document_title: List of High School Musical characters

question_text: who does zac efron play in high school musical

text: List of High School Musical characters

text: Main cast

text: Troy Bolton

text:
Troy Bolton
High School Musical film series characterPortrayed by
Zac EfronFirst appearance
High School MusicalLast appearance
High School Musical 3: Senior YearCreated by
Peter BarsocchiniProfileOccupation
StudentCaddy/WaiterAssistant Golf Instructor
showFamilyParents
Jack Bolton (father)Lucille Bolton (mother)

text: Troy Bolton is the main protagonist of the first three films. Depicted as one of East High's most popular students, Troy is also the captain of the school's varsity basketball team, a position he earned in his junior year after joining the team as a sophomore.[1] The majority of the student body, especially Troy's best friend, Chad Danforth, expects Troy to lead East High to victory. Troy is the only child of Jack and Lucille Bolton; Jack is also the coach of the East High basketball team and puts additional pressure on Troy to excel. Troy is also involved with the school's golf team. In the first film, Troy meets Gabriella Montez at a ski lodge karaoke party on New Year's Eve. When the school year resumes, Troy finds that Gabriella is a new student at East High. For fear of what his father, friends, and classmates would think, Troy asks Gabriella not to mention his singing performance to anybody else. However, the secret eventually gets out when Troy and Gabriella unintentionally audition for the winter musical after singing in the auditorium. The news throws East High's social order out of balance. Troy finds himself having to choose between Gabriella and the musical callbacks or his team and the championship game. Although his friends initially try to thwart Troy's chances of being cast as the musical's lead, they help him make both the game and the callbacks, which had been scheduled on the same afternoon. Troy and Gabriella earn the lead roles, somewhat angering the drama department's president, Sharpay Evans. In High School Musical 2, Sharpay has her mind set on capturing Troy's affections and coming between him and Gabriella. Troy, Gabriella, and their friends are hired at a local country club, Lava Springs, but are weary of their new-found employment when they learn the club is owned by Sharpay's parents. Sharpay uses her wealth, power, and influence over Troy, tempting him with college opportunities in exchange for him singing with her at the club's Midsummer Night Talent Show. Troy gives into Sharpay's plot, causing Gabriella, Chad, and their friends to see Troy as a whole new person. Although Troy is being offered a college scholarship, he soon realizes he must not compromise his character while on the quest for his future, and returns to his old self. In the franchise's third film, Troy once again feels uncertain about his future as high school graduation draws near. While Troy is set to attend the University of Albuquerque, he begins to have second thoughts about other schools he and his father talked about. Coach Bolton and Chad are both insistent on Troy attending the university, but he decides to attend University of California, Berkeley in order to pursue both basketball and theater and to be closer to Gabriella, who enrolls at Stanford University.

text: In the first three films, Troy is portrayed by Zac Efron, with Drew Seeley providing his singing voice in the first film. The reason for this dubbing is still somewhat unclear, although Efron has told Rolling Stone that the songs for the first film were written prior to casting and out of his vocal range.[2] Casting for the role was a multi-audition process, and candidates for the role included Hunter Parrish[3] and Sterling Knight.[4] Efron had previously audition for a Disney Channel pilot that was not picked up by the network a few years prior to casting for High School Musical.[5] Although the franchise will continue with a fourth film, Efron and his character will not be returning.[6]

text: In other media

text: Efron reprised the role in the short film High School Musical 4 on Saturday Night Live.[7]

text: In Life with Archie: Archie Love Veronica: Lodge—A Complaint!, when Betty Cooper is talking about how all the men she has dated have all been nothing but "clone[s] of Archie", she lists Troy Bolton as one of those she has dated.

text: Gabriella Montez

text:
Gabriella Montez
High School Musical film series characterPortrayed by
Vanessa HudgensFirst appearance
High School MusicalLast appearance
High School Musical 3: Senior YearCreated by
Peter BarsocchiniProfileOther names
GabbyOccupation
StudentLifeguard
showFamilyParents
Lisa Montez (mother)

text: When the two settle in Albuquerque, New Mexico, Gabriella's mother promises they will not relocate until she graduates high school. Gabriella begins attending East High mid-year in the first film. Hoping to escape the "freaky genius girl" reputation she had earned at her previous schools,[8] she does not join any extracurricular activities. Her first friend at East High is Troy Bolton, whom she had met at a ski lodge karaoke party on New Year's Eve, however she quickly makes friends with Taylor McKessie, who finds out about Gabriella's various academic accomplishments and urges her to join the school's nation decathlon team. Gabriella is hesitant, but eventually agrees. Having unearthed a passion for performing at the karaoke party, Gabriella decides to audition for the school musical, but is too late. It is only when the musical's director, Ms. Darbus, overhears Gabriella singing with Troy that she gives them both a callback. Gabriella is uncertain about perusing the lead role, especially when Taylor and the other members of the decathlon team tell her that the musical will take her focus off the upcoming decathlon event. Taylor and her friends stage an intervention, which portrays Troy as not caring about Gabriella or the musical. Heartbroken, Gabriella drops out of the running for the lead role. However, Taylor eventually confesses what she did and helps Gabriella make the decathlon and the musical auditions. Gabriella and Troy earn the lead roles, beating out Sharpay Evans, who had previously tried to thwart her chances of making the callbacks. In the second film, Gabriella has maintained her romance with Troy, and the couple, along with their friends, get jobs at the Lava Springs country club. Seeking revenge, Sharpay lures Troy away from Gabriella and his friends, showering him with various luxuries, including promising college opportunities. After Troy repeatedly breaks his promises and backs out of his commitments, Gabriella breaks up with him, only for the couple to reunite. In High School Musical 3: Senior Year, a Stanford-bound Gabriella is uneasy about the fast pace her life has taken. Before graduation, Gabriella briefly considers taking classes at the local university for a year and going to Stanford when she is ready, much to the dismay of Taylor and Ms. Montez. Troy urges Gabriella to accept an early orientation. Gabriella goes to Stanford but must drop out of the school musical (allowing Sharpay to fill the lead role) and miss prom. Wanting his last dance at East High to be with Gabriella, Troy drives to Stanford and the two share an intimate prom of their own. He convinces Gabriella to return to East High for opening night of the musical and for graduation. Gabriella will attend Stanford and study law. She was referenced by Sharpay in Sharpay's Fabulous Adventure.

text: Gabriella, who was named for the daughter of High School Musical writer Peter Barsocchini but modeled after a girl Barsocchini met before his teenage years,[9] is portrayed by Vanessa Hudgens in the first three films of the franchise. Hudgens had previously auditioned for other Disney Channel projects.[5] During auditions, Hudgens was paired with Zac Efron, who landed the role of Troy, at each callback,[10] with director Kenny Ortega saying "We tried to separate them and try them with other partners but it didn’t work. The magic was already there between them."[11] Following Hudgens' 2007 nude photo scandal, reports claimed that Adrienne Bailon and other actresses would replace Hudgens in the third film of the franchise.[12] However, Disney had denied the reports[13] and Hudgens returned for High School Musical 3. Hudgens will not, however, reprise her role for High School Musical 4.[14]

text: Sharpay Evans

text:
Sharpay Evans
High School Musical film series, Sharpay's Fabulous Adventure (spinoff) characterPortrayed by
Ashley TisdaleFirst appearance
High School MusicalLast appearance
Sharpay's Fabulous AdventureCreated by
Peter BarsocchiniProfileOccupation
StudentStar on Broadway
showFamilyParents
Vance Evans (father)Darby Evans (mother)Siblings
Ryan Evans (twin brother)

text: Sharpay Evans is the main antagonist of the films and the co-president of the East High drama department alongside her twin brother, Ryan, with whom she has starred in 17 school productions.[15][16] Sharpay appears to have the most power in the drama department, leaving Ryan as her right-hand man. However, the sibling loyalty is not always mutual. Classmate Taylor McKessie suspects that if Sharpay "could figure out how to play both Romeo and Juliet, her own brother would be aced out of a job."[17] Sharpay's family is very affluent; their wealth stems from the country club, Lava Springs, her parents own. In High School Musical, Sharpay is shown as being somewhat popular. Students on campus seem to fear her, as they scour to make room for her in the hallways or cafeteria. Fear also appears to be the reason why other students, such as Kelsi Nielsen, remain a part of Sharpay's posse. Sharpay is sometimes the victim of playful jokes and light teasing from the East High basketball team, despite the fact that one of their star players, Zeke Baylor, has a crush on Sharpay. Sharpay's talents are challenged for the first time when Gabriella Montez and Troy Bolton are called back for the lead roles in the musical. To ensure that she and Ryan remain in the spotlight, Sharpay convinces Ms. Darbus, the musical's director, to switch the date of the callbacks to the same day as Troy's district championship basketball game and Gabriella's national decathlon. However, Troy and Gabriella still manage to make the callbacks and are cast in the lead roles of Arnold and Minnie. In the second film, Sharpay seems to have gained more popularity, with adoring fans wanting her signature in their yearbooks at the end of the school year. Sharpay plans to steal Troy away from Gabriella during summer vacation. She has the manager of Lava Springs, Mr. Fulton, hire Troy to work at the country club, ordering him to do so, whatever it takes. The cost of Troy's employment is the employment of Gabriella and their friends. Realizing that she must now try to win Troy's affections with extreme measures, Sharpay brings Troy into the high class world of her family, which eventually leads to his promotion and college opportunities. Sharpay also convinces Troy to sing with her in the Midsummer Night Talent Show, abandoning plans to enter the show with Ryan. Ryan begins to step out of Sharpay's shadow and Troy eventually begins to free himself from Sharpay's grip. Sharpay is unable to perform at the talent show, but does join Troy and Gabriella's duet in the background, along with their other friends. Despite having little involvement in the show, the fixed competition's prize, the Star Dazzle Award, was going to be given to her, but she selflessly awards the prize to her brother, who arranged Troy and Gabriella's duet. By the third film, Sharpay's popularity seems to be limited among admiring boys. In her senior year, Sharpay meets Tiara Gold, a British transfer student eager to learn the ropes at East High by becoming Sharpay's student. Tiara's dedication is impressive, but it turns out to be a facade. On opening night of the spring musical, Tiara attempts to upstage Sharpay, but fails. Sharpay does not received a scholariship to the Juilliard School like she had hoped and will study the dramatic arts at the University of Albuquerque, but has agreed to return to East High to assist Ms. Darbus with the drama department and to continue her reign over Tiara.

