document_title: Article Two of the United States Constitution

question_text: where is the qualifications of the president found

question_tokens: where is the qualifications of the president found

text: Article Two of the United States Constitution

text: Section 1: President and Vice President[edit]

text: Clause 1: Executive Power[edit]

text: The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be elected, as follows[1]

text: Section 1 begins with a vesting clause that confers federal executive power upon the President. Similar clauses are found in Article I and Article III. The former bestows federal legislative power exclusively to Congress, and the latter grants judicial power solely to the Supreme Court. These three articles create a separation of powers among the three branches of the federal government.

text: In addition to separation of powers and equally important to limited government, each independent and sovereign branch also provides checks and balances on the operation and power of the other two branches.

text: The President's executive power is subject to two important limitations. First, the President lacks executive authority explicitly granted to Congress. Hence the President cannot declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, or regulate commerce, even though executives had often wielded such authority in the past. In these instances, Congress retained portions of the executive power that the Continental Congress had wielded under the Articles of Confederation.

text: In fact, because those actions require legislation passed by Congress which must be signed by the President to take effect, those powers are not strictly executive powers granted to or retained by Congress per se. Nor were they retained by the U.S. Congress as leftovers from the Articles of Confederation. The Articles of Confederation, Continental Congress and its powers were abolished at the time the new U.S. Congress was seated and the new federal government formally and officially replaced its interim predecessor. And although the President is not specifically granted the power to declare war, a declaration of war is not in and of itself a vehicle of executive power since it is literally just a public declaration that the U.S. government considers itself "at war" with a foreign political entity.

text: Regardless of the inability to declare war, the President does have the power to unilaterally order military action in defense of the United States when he determines that a foreign political entity poses a clear and present danger to the safety and security of the United States. By U.S. law, the only limitation on that power is a requirement to notify specific members of Congress within 48 hours after the beginning of military operations. Once proper legal notification is given to the required members of Congress, military action can continue and remain secret so long as the President judges it necessary to national security.

text: Second, specific constitutional provisions may check customary executive authority. Notwithstanding his executive power, the President cannot make treaties or appointments without the advice and consent of the Senate. Likewise, the President's pardon power is limited to offenses against the United States (federal crimes) and does not extend to impeachments or violations of state law.[2] As treaties are by U.S. law official agreements with foreign governments recognized as such only after Senate ratification, the President obviously cannot make treaties unilaterally. However, the President does determine and decide U.S. foreign policy and can enter into non-binding discussions and give conditional approval to agreements reached with foreign governments subject to Senate ratification at a future date.

text: Additionally, since official treaties are specifically created under and by constitutional U.S. law and are entered into by both government and the people as a whole, in his capacity as head of state and as the single individual representative of the United States and its citizens, the President does have Coauthority and Constitutional duty to unilaterally withdraw the United States from treaties if he determines the best interests and well being of the U.S. and its citizens are benefited by doing so.

text: As far as presidential appointments, as with treaties a person is not officially and legally appointed to a position until their appointment is approved by the Senate. Prior to Senate approval and publication of that approval along with an official date and time for their swearing-in and assumption of duties and responsibilities, they are nominees rather than appointees. And again, the President nominates people for specific positions at his pleasure and can do so without or in spite of Senate advice. Senate consent occurs when a supermajority of senators votes to approve and therefore appoint a nominee.

text: The head of the Executive Branch is the President. Although also named in this first clause, the Vice President is not constitutionally vested with any executive power. Nonetheless, the Constitution dictates that the President and Vice President are to be elected at the same time, for the same term, and by the same constituency. The framers' intent was to preserve the independence of the executive branch should the person who was Vice President succeed to the duties of the presidency.[citation needed]

text: Clause 2: Method of choosing electors[edit]

text: Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector.

text: Under the U.S. Constitution the President and Vice President are chosen by Electors, under a constitutional grant of authority delegated to the legislatures of the several states. The Constitution reserves the choice of the precise manner for creating Electors to the will of the state legislatures. It does not define or delimit what process a state legislature may use to create its state college of Electors. In practice, the state legislatures have generally chosen to create Electors through an indirect popular vote, since the 1820s. Most states have a "winner-take-all" system in which the candidate with the most votes in the state gets all the electoral votes.[3] Maine and Nebraska allow individual congressional districts to elect one elector.

text: In an indirect popular vote, it is the names of the candidates who are on the ballot to be elected. Most states do not put the names of the electors on the ballot.[3] It is generally understood by the voters and the Electors themselves that they are the representative "stand-ins" for the candidates and are expected to cast their electoral college ballots for the President and Vice President who appeared on the ballot. The actual electors being voted for are usually selected by the candidate's party. There are a few cases where some electors have refused to vote for the designated candidate. Many states have mandated in law that Electors shall cast their electoral college ballot for the designated Presidential Candidate.[3] The constitutionality of such mandates is uncertain.[citation needed]

text: Each state chooses as many Electors as it has Representatives and Senators representing it in Congress. Under the 23rd Amendment, the District of Columbia may choose no more electors than the state with the lowest number of electoral votes. No Senators, Representatives or federal officers may become Electors.

text: Clause 3: Electors[edit]

text: The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such Majority, and have an equal Number of Votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately chuse [sic] by Ballot one of them for President; and if no Person have a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the said House shall in like Manner chuse [sic] the President. But in chusing [sic] the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representation from each State having one Vote; A quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse [sic] from them by Ballot the Vice President.

text: (Note: This procedure was changed by the 12th Amendment in 1804.)

text: In modern practice, each state chooses its electors in popular elections. Once chosen, the electors meet in their respective states to cast ballots for the President and Vice President. Originally, each elector cast two votes for President; at least one of the individuals voted for had to be from a state different from the elector's. The individual with the majority of votes became President, and the runner-up became Vice President. In case of a tie between candidates who received votes from a majority of electors, the House of Representatives would choose one of the tied candidates; if no person received a majority, then the House could again choose one of the five with the greatest number of votes. When the House voted, each state delegation cast one vote, and the vote of a majority of states was necessary to choose a President. If second-place candidates were tied, then the Senate broke the tie. A quorum in the House consisted of at least one member from two-thirds of the state delegations; there was no special quorum for the Senate. This procedure was followed in 1801 after the electoral vote produced a tie, and nearly resulted in a deadlock in the House.

text: The 12th Amendment introduced a number of important changes to the procedure. Now, Electors do not cast two votes for President; rather, they cast one vote for President and another for Vice President. In case no Presidential candidate receives a majority, the House chooses from the top three (not five, as before the 12th Amendment). The Amendment also requires the Senate to choose the Vice President from those with the two highest figures if no Vice Presidential candidate receives a majority of electoral votes (rather than only if there's a tie for second for President). It also stipulates that to be the Vice President, a person must be qualified to be the President.

text: Clause 4: Election day[edit]

text: The Congress may determine the Time of chusing [sic] the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States.

text: Congress sets a national Election Day. Currently, Electors are chosen on the Tuesday following the first Monday in November (the first Tuesday after November 1), in the year before the President's term is to expire. The Electors cast their votes on the Monday following the second Wednesday in December (the first Monday after December 12) of that year. Thereafter, the votes are opened and counted by the Vice President, as President of the Senate, in a joint session of Congress.

text: Clause 5: Qualifications for office[edit]

text: Section 1 of Article Two of the United States Constitution sets forth the eligibility requirements for serving as president of the United States:

text: No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States.

text: At the time the President takes office he must be:

text:
a natural born citizen
at least 35 years old
an inhabitant of the United States for at least fourteen years.

tag: ul

text: Eligibility for holding the office of President and Vice President were modified by subsequent amendments:

text:
The 12th Amendment (1804) requires the Vice President to meet all of the qualifications of being President.
The 22nd Amendment (1951) prevents anyone from being elected to the presidency more than twice (or once, if the person has completed at least two years of a presidential term to which someone else was originally elected).

text: Clause 6: Vacancy and disability[edit]

text: In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.

text: (Note: This clause was partially superseded by the 25th Amendment in 1967.)

text: The wording of this clause caused much controversy at the time it was first used. When William Henry Harrison died in office, a debate arose over whether the Vice President would become President, or if he would just inherit the powers, thus becoming an Acting President. Harrison's Vice President, John Tyler, believed that he had the right to become President. However, many Senators argued that he only had the right to assume the powers of the presidency long enough to call for a new election. Because the wording of the clause is so vague, it was impossible for either side to prove its point. Tyler took the Oath of Office as President, setting a precedent that made it possible for later Vice Presidents to ascend to the presidency unchallenged following the President's death. The "Tyler Precedent" established that if the President dies, resigns or is removed from office, the Vice President becomes President.

