document_title: Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series)

question_text: who plays the boss in last man standing

question_tokens: who plays the boss in last man standing

root

text: Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series follows Mike Baxter, a senior executive and director of marketing for an outdoor sporting goods store chain based in Denver, Colorado, whose world is filled with his wife, three daughters, grandson, and the young men married to or dating his daughters.

tag: p

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Tim Allen as Mike Baxter: Mike is a father of three daughters and the director of marketing for the Outdoor Man chain of sporting goods stores. He fervently supports "traditional" American values, is a Protestant and is politically conservative. Mike loves his daughters but says his favorite is Eve, the youngest and most athletic daughter, and whose political opinions and interests mirror his own. He is proud of her ability to excel at anything she tries, including school work, hunting and playing sports. Mike often finds himself annoyed with Outdoor Man's young slow-witted employee Kyle (who later becomes his son-in-law), and with Ryan, his politically liberal son-in-law married to his oldest daughter, and the father of Mike's grandson, Boyd. The video blog or "vlog" that Mike does for Outdoor Man is frequently used as a vehicle to rant about his political views. Mike is a graduate of the University of Michigan, and an amateur radio operator using the call sign KA0XTT.[2]
Nancy Travis as Vanessa Baxter, Mike's wife: Vanessa is a geologist working in the energy industry for a company that does hydraulic fracturing, or "fracking". In season four, Vanessa becomes frustrated with her job and decides to go back to college to become a high school science teacher. After being fired as a teacher due to budget cuts, Vanessa begins her own tutoring business.  Vanessa was ambiguous in her political views until season five, when she announces she is supporting Hillary Clinton for president, mainly because she thinks it will advance women's causes. She is shown drinking wine frequently, and is also frequently mocked by Mike and her daughters about it. She is a graduate of Ohio State University with a Master of Science degree in Physics and a PhD in Geology. Vanessa often makes attempts to be politically correct, but only highlights how uncomfortable she is trying to relate to people of other races. Despite this, she and her African-American neighbor Carol Larabee seem to get along. Vanessa's humor includes bad puns, which irritate Mike and the girls no end.
Amanda Fuller (seasons 2–present[3]) and Alexandra Krosney (season 1) as Kristin Beth Baxter, the oldest daughter: Kristin, unlike her father, espouses liberal political views and her views with regard to Christianity seem ambiguous. During her senior year of high school, Kristin became pregnant with her son, Boyd. She was a single mother living in the Baxter home until moving out in the season two finale. She began to reconcile with Boyd's father, Ryan Vogelson, in season three, and the two get married between seasons four and five. Kristin worked at a diner until landing a job at an upscale restaurant run by a former co-worker at the end of season two. In season four, she becomes the manager of the new restaurant opened by Outdoor Man. Kristin tends to work extra hard in this new job to prove she did not get the position through nepotism, despite Mike and Ed frequently telling her she was qualified.  Alexandra Krosney portrayed Kristin in the show's first season (despite being nearly two years younger than Molly Ephraim, playing Kristin's younger sister); Krosney was replaced by Amanda Fuller prior to season two for unspecified creative reasons.[4]
Molly Ephraim (seasons 1–6) and Molly McCook (recurring, season 7)[5] as Amanda Elaine "Mandy" Baxter-Anderson, the middle daughter: Mandy is not as academic as her sisters (and she has a penchant for cutting class and ignoring homework), but she excels in social situations. Interested in fashion (and little else), she was one of the most popular girls at her high school. Mandy is very confident and creative, demonstrating traits found in her father. She can be lazy, conceited, selfish, insulting, and delinquent – she drinks underage, ignores all driving laws, shoplifts from Outdoor Man, there are many implications that she smokes weed, and she has been caught staying out all night – but occasionally she displays moments of generosity and caring. She started dating Kyle in season 2. As of season three, she attends a local college and works at the diner where Kristin used to work. Later that same season, she begins an online clothing business, selling her self-designed fashions which she assembles in the basement of her parents' house. Kyle asks her to marry him in season 5, the 100th episode. She marries Kyle in season six, but they have yet to move out of the Baxter home. Up until she turned 21, a running gag on the show was Mike, Vanessa, and occasionally Kristin snatching glasses of alcohol out of Mandy's hand, usually followed by Mandy making a lame excuse.