text: Sharpay becomes the main protagonist in her independent film, Sharpay's Fabulous Adventure, where she believes she is offered a role on Broadway and travels to New York with her dog, Boi. Her father agrees to give her a one-month limit to prove that she can stand on her own: if she fails, then she will work for him at the Lava Springs Country Club. While in New York, she meets Peyton Leverette, the son of her mom's college friend, who takes her to a new apartment after she got thrown out of a penthouse for refusing to throw her dog out. After finding out that the agents really want her dog, not her, she befriends the star, Amber Lee Adams, who manipulates her into doing chores, being her manager in exchange for her dog's role, until she sees Amber Lee's true face. Roger, whose dog is on competition with Sharpay's, helps expose Amber Lee to the world, almost causing the show to be cancelled. Peyton shows a video of Sharpay's secret performance to convince the agents that she can save the show by replacing Amber Lee Adams. Sharpay's performance turns her into a star on Broadway and she starts dating Peyton.

text: Sharpay is portrayed by Ashley Tisdale in the four films of the series. Tisdale, who was previously known for her starring role on the Disney Channel series "The Suite Life of Zack & Cody", insists that she was not offered the role of Sharpay and had to audition, also claiming that she almost didn't get the role because the Disney executives did not think she could play the "mean girl" role based on her performance in "The Suite Life".[18] Tisdale said that she went into the auditions at the last minute,[10] but felt very comfortable in front of the Disney executives, as she already knew them.[18] To ensure that viewers loved to hate her character, Tisdale looked to Rachel McAdams' performance in Mean Girls.[18]

text: Ryan Evans

text:
Ryan EvansHigh School Musical film series, Sharpay's Fabulous Adventure' characterPortrayed by
Lucas GrabeelFirst appearance
High School MusicalLast appearance
Sharpay's Fabulous AdventureCreated by
Peter BarsocchiniProfileOccupation
StudentStar
showFamilyParents
Vance Evans (father)Darby Evans (mother)Siblings
Sharpay Evans (twin sister)

text: Ryan Evans is the twin brother of Sharpay Evans. Like his sister, Ryan is very much involved with musical theater and performing. However, his interests do not end at theater, as he also enjoys playing baseball and won the junior league world series sometime before the film series. Ryan is well known for wearing different styles of hats. In the first film, Ryan is depicted as being dim-witted and completely submissive to Sharpay, though this could be because he likes Troy and Gabriella. When Troy Bolton and Gabriella Montez threaten Ryan and Sharpay's chances of being cast as the leads at East High's winter musical, Ryan assists Sharpay in making sure Troy and Gabriella's scheduled conflict with the callback dates. The plan falls through and Troy is cast in the lead role. In High School Musical 2, Ryan plans on enjoying the summer at his family's country club, Lava Springs, and entering the Midsummer Night Talent Show with Sharpay. However, he begins to step out of his sister's shadow when she decides to enter the talent show with Troy. Ryan decides to help Gabriella and her friends, who have felt abandoned by Troy, stage an act for the talent show. This causes a rift in his relationship with Sharpay, who still expects him to be at her side. In the end, Ryan is awarded the Star Dazzle Award at the talent show for his directional work. In the third film of the franchise, with more independence by himself and being less controlled by his sister, Ryan is a candidate for a scholarship to the Juilliard School for dance. He is competing for one scholarship with Sharpay, Troy, and shy composer Kelsi Nielsen. The school's scouts will attend opening night of the East High spring musical to determine who will be the recipient. Ryan is the choreographer of the show while Kelsi is the composer. Through their work together, Ryan attend prom together with Kelsi, but only as friends. He receive a scholarship to Juilliard.

text: At the end of Sharpay's Fabulous Adventure, Ryan is on a break from his musical tour around the country and pays a visit to his sister Sharpay after she became a star on Broadway to congratulate her. While Sharpay goes to chase Boi, Ryan enjoys her bed until it folds back into the closet, taking Ryan with it.

text: Ryan is played by Lucas Grabeel in the first three installments of the franchise. Corbin Bleu, who was later cast as Chad Danforth, auditioned for the role of Ryan.[10] Grabeel had previously appeared in Disney Channel's Halloweentown High.

text: Only after the end of the franchise, David Simpatico, one of the writers, revealed Ryan's homosexuality, described he as a "coded gay" – characters without revealed sexuality by the rules of the studios, a controversial topic when talking to children and teenagers.[19] Ortega based the character on his own adolescence: "I see a lot of myself in Ryan. Yeah, I knew I was gay in high school, but I didn't tell anybody".[20]

text: Chad Danforth

text:
Chad DanforthHigh School Musical film series characterPortrayed by
Corbin BleuFirst appearance
High School MusicalLast appearance
High School Musical 3: Senior YearCreated by
Peter BarsocchiniProfileOccupation
StudentCaddy/Waiter
showFamilyParents
Charlie Danforth (father)Jenny Danforth (mother)

text: Chad Danforth is Troy Bolton's best friend and teammate. Chad is known for wearing shirts with eccentric phrases and messages on them. In the third film, those messages are all environment-friendly. In High School Musical, Chad is gearing up for the district championship basketball game and assumes Troy, also the team captain, is doing the same. However, news soon spreads around school that Troy and Gabriella Montez, a new student, have auditioned for the school musical and have been called back for the lead roles. Hoping to keep Troy's head in the game, Chad and his teammates stage an intervention while Taylor McKessie and her friends, who want Gabriella to stay focused on the national decathlon team, do the same with Gabriella. The plan is successful, but Chad and Taylor soon realize that they hurt their close friends. After admitting their guilt, they help Troy and Gabriella make the callbacks, as well as the game and decathlon. At the end of the film, Chad asks Taylor on a date. In the second film, Chad and Taylor seem to have maintained a relationship. Hoping to save up for a car, Chad takes a job at the Lava Springs country club for the summer, alongside Troy, Gabriella, Taylor, and their friends. Chad reluctantly agrees to participate with the other employees in the Midsummer Night Talent Show at the club. His friendship with Troy also hits a wall when Troy compromises himself for luxuries at the country club. The two, however, make up. In High School Musical 3: Senior Year, Chad is looking forward to playing basketball with Troy at the University of Albuquerque following high school graduation. He is initially upset when Troy decides to attend the University of California, Berkeley instead, but accepts the fact that he and Troy cannot stay together forever. Chad also struggles with asking Taylor to prom, but finally succeeds after several tries.

text: Corbin Bleu portrays Chad Danforth in the first three films of the franchise. Bleu originally auditioned for the role of Ryan Evans, but was suggested for the role of Chad instead.[10] Bleu had auditioned for Disney Channel projects in the past.[5]

text: Taylor McKessie

text:
Taylor McKessieHigh School Musical film series characterPortrayed by
Monique ColemanFirst appearance
High School MusicalLast appearance
High School Musical 3: Senior YearCreated by
Peter BarsocchiniProfileOccupation
StudentEvent/Activities Coordinator
showFamilySiblings
Unnamed older sister

text: Taylor McKessie is the president of the science club at East High and a member of the school's national decathlon team. Taylor is a feminist and admires many important women in history. She is also shown to have a wide range of knowledge, including anything from computers to the daily lunch special in the school cafeteria. In the first film, she is shown as finding the school's athlete as tribal. She is also impressed at the intellect of new student Gabriella Montez. Articles of Gabriella's academic achievements at her old schools are placed in Taylor's locker. Although Gabriella did not slip the articles in the locker, she agrees to join the decathlon team at Taylor's suggestion. However, when Gabriella's interest begins to turn to the school musical and Troy Bolton, Taylor teams up with Troy's best friend, Chad, to make sure they can keep their friends away from one another and focused on the prize. While Chad and his basketball teammates explain to Troy that they will not win the district championship game if he is involved with the musical, they film him saying that the musical and Gabriella are not important. Taylor show Gabriella the footage and she is left heartbroken. Realizing the magnitude of what they have done, Taylor and Chad work together again to make sure Troy and Gabriella make the musical callbacks. Taylor's role in the plan is to set off a chemical reaction that would result in the evacuation of the national decathlon. At the end of the film, Taylor is asked out by Chad. In High School Musical 2, Taylor, Gabriella, Chad, Troy, and their friends are hired at the Lava Springs country club, owned by the parents of Sharpay Evans, the school drama queen. Taylor is the first to notice that Troy is changing and being pulled into Sharpay's world. She tries to convince Gabriella that Troy is no longer the nice guy she fell for. In High School Musical 3: Senior Year, Taylor is editor of the school yearbook. While she will attend Yale University and study political science (with the goal of becoming President of the United States), she pushes Gabriella to accept an early orientation at Stanford University while joining the others for a last spring musicale.

text: Taylor is portrayed by Monique Coleman in the first three films of the series. Coleman had previously auditioned for Disney Channel.[5]

text: Other East High students

text: Kelsi Nielsen

text:
Kelsi NielsenHigh School Musical film series characterPortrayed by
Olesya RulinFirst appearance
High School MusicalLast appearance
High School Musical 3: Senior YearCreated by
Peter BarsocchiniProfileOccupation
StudentPianist

text: Kelsi Nielsen is a songwriter and composer and student at East High. She is very introverted and is very intimidated by Sharpay Evans, the president of the school's drama department. In High School Musical, Ms. Darbus, the director of the school's winter musical, allows Kelsi to compose the music. During the auditions, Sharpay and her brother, Ryan, perform one of Kelsi's original songs, "What I've Been Looking For", but with an upbeat arrangement. When Kelsi tells Sharpay that she imagined the song to be much slower, Sharpay belittles her and Kelsi retreats. After auditions, Kelsi is approached by Troy and Gabriella, who tell her she does not have to be intimidated by Sharpay. She offers to show them how the song they sang is supposed to sound. Troy and Gabriella sing the duet ballad and Ms. Darbus, who had re-entered the auditorium, gives them a callback. Kelsi works with Troy and Gabriella to ensure that they beat out Sharpay and Ryan for the lead roles. The second film shows Kelsi, Troy, Gabriella, and their friends working at the Lava Springs country club, which is owned by Sharpay's family. Kelsi's job is playing the piano in the dining room. She is also the rehearsal pianist for Sharpay. She has a mutual love interest in Jason Cross, but never been shown a relationship. Although, in the third film he attends prom with Ryan when he invites her to work together, but only as friends. Kelsi receive scholarships for the Juilliard School, where she will study music.