text: The Congress may provide for a line of succession beyond the Vice President. The current Presidential Succession Act establishes the order as the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the President pro tempore of the Senate and then the fifteen Cabinet Secretaries in order of that Department's establishment. There are concerns regarding the constitutionality of having members of Congress in the line of succession, however, as this clause specifies that only an "officer of the United States" may be designated as a presidential successor. Constitutional scholars from James Madison to the present day have argued that the term "officer" excludes members of Congress.

text: The 25th Amendment explicitly states that if the President dies, resigns or is removed from office, the Vice President becomes President, and also establishes a procedure for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President. The Amendment further provides that the President, or the Vice President and Cabinet, can declare the President unable to discharge his duties, in which case the Vice President becomes Acting President. If the declaration is done by the Vice President and Cabinet, the Amendment permits the President to take control back, unless the Vice President and Cabinet challenge the President and two-thirds of both Houses vote to sustain the findings of the Vice President and Cabinet. If the declaration is done by the President, he may take control back without risk of being overridden by the Congress.

text: Clause 7: Salary[edit]

text: The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them.

text: The President's salary, currently $400,000 a year, must remain constant throughout the President's term. The President may not receive other compensation from either the federal or any state government.

text: Clause 8: Oath or affirmation[edit]

text: Before he enters the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:—"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."

text: According to the Joint Congressional Committee on Presidential Inaugurations, George Washington added the words "So help me God" during his first inaugural,[4] though this has been disputed. There are no contemporaneous sources for this fact, and no eyewitness sources to Washington's first inaugural mention the phrase at all—including those that transcribed what he said for his oath.

text: Also, the President-elect's name is typically added after the "I", for example, "I, George Washington, do...." Normally, the Chief Justice of the United States administers the oath. It is sometimes asserted that the oath bestows upon the President the power to do whatever is necessary to "preserve, protect and defend the Constitution." Andrew Jackson, while vetoing an Act for the renewal of the charter of the national bank, implied that the President could refuse to execute statutes that he felt were unconstitutional. In suspending the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, President Abraham Lincoln claimed that he acted according to the oath. His action was challenged in court and overturned by the U.S. Circuit Court in Maryland (led by Chief Justice Roger B. Taney) in Ex Parte Merryman, 17 F. Cas. 144 (C.C.D. Md. 1861). Lincoln ignored Taney's order. Finally, Andrew Johnson's counsel referred to the theory during his impeachment trial. Otherwise, few have seriously asserted that the oath augments the President's powers.

text: The Vice President also has an oath of office, but it is not mandated by the Constitution and is prescribed by statute. Currently, the Vice Presidential oath is the same as that for Members of Congress.

text: Section 2: Presidential powers[edit]

text: In the landmark decision Nixon v. General Services Administration, Justice William Rehnquist, afterwards the Chief Justice, declared in his dissent the need to "fully describe the preeminent position that the President of the United States occupies with respect to our Republic. Suffice it to say that the President is made the sole repository of the executive powers of the United States, and the powers entrusted to him as well as the duties imposed upon him are indeed a powerful and incredible responsibility but as well as a great honor."

text: Clause 1: Command of military; Opinions of cabinet secretaries; Pardons[edit]

text: The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offenses against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.

text: The Constitution vests the President with Executive Power. That power reaches its zenith when wielded to protect national security.[6] And federal courts in the United States must pay proper deference to the Executive in assessing the threats that face the nation.[7] The President is the military's commander-in-chief; however Article One gives Congress and not the President the exclusive right to declare war. Nevertheless, the power of the president to initiate hostilities has been subject to question. According to historian Thomas Woods, "Ever since the Korean War, Article II, Section 2 [...] has been interpreted 'The president has the power to initiate hostilities without consulting Congress' [....] But what the framers actually meant by that clause was that once war has been declared, it was the President’s responsibility as commander-in-chief to direct the war. Alexander Hamilton spoke in such terms when he said that the president, although lacking the power to declare war, would have “the direction of war when authorized or begun.” The president acting alone was authorized only to repel sudden attacks (hence the decision to withhold from him only the power to “declare” war, not to “make” war, which was thought to be a necessary emergency power in case of foreign attack).[8][9] Since World War II, every major military action has been technically a U.S. military operation or a U.N. "police action", which are deemed legally legitimate by Congress, and various United Nations Resolutions because of decisions such as the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution or the Resolution of The Congress Providing Authorization for Use of Force In Iraq.

text: The President may require the "principal officer" of any executive department to tender his advice in writing. While the Constitution nowhere requires a formal Cabinet, it does authorize the president to seek advice from the principal officers of the various departments as he (or she) performs their official duties. George Washington found it prudent to organize his principal officers into a Cabinet, and it has been part of the executive branch structure ever since. Presidents have used Cabinet meetings of selected principal officers but to widely differing extents and for different purposes. Secretary of State William H. Seward advocated the use of a parliamentary-style Cabinet government to President Abraham Lincoln, but was rebuffed. Later, Woodrow Wilson advocated use of a parliamentary-style Cabinet while he was a professor, but as President he would have none of it in his administration. In recent administrations, cabinets have grown to include key White House staff in addition to department and agency heads. President Ronald Reagan formed seven subcabinet councils to review many policy issues, and subsequent Presidents have followed that practice.[10]

text: The President, furthermore, may grant pardon or reprieves, except in cases of impeachment. Originally, as ruled by the Supreme Court in United States v. Wilson (1833), the pardon could be rejected by the convict. In Biddle v. Perovich 274 U.S. 480 (1927), the Supreme Court reversed the doctrine, ruling that "[a] pardon in our days is not a private act of grace from an individual happening to possess power. It is a part of the Constitutional scheme. When granted it is the determination of the ultimate authority that the public welfare will be better served by inflicting less than what the judgment fixed."[11]

text: Clause 2: Advice and Consent Clause[edit]

text: The President exercises the powers in the Advice and Consent Clause with the advice and consent of the Senate.

text: He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.

text: Treaties[edit]

text: The President may enter the United States into treaties, but they are not effective until ratified by a two-thirds vote in the Senate.[12] In Article II however, the Constitution is not very explicit about the termination of treaties. The first abrogation of a treaty occurred in 1798, when Congress passed a law terminating a 1778 Treaty of Alliance with France.[13] In the nineteenth century, several Presidents terminated treaties after Congress passed resolutions requesting the same.[14] In 1854, however, President Franklin Pierce terminated a treaty with Denmark with the consent of the Senate alone. A Senate committee ruled that it was correct procedure for the President to terminate treaties after being authorized by the Senate alone, and not the entire Congress. President Pierce's successors, however, returned to the former procedure of obtaining authorization from both Houses. Some Presidents have claimed to themselves the exclusive power of terminating treaties. The first unambiguous case of a President terminating a treaty without authorization, granted prior to or after the termination, occurred when Jimmy Carter terminated a treaty with the Republic of China.[15] For the first time, judicial determination was sought, but the effort proved futile: the Supreme Court could not find a majority agreeing on any particular principle, and therefore instructed the trial court to dismiss the case.

text: Appointments[edit]

text: The President may also appoint judges, ambassadors, consuls, ministers and other officers with the advice and consent of the Senate. By law, however, Congress may allow the President, heads of executive departments, or the courts to appoint inferior officials.

text: The Senate has a long-standing practice of permitting motions to reconsider previous decisions. In 1931, the Senate granted advice and consent to the President on the appointment of a member of the Federal Power Commission. The officer in question was sworn in, but the Senate, under the guise of a motion to reconsider, rescinded the advice and consent. In the writ of quo warranto proceedings that followed, the Supreme Court ruled that the Senate was not permitted to rescind advice and consent after the officer had been installed.

text: After the Senate grants advice and consent, however, the President is under no compulsion to commission the officer. It has not been settled whether the President has the prerogative to withhold a commission after having signed it. This issue played a large part in the famous court case Marbury v. Madison.

text: At times the President has asserted the power to remove individuals from office. Congress has often explicitly limited the President's power to remove; during the Reconstruction Era, Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act, purportedly preventing Andrew Johnson from removing, without the advice and consent of the Senate, anyone appointed with the advice and consent of the Senate. President Johnson ignored the Act, and was later impeached and acquitted. The constitutionality of the Act was not immediately settled. In Myers v. United States, 272 U.S. 52 (1926), the Supreme Court held that Congress could not limit the President's power to remove an executive officer (the Postmaster General), but in Humphrey's Executor v. United States, 295 U.S. 602 (1935) it upheld Congress's authority to restrict the President's power to remove officers of the Federal Trade Commission, an "administrative body [that] cannot in any proper sense be characterized as an arm or eye of the executive."