Kaitlyn Dever as Eve Baxter, (series regular, seasons 1–6; recurring, season 7)[6] the youngest daughter: Eve is intelligent and athletic, and generally has the same interests as Mike, including camping, sports, guns, and the military. She also has conservative views like Mike. She is Mike's favorite daughter, and excels at her hobbies. She frequently outplays the boys in soccer and makes the boys' football team as their placekicker. She is well aware of being the favorite over her two sisters. Eve also shares her father's sense of humor, and her sarcastic wit is frequently directed at clueless sister Mandy. Eve is an excellent student, whose only weak subject is art, though she did have to change math classes to escape a prejudiced teacher. Eve is a member of Army Junior ROTC and works toward gaining admittance to West Point. Her attempt to do so is unsuccessful, which seriously depresses her, so in season six, Eve decides to take a "personal year" rather than immediately attend college. She spends some of this time singing and playing guitar for money, but this proves to be unfruitful. During her gap year, Eve applies to the Air Force Academy in nearby Colorado Springs, and is accepted.
Christoph Sanders as Kyle Anderson, a young employee at Outdoor Man: Kyle is universally recognized as a good guy. Kyle idolizes Mike, having grown up without a father figure. Kyle takes care of his grandmother who has dementia, and it is implied he grew up in her home. Kyle is often oblivious to social cues and is slow to catch on to the events happening around him. Kyle dated Kristin in season one and started dating Mandy in season two before proposing in season five, and marrying Mandy in season six.
Héctor Elizondo as Edward "Ed" Alzate, Mike's longtime business partner: Ed started a bait and tackle shop many years ago and hired Mike, who helped turn the shop into the 20-store Outdoor Man chain.[7] Ed is perhaps fifteen years older than Mike, but the two men bond over similar outdoor hobbies and shared conservative values. Mike regularly talks to Ed about the happenings in his home and occasionally seeks advice. Having been divorced four times, Ed's suggestions are rarely helpful. He also has 5 daughters. Ed is a Vietnam veteran, although he saw no combat in Vietnam, stating that he was a clerk in Saigon. He continues to help fellow veterans at the local Veterans of Foreign Wars hall with their Veteran Affairs paperwork. Ed is also a recurring target for jokes about his age and lack of hair, most often from Mike. It is revealed in season 6 that Ed has early onset dementia.
Flynn Morrison (regular, seasons 2–6), Jet Jurgensmeyer (recurring, season 7)[5] and Evan and Luke Kruntchev (recurring, season 1) as Boyd Baxter, Kristin's son: Mike enjoys spending quality time with his grandson Boyd, and affectionately views him as the son he never had. Mike and Ryan often clash on how he should be raised. Boyd enjoys activities encouraged by both his father and grandfather.
Jordan Masterson (regular, seasons 2–present) and Nick Jonas (guest star, season 1) as Ryan Vogelson, Boyd's Canadian father: Though Ryan initially fled when Kristin got pregnant, he returned to be involved in Boyd's upbringing, and eventually the two reconciled and got engaged (at the end of season 3). Ryan holds liberal views, both politically and philosophically, and he and Mike routinely clash over their fundamentally opposing values, especially when it comes to child-rearing. Ryan wishes to raise his son without religion, hunting culture and nationalism, however, neither Mike nor Kristin agree with this approach. His vegan diet, views on discipline, and what Mike sees as his oversensitivity are an affront to Mike's beliefs, but Ryan generally enjoys being a thorn in Mike's side. On rare occasions, Ryan and Mike agree on what is best for Boyd, but this usually puts them at odds with Kristin or Vanessa. Mike comes to reluctantly respect and like his son-in-law for standing up for what he believes and for being a loving husband and father.
Jonathan Adams as Chuck Larabee (regular, seasons 4–present; recurring, seasons 2–3), Mike and Vanessa's neighbor: Chuck is a retired U.S. Marine and a veteran of the first Gulf War who runs a private security business and later takes charge of security for the Denver Outdoor Man. Chuck is an African-American, and often jokes with Mike about racial stereotypes, and they regularly exchange barbs as if they don't like each other. In reality, they are good friends, despite being unwilling to admit it. Vanessa sees through their heated exchanges, often telling them to "get a room". Chuck is married to Carol and they have a son, Brandon, who is the same age as Eve.