text: Kelsi is portrayed by Olesya Rulin in the first three films of the series. Rulin, who had previously starred in Disney Channel's Halloweentown High alongside Lucas Grabeel, was cast in her High School Musical role immediately after her own high school graduation.[21]

text: Zeke Baylor

text:
Zeke BaylorHigh School Musical film series characterPortrayed by
Chris Warren, Jr.First appearance
High School MusicalLast appearance
High School Musical 3: Senior YearCreated by
Peter BarsocchiniProfileOccupation
StudentChef

text: Zeke Baylor is one of East High's most talented basketball players. He appears to be very close to Jason Cross, Troy Bolton, and Chad Danforth. He also is attracted to Sharpay Evans. In High School Musical, he is one of several students to reveal a secret passion following Troy Bolton's audition for the school musical. Zeke's passion is baking, which impresses Sharpay at the end of the film. In High School Musical 2, Zeke is one of many East High students to be hired to work at Sharpay's family's country club, Lava Springs. He assists Chef Michael in the kitchen. His crush on Sharpay still remains, but the two are not seen together until the end of the film. In High School Musical 3: Senior Year, Sharpay asks Zeke to prom and he joins his friends in a final musical, but also has to work hard to pass his Family Science Class.

text: Chris Warren, Jr. portrays Zeke in the first three High School Musical films. Although his character graduates in the third film, Warren stated after High School Musical 2 that he planned to appear in two more sequels, indicating possible involvement in High School Musical 4: East Meets West.[22]

text: Jason Cross

text:
Jason CrossHigh School Musical film series characterPortrayed by
Ryne SanbornFirst appearance
High School MusicalLast appearance
High School Musical 3: Senior YearCreated by
Peter BarsocchiniProfileOccupation
StudentDishwasher

text: Jason Cross is a member of the East High School boys' varsity basketball team and one of Troy Bolton, Chad Danforth, and Zeke Baylor's good friends. He tends to ask questions or make statements that make him come off as a kiss-up or unintelligent. In High School Musical, he works as a bus boy at Lava Springs country club. He has a mutual love interest in Kelsi Nielsen, but never been shown a relationship. In the third film he attends prom with Martha Cox, but only as good friends, when Kelsi goes with Ryan. While he joins his friends on a final musical before graduation, he also has to spend time to study for his finals. At the end of the movie, he finally earns enough scores to graduate.

text: Jason is portrayed by Ryne Sanborn in the first three films of the series.

text: Martha Cox

text:
Martha CoxHigh School Musical film series characterPortrayed by
Kaycee StrohFirst appearance
High School MusicalLast appearance
High School Musical 3: Senior YearCreated by
Peter BarsocchiniProfileOccupation
StudentCulinary Assistant

text: Martha Cox is an East High School student and member of the national decathlon team. In wake of Troy's audition for the winter musical in High School Musical, Martha confesses that she enjoys hip-hop dancing. In High School Musical 2, Martha works at the Lava Springs country club as part of the kitchen staff. She becomes a cheerleader in the third film and participates in a final musical with her friends.

text: Martha is portrayed by Kaycee Stroh in the first three films in the franchise. Stroh took some of her dance students to audition for High School Musical as background dancers . Director Kenny Ortega pulled her aside and asked her to audition for the role of Martha, choosing her.[23]

text: Tiara Gold

text:
Tiara GoldHigh School Musical film series characterPortrayed by
Jemma McKenzie-BrownFirst appearance
High School Musical 3: Senior YearCreated by
Peter BarsocchiniProfileOccupation
StudentPersonal Assistant

text: Tiara Gold is a British transfer student who takes a job as Sharpay Evans' assistant to learn the ropes at East High. She shows some initial interest in musical theater, but is careful not to upstage Sharpay. Due to her dedicated presence during rehearsals for the spring musical, Ms. Darbus casts Tiara as an understudy. Tiara later overhears Gabriella Montez talking to Taylor McKessie about an early orientation at Stanford University, which would make Gabriella unable to perform as the lead in the musical. Tiara informs Sharpay, who is impressed by her dedication. Gabriella leaves for the orientation, allowing Sharpay to take over her part. Tiara, in turn, takes over Sharpay's former role. During opening night, Sharpay is embarrassed after having to perform with Jimmie Zara, Troy Bolton's understudy. When she goes back to her dressing room, she finds Tiara in her costume. Tiara tells Sharpay that she is the new queen of the drama department and that it is time for Sharpay to move aside. Sharpay, in retaliation, upstages Tiara onstage. Later, Tiara learns that Sharpay will be returning occasionally to East High after graduation to help Ms. Darbus with the drama department and, undoubtedly, continue to upstage Tiara.

text: Tiara is portrayed by Jemma McKenzie-Brown in High School Musical 3: Senior Year. Disney star Selena Gomez has admitted to turning down the role,[24] while Ali Lohan reportedly auditioned for the role.[25] Although Brown was originally set to star in High School Musical 4: East Meets West,[26] it has since been confirmed that she will not reprise her role.[27]

text: Jimmie Zara

text:
Jimmie ZaraHigh School Musical film series characterPortrayed by
Matt ProkopFirst appearance
High School Musical 3: Senior YearCreated by
Peter BarsocchiniProfileOther names
"Rocketman", "The Rocket"Occupation
Student

text: Jimmie Zara, also known as "the Rocket" or "Rocketman", is a member on the East High School boys' varsity basketball team. In the final game of High School Musical 3: Senior Year, he is used as somewhat of a secret weapon and scores the winning basket. He looks up to Troy Bolton and has a small crush on Sharpay Evans. He is Troy's understudy for the spring musical and is able to perform with Sharpay on opening night.

text: Matt Prokop portrays Jimmie in the third film of the series. Disney star Tony Oller auditioned for this role.[28] Prokop has stated that he signed on for three potential films, including High School Musical 3.[29] However, Prokop has since confirmed that he will not be in the fourth film, as Disney wanted to go in a new direction.[30]

text: Donny Dion

text:
Donny DionHigh School Musical film series characterPortrayed by
Justin MartinFirst appearance
High School Musical 3: Senior YearCreated by
Peter BarsocchiniProfileOccupation
Student

text: Donny Dion is a member of the East High School boys' varsity basketball team. It is unclear whether or not he is a player or an equipment manager or towel boy. Nevertheless, he looks up to Chad Danforth and evens asks to have Chad's gym locker after he graduates. His best friend is Jimmie Zara. Donny is portrayed by Justin Martin in High School Musical 3: Senior Year. Martin almost gave up on auditioning for the roll because the casting directors told him he was too little.[31]

text: Susan

text: Susan is a girl who auditions for the winter musical but did not get the role even though Ms. Darbus was impressed with some hand gestures she made. She is portrayed by Anne Kathryn Parma.

text: Alan

text: Alan is a boy who auditions for the winter musical but did not get the role. He is portrayed by Nick Whitaker.

text: Cyndra

text: Cyndra is a girl who auditions for the winter musical and is not happy when she does not get the role. She is portrayed by Falcon Grace.

text: Other characters

text: Peyton Leverett

text:
Peyton LeverettHigh School Musical film series characterPortrayed by
Austin ButlerFirst appearance
Sharpay's Fabulous AdventureProfileOccupation
Student of New York University
showFamilyParents
Unnamed mother

text: Peyton Leverett is the male protagonist and love interest of Sharpay Evans in Sharpay's Fabulous Adventure. He is a film student at New York University who is assigned by his mother to keep an eye on Sharpay while she's in town, and immediately finds her interesting and decides to make her his filming subject of "A special story in New York".

text: He is the one who helps Sharpay locate a studio apartment, encourages her to pursue her dreams, adapt to her surroundings and reminds her of who she really is when she is about to lose herself. When Sharpay becomes Amber Lee Adam's secretary, she loses time to spend with Peyton. Peyton becomes frustrated with her ignorance to Amber Lee's ambitions, Boi and Countess's newfound relationship and lack of time to spend with him. The two have an argument and Peyton drops her from his project until she apologizes to him the next day.

text: After Amber Lee quit the show, Peyton shows the agents and producers a video of Sharpay's secret rehearsal to prove that she can save the show. The producers are so impressed by her performance that they re-hire Sharpay as the lead of "A Girl's Best Friend". Sharpay expresses her worries and anxiety, but Peyton manages to help her maintain confidence and then kisses her. He is last seen greeting Sharpay's parents seconds before the show starts.

text: Peyton is portrayed by Austin Butler, who had also starred with Ashley Tisdale in Aliens in the Attic, where they played each other's paternal cousins.

text: Roger Elliston

text: Roger Elliston is a young, wealthy boy who shares most of Sharpay's personality and appears in Sharpay's Fabulous Adventure, where he and Sharpay compete each other to win a role for their dogs. He continuously attempts to win the role for his dog, Countess, by cheating. Eventually, he and Sharpay find out that Amber Lee Adams has forced to producers to remove the dogs from the show, and both are forced to come together to reveal Amber Lee Adams' true image to the world.

text: Although they manage to expose Amber Lee's true self to the world, this results in Amber Lee quitting the show, Sharpay getting fired and almost causing the show to be cancelled. When the producers re-hire Sharpay, she demands that Boi and Countess share the role of Shelby equally, much to Roger's pleasure.

text: Roger is portrayed by Bradley Steven Perry.

text: Amber Lee Adams

text: Amber Lee Adams is a support character who appears in Sharpay's Fabulous Adventure. She is a famous film star who is about to hired as the main character on Broadway in a show called "A Girl's Best Friend". She is always sweet and kind to those around her, but that is only for her image. In truth, she is self-absorbed, demanding, mean, and manipulative, much like Sharpay in the previous films.

text: She fires her secretary for being late and then hires Sharpay to do her chores and keep check of her schedules, and manipulates her to do her bidding by acting kind in front of her. In the end, she gets tired of the dogs, Boi and Countess, and demands the producers remove the dogs from the show. Sharpay hears this and works with Roger to expose Amber Lee's true face to the world.

