria[436] and Yemen[437] do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa, or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt.

text: To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel. Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport, giving passengers a card instead: "Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival. You should keep this card with your passport until you leave. This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required, particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories." [438] Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017[update]) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza. Also, passports are still stamped (as of 22 June 2017[update]) at the Jordan Valley/Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin/Arava land borders with Jordan.

text: Armenian ethnicity[edit]

text: Due to a state of war existing between the Republic of Armenia and Azerbaijan, the government of Azerbaijan not only bans entry of citizens from Armenia, but also all citizens and nationals of any other country who are of Armenian descent, to the Republic of Azerbaijan[439][440] (although there have been exceptions, notably for Armenia's participation at the 2015 European Games held in Azerbaijan).

text: Azerbaijan also strictly bans any visit by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno-Karabakh[441] (the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh), its surrounding territories and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki, Yuxarı Əskipara, Barxudarlı and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under control of Armenia, without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan. Foreign citizens who enter these occupied territories, will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan and will be included in their "list of personae non gratae".[442]

text: Upon request, the Republic of Artsakh authorities may attach their visa and/or stamps to a separate piece of paper in order to avoid detection of travel to their country.

text: Right to consular protection in non-EU countries[edit]

text: When in a non-EU country where there is no British embassy, British citizens, like all other EU citizens, have the right to get consular protection from the embassy of any other EU country present in that country.[443]

text: Travel impact of Brexit[edit]

text: On 23 June 2016, the British electorate voted to leave the European Union in a nationwide referendum in England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and Gibraltar.[444] The UK sent notification of their intention to leave the EU to the European Council through Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty. After notifying the European Council, the UK has two years to negotiate with other member states until it leaves, and British citizens will only then cease to be citizens of the European Union.[445][446][447] British citizens will still have the right of freedom of movement until the UK formally leaves. It has since been suggested that British citizens wishing to travel to EU countries may have to apply for a visa or apply online for an American style ESTA visa waiver and pay a fee in order to enter the country of destination.[448]

text: This issue will be a major topic of discussions taking place between the British government and all leaders of the 27 European Union countries during the two-year-long Brexit negotiations.

text: Fingerprinting[edit]

text: Several countries including Argentina, Cambodia, Japan, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, South Korea and the United States demand all adult passengers (age varies by country) to be fingerprinted on arrival.[449][450][451][452][453][454][455]

text: Foreign travel statistics[edit]

text: According to the Foreign travel advice provided by the British Government (unless otherwise noted) these are the numbers of British visitors to various countries per annum in 2015 (unless otherwise noted):[456]