text: Congress may repeal the legislation that authorizes the appointment of an executive officer. But it "cannot reserve for itself the power of an officer charged with the execution of the laws except by impeachment."[16] Congress has from time to time changed the number of justices in the Supreme Court.

text: Clause 3: Recess appointments[edit]

text: The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.

text: During recesses of the Senate, the President may appoint officers, but their commissions expire at the conclusion of the Senate's next session.

text: Section 3: Presidential responsibilities[edit]

text: He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the United States.

text: Clause 1: State of the Union[edit]

text: The President must give the Congress information on the "State of the Union" "from time to time." This is called the State of the Union Clause.[17] Originally, Presidents personally delivered annual addresses to Congress. Thomas Jefferson, who felt that the procedure resembled the Speech from the Throne delivered by British monarchs, chose instead to send written messages to Congress for reading by clerks. Jefferson's procedure was followed by future Presidents until Woodrow Wilson reverted to the former procedure of personally addressing Congress, which has continued to this day[update].[17]

text: Kesavan and Sidak explain the purpose of the State of the Union clause:

text: Clause 2: Making recommendations to Congress[edit]

text: The president has the power and duty[17] to recommend, for the consideration of Congress, such measures which the president deems as "necessary and expedient". At his inauguration George Washington declared in his Inaugural Address: "By the article establishing the executive department it is made the duty of the President 'to recommend to your consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient.'" This is the Recommendation Clause.[18]

text: Kesavan and Sidak explain the purpose of the Recommendation clause:

text: Sidak explained that there is a connection between the Recommendation clause and the Petition Clause of the 1st Amendment: "Through his performance of the duty to recommend measures to Congress, the President functions as the agent of a diffuse electorate who seek the redress of grievances. To muzzle the President, therefore, is to diminish the effectiveness of this right expressly reserved to the people under the first amendment."[18]:2119, note 7 Kesavan and Sidak also cited a Professor Bybee who stated in this context: "The Recommendation Clause empowers the President to represent the people before Congress, by recommending measures for the reform of government, for the general welfare, or for the redress of grievances. The Right of Petition Clause prevents Congress from abridging the right of the people to petition for a redress of grievances."[17]:43

text: The Recommendation clause imposes a duty, but its performance rests solely with the President. Congress possesses no power to compel the President to recommend, as he alone is the "judge" of what is "necessary and expedient." Unlike the Necessary and Proper Clause of Article I, which limits Congress's discretion to carrying out only its delegated powers, the phrase "necessary and expedient" implies a wider range of discretion for the President. Because this is a political question, there has been little judicial involvement with the President's actions under the clause as long as Presidents have not tried to extend their legislative powers. In Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952), the Supreme Court noted that the Recommendations Clause serves as a reminder that the President cannot make law by himself: "The power to recommend legislation, granted to the President, serves only to emphasize that it is his function to recommend and that it is the function of the Congress to legislate."[19] The Court made a similar point in striking down the line-item veto in Clinton v. City of New York (1998).[19] When President Bill Clinton attempted to shield the records of the President's Task Force on Health Care Reform as essential to his functions under the Recommendations Clause, a federal circuit court rejected the argument and noted in Ass'n of American Physicians & Surgeons v. Clinton (1993): "[T]he Recommendation Clause is less an obligation than a right. The President has the undisputed authority to recommend legislation, but he need not exercise that authority with respect to any particular subject or, for that matter, any subject."[19]

text: Clause 3: Calling Congress into extraordinary session; adjourning Congress[edit]

text: To allow the government to act quickly in case of a major domestic or international crisis arising when Congress is not in session, the President is permitted to call extraordinary sessions of one or both Houses of Congress. If the two Houses cannot agree on a date for adjournment, the President may adjourn both Houses to such a time as befits the circumstances. The last time this power was exercised was in 1948, when President Harry S Truman called a special session of Congress. That was the twenty-seventh time in American history that a president convened such a session.[20]

text: Following the widespread adoption of transcontinental air travel in the second half of the twentieth century, Congress began meeting year-round. Since that time, it has always been in session on every occasion when the President might otherwise have perceived the need to call Congress into extraordinary session.

text: Clause 4: Receiving foreign representatives[edit]

text: The President receives all foreign Ambassadors. This clause of the Constitution, known as the Reception Clause, has been interpreted to imply that the President possesses broad power over matters of foreign policy,[21] and to provide support for the President's exclusive authority to grant recognition to a foreign government.[22]

text: Clause 5: Caring for the faithful execution of the law[edit]

text: The President must "take care that the laws be faithfully executed."[23] This clause in the Constitution imposes a duty on the President to enforce the laws of the United States and is called the Take Care Clause,[24] also known as the Faithful Execution Clause[25] or Faithfully Executed Clause.[26] This clause is meant to ensure that a law is faithfully executed by the President [24] even if he disagrees with the purpose of that law.[27] Addressing the North Carolina ratifying convention, William Maclaine declared that the Faithful Execution Clause was "one of the [Constitution's] best provisions."[25] If the President "takes care to see the laws faithfully executed, it will be more than is done in any government on the continent; for I will venture to say that our government, and those of the other states, are, with respect to the execution of the laws, in many respects mere ciphers."[25] President George Washington interpreted this clause as imposing on him a unique duty to ensure the execution of federal law. Discussing a tax rebellion, Washington observed, "it is my duty to see the Laws executed: to permit them to be trampled upon with impunity would be repugnant to [that duty.]"[25]

text: According to former United States Assistant Attorney General Walter E. Dellinger III, the Supreme Court and the Attorneys General have long interpreted the Take Care Clause to mean that the President has no inherent constitutional authority to suspend the enforcement of the laws, particularly of statutes.[28] The Take Care Clause demands that the President obey the law, the Supreme Court said in Humphrey's Executor v. United States, and repudiates any notion that he may dispense with the law's execution.[29] In Printz v. United States, 521 U.S. 898 (1997), the Supreme Court explained how the President executes the law: "The Constitution does not leave to speculation who is to administer the laws enacted by Congress; the President, it says, "shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed," Art. II, §3, personally and through officers whom he appoints (save for such inferior officers as Congress may authorize to be appointed by the "Courts of Law" or by "the Heads of Departments" with other presidential appointees), Art. II, §2."

text: The President may not prevent a member of the executive branch from performing a ministerial duty lawfully imposed upon him by Congress. (See Marbury v. Madison (1803); and Kendall v. United States ex rel. Stokes (1838)). Nor may the President take an action not authorized either by the Constitution or by a lawful statute. (See Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952)). Finally, the President may not refuse to enforce a constitutional law, or "cancel" certain appropriations, for that would amount to an extra-constitutional veto or suspension power.[25]

text: The President, while having to enforce the law, also possesses wide discretion in deciding how and even when to enforce laws. He also has a range of interpretive discretion in deciding the meaning of laws he must execute. When an appropriation provides discretion, the President can gauge when and how appropriated moneys can be spent most efficiently.

text: Some Presidents have claimed the authority under this clause to impound money appropriated by Congress. President Jefferson, for example, delayed the expenditure of money appropriated for the purchase of gunboats for over a year. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his successors sometimes refused outright to expend appropriated money.[25] The Supreme Court, however, has held that impoundments without Congressional authorization are unconstitutional.[30]

text: It has been asserted that the President's responsibility in the "faithful" execution of the laws entitles him to suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus[citation needed]. Article One provides that the privilege may not be suspended save during times of rebellion or invasion, but it does not specify who may suspend the privilege. The Supreme Court ruled that Congress may suspend the privilege if it deems it necessary. During the American Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln suspended the privilege, but, owing to the vehement opposition he faced, obtained congressional authorization for the same.[citation needed] Since then, the privilege of the writ has only been suspended upon the express authorization of Congress.

text: In Mississippi v. Johnson, 71 U.S. 475 (1867), the Supreme Court ruled that the judiciary may not restrain the President in the execution of laws. In that case the Supreme Court refused to entertain a request for an injunction preventing President Andrew Johnson from executing the Reconstruction Acts, which were claimed to be unconstitutional. The Court found that "[t]he Congress is the legislative department of the government; the President is the executive department. Neither can be restrained in its action by the judicial department; though the acts of both, when performed, are, in proper cases, subject to its cognizance."[31] Thus, the courts cannot bar the passage of a law by Congress, though it may strike down such a law as unconstitutional. A similar construction applies to the executive branch.

text: Clause 6: Officers' commissions[edit]

text: The President commissions "all the Officers of the United States." These include officers in both military and foreign service. (Under Article I, Section 8, the States have authority for "the Appointment of the Officers . . . of the [State] Militia . . ..")