text: Amber Lee Adams is played by Cameron Goodman.

text: Parents and adults

text:
Jack Bolton is Troy Bolton's father and the coach of the East High boys' varsity basketball team. He is angry when he finds out that Troy auditioned for the school musical weeks before the district championship game in. He voices his disapproval but changes his mind when he sees how talented Troy is. When Troy begins working at the Lava Springs country club, Jack advises Troy to keep his eye on college. Jack is once again angry with Troy when he learns Troy is considering other schools besides the University of Albuquerque; however, he comes to terms with Troy's decision to enroll at the University of California, Berkeley. Coach Bolton is played by Bart Johnson in the first three films of the series.
Ms. Darbus is the overly-dramatic musical director at East High. Her classroom serves as homeroom for Troy Bolton, Gabriella Montez, Sharpay Evans, Ryan Evans, Chad Danforth, Taylor McKessie, Kelsi Nielsen, and other students. She has an intense dislike of cell phones, particularly when they ring in the theater. She and coworker Coach Jack Bolton do not always see eye-to-eye. In the first film, Ms. Darbus is convinced that Troy and Gabriella only auditioned for the musical to mock it. In the end, she casts them as the leads. In High School Musical 3: Senior Year, Ms. Darbus submits Troy's name for a scholarship to the Juilliard School without his knowledge. Ms. Darbus is portrayed by Alyson Reed in the films.
Lisa Montez is the single mother of Gabriella Montez. Gabriella has stated that she and her mother relocated several times. They move to Albuquerque halfway through Gabriella's junior year, and she promises Gabriella that it is a permanent arrangement until she graduates. Lisa is very proud of Gabriella for being accepted to Stanford University and does not agree with her daughter when she suggests taking a year off after high school. As Gabriella's graduation approaches, Lisa puts the house up for sale. It is unclear what happened to her husband; he has only been mentioned once, by Gabriella as she recollects her childhood, and is presumably dead. Lisa is portrayed by Socorro Herrera in the first and third films.
Vance Evans is the wealthy father of Sharpay and Ryan Evans and the owner of the Lava Springs country club. He holds the highest record on the club's golf course, which he built himself. His alma mater is the University of Albuquerque. He is very impressed by Troy Bolton and offers him opportunities through his connections with the university. Vance is portrayed by Robert Curtis Brown in the second and third films.
Darby Evans is the wealthy mother of Sharpay and Ryan Evans and the wife of Vance Evans. She approves the hiring of several East High students to the Lava Springs country club, much to the dismay of Sharpay, who only wanted Troy Bolton to work there. She is very interested in yoga, has a unique relationship with both students, and is unskilled at golf. She is portrayed by Jessica Tuck in the second and third films.
Thomas Fulton is the manager of the Lava Springs country club. He is obligated to take Sharpay Evans' orders. In doing so, he hires Troy Bolton to work at the club. He is uptight and prefers structure and discipline. He is portrayed by Mark L. Taylor in High School Musical 2.
Dave Matsui is the principal of East High. He is first seen welcoming Gabriella Montez to East High. He also seems to have to deal with the quarrels between Coach Jack Bolton and Ms. Darbus. He insists that they need to learn to work together, although he seems to have more interest in Coach Bolton's side of the argument. Principal Matsui is portrayed by Joey Miyashima in High School Musical and High School Musical 3: Senior Year.
Lucille Bolton is Troy Bolton's mother and Jack Bolton's wife. She is depicted as being somewhat annoyed with Troy and Jack's extreme dedication to basketball. Lucille is portrayed by Leslie Wing in the first three installments of the series.
Charlie Danforth is the father of Chad Danforth and friend of Jack Bolton. He is portrayed by Corbin Bleu's real-life father, David Reivers in the third film. His unnamed wife is portrayed by Yolanda Wood in the third film.
An unnamed chemistry teacher at East High. She is portrayed by Irene Santiago-Baron.
Ms. Falstaff is a librarian at East High. In the first film, she constantly reminds Chad to keep quiet in the library. She is portrayed by Joyce Cohen.

text: Others

text:
Jackie, Lea, and Emma are Sharpay Evans' friends, sometimes called the "Sharpettes". The girls are sometimes collectively known as the Sharpettes, as they often act as back-up singers and dancers for Sharpay, but are never referred to as such in the film series. It is apparent that they do not attend East High School and spend the majority of their time with Sharpay during the summer at her family's country club, Lava Springs. They seem to be equally as pampered as Sharpay, but always follow her every order. Jackie, Lea, and Emma are only portrayed in High School Musical 2, by Tanya Chisholm, Kelli Baker, and McCall Clark, respectively. Baker had a role as a cheerleader and dancer in the first film.
Boi is Sharpay's dog who appears in High School Musical 2, High School Musical 3: Senior Year and Sharpay's Fabulous Adventure, Boi is taken to New York with Sharpay. He is given an opportunity to participate in a play called "A Girl's Best Friend" on Broadway, which Sharpay initially believed was her opportunity until the casting agent clarified her mistake. Boi meets another dog called Countess and they fall in love with each other, but their owners initially fail to see their affections. He is portrayed by director Kenny Ortega's dog, Manly "Little Pickles" Ortega.
Countess is Roger Elliston's well-trained dog who appears in Sharpay's Fabulous Adventure. Countess meets another dog called Boi and they fall in love with each other, but their owners initially fail to see their affections.
Lupe, Tiffany and Dena are Sharpay's friends in Sharpay's Fabulous Adventure who help her to show her father that she's determined to take an offer for Broadway. They are portrayed by Alessandra Cannito, Lauren Collins and Shadia Ali, respectively.
Jerry Taylor is a famous Broadway producer who offers Sharpay's dog, Boi, the chance to star in his latest show. He is portrayed by Pat Mastroianni in Sharpay's Fabulous Adventure.
Gill Samms is a producer of Jerry's show. He is portrayed by Alec Mapa in Sharpay's Fabulous Adventure.
Neal Roberts is another producer of Jerry's show. He is portrayed by Jack Plotnick in Sharpay's Fabulous Adventure.


document_title: List of One Day International cricket records

question_text: who has made highest runs in one day cricket

root

text: Listing criteria

text: In general the top five are listed in each category (except when there is a tie for the last place among the five, when all the tied record holders are noted).

tag: p

text: Listing notation

text: Team notation

text:
(300–3) indicates that a team scored 300 runs for three wickets and the innings was closed, either due to a successful run chase or if no overs remained (or are able) to be bowled.
(300) indicates that a team scored 300 runs and was all out, either by losing all ten wickets or by having one or more batsmen unable to bat and losing the remaining wickets.

tag: ul

text: Batting notation

text:
(100*) indicates that a batsman scored 100 runs and was not out.
(175) indicates that a batsman scored 175 runs and was out after that.

text: Bowling notation

text:
(5–40) indicates that a bowler has captured 5 wickets while giving away 40 runs.
(49.5 overs) indicates that a team bowled 49 complete overs (each of six legal deliveries), and one incomplete over of just five deliveries.

text: Currently playing

text: Record holders who are currently playing ODIs (i.e. their record details listed could change) are shown by ‡.

text: Seasons

text: Cricket is played during the summer months in most countries. Domestic cricket seasons in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Zimbabwe and the West Indies may therefore span two calendar years, and are by convention said to be played in (e.g.) "2008–09". A cricket season in England is described as a single year. e.g. "2009". An international ODI series or tournament may be for a much shorter duration, and Cricinfo treats this issue by stating "any series or matches which began between May and September of any given year will appear in the relevant single year season and any that began between October and April will appear in the relevant cross-year season".[8] In the record tables, a two-year span generally indicates that the record was set within a domestic season in one of the above named countries.

text: Team records

text: Team wins, losses, ties, and no results

text:
Team
First ODI
Matches
Won
Lost
Tied
No result
Win

 Afghanistan
000000002009-04-19-000019 April 2009
83
42
39
0
2
51.85

Africa XI
000000002005-08-17-000017 August 2005
6
1
4
0
1
20.00

Asia XI
000000002005-01-10-000010 January 2005
7
4
2
0
1
66.66

 Australia
000000001971-01-05-00005 January 1971
902
554
305
9
34
64.34

 Bangladesh
000000001986-03-31-000031 March 1986
332
105
220
0
7
32.30

 Bermuda
000000002006-05-17-000017 May 2006
35
7
28
0
0
20.00

 Canada
000000001979-06-09-00009 June 1979
77
17
58
0
2
22.66

East Africa
000000001975-06-07-00007 June 1975
3
0
3
0
0
0.00

 England
000000001971-01-05-00005 January 1971
692
339
322
8
23
51.27

 Hong Kong
000000002004-07-16-000016 July 2004
18
6
11
0
1
35.29

ICC World XI
000000002005-01-10-000010 January 2005
4
1
3
0
0
25.00

 India
000000001974-07-13-000013 July 1974
923
471
405
7
40
53.73

 Ireland
000000002006-06-13-000013 June 2006
123
51
62
3
7
45.25

 Kenya
000000001996-02-18-000018 February 1996
154
42
107
0
5
28.18

 Namibia
000000002003-02-10-000010 February 2003
6
0
6
0
0
0.00

 Netherlands
000000001996-02-17-000017 February 1996
76
28
44
1
3
39.04

 New Zealand
000000001973-02-11-000011 February 1973
728
323
360
6
39
47.31

 Pakistan
000000001973-02-11-000011 February 1973
879
464
389
8
18
54.35

 Papua New Guinea
000000002014-11-08-00008 November 2014
8
4
4
0
0
50.00

 Scotland
000000001999-05-16-000016 May 1999
91
30
55
0
6
35.29

 South Africa
000000001991-11-10-000010 November 1991
580
358
200
6
16
64.00

 Sri Lanka
000000001975-06-07-00007 June 1975
803
372
390
5
36
48.82

 United Arab Emirates
000000001994-04-13-000013 April 1994
35
9
26
0
0
25.71

 United States
000000002004-09-10-000010 September 2004
2
0
2
0
0
0.00

 West Indies
000000001973-09-05-00005 September 1973
762
380
347
9
26
52.24

 Zimbabwe
000000001983-06-09-00009 June 1983
491
129
345
6
11
27.50

Last updated: 17 September 2017[9]
The win percentage excludes no results; a tie counts as half a win

tag: table

text: Result records

text: Greatest win margin (by runs)

text:
Margin
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard

290 runs
 New Zealand (402–2) beat  Ireland (112)
Mannofield Park, Aberdeen
1 July 2008
Scorecard