text:
Foreign travel statistics

Country
Number of visitors

 Albania[note 1]
80,000

 American Samoa[457]
119

 Angola[note 1][458]
18,363

 Andorra[note 1]
30,000

 Antarctica[note 2][459]
3,233

 Antigua and Barbuda[note 2][460]
76,512

 Anguilla[461]
6,272

 Aruba[note 1][462]
10,447

 Australia[note 2][463]
716,700

 Austria[note 3][note 2][464]
919,500

 Azerbaijan[465]
34,892

 Bahamas[466]
28,022

 Bangladesh[note 1]
150,000

 Barbados[note 3][467]
214,175

 Belarus[note 1]
4,000

 Belgium[note 2][468]
868,173

 Belize[note 4][469]
16,827

 Bermuda[note 2][470]
21,738

 Bhutan[note 2][471]
3,124

 Bolivia[note 1][472]
19,768

 Bosnia and Herzegovina[note 2][473]
10,223

 Botswana[474]
41,011

 Brazil[note 2][475]
202,671

 Brunei[note 5][476]
18,222

 Bulgaria[note 2][477]
281,777

 Burkina Faso[note 1][478]
2,192

 Cambodia[note 2][479]
159,489

 Cameroon[note 1][note 3][480]
16,008

 Canada[note 2][481]
850,841

 Cape Verde[note 3][482]
126,685

 Cayman Islands[note 2][note 6][483]
14,919

 Chile[note 2][484]
51,611

 China[485]
579,600

 Colombia[486]
39,715

 Congo[note 7][487]
6,115

 Cook Islands[488]
2,568

 Costa Rica[note 2][489]
71,392

 Croatia[note 2][490]
596,444

 Cuba[491]
155,802

 Curacao[note 2][492]
2,806

 Cyprus[note 2][493]
1,157,978

 Czech Republic[note 3][note 2][494]
470,643

 Denmark[note 1]
150,000

 Dominica[495]
4,951

 Dominican Republic[note 2][496]
165,111

 Ecuador[note 1][497]
27,126

 Egypt
865,000

 Ethiopia[note 1]
20,000

 Estonia[note 3][note 2][498]
48,733

 Fiji[note 2][499]
16,712

 Finland[note 3][note 2][500]
199,654

 France[501]
12,235,713

 French Polynesia[502]
4,711

 Gambia[note 7][503]
60,424

 Ghana[note 1]
90,000

 Georgia[note 2][504]
19,191

 Germany[note 2][505]
2,551,061

 Greece[506]
2,397,169

 Greenland[507][508]
1,259

 Grenada[note 8][509]
25,791

 Guadeloupe[note 1]
<1,000

 Guatemala[note 1][510]
35,065

 Hong Kong[note 2][511]
551,930

 Hungary[note 3][note 2][512]
376,573

 Iceland[note 2][513]
316,395

 Indonesia[note 2][514]
328,882

 India[note 2][515]
941,883

 Ireland[516]
3,547,000

 Israel[note 2][517]
197,100

 Italy[note 2][518]
4,922,000

 Jamaica[note 2][519]
206,470

 Japan[note 2][520]
292,500

 Jordan[521]
60,820

 Kazakhstan[522]
24,201

 Kiribati[note 1][523]
60

 Kuwait[note 1]
5,000

 Kenya[note 1]
117,000

 Kyrgyzstan[524]
6,900

 Laos[note 2][525]
39,170

 Latvia[note 3][note 2][526]
85,139

 Lebanon[note 4][527]
48,504

 Lesotho[note 4][528]
2,380

 Liechtenstein[note 1]
2,200

 Lithuania[note 2][529]
58,200

 Luxembourg[530]
70,942

 Macau[note 2][531]
61,301

 Macedonia[note 2][note 3][532]
8,856

 Madagascar[533]
3,167

 Malaysia[note 2][534]
400,269

 Malawi[note 9][535]
51,145

 Maldives[note 2][536]
101,843

 Malta[note 2][537]
559,987

 Mali[note 1][538]
900

 Mauritius[note 2][539]
141,904

 Mexico[note 2][note 6][540]
545,055

 Moldova[541]
7,820

 Mongolia[542]
6,148

 Montenegro[note 3][543]
29,950

 Montserrat[note 8][544]
1,380

 Morocco[note 1][545]
501,000

 Myanmar[546]
45,120

 Namibia[547]
27,365

   Nepal[548]
29,730

 Nigeria[note 1]
117,000

 Niue[note 9][549]
47

 Norway[note 1]
581,000

 Netherlands[note 2][550]
2,043,000

 New Zealand[note 2][551]
220,976

 Nicaragua[note 2][552]
16,923

 Oman[note 4][553]
133,529

 Pakistan[note 9][554]
275,400

 Palau[555]
724

 Panama[556]
16,338

 Papua New Guinea[note 2][557]
6,974

 Peru[558]
63,213

 Philippines[559]
154,589

 Poland[note 2][560]
796,900

 Portugal
2,600,000

 Qatar[note 2][561]
132,301

 Romania[note 2][562]
140,594

 Russia[note 2][563][564]
177,080

 Saba[note 1][note 6][565]
200

 Saint Kitts and Nevis[note 1]
8,693

 Saint Lucia[566]
68,175

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines[567]
17,045

 Samoa[568]
1,773

 San Marino
5,750

 São Tomé and Príncipe[note 10][569]
83

 Serbia[note 2][note 3][570]
28,092

 Seychelles[note 2][571]
18,885

 Singapore[note 2][572]
489,205

 Sint Eustatius[note 1][note 6][565]
200

 Slovakia[note 2][note 3][573]
77,837

 Slovenia[note 2][note 3][574]
109,420

 Solomon Islands[575]
387

 South Africa[576]
407,486

 South Korea[note 2][577]
135,139

 Spain[note 2][578]
17,840,292

 Sri Lanka[note 2][579]
188,159

 Suriname[580]
1,474

 Swaziland[note 2][581]
15,503

  Switzerland
709,925

 Sweden[note 1][582]
603,000

 Taiwan[note 2][583]
59,867

 Tanzania[note 4][584]
70,379

 Thailand[note 2][585]
1,003,386

 Timor-Leste[note 1][note 6][586]
548

 Tonga[587]
787

 Trinidad and Tobago[note 1][588]
37,473

 Turkey[note 2][589]
1,711,481

 Turks and Caicos[590]
6,399

 Tuvalu[note 5][591]
22

 Uganda[note 4][592]
43,009

 Uruguay[note 1]
20,000

 Ukraine[note 2][593]
70,296

 United Arab Emirates[note 2][594][595][596]
1,483,167

 United States[note 11][597]
4,968,049

 Venezuela[note 4][598]
20,837

 Vietnam[note 2][599]
254,841

 Zambia[600]
36,997

text:
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Data for 2014
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo Data for 2016
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Counting only guests in tourist accommodation establishments.
^ a b c d e f g Data for 2013
^ a b Data for 2011
^ a b c d e Data for arrivals by air only.
^ a b Data for 2012
^ a b Data for 2010
^ a b c Data for 2009
^ Data for 2005