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Robert Forster as Bud Baxter (seasons 1, 3–4), Mike's widower father who is initially in the construction business, but later opens a marijuana store ("Bud's Buds") after it becomes legal in Colorado.
Christina Moore as April (seasons 1 & 3), Vanessa's air-headed and immature younger sister. She is always asking for money.
Danielle Bisutti as Michelle (season 1), Vanessa's friend and next-door neighbor; she is a meteorologist who gets most of her data from a free phone app.
Erika Alexander as Carol Larabee (seasons 2–6), Chuck's wife and Mike and Vanessa's neighbor. She is also Vanessa's best friend. Vanessa often goes overboard trying to act racially open-minded around her, but usually ends up looking foolish and annoying Carol.
Carla Jimenez as Blanca Alvarez (seasons 2–4), the Baxters' Guatemalan-born housekeeper who also helps Mandy with her fashion business. The Baxters were happy to celebrate with Blanca after she was sworn in as an American citizen.
Sarah Gilman as Cammy Harris (seasons 2–6), Eve's soccer teammate and extremely chatty best friend.
Jonathan Taylor Thomas as John Baker (seasons 2–3), Kristin's boss at a fancy restaurant where she works. Thomas also had a cameo as "Randy" (a nod to his Home Improvement character) in the season 4 episode "Helen Potts", with fellow Home Improvement co-star Patricia Richardson.
Tye Sheridan as Justin (seasons 3–4), Eve's fellow Jr. ROTC member and football teammate who becomes her boyfriend. The two break up in season 4.
Zachary Gordon as Andrew (season 3), Eve's nerdy classmate who worships her and desperately wants to be her boyfriend.
Joely Fisher as Wendi Gracin (seasons 3–5), Ed's meddling younger girlfriend, whom he meets near the end of season three. Ed routinely has to put her in her place, particularly when she shows up at the store and tries to get involved in running his business. Wendi deserts Ed offscreen between Seasons 4 and 5, but the two patch things up and reunite.
Jay Leno as Joe Leonard (seasons 5–6), a semi-retired auto technician from whom Vanessa buys a classic car for Mike. Joe later works in the repair shop at Outdoor Man, servicing ATVs and snowmobiles.
Travis Tope as Rob (season 6), Eve's boyfriend who is studying criminal justice at UC Boulder. He's a recovering alcoholic, which worries Mike and Vanessa when they first meet him.

text: Notable guest stars[edit]

text: Several notable guest stars have appeared throughout the series, including appearances made from cast members of Tim Allen's previous series, Home Improvement. (Episode numbers in parentheses)

text:
Paul F. Tompkins as Chester McAllister
Cassandra Peterson as Elvira
Nick Jonas as Ryan in his first appearance
Tony Hawk as himself
Jamie-Lynn Sigler as Gabriella Alzate, one of Ed's five daughters (not including the war baby)
Andrew Daly as Mr. Peckem
Kim Kardashian as herself
Tony Stewart as himself
Mike Rowe as Jimmy Baxter, Mike's younger brother
Frankie Muniz as Richard, who works at the bank where Mike and his brother Jimmy go to ask for a loan
Melanie Paxson as Liz
Richard Karn as Bill McKendree. Karn portrayed Al Borland, co-worker and friend to Tim Allen's character on Home Improvement
Si Robertson as Uncle Ray
Willie Robertson as Brody
Michael Gross as Mr. Hardin
Patricia Richardson as Helen Potts, the Baxters' widowed neighbor. Richardson portrayed Jill Taylor, the wife of Tim Allen's character in Home Improvement
Jere Burns as Victor Vogelson, Ryan's estranged father
Blake Clark as Clark, the owner of a club in which Eve performed. Clark played Harry Turner, Tim's friend and owner of the hardware store on Home Improvement
Robin Roberts as Teresa, a tank mechanic and Persian Gulf War veteran
Reba McEntire as Billie Cassidy, Mike's mountain-climbing former girlfriend
Bill Engvall as Reverend Paul, the new pastor of the Baxter family's church. Nancy Travis played Bill's wife Susan on three seasons of The Bill Engvall Show.
Brad Leland as Wayne Sizemore