text: The presidential authority to commission officers had a large impact on the 1803 case Marbury v. Madison, where outgoing Federalist President John Adams feverishly signed many commissions to the judiciary on his final day in office, hoping to, as incoming Democratic-Republican President Thomas Jefferson put it, "[retire] into the judiciary as a stronghold." However, in his haste, Adams' Secretary of State neglected to have all the commissions delivered. Incoming President Jefferson was enraged with Adams, and ordered his Secretary of State, James Madison, to refrain from delivering the remaining commissions. William Marbury took the matter to the Supreme Court, where the famous Marbury was decided.

text: Section 4: Impeachment[edit]

text: The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.

text: The Constitution also allows for involuntary removal from office. The President, Vice-President, Cabinet Secretaries, and other executive officers, as well as judges, may be impeached by the House of Representatives and tried in the Senate.

text: Any official convicted by impeachment is immediately removed from office. The Senate may also choose to bar the removed official from holding any federal office in the future.[32] No other punishments may be inflicted pursuant to the impeachment proceeding, but the convicted party remains liable to trial and punishment in the courts for civil and criminal charges.[33]


document_title: 8 Simple Rules

question_text: how did the dad die in eight simple rules

root

text: 8 Simple Rules

text: Premise[edit]

text: The rules are:

tag: p

text:
Use your hands on my daughter and you'll lose them after.
You make her cry, I make you cry.
Safe sex is a myth. Anything you try will be hazardous to your health.
Bring her home late, there's no next date.
If you pull into my driveway and honk, you better be dropping off a package because you're sure not picking anything up (Alternative rule #5: Only delivery men honk. Dates ring the doorbell. Once.)
No complaining while you're waiting for her. If you're bored, change my oil.
If your pants hang off your hips, I'll gladly secure them with my staple gun.
Dates must be in crowded public places. You want romance? Read a book.

tag: ol

text: The third season (after Ritter's death) took a creative turn, revolving more around cousin C.J. (David Spade) and grandfather Jim (James Garner), than the immediate Hennessy family, more specifically not revolving around the raising of the Hennessy girls. After the novelty of newly added ensemble characters wore off, the series returned to its original format.

text: Production[edit]

text: Ritter's death[edit]

text: The first three episodes of the series' second season had been completed when Ritter experienced discomfort during a rehearsal on the afternoon of September 11, 2003.[2] Crew members took him to a nearby hospital, Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center, where he was misdiagnosed as having a heart attack and as a result, his condition had worsened when physicians later diagnosed him with an aortic dissection, and he died that evening at the age of 54.[3][4][5] Following Ritter's death, ABC announced that 8 Simple Rules would continue after a hiatus, and would incorporate the death of his character. The three new episodes that Ritter completed were aired with Sagal introducing them.

text: 8 Simple Rules returned two months after Ritter's death with a one-hour episode, "Goodbye", which was turned into a tribute to Ritter's character. Subsequent episodes dealt with the family's reaction to his death and how they moved on from it. The first four post-Ritter episodes were shot without a live audience with James Garner and Suzanne Pleshette guest-starring as Cate's strict parents and David Spade guest-starring as Cate's wayward nephew, C.J. Barnes. Garner and Spade later received starring roles in order to fill the void left by Ritter for the remainder of the series' run.

text: Third season and cancellation[edit]

text: Before Ritter's death, 8 Simple Rules ranked 42nd in the Nielsen ratings. After Ritter's death, it had slipped to 50th, but was renewed for a third season, in which ABC moved the series to Friday at 8:00 pm as part of its TGIF comedy line-up. The series' creator and showrunner, Tracy Gamble, left the series for a time over creative differences prior to the third season, but he later returned as a consulting producer midway through the third season. Gamble was replaced by Judd Pillot and John Peaslee, who had performed the same role in the final season of Spade's sitcom, Just Shoot Me!.[6] The series plunged to 94th in the ratings. Even before the third-season finale's airing, rumors began circulating that 8 Simple Rules was facing cancellation due to Ritter's death and poor ratings. The Friday night "death slot" ratings took their toll on 8 Simple Rules. The third season finale was not aired for May sweeps. The finale received a 3.9/8 rating share which gave ABC a third-place finish behind NBC's Dateline (5.8/11) and CBS's Joan of Arcadia (4.9/10), which starred Ritter's son, Jason. Shortly afterwards, ABC officially cancelled 8 Simple Rules in May 2005.[7]

text: Cast of characters[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Paul Hennessy, portrayed by John Ritter (2002–2003), is a former sports writer who worked from home as a Lifestyle columnist described as being "the master of the double standard" and a "Psycho-Dad", as well as a perceived hypocrite who often embarrasses his children, even if he wants what is best for them. Nonetheless, he loves his children, and wants them to have happy futures. Paul dies in the second season after collapsing in the store while buying milk. (Though no real reason is given for why he collapsed, it is believed that it had something to do with his heart, as was the reason for John Ritter's death.)
Cate S. Hennessy (née Egan), portrayed by Katey Sagal, is the wife, mother, nurse, and easily the most sane and composed person in the family. She takes a nursing job at the kids' school so she can work standard hours and spend more time with the kids. Cate starts dating her kids' high-school principal, Ed Gibb (portrayed by Adam Arkin), towards the end of season three. During her teens, she was more or less just as popular, scheming, and rebellious as Bridget, thus she is usually the first to notice when Bridget is up to something. She received her middle name "Stinky" as a result of her father promising his best friend he would name one of his children after him after accidentally stabbing him with a bayonet while they were drunk in Korea; to hide this, she claims that the S stands for "Stacy."
Bridget Erin "Beach" Hennessy, portrayed by Kaley Cuoco, is the beautiful, ditzy oldest child. She is depicted as a stereotypical blonde, a popular bombshell who is preoccupied with her looks, teenaged boys, and little else. She sometimes displays intelligence or profundity, but these are initially few and far between, yet often poignant. Her favorite book is J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye.[8] After her father dies, she begins to steadily mature. Bridget initially felt guilty about Paul's death because the last words she ever spoke to him were "I hate you" after arguing with him earlier that morning, because he said no to her using the car. In season two, Bridget was revealed to have been conceived on a beach.[9]
Kerry "Care Bear" Hennessy, portrayed by Amy Davidson, is the middle child, but is not very happy about it. She is often seen as unattractive when compared to her beautiful older sister, Bridget. She was accused by Bridget of stealing her (ex-) boyfriend, Kyle, though clearly Bridget's actions drove Kyle away. Kerry is sarcastic, often making snide remarks about essentially everybody, though less to her mother. She is also a passionate activist who cares about animal rights. She lost her virginity to Bruno (her boyfriend in Europe) later in the third season. She is often annoyed at her sister and is easily upset, yet frequently the two girls team up against their parents' authority or at the expense of their younger rascal brother. Kerry is also very artistic and keeps a sketchbook. She is the smart child, but often shows naiveté. After she starts dating Bridget's popular ex-boyfriend Kyle, her own popularity increases, and she begins to act a little more like her older sister.
Rory Joseph Hennessy, portrayed by Martin Spanjers, is Cate and Paul's son and their youngest child. He constantly tattles on his sisters, getting twisted pleasure out of it, as per his remark when he had stirred the pot to his liking: "This is just like my birthday!" Usually he waits until his sisters already commit an infraction, then he tattles to see his father explode. Rory is his father's favorite, being the boy. He becomes involved in money-making schemes with C.J. He is commonly seen playing in the living room and mentions wanting a monkey, which he once had by trading some of his father's baseball cards; the monkey was later traded for a guitar, which was short-lived, as Rory annoyed the family with it. He also delights in showing his friends the private aspects of his sister Bridget's life, mentioning once that his friends looted Bridget's underwear drawer. Rory was hit hard by Paul's death and ended up punching a hole in his wall out of anger, cutting his hand. He covered for it saying he burnt it taking a casserole out of the oven. After he enters high school, Rory matures, leaving C.J. to be the wisecracker of the family. However, Rory still had his moments.
Jim Egan, portrayed by James Garner (2003–2005), is Cate's father. Jim served in the Korean War and is proud of his service (he angers whenever it is mentioned as a "police action"). He is very protective of the family. He often sneaks away to smoke tobacco. He is divorced, having formerly resided in Florida before moving into Cate's basement, and often used to try to beat C.J. with his cane. He takes pride in C.J.'s success as a teacher. When C.J.'s biological father comes to visit his son, Jim feels out of place and angry because he prepared a car for C.J. after he becomes a full-fledged teacher, but then Mr. Barnes gives C.J. a sports car.
C.J. Barnes, portrayed by David Spade (2004–2005), is Cate's nephew. He was once in the Army and claims to have studied aerial photography during the Gulf War, and to have received a Purple Heart in combat, which is in complete contrast with his generally childish attitude. He is a teacher at the school and often pursues women, albeit unsuccessfully. When C.J. first arrives, the family is initially surprised. He reveals to them that he was ashamed that he did not live up to be the person Paul had once said he would be and avoided them because of that. He lives along with his grandfather, Jim, in the basement (having previously lived in a van, which was burned by that same grandfather). He once dated Mrs. Krupp, his cousins' (Kerry and Bridget) math teacher, but he ended up cheating on her with his ex-girlfriend Cheryl. He once revealed that his first initial stands for Corey, but Rory said that was untrue. C.J. previously smoked marijuana heavily (and in fact used to smoke with Kyle's older brother), but at the start of his appearances, he claims not to have touched it in two years (he originally claimed it was five, though he relented after Jim expressed disbelief).