^ Total number includes tourists, business travelers, students, exchange visitors, temporary workers and families, diplomats and other representatives and all other classes of nonimmigrant admissions (I-94).

tag: ol


document_title: Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution

question_text: where is a right to a trial by jury found

root

text: Text[edit]

text: In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.[1]

tag: p

text: Rights secured[edit]

text: Speedy trial[edit]

text: Criminal defendants have the right to a speedy trial. In Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514 (1972), the Supreme Court laid down a four-part case-by-case balancing test for determining whether the defendant's speedy trial right has been violated. The four factors are:

text:
Length of delay. A delay of a year or more from the date on which the speedy trial right "attaches" (the date of arrest or indictment, whichever first occurs) was termed "presumptively prejudicial," but the Court has never explicitly ruled that any absolute time limit applies.
Reason for the delay. The prosecution may not excessively delay the trial for its own advantage, but a trial may be delayed to secure the presence of an absent witness or other practical considerations (e.g., change of venue).
Time and manner in which the defendant has asserted his right. If a defendant agrees to the delay when it works to his own benefit, he cannot later claim that he has been unduly delayed.
Degree of prejudice to the defendant which the delay has caused.

tag: ul

text: In Strunk v. United States, 412 U.S. 434 (1973), the Supreme Court ruled that if the reviewing court finds that a defendant's right to a speedy trial was violated, then the indictment must be dismissed and/or the conviction overturned. The Court held that, since the delayed trial is the state action which violates the defendant's rights, no other remedy would be appropriate. Thus, a reversal or dismissal of a criminal case on speedy trial grounds means that no further prosecution for the alleged offense can take place.

text: Public trial[edit]

text: In Sheppard v. Maxwell, 384 U.S. 333 (1966), the Supreme Court ruled that the right to a public trial is not absolute. In cases where excess publicity would serve to undermine the defendant's right to due process, limitations can be put on public access to the proceedings. According to Press-Enterprise Co. v. Superior Court, 478 U.S. 1 (1986), trials can be closed at the behest of the government if there is "an overriding interest based on findings that closure is essential to preserve higher values and is narrowly tailored to serve that interest." The accused may also request a closure of the trial; though, it must be demonstrated that "first, there is a substantial probability that the defendant's right to a fair trial will be prejudiced by publicity that closure would prevent, and second, reasonable alternatives to closure cannot adequately protect the defendant's right to a fair trial."

text: Impartial jury[edit]

text: The right to a jury has always depended on the nature of the offense with which the defendant is charged. Petty offenses—those punishable by imprisonment for no more than six months—are not covered by the jury requirement.[2] Even where multiple petty offenses are concerned, the total time of imprisonment possibly exceeding six months, the right to a jury trial does not exist.[3] Also, in the United States, except for serious offenses (such as murder), minors are usually tried in a juvenile court, which lessens the sentence allowed, but forfeits the right to a jury.

text: Originally, the Supreme Court held that the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial indicated a right to "a trial by jury as understood and applied at common law, and includes all the essential elements as they were recognized in this country and England when the Constitution was adopted."[4] Therefore, it was held that juries had to be composed of twelve persons and that verdicts had to be unanimous, as was customary in England.

text: When, under the Fourteenth Amendment, the Supreme Court extended the right to a trial by jury to defendants in state courts, it re-examined some of the standards. It has been held that twelve came to be the number of jurors by "historical accident," and that a jury of six would be sufficient,[5] but anything less would deprive the defendant of a right to trial by jury.[6] The Sixth Amendment mandates unanimity in a federal jury trial. However, the Supreme Court has ruled that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, while requiring states to provide jury trials for serious crimes, does not incorporate all the elements of a jury trial within the meaning of the Sixth Amendment. Thus, states are not mandated to require jury unanimity, unless the jury has only six members.[7][8][9]

text: Impartiality[edit]

text: The Sixth Amendment requires juries to be impartial. Impartiality has been interpreted as requiring individual jurors to be unbiased. At voir dire, each side may question potential jurors to determine any bias, and challenge them if the same is found; the court determines the validity of these challenges for cause. Defendants may not challenge a conviction because a challenge for cause was denied incorrectly if they had the opportunity to use peremptory challenges.