text: Episodes[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast airedNetwork124October 11, 2011 (2011-10-11)May 8, 2012 (2012-05-08)ABC218November 2, 2012 (2012-11-02)March 22, 2013 (2013-03-22)322September 20, 2013 (2013-09-20)April 25, 2014 (2014-04-25)422October 3, 2014 (2014-10-03)April 17, 2015 (2015-04-17)522September 25, 2015 (2015-09-25)April 22, 2016 (2016-04-22)622September 23, 2016 (2016-09-23)March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)

tag: table

text: Production[edit]

text: Development and casting[edit]

text: Last Man Standing first appeared on ABC's development slate in late 2010 when writer Jack Burditt received a put pilot commitment from the network under the original title Man Up.[8] In January 2011, ABC green-lighted production of a pilot episode under the title Last Days of Man.[9][10] On February 18, Tim Allen, who had been attached to the potential series from the beginning, officially joined the project in the lead role.[11][12][13] At the end of March, Nancy Travis joined the cast in the leading female role as Allen's "smart and loving wife who doesn't miss much".[14][15][16] Soon thereafter, Héctor Elizondo came on board in a supporting role as the boss to Allen's character.[17]

text: Filming[edit]

text: On May 13, 2011, ABC picked up the pilot for the 2011–2012 television season under the new title Last Man Standing.[18] On May 17, 2011, ABC announced that the series would air on Tuesday nights at 8 Eastern/7 Central.[19] It debuted on October 11, 2011, with the first two episodes airing in a one-hour premiere.[20]

text: On November 3, 2011, the series was picked up for a full season of twenty-two episodes.[21] On January 12, 2012, the order was increased to twenty-four episodes.[22]

text: On May 11, 2012, ABC renewed the series for a second season set to air in the 2012–2013 season in November.[23][24]

text: On June 11, 2012, Tim Doyle was hired as the new showrunner of the series. Doyle was the third showrunner that the series had had since it entered production. Doyle replaced Kevin Abbott, who joined the staff as the showrunner mid-way in the first season. Abbott replaced series creator Jack Burditt, who was the showrunner for the first thirteen episodes. Unlike Burditt, who is no longer credited as an executive producer, Abbott continued to serve as an executive producer while showrunning the fellow ABC sitcom Malibu Country starring Reba McEntire. Both Last Man Standing and Malibu Country aired as a part of ABC's Friday night lineup for the 2012–2013 primetime television season.[25] On November 8, 2012, Abbott re-joined the Last Man Standing crew full-time, after a stint in rehab, and gave Nastaran Dibai full showrunning duties of Malibu Country.[26]

text: On June 11, 2012, it was announced that Alexandra Krosney (Kristin) was let go from the show for creative reasons.[27] Krosney was replaced by Amanda Fuller in season 2.[28] On June 19, 2012, it was also announced that twins Luke and Evan Kruntchev, who played the role of Boyd in season 1, would not be returning; they were replaced by Flynn Morrison in season 2.[29] The character of Boyd was also age-advanced from two years old to five years old.[30] Jordan Masterson plays Ryan, Boyd's father, in a recurring role beginning in season 2.[31] The role was previously played by Nick Jonas, who guest-starred in one episode in season 1.[32]

text: The second season initially received a 13-episode order. ABC announced on November 12, 2012, that an additional three scripts had been ordered.[33] On November 27, five more episodes were ordered to bring the second-season episode total to 18.[34]

text: On May 10, 2013, the series was renewed for a third season,[35] which premiered on September 20, 2013, and ended on April 25, 2014, after 22 episodes.[36]