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Kyle, portrayed by Billy Aaron Brown, is Bridget's – and later Kerry's – boyfriend. He is often seen spending time with Rory when not with either Kerry or Bridget. His father, Tommy, used to work with Paul.
Ed Gibb, portrayed by Adam Arkin, is the principal of the local high school. Cate and he knew each other in high school, and even dated. When discussing it, their account of their first romantic encounter varied, with either believing they had more self-control and admitting to the other that they liked the other as just friends. Despite this, they have had some very intimate moments.
Coach Scott, portrayed by Dan Cortese, is a high-school coach on whom Bridget had a crush. He likes Cate, and Cate initially likes him, but then discovers Bridget's crush, which causes her to deny Scott's romantic advances towards her.
Jenna Sharpe, portrayed by Nikki Danielle Moore (2003–2005), is Paul's boss Nick's daughter, and one of Bridget's rivals, who later becomes her friend. She has a younger sister, Rachael (Nicole Mansour), who is a friend of Kerry.
Missy Kleinfeld, portrayed by Daniella Monet (2003–2004), is Rory's love interest in season two. She has a sister, Sissy (Elena Lyons), who likes C.J.
Jeremy, portrayed by Jonathan Taylor Thomas (2004), is Bridget's tutor and eventual boyfriend. He is considered a nerd at school, and because of this, Bridget at first denies her interest in him by saying it was only because he was her tutor.
Anthony W., portrayed by Cole Williams (2002–2003), is a student in Bridget's class. He was a white boy who spoke like a black rapper, often resulting in confusion. In "Cool Parent", he is shown to play lacrosse.
Maggie Barnes (née Egan), portrayed by Cybill Shepherd, is Cate's sister and C.J.'s mother. Maggie shares the same sensitive, moody nature as Kerry. However, it appears (from a conversation between Ed Gibb and Cate) that Cate was the smarter one, as well as being more popular.
Fred Doyle, portrayed by John Ratzenberger, is a persistent and over-friendly neighbor of the Hennessys, and husband of Mary Ellen (portrayed originally by Shelley Long and then by Cindy Williams). He is the father of Donald "Donny" Doyle, who has dated Bridget for some time. Fred was the head of the neighborhood watch, and his family is revealed as religious when Bridget claims she is going over for Bible study in an episode in season two.
Mrs. Crupp, portrayed by Suzy Nakamura, is a math teacher from school.
Damian, portrayed by Paul Wesley, is Bridget's ex-boyfriend. He appeared in two episodes.
Lacey/Lacy, portrayed by Kala Savage (2003-2004), a sometimes friend of Bridget, appeared in three episodes.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings

First aired
Last aired
Average viewers
(in millions)
Rank

1
28
September 17, 2002 (2002-09-17)
May 20, 2003 (2003-05-20)
10.9[10]
#46[10]

2
24
September 23, 2003 (2003-09-23)
May 18, 2004 (2004-05-18)
10.0[11]
#50[11]

3
24
September 24, 2004 (2004-09-24)
April 15, 2005 (2005-04-15)
6.8[12]
#90[12]

tag: table

text: Syndication[edit]

text: While 8 Simple Rules ratings were well above those of the surrounding TGIF shows during its third season, ABC cancelled it due to the perceived inability to sell reruns of the show into syndication (a fourth season would have given the show the 100 episodes necessary to enter daily syndication).

text: On July 11, 2005 (less than two months after ABC officially cancelled it), The WB network announced it would air back-to-back repeats of all 76 episodes of 8 Simple Rules from 4–5 p.m. as part of the replacement of Kids' WB with the more broad-audience Daytime WB block. It aired weekdays from January 2, 2006 to September 15, 2006 when it was replaced by Reba upon the merger of UPN and The WB into The CW.[13]

text: On Tuesday, June 12, 2007, the show joined the ABC Family line-up, airing weekdays from 6:00 pm to 7:00 pm Then in September 2008, the show started airing from 3:00 pm to 4:00 pm, until October 10, 2008. On October 3, 2009, 8 Simple Rules returned to ABC Family, having been absent for a year, airing on Saturdays from 10:00 am to 11:00 am, and Sundays at 11:00 a.m.-12:00 pm[14] Airings have been sporadic due to the channel's unpredictable movie schedule and holiday programming block. On February 8, 2010, the series was added back to ABC Family's weekday lineup, airing from 6-7PM/ET, replacing The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air. After a few months of being absent on the channel, 8 Simple Rules resumed airings on ABC Family at 7/6 c on select weekend mornings, beginning July 18, 2010. In mid-December 2012, 8 Simple Rules was removed from ABC Family's weekday line-up, only to be added back in September 2013.

text: In 2003, the show began airing in the UK on the Disney Channel, which was edited for children's viewing.[15] It was picked up by ABC1 which aired the show until the channel's closure in 2007. The same year, Channel 5 began airing the series, in which season one only aired, then from 2008, was shown on 5*, which aired all three seasons.[16] The series was aired uncut on subsequent channels following its cancellation by Disney Channel. Both Channel 5 and 5* aired the series in its originally-produced widescreen format.

text: Danish channel TV3 and the Canadian channels YTV and ABC Spark (the Canadian version of ABC Family) also have carried the series.

text: The series was shown on Irish channel RTÉ Two, then later, rights to the show were acquired by TG4, which aired the series weeknights at 5.35 pm. The series was shown on both these channels full uncut, despite the fact it was shown pre-watershed (9.00 pm), although, the show was issued an age rating. On RTÉ Two it was issued a 'PS' rating and on TG4, a '12' rating.

text: Comedy Central UK obtained the rights to the show and will start airing it in the UK on 12 June 2017.

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: On August 7, 2007, Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Season 1 of 8 Simple Rules on DVD in Region 1. Season 1 was released in Britain on September 1, 2008.[17]

text: In August 2008, Lionsgate Home Entertainment announced that they had acquired the rights to the series from ABC Studios. They subsequently released Season 2 on DVD in Region 1 on May 19, 2009.[18]

text:
DVD Name
Ep #
Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

The Complete First Season
28
August 7, 2007
September 1, 2008
November 12, 2008[19]

The Complete Second Season
24
May 19, 2009
TBA
TBA

The Complete Third Season
24
TBA
TBA
TBA

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Recipient
Result
Ref(s)

56th Primetime Emmy Awards
Cinematography for a Multi-Camera Series
Bruce L. Finn
Won
[20]

Lead Actor in a Comedy Series
John Ritter (posthumously)
Nominated


document_title: Mama (Jonas Blue song)

question_text: what is the song mama by jonas blue about

text: Mama (Jonas Blue song)

text: Background[edit]

text: Speaking about the song, Jonas said "'Mama' is a song about that period of your life when you're young and carefree, without stress, bills and problems and all you care about is having a good time with your friends every day and night!"[2]

text: Use in media[edit]

text: This song is using to identify the IPBC's channel KAN 11 in its ident in Israel.