text: In Peña-Rodriguez v. Colorado (2017), the Supreme Court ruled that the Sixth Amendment requires a court in a criminal trial to investigate whether a jury's guilty verdict was based on racial bias. For a guilty verdict to be set aside based on the racial bias of a juror, the defendant must prove that the racial bias "was a significant motivating factor in the juror's vote to convict."[10]

text: Venire of juries[edit]

text: Another factor in determining the impartiality of the jury is the nature of the panel, or venire, from which the jurors are selected. Venires must represent a fair cross-section of the community; the defendant might establish that the requirement was violated by showing that the allegedly excluded group is a "distinctive" one in the community, that the representation of such a group in venires is unreasonable and unfair in regard to the number of persons belonging to such a group, and that the under-representation is caused by a systematic exclusion in the selection process. Thus, in Taylor v. Louisiana, 419 U.S. 522 (1975), the Supreme Court invalidated a state law that exempted women who had not made a declaration of willingness to serve from jury service, while not doing the same for men.

text: Sentencing[edit]

text: In Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), and Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296 (2004), the Supreme Court ruled that a criminal defendant has a right to a jury trial not only on the question of guilt or innocence, but also regarding any fact used to increase the defendant's sentence beyond the maximum otherwise allowed by statutes or sentencing guidelines.[11] In Alleyne v. United States, 11-9335 (2013), the Court expanded on Apprendi and Blakely by ruling that a defendant's right to a jury applies to any fact that would increase a defendant's sentence beyond the minimum otherwise required by statute.[12]

text: Vicinage[edit]

text: Article III, Section 2 of the Constitution requires defendants be tried by juries and in the state in which the crime was committed. The Sixth Amendment requires the jury to be selected from judicial districts ascertained by statute. In Beavers v. Henkel, 194 U.S. 73 (1904), the Supreme Court ruled that the place where the offense is charged to have occurred determines a trial's location. Where multiple districts are alleged to have been locations of the crime, any of them may be chosen for the trial. In cases of offenses not committed in any state (for example, offenses committed at sea), the place of trial may be determined by the Congress.

text: Notice of accusation[edit]

text: A criminal defendant has the right to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him. Therefore, an indictment must allege all the ingredients of the crime to such a degree of precision that it would allow the accused to assert double jeopardy if the same charges are brought up in subsequent prosecution.[13] The Supreme Court held in United States v. Carll, 105 U.S. 611 (1881), that "in an indictment... it is not sufficient to set forth the offense in the words of the statute, unless those words of themselves fully, directly, and expressly, without any uncertainty or ambiguity, set forth all the elements necessary to constitute the offense intended to be punished." Vague wording, even if taken directly from a statute, does not suffice. However, the government is not required to hand over written copies of the indictment free of charge.[14]

text: Confrontation[edit]

text: The Confrontation Clause relates to the common law rule preventing the admission of hearsay, that is to say, testimony by one witness as to the statements and observations of another person to prove that the statement or observation was accurate. The rationale was that the defendant had no opportunity to challenge the credibility of and cross-examine the person making the statements. Certain exceptions to the hearsay rule have been permitted; for instance, admissions by the defendant are admissible, as are dying declarations.[15] Nevertheless, in California v. Green, 399 U.S. 149 (1970), the Supreme Court has held that the hearsay rule is not the same as the Confrontation Clause. Hearsay is admissible under certain circumstances. For example, in Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123 (1968), the Supreme Court ruled that while a defendant's out of court statements were admissible in proving the defendant's guilt, they were inadmissible hearsay against another defendant. Hearsay may, in some circumstances, be admitted though it is not covered by one of the long-recognized exceptions. For example, prior testimony may sometimes be admitted if the witness is unavailable. However, in Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004), the Supreme Court increased the scope of the Confrontation Clause by ruling that "testimonial" out-of-court statements are inadmissible if the accused did not have the opportunity to cross-examine that accuser and that accuser is unavailable at trial. In Davis v. Washington 547 U.S. 813 (2006), the Court ruled that "testimonial" refers to any statement that an objectively reasonable person in the declarant's situation would believe likely to be used in court. In Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, 557 U.S. ___ (2009), and Bullcoming v. New Mexico, 564 U.S. ___ (2011), the Court ruled that admitting a lab chemist's analysis into evidence, without having him testify, violated the Confrontation Clause.[16][17] In Michigan v. Bryant, 562 U.S. ___ (2011), the Court ruled that the "primary purpose" of a shooting victim's statement as to who shot him, and the police's reason for questioning him, each had to be objectively determined. If the "primary purpose" was for dealing with an "ongoing emergency", then any such statement was not testimonial and so the Confrontation Clause would not require the person making that statement to testify in order for that statement to be admitted into evidence.[18]

text: The right to confront and cross-examine witnesses also applies to physical evidence; the prosecution must present physical evidence to the jury, providing the defense ample opportunity to cross-examine its validity and meaning. Prosecution generally may not refer to evidence without first presenting it.