275 runs
 Australia (417–6) beat  Afghanistan (142)
WACA, Perth
4 March 2015
Scorecard

272 runs
 South Africa (399–6) beat  Zimbabwe (127)
Willowmoore Park, Benoni
22 October 2010
Scorecard

258 runs
 South Africa (301–8) beat  Sri Lanka (43)
Boland Park, Paarl
11 January 2012
Scorecard

257 runs
 India (413–5) beat  Bermuda (156)
Queen's Park Oval, Port of Spain, Trinidad
19 March 2007
Scorecard

 South Africa (408–5) beat  West Indies (151)
SCG, Sydney
27 February 2015
Scorecard

Last updated: 2 September 2016[10]

text: Greatest win margin (by balls remaining)

text:
Margin
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard

277 balls†
 England (46–2) beat  Canada (45)
Old Trafford, Manchester
13 June 1979
Scorecard

274 balls
 Sri Lanka (40–1) beat  Zimbabwe (38)
SSC, Colombo
8 December 2001
Scorecard

272 balls
 Sri Lanka (37–1) beat  Canada (36)
Boland Park, Paarl
19 February 2003
Scorecard

264 balls
 New Zealand (95–0) beat  Bangladesh (93)
Queenstown, New Zealand
31 December 2007
Scorecard

253 balls
 Australia (66–1) beat  United States (65)
The Rose Bowl, Southampton
13 September 2004
Scorecard

Last updated: 2 September 2016[11]
†This match was played with 60 overs per innings

text: Most consecutive wins

text:
Wins
Team
First win
Last win

21
 Australia
 England at Hobart, 11 January 2003
 West Indies at Port of Spain, 24 May 2003

12
 South Africa[a]
 England at Centurion, 13 February 2005
 New Zealand at Port Elizabeth, 30 October 2005

 Pakistan
 India at Jaipur, 18 November 2007
 Bangladesh at Dhaka, 8 June 2008

 South Africa
 Ireland at Benoni, 25 September 2016
 New Zealand at Hamilton, 19 February 2017

11
 West Indies
 England at Lord's, 4 June 1984
 Sri Lanka at Perth, 2 February 1985

 Australia[b]
 Scotland at Basseterre, 14 March 2007
 Sri Lanka at Bridgetown, 28 April 2007

No Results are treated the same as losses and ties in the above table.
Last updated: 22 February 2017[12]

Notes:

^[a] This sequence began after a no-result, and was ended by a no-result. The first win was over England in the 7th and final ODI (ODI 2226) of a seven-game series. The 6th ODI (ODI 2225) was a no result, before which South Africa had won the 3rd (ODI 2221), 4th (ODI 2223), and 5th (ODI 2224) ODIs. Ignoring this no result, the sequence lasted 15 matches.[13] The last win came against New Zealand in the 3rd ODI (ODI 2289) of a five-game series. The 4th ODI (ODI 2292) was a no result and South Africa won the 5th ODI (ODI 2293) as well as the 1st ODI (ODI 2297) against India in their next series before losing to India in the 2nd ODI (ODI 2298). Ignoring this no result as well, South Africa's winning streak is further extended to 17 matches.[14]
^[b] This sequence was ended by a no-result. The last win was the 2007 Cricket World Cup Final (ODI 2581). Australia's next ODI (ODI 2621) was the first game of a seven-game series against India; there was no result. Australia won the next two ODIs of the series (ODI 2623 and 2625) before losing the 4th ODI (ODI 2627). If this no result is ignored, the second and third ODIs would be included in Australia's winning streak, extending it to 13 matches.[15]

text: Most consecutive defeats

text:
Defeats
Team
First defeat
Last defeat

23
 Bangladesh[a]
 West Indies at Dhaka, 8 October 1999
 South Africa at Kimberley, 9 October 2002

22
 Bangladesh
 Pakistan at Moratuwa, 31 March 1986
 India at Mohali, 14 May 1998

18
 Zimbabwe
 India at Leicester, 11 June 1983
 Australia at Hobart, 14 March 1992

 Bangladesh[a]
 South Africa at Bloemfontein, 22 September 2003
 England at Dhaka, 12 November 2003

17
 Zimbabwe
 Sri Lanka at Bulawayo, 20 April 2004
 England at Bulawayo, 5 December 2004

No results are treated the same as wins and ties in the above table.
Last updated: 15 February 2016[16]

Notes:

^[a] The 23-game sequence was ended by a no result (ODI 1904). Another four defeats followed, then another no result (ODI 1956), and then Bangladesh's 18 game losing sequence. Ignoring these no results, Bangladesh's 23 game losing sequence and 18 game losing sequence combine with the intervening four defeats into a single losing streak of 45 matches.[17]

text: Team scoring records

text: Highest innings totals

text:
Score
Team
Opponent
Venue
Date
Scorecard

444–3 (50 overs)
 England
 Pakistan
Nottingham
30 August 2016
Scorecard

443–9 (50 overs)
 Sri Lanka
 Netherlands
Amstelveen
4 July 2006
Scorecard

439–2 (50 overs)
 South Africa
 West Indies
Johannesburg
18 January 2015
Scorecard

438–9 (49.5 overs)†
 South Africa
 Australia
Johannesburg
12 March 2006
Scorecard

438–4 (50 overs)
 South Africa
 India
Mumbai
25 October 2015
Scorecard

Last updated: 31 August 2016[18]
†See the match report for more details about this match, in which several records were set.

text: Highest match aggregate

text:
Score
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard

872–13 (99.5 overs)†
 Australia (434–4) v  South Africa (438–9)
Johannesburg
12 March 2006
Scorecard

825–15 (100 overs)
 India (414–7) v  Sri Lanka (411–8)
Rajkot
15 December 2009
Scorecard

763–14 (96.0 overs)
 New Zealand (398–5) v  England (365–9)
London
12 June 2015
Scorecard

747–14 (100 overs)
 India (381–6) v  England (366-8)
Cuttack
19 January 2017
Scorecard

743–12 (99.2 overs)
 Australia (371–6) v  South Africa (372–6)
Durban
5 October 2016
Scorecard

Last updated: 13 September 2017[19]
†See the match report for more details about this match, in which several records were set.

text: Highest runs in successful chasing

text:
Score
Team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

438–9 (49.5 overs)†
 South Africa
 Australia
Johannesburg
12 March 2006
Scorecard

372–6 (49.2 overs)
 South Africa
 Australia
Durban
5 October 2016
Scorecard

362–1 (43.3 overs)
 India
 Australia
Jaipur
16 October 2013
Scorecard

356–7 (48.1 overs)
 India
 England
Pune
15 January 2017
Scorecard

351–4 (49.3 overs)
 India
 Australia
Nagpur
30 October 2013
Scorecard

Last updated: 15 January 2017[20]
†See the match report for more details.

text: Lowest innings totals

text:
Score
Team
Opponent
Venue
Date
Scorecard

35 (18 overs)
 Zimbabwe
 Sri Lanka
Harare
25 April 2004
Scorecard

36 (18.4 overs)
 Canada
 Sri Lanka
Paarl
19 Feb 2003
Scorecard

38 (15.5 overs)
 Zimbabwe
 Sri Lanka
Colombo
8 Dec 2001
Scorecard

43 (19.5 overs)
 Pakistan
 West Indies
Cape Town
25 Feb 1993
Scorecard

43 (20.1 overs)
 Sri Lanka
 South Africa
Paarl
11 Jan 2012
Scorecard

Last updated: 15 February 2016[21]

text: Individual records

text: Individual records (batting)

text: Most career runs

text:
Runs
Innings
Player
Period

18,426
452
 Sachin Tendulkar
1989–2012

14,234
404
 Kumar Sangakkara
2000–2015

13,704
365
 Ricky Ponting
1995–2012

13,430
433
 Sanath Jayasuriya
1989–2011

12,650
418
 Mahela Jayawardene
1998–2015

Last updated: 15 February 2016[22]

text:
Most career runs – progression of record

Runs
Player
Record held until
Duration of record

82
 John Edrich
24 August 1972
1 year, 232 days

113
 Greg Chappell
26 August 1972
2 days

144
 Ian Chappell
28 August 1972
2 days

302
 Dennis Amiss
31 March 1974
1 year, 215 days

316
 Ian Chappell
13 July 1974
104 days

322
 Dennis Amiss
15 July 1974
2 days

400
 Keith Fletcher
5 June 1975
325 days

509
 Dennis Amiss
11 June 1975
6 days

599
 Keith Fletcher
14 June 1975
3 days

859
 Dennis Amiss[a]
21 December 1979
4 years, 190 days

867
 Greg Chappell
23 December 1979
2 days

883
 Viv Richards
26 December 1979
3 days

953
 Greg Chappell
16 January 1980
21 days

1,059
 Viv Richards
28 May 1980
133 days

1,133
 Gordon Greenidge
25 November 1980
181 days

1,154
 Greg Chappell
5 December 1980
11 days

1,211
 Viv Richards
7 December 1980
2 days

2,331
 Greg Chappell[b]
7 December 1983
3 years

6,501
 Viv Richards
9 November 1990
6 years, 337 days

8,648
 Desmond Haynes[c]
8 November 1996
5 years, 365 days

9,378
 Mohammad Azharuddin[d]
15 October 2000
3 years, 342 days

18,426
 Sachin Tendulkar[e]
Current
7003618100000000000♠16 years, 337 days

Last updated: 21 January 2016

Notes:

^[a] Dennis Amiss finished his career with 859 runs
^[b] Greg Chappell finished his career with 2,331 runs
^[c] Desmond Haynes finished his career with 8,648 runs
^[d] Mohammad Azharuddin finished his career with 9,378 runs
^[e] Sachin Tendulkar finished his career with 18,426 runs

text: Most runs in each batting position

text:
Batting position
Player
Runs
Average

Opener
 Sachin Tendulkar
15310
48.30

Number 3
 Ricky Ponting
12662
42.49

Number 4
 Mahela Jayawardene
6946
35.26

Number 5
 Arjuna Ranatunga
4675
38.64

Number 6
 MS Dhoni
3739
46.74

Number 7
 Chris Harris
2130
31.32

Number 8
 Wasim Akram
1208
17.01

Number 9
 Mashrafe Mortaza
643
12.61

Number 10
 Waqar Younis
478
11.12

Number 11
 Muttiah Muralitharan
170
5.48

Last updated: 03 September 2017[23]

text: Highest individual scores

text:
Runs
Player
Match
Venue
Date
Scorecard

264
 Rohit Sharma
 India v  Sri Lanka
Kolkata
13 November 2014
Scorecard

237*
 Martin Guptill
 New Zealand v  West Indies
Wellington
21 March 2015
Scorecard

219
 Virender Sehwag
 India v  West Indies
Indore
8 December 2011
Scorecard

215
 Chris Gayle
 West Indies v  Zimbabwe
Canberra
24 February 2015
Scorecard

209
 Rohit Sharma
 India v  Australia
Bangalore
2 November 2013
Scorecard

Last updated: 3 September 2016[24]

text: Highest individual score in chronological order (Progressive Record)

text:
Date
Runs
Player
Match Scorecard
Opponent
Notes

5 January 1971
82
 John Edrich
Scorecard
 Australia

First ever ODI fifty
Ended up in losing side

24 August 1972
103
 Dennis Amiss
Scorecard
 Australia

First ever ODI Century
Achieved while chasing target

7 September 1973
105
 Roy Fredericks
Scorecard
 England

Achieved while chasing target

31 August 1974
116*
 David Lloyd
Scorecard
 Pakistan

Lost the match

7 June 1975
137
 Dennis Amiss
Scorecard
 India

World Cup
Only player to reclaim the record

7 June 1975
171*
 Glenn Turner
Scorecard
East Africa

World Cup
First ever ODI 150
Faced maximum number of balls (209)

18 June 1983
175*
 Kapil Dev
Scorecard
 Zimbabwe

World Cup
Fastest century as on date (18 June 1983)

31 May 1984
189*
 Viv Richards
Scorecard
 England

Century stand for the last wicket

21 May 1997
194
 Saeed Anwar
Scorecard
 India

16 August 2009
194*
 Charles Coventry
Scorecard
 Bangladesh

Equaled the record but was not out.
Lost the match

24 February 2010
200*
 Sachin Tendulkar
Scorecard
 South Africa

First ever ODI double century in men's cricket

8 December 2011
219
 Virendar Sehwag
Scorecard
 West Indies

13 November 2014
264
 Rohit Sharma
Scorecard
 Sri Lanka

Current Record Holder
First ever ODI 250
First man to achieve two double hundreds in ODI Cricket history

Last updated: 31 August 2016[25]

text: Highest individual score at the position

text:
Batting position
Player
Score
Opponent
Venue
Date

Number 1
 Martin Guptill
237*
 West Indies
Eden Gardens
21 March 2015

Number 2
 Rohit Sharma
264
 Sri Lanka
Westpac Stadium
13 November 2014

Number 3
 Charles Coventry
194*
 Bangladesh
Queens Sports Club
16 August 2009

Number 4
 Vivian Richards
189*
 England
Old Trafford
31 May 1984

Number 5
 AB de Villiers
162*
 West Indies
Sydney Cricket Ground
27 February 2015

Number 6
 Kapil Dev
175*
 Zimbabwe
Nevill Ground
18 June 1983

Number 7
 Luke Ronchi
170*
 Sri Lanka
University Oval
23 January 2015

Number 8
 Chris Woakes
95*
 Sri Lanka
Trent Bridge
21 June 2016

Number 9
 Andre Russell
92*
 India
Sir Vivian Richards Stadium
11 June 2011

Number 10
 Ravi Rampaul
86*
 India
ACA-VDCA Stadium
2 December 2011

Number 11
 Mohammad Amir
58
 England
Trent Bridge
30 August 2016

Last updated: 29 January 2017[26]

text: Highest career average

text:
Average
Innings
Runs
Player
Period

67.00
32
1,541
 Ryan ten Doeschate
2006–2011

55.75
186
8,587
 Virat Kohli ‡
2008–present

53.88
31
1,455
 Babar Azam ‡
2015–present

53.58
196
6,912
 Michael Bevan
1994–2004

53.55
213
9,319
 AB de Villiers ‡
2005–present

Qualification: 20 innings
Last updated: 03 September 2017[27]

text: Highest strike rates

text:
Strike rate
Runs
Balls faced
Player
Period

130.81
985
753
 Andre Russell ‡
2011–present

124.10
1,977
1,593
 Glenn Maxwell ‡
2012–present

117.98
2,460
2,085
 Jos Buttler ‡
2012–present

117.17
629
535
 Kedar Jadhav ‡
2014–present

117.06
590
504
 Lionel Cann
2006–2009

Qualification: 500 balls faced
Last updated: 14 June 2017[28]

text: Most centuries

text:
Centuries
Innings
Player
Period

49
452
 Sachin Tendulkar
1989–2012

30
186
 Virat Kohli ‡
2008–present

365
 Ricky Ponting
1995–2012

28
433
 Sanath Jayasuriya
1989–2011

25
153
 Hashim Amla ‡
2008–present

380
 Kumar Sangakkara
2000–2015

Last updated: 03 September 2017[29]

text: Most fifties

text:
Fifties
Innings
Player
Period

96
452
 Sachin Tendulkar
1989–2012

93
380
 Kumar Sangakkara
2000–2015

86
314
 Jacques Kallis
1996–2014

83
318
 Rahul Dravid
1996–2011

350
 Inzamam-ul-Haq
1991–2007

Last updated: 15 February 2016[30]

text: Fastest fifties

text:
Balls faced
Player
Match
Venue
Date
Scorecard

16
 AB de Villiers ‡
 South Africa v  West Indies
Johannesburg
2014–15
Scorecard

17
 Sanath Jayasuriya
 Sri Lanka v  Pakistan
Singapore
1996
Scorecard

 Kusal Perera ‡
 Sri Lanka v  Pakistan
Kandy
2015
Scorecard

 Martin Guptill ‡
 New Zealand v  Sri Lanka
Christchurch
2015–16
Scorecard

18
 Brendon McCullum
 New Zealand v  England
Wellington
2014–15
Scorecard

 Simon O'Donnell
 Australia v  Sri Lanka
Sharjah
1990
Scorecard

 Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan v  Sri Lanka
Nairobi
1996
Scorecard

 Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan v  Netherlands
Colombo
2002
Scorecard

 Glenn Maxwell ‡
 Australia v  India
Bangalore
2013
Scorecard

 Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan v  Bangladesh
Dhaka
2014
Scorecard

 Aaron Finch ‡
 Australia v  Sri Lanka
Dumbulla
2016
Scorecard

Last updated: 31 August 2016[31]

text: Fastest centuries

text:
Balls faced
Player
Match
Venue
Date
Scorecard

31
 AB de Villiers ‡
 South Africa v  West Indies
Johannesburg
2014–15
Scorecard

36
 Corey Anderson ‡
 New Zealand v  West Indies
Queenstown Events Centre
2013–14
Scorecard

37
 Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan v  Sri Lanka
Nairobi Gymkhana Club
1996
Scorecard

44
 Mark Boucher
 South Africa v  Zimbabwe
Senwes Park
2006
Scorecard

45
 Brian Lara
 West Indies v  Bangladesh
Dhaka
2006
Scorecard

 Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan v  India
Kanpur
2005
Scorecard

Last updated: 31 August 2016[32]

text: Fastest 150s

text:
Balls faced
Player
Match
Venue
Date
Scorecard

64
 AB de Villiers ‡
 South Africa v  West Indies
Sydney
2015
Scorecard

83
 Shane Watson ‡
 Australia v  Bangladesh
Dhaka
2011
Scorecard

85
 Sharjeel Khan ‡
 Pakistan v  Ireland
Malahide
2016
Scorecard

92
 Luke Ronchi ‡
 New Zealand v  Sri Lanka
Dunedin
2014–15
Scorecard

95
 Sanath Jayasuriya
 Sri Lanka v  England
Leeds
2006
Scorecard

Last updated: 31 August 2016[32]

text: Fastest double centuries

text:
Balls faced
Player
Match
Venue
Season
Scorecard

138
 Chris Gayle ‡
 West Indies v  Zimbabwe
Canberra
2014–15
Scorecard

140
 Virender Sehwag
 India v  West Indies
Indore
2011–12
Scorecard

147
 Sachin Tendulkar
 India v  South Africa
Gwalior
2009–10
Scorecard

151
 Rohit Sharma ‡
 India v  Sri Lanka
Kolkata
2014–15
Scorecard

152
 Martin Guptill ‡
 New Zealand v  West Indies
Wellington
2014–15
Scorecard

Last updated: 15 February 2016

text: Most sixes in career

text:
Sixes
Player
Innings

351
 Shahid Afridi
369

270
 Sanath Jayasuriya
433

238
 Chris Gayle ‡
264

212
 MS Dhoni ‡
260

200
 Brendon McCullum
228

Last updated: 17 September 2017[33]

text: Most fours in career

text:
Fours
Player
Innings

2016
 Sachin Tendulkar
452

1500
 Sanath Jayasuriya
433

1385
 Kumar Sangakkara
380

1231
 Ricky Ponting
365

1162
 Adam Gilchrist
279

Last updated: 15 February 2016[34]

text: Most sixes in an innings

text:
Sixes
Runs
Player
Opposition
Venue
Match date
Scorecard

16
209
 Rohit Sharma ‡
 Australia
Bangalore
02 Nov 2013
Scorecard

149
 AB de Villiers ‡
 West Indies
Johannesburg
18 Jan 2015
Scorecard

215
 Chris Gayle ‡
 Zimbabwe
Canberra
24 Feb 2015
Scorecard

15
185*
 Shane Watson
 Bangladesh
Dhaka
11 Apr 2011
Scorecard

14
131*
 Corey Anderson ‡
 West Indies
Queenstown
1 Jan 2014
Scorecard

Last updated: 31 August 2016[35]

text: Most fours in an innings

text:
Fours
Runs
Player
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard

33
264
 Rohit Sharma ‡
 Sri Lanka
Kolkata
13 November 2014
Scorecard

25
200*
 Sachin Tendulkar
 South Africa
Gwalior
24 February 2010
Scorecard

219
 Virendar Sehwag
 West Indies
Indore
8 December 2011
Scorecard

24
157
 Sanath Jayasuriya
 Netherlands
Amstelveen
4 July 2006
Scorecard

237*
 Martin Guptill ‡
 West Indies
Wellington
21 March 2015
Scorecard

173
 David Warner
 South Africa
Cape Town
12 October 2016
Scorecard

Last updated: 2 December 2016[36]

text: Most runs in a calendar year

text:
Runs
Innings
Player
Year

1894
33
 Sachin Tendulkar
1998

1767
41
 Sourav Ganguly
1999

1761
43
 Rahul Dravid
1999

1611
32
 Sachin Tendulkar
1996

1601
30
 Matthew Hayden
2007

Last updated: 15 February 2016[37]

text: Most runs in an over

text:
Runs
Sequence
Batsman
Bowler
Venue
Date
Scorecard

36
6–6–6–6–6–6
 Herschelle Gibbs
 Daan van Bunge
St. Kitts
2006–07
Scorecard

35
6–W–6–6–6–4–6
 Thisara Perera ‡
 Robin Peterson
Pallekele
2013
Scorecard

34
4–(N+6)–2–(N+4)–4–4–2–6
 AB de Villiers ‡
 Jason Holder
Sydney
2014–15
Scorecard