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
Digital download[3]

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Mama" (featuring William Singe)
3:04

text:
Digital download – Extended Mix

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Mama" (featuring William Singe)
3:04

2.
"Mama" (featuring William Singe) (Extended Mix)
4:28

text:
Digital download – Remixes EP[4]

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Mama" (featuring William Singe) (Club Mix)
4:29

2.
"Mama" (featuring William Singe) (Syn Cole Remix)
2:59

3.
"Mama" (featuring William Singe) (Dzeko Remix)
2:57

4.
"Mama" (featuring William Singe) (Perplexus Remix)
3:24

5.
"Mama" (featuring William Singe) (Pola & Bryson Remix)
3:48

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2017)
Peak
position

Australia (ARIA)[5]
7

Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[6]
5

Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[7]
2

Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[8]
7

Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[9]
45

Colombia (National-Report)[10]
86

Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[11]
7

Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[12]
4

Denmark (Tracklisten)[13]
5

Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[14]
14

France (SNEP)[15]
16

Germany (Official German Charts)[16]
5

Hungary (Dance Top 40)[17]
29

Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)[18]
6

Hungary (Single Top 40)[19]
26

Hungary (Stream Top 40)[20]
5

Ireland (IRMA)[21]
4

Italy (FIMI)[22]
34

Latvia (Latvijas Top 40)[23]
12

Lebanon (Lebanese Top 20)[24]
13

Malaysia (RIM)[25]
8

Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[26]
1

Netherlands (Mega Top 50)[27]
2

Netherlands (Single Top 100)[28]
5

New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[29]
8

Norway (VG-lista)[30]
9

Philippines (Philippine Hot 100)[31]
13

Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100)[32]
9

Portugal (AFP)[33]
8

Russia Airplay (Tophit)[34]
8

Scotland (Official Charts Company)[35]
3

Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)[36]
4

Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[37]
5

Slovenia (SloTop50)[38]
7

Spain (PROMUSICAE)[39]
26

Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[40]
6

Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[41]
6

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[42]
4

US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard)[43]
1

US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[44]
9

US Hot Dance/Electronic Songs (Billboard)[45]
10

US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[46]
32

text: Certifications[edit]

text:
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales

Australia (ARIA)[47]
2× Platinum
140,000^

Austria (IFPI Austria)[48]
Gold
15,000*

Belgium (BEA)[49]
Platinum
30,000*

Canada (Music Canada)[50]
Platinum
80,000^

Denmark (IFPI Denmark)[51]
Gold
30,000^

France (SNEP)[52]
Platinum
150,000*

Germany (BVMI)[53]
Platinum
400,000^

Italy (FIMI)[54]
Platinum
50,000

New Zealand (RMNZ)[55]
Platinum
30,000*

Spain (PROMUSICAE)[56]
Platinum
40,000^

Sweden (GLF)[57]
2× Platinum
80,000^

United Kingdom (BPI)[58]
Platinum
600,000

United States (RIAA)[59]
Gold
500,000

*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone

text: Release history[edit]

text:
Region
Date
Format
Label
Ref.

Various
5 May 2017
Digital download
Jonas Blue Music
[3]

United States
11 July 2017
Contemporary hit radio
Capitol
[60]

Various
21 July 2017
Digital download (Remixes)
Jonas Blue Music
[4]


document_title: James Truslow Adams

question_text: when was the phrase the american dream coined

text: James Truslow Adams

text: Early life[edit]

text: Adams was born in Brooklyn, New York, to a wealthy family, the son of Elizabeth Harper (née Truslow) and William Newton Adams, Jr.[3]

text: His father had been born in Caracas, Venezuela. His paternal grandfather William Newton Adams Sr. was American with roots in Virginia and his paternal grandmother Carmen Michelena de Salias was a Venezuelan of Spanish (Basque) descent.[4][5][6][7]

text: Adams took his bachelor's degree from the New York University Tandon School of Engineering (then Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn) in 1898, and a MA degree from Yale University in 1900. He entered investment banking, rising to partner in a New York Stock Exchange member firm.[3] In 1912, he considered his savings ample enough to switch to a career as a writer.

text: In 1917, he served with Colonel House on President Wilson's commission, "The Inquiry", to prepare data for the Paris Peace Conference.[3] By 1918, he was a captain in the Military Intelligence Division of the General Staff of the U.S. Army.[3] By late 1918, he was selected for the U.S. delegation to the Paris Peace Conference.[3] His main task consisted in the provision of maps and the selection of plans and atlases that should be acquired by the War College, the American Geographical Society, and the Library of Congress.

text: Writer[edit]

text: Adams gained national attention with his trilogy on the history of New England (1921–26), winning the Pulitzer Prize for the first volume. Scholars welcomed his social history of the colonial era, Provincial Society, 1690-1763 (1927). He wrote popular books and magazine articles in a steady stream. His Epic of America was an international bestseller, and was included in Life Magazine's list of the 100 outstanding books of 1924-1944.[8] He was also the editor of a scholarly multi-volume Dictionary of American History.[9] Adams was the editor, with Roy V. Coleman as managing editor, of The Atlas of American History (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1943), and The Album of American History, 4 vols. (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1944).[10]

text: American Dream[edit]

text: Adams coined the term "American Dream" in his 1931 book The Epic of America.[11] His American Dream is "that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us ourselves have grown weary and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of motor cars and high wages merely, but a dream of social order in which each man and each woman shall be able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable, and be recognized by others for what they are, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position."[12]

text: However, Adams felt the American Dream was in peril during the 1920s and 30s. He complained that “money making and material improvements . . . mere extensions of the material basis of existence,” had gained ascendancy, becoming “goods in themselves . . . [mimicking] the aspects of moral virtues.” The original American Dream had always been about “quality and spiritual values”: “The American dream that has lured tens of millions of all nations to our shores in the past century has not been a dream of merely material plenty, although that has doubtless counted heavily. It has been much more than that.” He warned that “in our struggle to ‘make a living’” we were neglecting “to live.” The Epic of America was his attempt save a “priceless heritage,” and sustain the distinctly American understanding of progress in humane and moral terms. The true American Dream was of “a genuine individual search and striving for the abiding values of life,” and for the “common man to rise to full stature” in the free realms of “communal spiritual and intellectual life.” [13]

text: Two educations[edit]

text: A quote from one of Adams' essays "There are obviously two educations. One should teach us how to make a living and the other how to live" is widely misattributed to John Adams. The quote is part of an essay by Adams entitled ‘To “Be” or to “Do”: A Note on American Education’ which appeared in the June, 1929 issue of Forum. The essay is very critical of American education, both in school and at the university level, and explores the role of American culture and class-consciousness in forming that system of education.

text: In a more complete version of that quote, Adams says: "There are obviously two educations. One should teach us how to make a living and the other how to live. Surely these should never be confused in the mind of any man who has the slightest inkling of what culture is. For most of us it is essential that we should make a living...In the complications of modern life and with our increased accumulation of knowledge, it doubtless helps greatly to compress some years of experience into far fewer years by studying for a particular trade or profession in an institution; but that fact should not blind us to another—namely, that in so doing we are learning a trade or a profession, but are not getting a liberal education as human beings."

text: Death[edit]

text: Adams lived in Southport, Connecticut, where he died of a heart attack.[3]

text: Honors[edit]

text: After 1930, Adams was active in the American Academy of Arts and Letters[14] serving as both chancellor and treasurer of that organization. He was also a member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters, the Massachusetts Historical Society, American Antiquarian Society, American Historical Association, and the American Philosophical Society. Among British societies, he was honored as a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature.[15]

text: Bibliography[edit]

text:
James Truslow Adams (1921). The Founding of New England. Atlantic Monthly Press. pp. 3–. ; Pulitzer Prize for History[16]
Revolutionary New England (1923); James Truslow Adams (1 November 2001). reprint. Simon Publications LLC. ISBN 978-1-931541-57-2. [17]
New England in the Republic, 1776-1850 (1926)[18]
Provincial Society, 1690-1763 (1927)[19]
Our Business Civilization: Some Aspects of American Culture (1929)[20]
The Adams Family (1930); Kessinger Publishing, 2005, ISBN 9780766197749[21]
The Epic of America (1931); Simon Publications 2001 paperback: ISBN 1-931541-33-7; reprint. Transaction Publishers. 1 May 2012. ISBN 978-1-4128-4701-8.
The March of Democracy (2 vols. 1932-1933)[22]
Justice Without (1933)
Henry Adams (1933)[23]
The Record of America (1935)
Building the British Empire: To the End of the First Empire (1938)[24]
James Truslow Adams: Select Correspondence. Transaction Publishers. 1 June 2012. ISBN 978-1-4128-4697-4.

text: Adams wrote 21 monographs between 1916 and 1945. He was also editor in chief of the Dictionary of American History, The Atlas of American History, and other volumes.


document_title: List of islands in the Mediterranean

question_text: 10. what is the largest island in the mediterranean sea

question_tokens: 10 . what is the largest island in the mediterranean sea

text: List of islands in the Mediterranean

text: By area[edit]

text:
Name
Image
Country
Area (km2)
Population
Capital/Main City

1
Sicily

 Italy
25,834
5,010,000
Palermo

2
Sardinia

 Italy
24,100
1,656,000
Cagliari

3
Cyprus

 Cyprus (including  Northern Cyprus[Note 1] and  Akrotiri and Dhekelia)
9,251
1,170,125[1]
Nicosia