text: In the late 20th and early 21st century this clause became an issue in the use of the silent witness rule.[19]

text: Compulsory process[edit]

text: The Compulsory Process Clause gives any criminal defendant the right to call witnesses in his favor. If any such witness refuses to testify, that witness may be compelled to do so by the court at the request of the defendant.[20][21] However, in some cases the court may refuse to permit a defense witness to testify. For example, if a defense lawyer fails to notify the prosecution of the identity of a witness to gain a tactical advantage, that witness may be precluded from testifying.[22]

text: Assistance of counsel[edit]

text: A criminal defendant has the right to be represented by counsel.

text: In Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45 (1932), the Supreme Court ruled that "in a capital case, where the defendant is unable to employ counsel, and is incapable adequately of making his own defense because of ignorance, feeble mindedness, illiteracy, or the like, it is the duty of the court, whether requested or not, to assign counsel for him." In Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458 (1938), the Supreme Court ruled that in all federal cases, counsel would have to be appointed for defendants who were too poor to hire their own.

text: In 1961, the Court extended the rule that applied in federal courts to state courts. It held in Hamilton v. Alabama, 368 U.S. 52 (1961), that counsel had to be provided at no expense to defendants in capital cases when they so requested, even if there was no "ignorance, feeble mindedness, illiteracy, or the like." Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335 (1963), ruled that counsel must be provided to indigent defendants in all felony cases, overruling Betts v. Brady, 316 U.S. 455 (1942), in which the Court ruled that state courts had to appoint counsel only when the defendant demonstrated "special circumstances" requiring the assistance of counsel. Under Argersinger v. Hamlin, 407 U.S. 25 (1972), counsel must be appointed in any case resulting in a sentence of actual imprisonment. Regarding sentences not immediately leading to imprisonment, the Court in Scott v. Illinois, 440 U.S. 367 (1979), ruled that counsel did not need to be appointed, but in Alabama v. Shelton, 535 U.S. 654 (2002), the Court held that a suspended sentence that may result in incarceration can not be imposed if the defendant did not have counsel at trial.

text: As stated in Brewer v. Williams, 430 U.S. 387 (1977), the right to counsel "[means] at least that a person is entitled to the help of a lawyer at or after the time that judicial proceedings have been initiated against him, whether by formal charge, preliminary hearing, indictment, information, or arraignment."[23] Brewer goes on to conclude that once adversary proceedings have begun against a defendant, he has a right to legal representation when the government interrogates him[24] and that when a defendant is arrested, "arraigned on [an arrest] warrant before a judge", and "committed by the court to confinement", "[t]here can be no doubt that judicial proceedings ha[ve] been initiated."

text: Self-representation[edit]

text: A criminal defendant may represent himself, unless a court deems the defendant to be incompetent to waive the right to counsel.

text: In Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806 (1975), the Supreme Court recognized a defendant's right to pro se representation. However, under Godinez v. Moran, 509 U.S. 389 (1993), a court that believes the defendant is less than fully competent to represent himself can require that defendant to be represented by counsel. In Martinez v. Court of Appeal of California, 528 U.S. 152 (2000), the Supreme Court ruled the right to pro se representation did not apply to appellate courts. In Indiana v. Edwards, 554 U.S. 164 (2008), the Court ruled that a criminal defendant could be simultaneously competent to stand trial, but not competent to represent himself.

text: In Bounds v. Smith, 430 U.S. 817 (1977), the Supreme Court held that the constitutional right of "meaningful access to the courts" can be satisfied by counsel or access to legal materials. Bounds has been interpreted by several United States courts of appeals to mean a pro se defendant does not have a constitutional right to access a prison law library to research his defense when access to the courts has been provided through appointed counsel.[25]


document_title: Big Little Lies (miniseries)

question_text: who plays bonnie's daughter in big little lies

question_tokens: who plays bonnie 's daughter in big little lies

text: Big Little Lies (miniseries)