32
4–4–6–6–6–6
 Shahid Afridi
 Malinga Bandara ‡
Abu Dhabi
2007
Scorecard

31
1–6–6–4–6–(N+4)–W–2[a]
 Kane Williamson ‡
 James Franklin ‡
 Rizwan Cheema ‡
 Harvir Baidwan ‡
Mumbai
2010–11
Scorecard

Last updated: 2 December 2016[38]

Key:

N – No ball
W – Wide

Notes:

^[a] Kane Williamson faced the first ball of the over before turning over the strike to James Franklin. Rizwan Cheema was taken out of the bowling attack after bowling the no-ball, which was his second above-the-waist full toss bowled in the innings. He was replaced by Harvir Baidwan, who bowled the last two deliveries of the over.[39]

text: Most runs in a match on the losing side

text:
Innings
Player
Runs
Opposition
Year

1st
 Charles Coventry
194*
 Bangladesh
2009

1st
 Matthew Hayden
181*
 New Zealand
2007

2nd
 Sachin Tendulkar
175
 Australia
2009

2nd
 David Warner
173
 South Africa
2016

1st
 Rohit Sharma
171*
 Australia
2016

Last updated: 1 March 2017[40]

text: Most Number of innings before first duck

text:
Innings
Player
Year

72
 Kumar Dharmasena
2001

70
 Gordon Greenidge
1986

68
 Craig McMillan
2001

67
 Chris Cairns
1997

67
 Graeme Smith
2005

Last updated: 1 March 2017[41]

text: Most Runs in an innings as captain

text:
Runs
Player
Opponents
Year

219
 Virender Sehwag
West Indies
2011

189
 Sanath Jayasuriya
India
2000

186*
 Sachin Tendulkar
New Zealand
1999

181
 Sir Vivian Richards
Sri Lanka
1987

175*
 Kapil Dev
Zimbabwe
1983

Last updated: 1 March 2017[42]

text: Most Runs in an innings as wicketkeeper batsman

text:
Runs
Player
Opponents
Year

183*
 MS Dhoni
Sri Lanka
2005

178
 Quinton de Kock
Australia
2016

172
 Adam Gilchrist
New Zealand
2004

170*
 Luke Ronchi
Sri Lanka
2015

169
 Kumar Sangakkara
South Africa
2013

Last updated: 1 March 2017[43]

text: Most Runs in a career without hundred

text:
Runs
Player
Best
Span

5122
 Misbah-ul-Haq
96*
2002–2015

3717
 Wasim Akram
86
1984–2003

3266
 Moin Khan
72*
1990–2004

2943
 Heath Streak
79*
1993–2005

2784
 Andrew Jones
93
1987–1995

Last updated: 1 March 2017[44]

text: Individual records (bowling)

text: Most wickets

text:
Wickets
Matches
Player
Period

534
350
 Muttiah Muralitharan
1993–2011

502
356
 Wasim Akram
1984–2003

416
262
 Waqar Younis
1989–2003

400
322
 Chaminda Vaas
1994–2008

395
398
 Shahid Afridi
1996–2015

Last updated: 15 February 2016[45]

text: Best innings figures

text:
Bowling figures
Player
Match
Venue
Date

8/19
 Chaminda Vaas
 Sri Lanka v  Zimbabwe
Colombo
8 December 2001

7/12
 Shahid Afridi
 Pakistan v  West Indies
Guyana
14 July 2013

7/15
 Glenn McGrath
 Australia v  Namibia
Potchefstroom
27 February 2003

7/18
 Rashid Khan
 Afghanistan v  West Indies
Gros Islet
9 June 2017

7/20
 Andy Bichel
 Australia v  England
Port Elizabeth
2 March 2003

Last updated: 10 June 2017[46]

text: Most runs conceded in an innings

text:
Runs
Bowling figures
Player
Match
Venue
Year
Scorecard

113
10–0–113–0
 Mick Lewis
 Australia v  South Africa
Johannesburg
2006
Scorecard

110
10–0–110–0
 Wahab Riaz
 Pakistan v  England
Nottingham
2016
Scorecard

106
10–0–106–1
 Bhuvneshwar Kumar ‡
 India v  South Africa
Mumbai
2015–16
Scorecard

105
12–1–105–2
 Martin Snedden
 New Zealand v  England
The Oval
1983
Scorecard

10–0–105–0
 Tim Southee ‡
 New Zealand v  India
Christchurch
2009
Scorecard

9–0–105–1
 Brian Vitori ‡
 Zimbabwe v  New Zealand
Napier
2012
Scorecard

Last updated: 30 August 2016[47]

text: Best career bowling average

text:
Bowling average
Player
Runs
Wickets

14.74
 Rashid Khan ‡
929
63

18.84
 Joel Garner
2,752
146

18.90
 Ryan Harris
832
44

18.97
 Tony Gray
835
44

19.45
 Mike Hendrick
681
35

Qualification: 1000 balls bowled
Last updated: 15 June 2017[48]

text: Best career economy rate

text:
Economy rate
Player
Balls
Runs

3.09
 Joel Garner
5,330
2,752

3.25
 Max Walker
1,006
546

3.27
 Mike Hendrick
1,248
681

3.28
 Bob Willis
3,595
1,968

3.30
 Richard Hadlee
6,182
3,407

Qualification: 1000 balls bowled
Last updated: 15 February 2016[49]

text: Best career bowling strike rate

text:
Bowling strike rate
Player
Balls
Wickets

22.2
 Rashid Khan ‡
1,401
63

23.4
 Ryan Harris
1,031
44

24.2
 Mustafizur Rahman ‡
1,067
44

24.7
 Corey Anderson ‡
1,485
60

24.8
 Hasan Ali ‡
1,044
42

Qualification: 1000 balls bowled
Last updated: 18 June 2017.[50]

text: Most 5 wickets in an innings

text:
5 wickets in an innings
Player
Matches

13
 Waqar Younis
262

10
 Muttiah Muralitharan
350

9
 Brett Lee
221

 Shahid Afridi
398

7
 Lasith Malinga ‡
194

 Glenn McGrath
250

Last updated: 12 June 2017[51]

text: Individual records (fielding)

text: Most catches in ODI career

text:
Catches
Player
Matches

218
 Mahela Jayawardene
448

160
 Ricky Ponting
375

156
 Mohammed Azharuddin
334

140
 Sachin Tendulkar
463

133
 Stephen Fleming
280

Note:The list excludes catches made as wicket-keeper.[52]
Last updated: 15 February 2016

text: Individual records (wicket-keeping)

text: Most dismissals

text:
Dismissals
Player
Innings

482 (383 catches + 99 stumpings)
 Kumar Sangakkara
353

472 (417 catches + 55 stumpings)
 Adam Gilchrist
281

424 (402 catches + 22 stumpings)
 Mark Boucher
290

386 (285 catches + 101 stumpings)
 MS Dhoni ‡
297

287 (214 catches + 73 stumpings)
 Moin Khan
209

Last updated: 17 September 2017[53]
Note. Sangakkara also took 19 catches in 44 matches when he was not the designated wicket keeper.[54]

text: Most catches

text:
Catches
Player
Innings

417
 Adam Gilchrist
281

402
 Mark Boucher
290

383
 Kumar Sangakkara
353

285
 MS Dhoni ‡
296

227
 Brendon McCullum
183

Last updated: 17 September 2017[55]
Note. Sangakkara also took 19 catches in 44 matches when he was not the designated wicket keeper.[54]

text: Most stumpings

text:
Stumpings
Player
Innings
ODI Career Span

101
 Mahendra Singh Dhoni‡
297
2004–present

99
 Kumar Sangakkara
353
2000–2015

75
 Romesh Kaluwitharana
185
1990–2004

73
 Moin Khan
209
1990–2004

55
 Adam Gilchrist
281
1996–2008

Last updated: 17 September 2017[56]

text: Individual records (other)

text: Most matches played

text:
Matches
Player
Period

463
 Sachin Tendulkar
1989–2012

448
 Mahela Jayawardene
1998–2015

445
 Sanath Jayasuriya
1989–2011

404
 Kumar Sangakkara
2000–2015

398
 Shahid Afridi
1996–2015

Last updated: 9 January 2016[57]

text: Partnership records

text: Highest partnerships

text:
Runs
Players
Opposition
Venue
Season

372 (2nd wicket) †
 Chris Gayle ‡ (215) &  Marlon Samuels ‡ (133*)
v  Zimbabwe
Canberra
2014–15

331 (2nd wicket)
 Sachin Tendulkar (186*) &  Rahul Dravid (153)
v  New Zealand
Hyderabad
1999–00

318 (2nd wicket)(first 300+) †
 Sourav Ganguly (183) &  Rahul Dravid (145)
v  Sri Lanka
Taunton
1999