text: On May 10, 2014, ABC renewed Last Man Standing for a fourth season, which premiered on October 3, 2014.[37] Allen and Elizondo guest-starred as their Last Man Standing characters in a crossover episode with the fellow ABC Friday sitcom Cristela.[38]

text: On May 10, 2015, ABC announced the show had been renewed for a fifth season. Last Man Standing had become a solid performer for the Friday night lineup at ABC, which with the help of Shark Tank and 20/20 has become the top network among adults 18–49 for the night. Leading off Friday night for ABC, the sitcom averaged a 1.8 rating in adults 18–49 and 8.2 million viewers overall, according to Nielsen's Live+7 estimates.[39][40]

text: On May 13, 2016, ABC renewed the series for a sixth season, which premiered on September 23, 2016.[41]

text: Cancellation[edit]

text: On May 10, 2017, ABC canceled Last Man Standing after six seasons, despite the series being the second-most-watched ABC sitcom during the 2016–17 season (based on Live+7 figures), with ratings remaining mostly steady during its sixth season.[42] A representative for 20th Century Fox Television said cancellation decisions are made by ABC. "This was a scheduling decision," wrote Jori Arancio, senior vice president of ABC Entertainment and ABC Studios. ABC and its production partner for the show, 20th Century Fox Television, typically negotiate licensing fees prior to each season; however, the network decided to cancel the show without doing so. Also, the contract between 20th Century Fox Television and ABC for the show, in which 20th Century Fox Television covered the cost of production, had expired after six seasons. Had the series been renewed for a seventh season, ABC would have been required to pick up Last Man Standing's production costs, which the network was unwilling to do.[43]

text: The cancellation was met with outrage from the show's fans, many of whom took to social media to voice their displeasure and petition for another network to pick up the show.[44] It also happened some months after lead actor Tim Allen (who is also a real-life Republican) said in an interview on Jimmy Kimmel Live!, that being a Republican in Hollywood is "like 1930s Germany. You gotta be real careful around here, you know. You'll get beat up if you don't believe what everybody believes." His comment was widely criticized, especially his comparing the treatment of Republicans in Hollywood with Nazi Germany.[45]

text: A viewer petition on the website Change.org calling for ABC to reinstate Last Man Standing surpassed 380,000 signatures as of May 23, 2017.[46] In a conference call with reporters earlier in May, ABC president Channing Dungey stated, "Last Man Standing was a challenging one for me, because it was a steady performer. Once we made the decision not to continue with comedy on Friday, it was just kind of that's where we landed." Dungey cited studio ownership, future creative direction, ratings and viewer engagement as all factors in her decision.[47] A year later, the petition's signatures had grown to 438,000.[48]

text: Tim Allen voiced his displeasure with the cancellation, tweeting on May 16, 2017: "Stunned and blindsided by the network I called home for the last six years."[49]

text: On May 20, 2017, Howard Kurtzman, president of 20th Century Fox Television, reportedly showed some interest in his studio continuing to produce the show. "We're starting to explore that," Kurtzman said.  "...[Fox Co-President] Jonnie [Davis] and I are hopeful that we can find another home for it."[50] Variety also confirmed in an exclusive report that 20th Century Fox Television would shop the series to other networks and streaming services in hopes it would be picked up for a seventh season;[51] another home was not quickly found, however.

text: In August 2017, Allen expressed his appreciation for support by the show's fans to bring it back, and said the talent behind the show had much more to add.[52]

text: Revival on Fox[edit]

text: On May 3, 2018, Allen tweeted that a return "just might be a reality" and prompted the show's supporters to "keep it up".[53] The same day, TVLine reported that Fox was "poised to" resurrect Last Man Standing for the 2018–19 TV season, adding that Tim Allen is "officially on board".[54] Deadline Hollywood reported that Fox was in talks for another season, but it was "by no means a sure thing", suggesting it would depend on whether the actors could be re-signed "at reasonable salaries".[55] On May 11, 2018, Fox TV's CEOs and chairmen announced that Fox had officially picked up Last Man Standing for a seventh season.[56][57][48][58] Dana Walden, chairman of Fox Television Group, later hinted that the return of Last Man Standing was in part a response to the huge success of the Roseanne reboot on ABC earlier in 2018: "Obviously, I think everyone took a good, hard look at the performance of Roseanne. It did so well, and it certainly did remind us that we have a huge, iconic comedy star in our Fox family in Tim Allen."[59]