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Reese Witherspoon as Madeline Martha Mackenzie[1]
Nicole Kidman as Celeste Wright[1]
Shailene Woodley as Jane Chapman[5]
Alexander Skarsgård as Perry Wright, Celeste's husband[6]
Adam Scott as Ed Mackenzie, Madeline's husband[7]
Zoë Kravitz as Bonnie Carlson, Nathan's second wife[8]
James Tupper as Nathan Carlson, Madeline's ex-husband[6]
Jeffrey Nordling as Gordon Klein, Renata's husband[9]
Laura Dern as Renata Klein[7]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Iain Armitage as Ziggy Chapman, Jane's son[10]
Sarah Baker as Thea Cunningham
Sarah Burns as Gabrielle
P. J. Byrne as Principal Nippal
Santiago Cabrera as Joseph
Darby Camp as Chloe Mackenzie, Madeline's younger daughter
Hong Chau as Jackie
Kelen Coleman as Harper Stimson
Cameron Crovetti as Josh Wright, Celeste's son
Nicholas Crovetti as Max Wright, Celeste's son
Merrin Dungey as Detective Adrienne Quinlan[11]
Ivy George as Amabella Klein, Renata's daughter
Virginia Kull as Ms. Barnes
Chloe Coleman as Skye Carlson, Bonnie's daughter
Kathryn Newton as Abigail Carlson, Madeline's elder daughter[7]
Molly Hagan as Dr. Moriarty
Larry Sullivan as Oren[11]
David Monahan as Bernard[11]
Kathreen Khavari as Samantha[12]
Joseph Cross as Tom, Madeline and Celeste's favourite cafe owner
Robin Weigert as Dr. Amanda Reisman, Perry and Celeste's therapist
Larry Bates as Stu

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"Somebody's Dead"
Jean-Marc Vallée
David E. Kelley
February 19, 2017 (2017-02-19)
1.13[13]

At a public school in Monterey, a murder suddenly occurs on trivia night, but neither the victim nor the murderer are revealed. Backtracking to the first day of school, the families of five first-graders are introduced. Madeline Martha Mackenzie is a strong-willed, wealthy, and feared alpha female in town with a first-grade daughter and teenage daughter from an earlier marriage. Her friend, retired lawyer Celeste Wright, is the mother of twin sons who are also beginning at that same school. New to town is Jane Chapman – a young single mother raising her son, Ziggy. Renata Klein's daughter Amabella accuses Ziggy of attempting to choke her, which he denies. Madeline and Celeste befriend Jane. Secrets are revealed, including that Madeline is struggling to cope with her ex-husband Nathan's marriage to a yoga instructor named Bonnie and also trying to build a relationship with her older daughter. Celeste appears to have a very happy life with her husband Perry, but he starts to show signs of being violent. Jane's motives for moving to Monterey are unknown.

2
"Serious Mothering"
Jean-Marc Vallée
David E. Kelley
February 24, 2017 (2017-02-24) (online)
February 26, 2017 (2017-02-26) (HBO)
0.56[14]

Perry lashes out at Celeste when he discovers he missed orientation at the school, but Celeste lets it slide. Jane goes around looking for work with little success. Madeline goes on the warpath with Renata when it is revealed she didn't invite Ziggy to Amabella's birthday party. Ed questions Madeline's devotion to him when she continues to complain about seeing Nathan with Bonnie all the time. Madeline is further disturbed when Bonnie takes her oldest daughter Abby to Planned Parenthood. Nathan tries to come to a peaceful resolution with Ed about their parenting of Abby, but Ed senses Nathan trying to intimidate him and stands firm against him. Madeline's youngest daughter Chloe and Bonnie's daughter Skye try to mend the wounds between Ziggy and Amabella, but it leads to an incident of unwanted affection, and the parents of the four children are all called into the principal's office, leading Jane to have a flashback of an unwanted episode.

3
"Living the Dream"
Jean-Marc Vallée
David E. Kelley
March 5, 2017 (2017-03-05)
1.04[15]

Perry chokes Celeste when he believes she deliberately left him out of a family gathering, after which Celeste threatens to leave him. Renata's party for Amabella is a huge success, but she is ultimately upset when Madeline had invited Amabella's closest friends and Ziggy to Disney on Ice on the same day. At therapy, Perry claims his outbursts are out of fear that Celeste does not love him, which Celeste tries to deny. When Abby's academic performance starts to decline, her guidance counselor believes it is being caused by stress at home, so Abby decides to stay with Nathan much to Madeline's dismay. Jane gets Ziggy involved with more extracurricular activities and helps him put together a family tree for school with Madeline's help. Jane lashes out at Ziggy when he insists on putting his father's name on the tree, and Jane confides to Madeline that Ziggy was the result of rape by a man named Saxon Banks whom she has not seen since.