4
Corsica

 France
8,681
322,000
Ajaccio

5
Crete

 Greece
8,312
624,000
Heraklion

6
Euboea

 Greece
3,655
218,000
Chalcis

7
Majorca

 Spain
3,640
846,000
Palma

8
Lesbos

 Greece
1,630
90,000
Mytilene

9
Rhodes

 Greece
1,398
117,000
Rhodes

10
Chios

 Greece
842
52,000
Chios

11
Kefalonia

 Greece
781
37,000
Argostoli

12
Menorca

 Spain
694
87,000
Mahón

13
Corfu

 Greece
592
108,000
Corfu

14
Ibiza

 Spain
577
111,000
Ibiza Town

15
Djerba

 Tunisia
523
139,544
Houmt Souk

16
Lemnos

 Greece
476
18,000
Myrina

17
Samos

 Greece
476
34,000
Vathy

18
Naxos

 Greece
428
18,000
Naxos

19
Zakynthos

 Greece
406
39,000
Zakynthos

20
Cres

 Croatia
405.78[2]
3,079[2]
Cres

20
Krk

 Croatia
405.78[2]
19,383[2]
Krk

22
Brač

 Croatia
394.57[2]
13,956[2]
Supetar

23
Andros

 Greece
380
10,000
Andros

24
Thasos

 Greece
379
13,765
Thasos

25
Lefkada

 Greece
303
20,751
Lefkada

26
Karpathos

 Greece
301
6,565
Pigadia

27
Hvar

 Croatia
299.66[2]
11,077[2]
Hvar

28
Kos

 Greece
290
31,000
Kos

29
Pag

 Croatia
284.56[2]
9,059[2]
Pag

30
Imbros

 Turkey
279
8,894
Çinarli

31
Cythera

 Greece
278
3,354
Kythira

32
Korčula

 Croatia
276.03[2]
15,522[2]
Korčula

33
Icaria

 Greece
255
8,312
Agios Kirykos

34
Malta

 Malta
246
409,259[3]
Valletta

35
Elba

 Italy
224
31,572
Portoferraio

36
Skyros

 Greece
209
2,602
Skyros

37
Paros

 Greece
196
12,853
Parikia

38
Tinos

 Greece
194
8,574
Tinos

39
Samothrace

 Greece
178
2,723
Samothrace

40
Milos

 Greece
160
4,771
Plaka

41
Kea

 Greece
129
2,417
Ioulis

42
Amorgos

 Greece
121
1,859
Amorgos

43
Marmara

 Turkey
117

Marmara

44
Dugi Otok

 Croatia
114.44[2]
1,655[2]
Sali

45
Kalymnos

 Greece
111
16,237
Pothia

46
Chergui

 Tunisia
110

Remla

47
Sant'Antioco

 Italy
109
11,730
Sant'Antioco

48
Ios

 Greece
109
1,838
Ios

49
Mljet

 Croatia
100.41[2]
1,088[2]
Babino Polje

50
Kythnos

 Greece
100
1,608
Kythnos

51
Astypalaia

 Greece
97
1,238
Astypalaia

52
Ithaca

 Greece
96
3,084
Vathy

53
Skopelos

 Greece
95.5
4,696
Skopelos

54
Salamis

 Greece
95
38,022
Salamina

55
Rab

 Croatia
90.84[2]
9,328[2]
Rab

56
Vis

 Croatia
90.26[2]
3,445[2]
Vis

57
Mykonos

 Greece
86
9,320
Mykonos

58
Syros

 Greece
84
19,782
Ermoupoli

59
Aegina

 Greece
83
13,552
Aegina

60
Formentera

 Spain
83
7,461
Sant Francesc Xavier

61
Pantelleria

 Italy
83
7,729
Pantelleria

62
Santorini

 Greece
76
13,402
Fira

63
Lošinj

 Croatia
74.68[2]
7,587[2]
Mali Lošinj

64
Serifos

 Greece
73
1,414
Serifos

65
Sifnos

 Greece
73
2,442
Apollonia

66
Gharbi

 Tunisia
69

Mellita

67
Gozo

 Malta
67
37,288[3]
Victoria

68
Kasos

 Greece
66
990
Fry

69
Alonissos

 Greece
64
2,700
Patitiri

70
Tilos

 Greece
63
533
Megálo Chorió

71
Pašman

 Croatia
63.34[2]
2,845[2]
Pašman

72
Šolta

 Croatia
58.98[2]
1,700[2]
Grohote

73
Symi

 Greece
58
2,606
Symi

74
Leros

 Greece
53
8,207
Agia Marina

75
San Pietro

 Italy
51
6,444
Carloforte

76
Asinara

 Italy
51
1
Cala d'Oliva

77
Hydra

 Greece
50
2,719
Hydra

78
Ugljan

 Croatia
50.21[2]
6,049[2]
Preko

79
Skiathos

 Greece
48
6,160
Skiathos

80
Lastovo

 Croatia
46.87[2]
792[2]
Lastovo

81
Ischia

 Italy
46
60,335
Ischia

82
Agios Efstratios

 Greece
43
371
Agios Efstratios

83
Nisyros

 Greece
41
948
Mandraki

84
Sikinos

 Greece
41
238
Sikinos

85
Psara

 Greece
40
422
Psara

86
Anafi

 Greece
38
273
Anafi

87
Lipari

 Italy
37
10,763
Lipari

88
Bozcaada

 Turkey
36
2,427
Bozcaada

89
Kimolos

 Greece
36
769
Kimolos

90
Antiparos

 Greece
35
1,037
Antiparos

91
Patmos

 Greece
35
2,984
Patmos

92
Kornat

 Croatia
32.30[2]
19[2]

93
Folegandros

 Greece
32
667
Folegandros

94
Fourni

 Greece
30
1,326
Fourni

95
Gavdos

 Greece
29.6
98
Kastri

96
Čiovo

 Croatia
28.80[2]
5,908[2]
Okrug Gornji

97
Halki

 Greece
28.1
313
Halki

98
Salina

 Italy
26.8
2,300

99
Olib

 Croatia
26.09[2]
140[2]
Olib

100
Uzunada

 Turkey
25.4

101
Paxi

 Greece
25.3
2,253
Gaios

102
Kalamos

 Greece
25
543
Kalamos

103
Kyra Panagia

 Greece
25
10

104
Giglio

 Italy
23.8
1,458

105
Cunda (Alibey)

 Turkey
23.4

106
Poros

 Greece
22.9
4,348
Poros

107
Molat

 Croatia
22.82[2]
197[2]
Molat

108
Vir

 Croatia
22.38[2]
3,000[2]
Vir

109
Spetses

 Greece
22.2
3,908
Spetses

110
Paşalimanı

 Turkey
21.4

Harmanli

111
Saria

 Greece
21.1
22

112
Vulcano

 Italy
20.9
715
Vulcano

113
Avsa

 Turkey
20.6

Avsa

114
Antikythera

 Greece
20.4
44
Potamós

115
Lampedusa

 Italy
20.2
4,500
Lampedusa e Linosa

116
La Maddalena

 Italy
20.1
11,902
La Maddalena

117
Meganisi

 Greece
20
1,090
Katomeri

118
Favignana

 Italy
19
4,383
Favignana

119
Capraia

 Italy
19
410
Capraia

120
Elafonisos

 Greece
19
745
Elafonisos

121
Murter

 Croatia
18.60[2]
4,895[2]
Murter

122
Makronisos

 Greece
18.3
0

123
Irakleia

 Greece
17.6
151
Irakleia

124
Iž

 Croatia
17.59[2]
615[2]
Iž Veli

125
Gyaros

 Greece
17.3
0

126
Megalonisos Petalion

 Greece
17.2
0

127
Polyaigos

 Greece
17.2
0

128
Unije

 Croatia
16.92[2]
88[2]
Unije

129
Leipsoi

 Greece
16
698
Leipsoi

130
Šipan

 Croatia
15.81[2]
419[2]
Šipanska Luka

131
Caprera

 Italy
15.7
0

132
Cabrera

 Spain
15.7
0

133
Keros

 Greece
15.2
0

134
Žirje

 Croatia
15.06[2]
103[2]
Žirje

135
Sestrunj

 Croatia
15.03[2]
48[2]
Sestrunj

136
Silba

 Croatia
14.98[2]
292[2]
Silba

137
Žut

 Croatia
14.82[2]
0[2]

138
Pserimos

 Greece
14.8
130
Pserimos

139
Oinousses

 Greece
14.4
999
Oinousses

140
Peristera

 Greece
14.2
5

141
Rineia

 Greece
13.7
0

142
Agathonisi

 Greece
13.6
158
Megálo Chorió

143
Donoussa

 Greece
13.6
163
Donoussa (Stavros)