286 (1st wicket)
 Sanath Jayasuriya (152) &  Upul Tharanga ‡ (109)
v  England
Headingley
2006

284 (1st wicket)
 David Warner ‡ (179) &  Travis Head ‡ (100)
v  Pakistan
Adelaide
2016–17

Note: † indicate partnerships, made in the Cricket World Cup.
Last updated: 26 January 2017[58]

text: Highest partnership for each wicket

text:
Wicket
Runs
Players
Opposition
Venue
Season

1st
286
 Upul Tharanga ‡ &  Sanath Jayasuriya
v  England
Headingley
2006

2nd
372
 Chris Gayle ‡ &  Marlon Samuels ‡
v  Zimbabwe
Canberra
2014–15

3rd
258
 Darren Bravo ‡ &  Denesh Ramdin ‡
v  Bangladesh
Basseterre
2014

4th
275*
 Mohammad Azharuddin &  Ajay Jadeja
v  Zimbabwe
Cuttack
1998

5th
256*
 David Miller ‡ &  JP Duminy ‡
v  Zimbabwe
Hamilton
2014–15

6th
267*
 Grant Elliott ‡ &  Luke Ronchi ‡
v  Sri Lanka
Dunedin
2015

7th
177
 Jos Buttler &  Adil Rashid
v  New Zealand
Edgbaston
2015

8th
138*
 Justin Kemp &  Andrew Hall
v  India
Cape Town
2006

9th
132
 Angelo Mathews ‡ &  Lasith Malinga ‡
v  Australia
Melbourne
2010

10th
106*
 Viv Richards &  Michael Holding
v  England
Manchester
1984

Last updated: 15 February 2016[59]


document_title: Automatic watch

question_text: how long does a self-winding watch stay wound

text: Automatic watch

text: Operation[edit]

text: In a mechanical watch the watch's gears are turned by a spiral spring called a mainspring. In a manual watch energy is stored in the mainspring by turning a knob, the crown on the side of the watch, winding the mainspring. Then the energy from the mainspring powers the watch movement until it runs down, requiring the spring to be wound again.

text: A self-winding watch movement has a mechanism which winds the mainspring using the natural motions of the wearer's body.[1] The watch contains an eccentric weight that turns on a pivot. The normal movements of the watch in the user's pocket or on the user's arm cause the rotor to pivot on its staff, which is attached to a ratcheted winding mechanism. The motion of the watch is thereby translated into circular motion of the weight which, through a series of reverser and reducing gears, eventually winds the mainspring. There are many different designs for modern self-winding mechanisms. Some designs allow winding of the watch to take place while the weight swings in only one direction while other, more advanced, mechanisms have two ratchets and wind the mainspring during both clockwise and anti-clockwise weight motions.

text: The fully wound mainspring in a typical watch can store enough energy reserve for roughly two days, allowing the watch to keep running through the night while stationary. In many cases automatic wristwatches can also be wound manually by turning the crown, so the watch can be kept running when not worn, and in case the wearer's wrist motions are not sufficient to keep it wound automatically.[2]

text: Preventing overwinding[edit]

text: Self-winding mechanisms continue working even after the mainspring is fully wound up. If a simple mainspring was used, this would put excessive tension on the mainspring. This could break the mainspring, and even if it did not, it can cause a problem called "knocking" or "banking". The excessive drive force applied to the watch movement gear train can make the balance wheel rotate with excessive amplitude, causing the impulse pin to hit the back of the pallet fork horns. This will make the watch run fast, and could break the impulse pin. To prevent this, a slipping clutch device is used on the mainspring so it cannot be overwound.

text: The slipping spring or "bridle"[edit]

text: The "slipping mainspring" device was patented by Adrien Philippe, one of the founders of Patek Philippe, on 16 June 1863,[3] long before self-winding wristwatches. In an ordinary watch mainspring barrel, the outer end of the spiral mainspring is attached to the inside of the barrel. In the slipping barrel, the mainspring is attached to a circular steel expansion spring, often called the 'bridle', which presses against the inside wall of the barrel, which has serrations or notches to hold it.[4]

text: As long as the mainspring is less than fully wound, the bridle holds the mainspring by friction to the barrel wall, allowing the mainspring to be wound. When the mainspring reaches full wind, its force is stronger than the bridle spring, and further winding pulls the bridle loose from the notches and it simply slides along the wall, preventing the mainspring from being wound further. The bridle must grip the barrel wall with just the right force to allow the mainspring to wind fully but not overwind. If it grips too loosely, the bridle will begin to slip before the mainspring is fully wound, a defect known as 'mainspring creep' which results in a shortened reserve power time.

text: A further advantage of this device is that the mainspring cannot be broken by excessive manual winding. This feature is often described in watch company advertising as an "unbreakable mainspring".

text: History[edit]

text: Pocket watches[edit]

text: The earliest reference to self-winding watches is at the end of 1773 when a newspaper reported that Joseph Tlustos had invented a watch that did not need to be wound.[5] But his idea was probably based on the myth of perpetual motion, and it is unlikely that it was a practical solution to the problem of self-winding watches. In 1776 Joseph Gallmayr also stated that he had made a self-winding watch, but there is no evidence to support this claim.

text: The earliest credible evidence for a successful design is the watch made by the Swiss watchmaker Abraham-Louis Perrelet, who lived in Le Locle. In late 1776 or early 1777, he invented a self-winding mechanism for pocket watches using an oscillating weight inside the watch that moved up and down.[6] The Geneva Society of Arts, reporting on this watch in 1777, stated that 15 minutes walking was necessary to fully wind the watch.

text: In 1777 Abraham-Louis Breguet also became interested in the idea and his first attempts led him to make a self-winding mechanism with a barrel remontoir.[7] Although a successful design, it was too complex and expensive for it to be manufactured and sold.

text: About the end of 1777 or early 1778, Hubert Sarton (fr: Hubert Sarton) designed a watch with a rotor mechanism. Towards the end of 1778 he sent a watch to the French Academy of Sciences and a report was written which, together with a drawing, gave a detailed description of the mechanism.[8] Sarton's design is similar to those used in modern wrist watches, although there is no evidence linking the 18th-century design to 20th-century developments.

text: About the beginning of 1779, Abraham-Louis Breguet became aware of Perrelet's watches, probably through Louis Recordon, who travelled from Geneva to London via Le Locle and Paris.[9] Breguet studied and improved the design, and made many self-winding watches from then to about 1810.

text: Although a few self-winding watches and patents for them were made from 1780 on, for more than one hundred years these watches were rare, until the advent of the wrist watch.

text: During the years 1776 to 1810 four different types of weight were used:

text: As noted above, some watches bidirectional winding and others used unidirectional winding. The latter is sufficient and all of Breguet's watches used unidirectional winding.

text: Before the invention of the slipping mainspring, automatic watches had a system for locking the weight. Most common, as in the 1780 drawing, when the mainspring was fully wound a lever K was raised that entered a hole N in the weight to prevent it from moving until the mainspring had unwound enough to lower the lever. Different methods were used in side-weight, rotor and center-weight mechanisms.

text: Wrist Watches[edit]

text: The advent of the wrist watch after World War I led to renewed interest in self-winding mechanisms, and all four types listed above were used:

text: Harwood "Bumper" wristwatches: 1923[edit]

text: Invented by John Harwood, a watch repairer from Bolton, England, who took out a UK patent with his financial backer, Harry Cutts, on 7 July 1923, and obtained a corresponding Swiss patent on 16 October 1923.[14][15][16] The Harwood system used a pivoting weight which swung as the wearer moved, winding the mainspring. The ratchet mechanism wound the mainspring only when moving in one direction. The weight did not rotate a full 360°; spring bumpers limited its swing to about 180°, to encourage a back and forth motion.[17] This early type of self-winding mechanism is now referred to as a 'hammer' or 'bumper'.[18]

text: Like its 18th century counterparts, Harwood's watch also had a problem with jerking because "the brass weight hit too sharply against the banking pins as it pivoted".[19]

text: When fully wound, Harwood's watch would run for 12 hours autonomously.[citation needed] It did not have a conventional stem winder, so the hands were moved manually by rotating a bezel around the face of the watch. The watches were first produced with the help of Swiss watch manufacturer Fortis and went on sale in 1928. 30,000 were made before the Harwood Self-Winding Watch Company collapsed in 1931 in the Great Depression. 'Bumper' watches were the first commercially successful automatic watches; they were made by several high grade watch manufacturers during the 1930s and 1940s.[citation needed]

text: Rolex[edit]

text: The Rolex Watch Company improved Harwood's design in 1930 and used it as the basis for the Rolex Oyster Perpetual, in which the centrally mounted semi-circular weight could rotate through a full 360° rather than the about 200° of the 'bumper' winder. Rolex's version also increased the amount of energy stored in the mainspring, allowing it to run autonomously for up to 35 hours.

text: Information about 18th century rotor watches was not published until 1949. Although the Oyster Perpetual was probably an original invention, the company may have known of Coviot's 1893 patent that re-invented the 18th century design.[20]

text: Eterna ball bearing[edit]

text: The next development for automatic watches came in 1948 from Eterna Watch. To wind a watch effectively, one of the chief requirements of a rotor is heft. Until this point, the best bearing used in any watch was a jewel bearing, which perfectly suits the small gears of a watch. A rotor, on the other hand, requires a different solution. In 1948, Eterna introduced the solution that is still in use today: ball bearings. Ball bearings provide robust support for a heavy object to rotate smoothly and reliably even under abnormal stress, such as if the watch were dropped.

text: Carl F. Bucherer Weighted geared ring[edit]

text: By the 1960s, automatic winding had become standard in quality mechanical watches. Because the rotor weight needed in an automatic watch takes up a lot of space in the case, increasing its thickness, some manufacturers of quality watches, such as Patek Philippe, continue to design manually wound watches, which can be as thin as 1.77 millimeters.

text: However, in 2007 Carl F. Bucherer implemented a new approach without a rotor, a peripherally mounted power source, where a geared ring made of tungsten encircles the entire mechanism, rotating on carbon rollers whenever the watch moves. A system of clutch wheels captures power. No rotor means thinner watches and an ultradense weight swinging around a greater radius means a better chance of achieving a greater power reserve with same amount of arm movement.[21][22]