4
"Push Comes to Shove"
Jean-Marc Vallée
David E. Kelley
March 12, 2017 (2017-03-12)
1.04[16]

Abigail moves in with Nathan and Bonnie.
Celeste legally represents Joseph and Madeline in a meeting with the Mayor regarding their production of the controversial Avenue Q. Celeste successfully convinces the Mayor to allow the play to go ahead, and in the process realizes that she desires to return to work. She asks her therapist how best to broach this subject with Perry, but Dr. Reisman is more concerned with why Celeste is afraid to do so. At home, the increasingly insecure Perry tells Celeste he does not want her to attend any future meetings. When she refuses, he grabs her by the throat, but quickly relinquishes when one of their children enters the room.
Joseph and Madeline kiss, and it is revealed they had an affair a year ago.
Madeline locates a man named Saxon Baker whom she believes to be the alias of Saxon Banks. She shares this information with Jane and Celeste, and they plan to travel to San Luis Obispo together to confront him. Jane comments that she would kill Saxon Banks if she could, but quickly dismisses the remark as a joke when Madeline becomes concerned.
Ms. Barnes notices that Amabella is quiet and suspects she is still being hurt by a classmate. Despite Amabella's assertions that she and Ziggy are friends, Ms. Barnes requests that Jane take Ziggy to a child psychologist for evaluation. The psychologist believes that Ziggy is innocent, and that he may actually be being bullied himself. A follow-up appointment is scheduled.

5
"Once Bitten"
Jean-Marc Vallée
David E. Kelley
March 19, 2017 (2017-03-19)
1.17[17]

Nathan spots Jane at the gun range and tells Madeline. Although Jane reassures Madeline that she carries a gun solely for its psychological benefits, Madeline begins to regret tracking down Saxon Baker.
Renata discovers a bite mark on Amabella's arm, but Amabella refuses to disclose who bit her. Renata assumes it is Ziggy and a meeting is held between Jane and the school principal. Jane becomes concerned that the school community will learn Ziggy is the product of rape and be further prejudiced against him.
Madeline reads on Abigail's Facebook page that she is undertaking a "secret project" but is frustrated when Nathan knows nothing about it. Joseph approaches Madeline at lunch and insists she take a drive with him to talk. He wants to continue their relationship and is convinced Madeline still has feelings for him, but she maintains that their affair is over. During the drive they are involved in a car crash. Madeline is uninjured, while Joseph suffers a concussion and collapsed lung. The incident raises suspicion from community members, including Ed, and Joseph's wife, Tori, as to why Madeline and Joseph were driving together.
Perry is angered when Celeste does not ask the twins to tidy their toys. She responds by telling him to clean up the mess himself, triggering further violence from Perry, followed by aggressive sex and him breaking down in tears. Later, Dr. Reisman confronts Celeste with her belief that she is being abused and, although initially reluctant to accept this, Celeste eventually reveals that she has previously feared for her life and considered leaving Perry many times. The therapist urges Celeste to reflect on the future implications of Perry's behavior for their children.
Jane secretly travels to San Luis Obispo to confront Saxon Baker, taking her gun with her.

6
"Burning Love"
Jean-Marc Vallée
David E. Kelley
March 26, 2017 (2017-03-26)
1.39[18]

Jane reveals to Madeline that she went to confront Saxon Baker, but discovered he was not the Saxon Banks that had raped her. Madeline attempts to convince Jane to give up the search.
Ms. Barnes tells Jane a petition has begun to have Ziggy suspended. Jane confronts Renata, assuming she is the culprit, and, in the heat of the altercation, gouges her eye. She later apologizes, having come to the realization that they have both been acting to protect their children. Renata forgives Jane and reveals her plan to schedule playdates with each of Amabella's classmates to find out which one is hurting her.
Celeste's therapist advises her to prepare to leave Perry by renting an apartment and disclosing the abuse to friends, who could serve as witnesses in a potential custody battle. Later, Perry tries to initiate sex with Celeste. When rejected, he grabs her by the hair and she defensively hits him in the groin with a tennis racquet, fracturing his penis. Returning from the hospital, he tells Celeste she is "lucky" he didn't kill her. The following day she begins looking for an apartment.
At the opening night of Avenue Q, Tori confronts Madeline with suspicions that she had an affair with Joseph, whom she believes is still in love with Madeline. At home, Madeline and Ed have another argument about her lack of passion toward him, which culminates in her alluding to having made a "terrible mistake". However, before she can elaborate, Ed urges her not to say anymore.
Nathan discovers that Abigail's "secret project" is auctioning her virginity to raise money for Amnesty International. When Madeline is informed, she furiously confronts Abigail, disclosing her affair in the process.