144
Prvic (Krk)

 Croatia
13.5
0

145
Stromboli

 Italy
12.6
572
San Vincenzo

146
Dokos

 Greece
12.5
43
Dokos

147
Porquerolles

 France
12.5
200

148
Schiza

 Greece
12.3
2

149
Drvenik Veliki

 Croatia
12.1
168
Drvenik Veliki

150
Marettimo

 Italy
12
819
Marettimo

151
Agistri

 Greece
12
920
Milos (Megalohori)

152
Dia

 Greece
11.8
0

153
Gioura

 Greece
11.1
0

154
Capri

 Italy
10.4
12,200
Capri

155
Montecristo

 Italy
10.4
2

156
Pianosa

 Italy
10.3
10

157
Othonoi

 Greece
10.1
631
Othonoi

158
Thymaina

 Greece
10.1
151
Thymaina

159
Imrali

 Turkey
10

160
Ist

 Croatia
9.65
202

161
Filicudi

 Italy
9.5
235

162
Therasia

 Greece
9.3
268

163
Kastellorizo

 Greece
9.1
406

164
Levitha

 Greece
9.1
8

165
Sapientza

 Greece
9.1
7

166
Île du Levant

 France
9

167
Premuda

 Croatia
8.7
58

168
Ustica

 Italy
8.7
1,302

169
Plavnik

 Croatia
8.6
0

170
Maun

 Croatia
8.5
0

171
Šćedro

 Croatia
8.4
0

172
Zlarin

 Croatia
8.1
276

173
Schoinousa

 Greece
8.1
206

174
Antimilos

 Greece
8
0

175
Syrna

 Greece
7.9
0

176
Despotiko

 Greece
7.8
0

177
Ammouliani

 Greece
7.7
547

178
Ponza

 Italy
7.5
3,107

179
Alimia

 Greece
7.4
0

180
Kaprije

 Croatia
7.1
143

181
Port-Cros

 France
7
30

182
Arkoi

 Greece
6.7
54

183
Sveti Grgur

 Croatia
6.4
0

184
Skantzoura

 Greece
6.2
0

185
Biševo

 Croatia
5.9
15

186
Kastos

 Greece
5.9
80

187
Tavolara

 Italy
5.9
0

188
Levanzo

 Italy
5.8
208

189
Pano Koufonisi

 Greece
5.8
399

Total

102,920.36
11,683,668

text: By population[edit]

text: above 200,000

text:
Sicily 5,060,000
Sardinia 1,655,000
Cyprus 1,170,125
Majorca 860,000
Crete 624,000
Malta 409,259
Corsica 322,000
Euboea 218,000

text: By country[edit]

text: Albania[edit]

text:
Sazan  Sunset over Sazan Island as seen from Vlore, Albania.
Kunë
Ksamil Islands
Franz Joseph Island
Zvërnec Islands
Tongo Island
Stil Island

text: Croatia[edit]

text:
Čiovo
Brijuni
14 islands
Brusnik
Cres
Drvenik Mali
Drvenik Veliki
Dugi otok
Elaphiti islands
Goli otok
Hvar
Iž
Ilovik
Ist
Kaprije
Koločep
Korčula
Kornati

text:
152 islands in Kornati archipelago
Krapanj
Krk
Lastovo
Lošinj
Lokrum
Lopud
Male Srakane
Mljet
Molat
Murter
Olib
Pašman
Pag
Palagruža
Plavnik
Premuda
Prvić
Rab
Rava
Rivanj
Sestrunj
Silba
Skarda
Susak
Svetac
Sveti Andrija
Šipan
Šolta
Ugljan
Unije
Vele Srakane
Vir
Vis
Vrgada
Zlarin
Zverinac
Žirje
Žut

text: France[edit]

text:
Corsica
Lavezzi Island
Frioul archipelago
Lérins Islands

text: Greece[edit]

text:
Crete
Euboea
Gavdos
Cyclades Islands
Amorgos
Anafi
Andros
Antimilos
Antiparos
Delos
Despotiko
Donousa
Folegandros
Gyaros
Ios
Iraklia
Kea (commonly known as Tzia)
Keros
Kimolos
Koufonisi
Kythnos
Makronisos
Milos
Mykonos
Naxos
Paros
Polyaigos
Rineia
Santorini
Schinousa
Serifos
Sifnos
Sikinos
Syros
Thirasia
Tinos
North Aegean islands
Chios
Fournoi
Ikaria
Limnos
Lesvos
Oinousses
Psara
Saint Eustratius (Island)
Samos
Samothraki
Thassos
Thymaina
Saronic Islands
Aegina
Agistri
Dokos
Hydra
Poros
Salamina
Spetses
Dodecanese Islands
Agathonissi
Arkoi
Armathia
Astypalia
Farmakonisi
Gyali
Halki
Kalolimnos
Kalymnos
Karpathos
Kassos
Kastellorizo
Kos
Leipsoi
Leros
Nisyros
Patmos
Pserimos
Rhodes
Saria
Symi
Tilos
Sporades Islands
Alonissos
Gioura
Kyra Panagia
Peristera
Piperi
Skantzoura
Skiathos
Skopelos
Skyros
Ionian Islands
Antikythera
Antipaxos
Corfu (Kerkyra)
Ereikoussa
Ithaki
Kalamos Island
Kastos
Kefalonia
Kythera
Lefkada
Meganisi
Othonoi
Paxoi
Petalas
Zakynthos

text: Italy[edit]

text:
Campanian Archipelago
Capri
Ischia
Nisida
Procida
Vivara
Pontine Islands
Ponza
Palmarola
Zannone
Santo Stefano
Gavi
Ventotene
Sardinia
Asinara
Sant'Antioco
San Pietro
La Maddalena
Caprera
Spargi
Budelli
Razzoli
Santa Maria
Santo Stefano
Molara
Tavolara
Sicily
Aegadian Islands
Marettimo
Favignana
Levanzo
Aeolian Islands
Lipari
Vulcano
Filicudi
Alicudi
Panarea
Salina
Stromboli
Pantelleria
Pelagie Islands
Lampedusa
Lampione
Linosa
Ustica
Tremiti Islands
Caprara
Cretaccio
Pianosa (di Tremiti)
San Domino
San Nicola
Tuscan Archipelago
Capraia
Elba
Giannutri
Giglio
Gorgona
Montecristo
Pianosa
Venetian Lagoon Islands
Burano
Lido
Murano
Pellestrina
San Lazzaro degli Armeni
Sant'Andrea
Torcello

text: Lebanon[edit]

text: Palm Islands

text: Malta[edit]

text:
Maltese Islands
Malta Island
Gozo
Comino
Cominotto
Filfla
St Paul's Island
Manoel Island
Fungus Rock

text: Montenegro[edit]

text:
Sveti Nikola Island
Sveta Neđelja
Katič
Sveti Stefan
Ada Bojana
Stari Ulcinj

text: In Bay of Kotor:

text:
Mamula
Prevlaka
Sveti Marko
Island of Our Lady of Mercy
Gospa od Škrpjela
Sveti Đorđe

text: Spain[edit]

text:
Alboran
Balearic Islands
Gymnesian Islands
Cabrera
Dragonera
Majorca
Menorca
Pine Islands
El Vedrà
Formentera
Ibiza
S'Espalmador
Columbretes Islands
Islas Chafarinas
Isla del Congreso
Isla del Rey
Isla Isabel II
Peñón de Alhucemas
Tabarca
Medes
Formigues
Mazarrón
Isla Grosa

text: Syria[edit]

text: Arwad

text: Tunisia[edit]

text:
Djerba
Kerkennah Islands
Chergui
Gharbi
Galite Islands
Zembra

text: Turkey[edit]

text:
Turkish islands
Turkish Aegean islands (incomplete)
Baba Ada
Bozcaada
Burgazada
Büyükada
Çatalada
Fener Ada
Gemiler Adası
Gökçeada
Hayırsız Ada
Hekim Island
Heybeli Ada
İnce Ada
İncir Ada
Kara Ada
Kargı Adası
Kınalıada
Köçek Adası
Metalik Ada
Orak Ada
Salih Ada
Yalıkavak
Yassı Ada
Yılancık Ada
İkiz Adalar
Pırasa adası
Iç Ada
Kiremit islands group
Küçük Tavşan Adası
Çavuş adası
Kucukbu
Turkish Mediterranean islands group
Kekova
Sıçan Adası
Dana Island

text: Disputed[edit]

text:
Imia/Kardak (Greece/Turkey)
Perejil (Morocco/Spain)

text: Politically divided[edit]

text:
Cyprus
Republic of Cyprus
Akrotiri and Dhekelia (Sovereign Base Areas of the United Kingdom)
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (A de facto state only recognized by Turkey, separated from the Republic of Cyprus by a UN buffer zone)