7
"You Get What You Need"
Jean-Marc Vallée
David E. Kelley
April 2, 2017 (2017-04-02)
1.86[19]

Most of the episode takes place on the day of the trivia night. Following another beating, Celeste decides to leave Perry the day after the trivia night. Ziggy confesses to Jane that it was Max who choked Amabella and that he has also been violent towards Skye. Madeline talks to Joseph about his wife knowing about their affair; their meeting ends in an argument. After confiding to Madeline over coffee, Jane tells Celeste that her son is the bully. Celeste goes home and asks Max to be truthful with her.
When preparing to leave for the trivia night, Perry sees a text message on Celeste's phone from the landlady of her secret apartment. He confronts her about it on the way to the party. Once at the venue, he tries to bar her from leaving the car, but she manages to escape when Renata and her husband come to greet them. At the party, Celeste tries to avoid Perry, and tells Renata that Max is the bully. Meanwhile, Madeline has gotten drunk and runs away during Ed's performance. Jane goes after her and finds her on top of concrete stairs at the back of the venue. Madeline is crying and tells Jane that she cheated on Ed. Renata also goes after them and apologizes to Jane for having blamed Ziggy.
Celeste joins the women, followed by Perry. Bonnie, who noticed Perry and Celeste arguing earlier, follows them and watches the group from afar. Jane realizes that Perry is the man who raped her. He pleads with Celeste to come back home with him, and when she declines, he attacks her, with Madeline, Jane and Renata struggling to control him. Bonnie rushes in and pushes Perry down the stairs, killing him.
In the police interviews, the women all confirm there was a fight with Perry, but claim he fell accidentally. While one of the detectives is suspicious, the police cannot prove anything as the women's stories match each other. In the last scene, the five women and their children are shown enjoying a day on the beach while being watched by the detective through binoculars.

tag: table

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Big Little Lies has received wide acclaim from television critics. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 92%, based on 88 reviews, with an average rating of 8.05/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Bitingly funny and highly addictive, Big Little Lies is a twisty, thrilling, enlightening ride led by a first-rate cast."[20] Metacritic reported a score of 75 out of 100, based on 42 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[21]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref

69th Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Casting for a Limited Series, Movie or Special
David Rubin
Won
[22]

Outstanding Cinematography for a Limited Series or Movie
Yves Bélanger
Nominated

Outstanding Contemporary Costumes for a Series, Limited Series or Movie
Alix Friedberg, Risa Garcia and Patricia McLaughlin
Won

Outstanding Directing for a Limited Series, Movie or Dramatic Special
Jean-Marc Vallée
Won

Outstanding Hairstyling for a Limited Series or Movie
Michelle Ceglia, Nickole C. Jones, Lona Vigi, Frances Mathias and Jocelyn Mulhern
Nominated

Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie
Nicole Kidman
Won

Reese Witherspoon
Nominated

Outstanding Limited Series
Big Little Lies
Won

Outstanding Makeup for a Limited Series or Movie (Non-Prosthetic)
Steve Artmont, Nicole Artmont, Angela Levin, Molly R Stern and Claudia Humburg
Nominated

Outstanding Music Supervision
Susan Jacobs
Won

Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Limited Series or Movie
Veronique Barbe, David Berman, Justin LaChance, Maxime Lahaie, Sylvain Lebel and Jim Vega
Nominated

Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Limited Series or Movie
Gavin Fernandes, Louis Gignac and Brendan Beebe
Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie
Alexander Skarsgård
Won

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie
Laura Dern
Won

Shailene Woodley
Nominated

Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series, Movie or Dramatic Special
David E. Kelley
Nominated

33rd TCA Awards
Individual Achievement in Drama
Nicole Kidman
Nominated
[23]

Outstanding Achievement in Movies, Miniseries and Specials
Big Little Lies
Won

Program of the Year
Big Little Lies
Nominated

text: Possible sequel[edit]

text: In July 2017, HBO revealed that a second season is possible, and that Moriarty had been asked to write a story for a second season.[24]

text: Media[edit]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: A soundtrack for the series was released on Google Play and iTunes on March 31, 2017.[25]

text: Blu-ray and DVD[edit]

text: The miniseries was released on Blu-ray and DVD on August 1, 2017.[26]