text: On July 2, Fox announced that, in addition to Allen, series regulars Nancy Travis, Amanda Fuller, Hector Elizondo, Christoph Sanders, Jordan Masterson and Jonathan Adams have all signed on to appear in the season 7 reboot. Molly Ephraim and Flynn Morrison both opted not to return for the new season.[60] Their roles ("Mandy" and "Boyd", respectively) will be recast ahead of the new season. Kaitlyn Dever, who recently signed on to play a lead role in the 2019 Netflix miniseries Unbelieveable, is in negotiations to return as "Eve" in a recurring role.[61] On August 6, 2018, it was announced that Molly McCook and Jet Jurgensmeyer would be taking over the roles of "Mandy" and "Boyd", respectively.[5]

text: The show will air in the same Friday night time slot as it did on ABC for the sixth season; if it is renewed for an eighth season, it will be forced to move to a new time slot, as Fox has signed an agreement to air WWE SmackDown on Friday nights beginning in fall 2019.[62][63]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Last Man Standing received generally negative reviews from critics. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, season one holds an approval rating of 15% based on 33 reviews, and an average rating of 4.14/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Last Man Standing is a thoroughly middling sitcom relying on jokes that feel alternately dated or hostile. The first season received an 80% from the audience on the site and the second season received a 79%."[64] On Metacritic, the season has a weighted average score of 33 out of 100, based on 24 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[65]

text: The Hollywood Reporter called the series "a predictable sitcom with a stupid premise and bad acting."[66] Los Angeles Times: "The jokes and plots have been efficiently constructed, but most have no traction; they slide right off you, and the characters themselves seem disconnected from one another."[67] Entertainment Weekly offered a slightly more favorable review of the show: "When I look at the now-rounded softness of Tim Allen, and note once again how his sandpaper voice contrasts winningly with his hopeful eyes, it's impossible to plunge a shiv into this series."[68]

text: Season two of the series holds an approval rating of 40% on Rotten Tomatoes.[69] Entertainment Weekly commented: "I think it's time the folks involved with Last take a closer look at All in the Family, in which the prejudice was built around real jokes."[70] The A.V. Club: "The problem with Last Man Standing's attempts to go political is exemplified by the first scene of the season première, which remains one of the most uncomfortable scenes of television I've ever watched ... doing its best to push buttons in the audience that don't need to be pushed, as if it thinks what made [Norman] Lear's sitcoms a success was the yelling or the mentions of social issues that people sometimes argued about."[71] Philly.com wrote about season three: "The unlikely comeback vehicle for Tim Allen, Last Man Standing on ABC, is a thoroughly traditional, absolutely charming sitcom. [...] Last Man is both economical and efficient, getting excellent comic mileage out of the most marginal bit players."[72]

text: The series is particularly popular among conservatives, many of whom viewed the show as a counterpoint to Modern Family, another 20th Century Fox sitcom that aired on ABC at the same time and featured more liberal ideologies.[43] A study conducted during the 2016 U.S. presidential election found that it was the tenth most popular show on television with Republicans.[73]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: ABC's series premiere of Last Man Standing drew a 3.5 adults 18–49 rating. That was 9% better than the 3.2 adults 18–49 rating for the series premiere of No Ordinary Family in the same time-slot the previous year (which was two weeks earlier in the season). Season 2 of Last Man Standing premiered with a 2.0, down about 38% from its first-season premiere, but up about 18% from the previous season's finale.[74]

text:
Season

Timeslot (ET)

Network

No. ofepisodes

Premiered

Ended

TV season

Rank

Viewers(million)

Live + DVRviewers

Date

Premiere viewers(million)

Premiere 18–49rating/share

Date

Finale viewers(million)

Finale 18–49rating/share

1

Tuesday 8:00 pm

ABC

24

October 11, 2011

12.93[75]

3.4/10[75]

May 8, 2012

6.62[76]

1.7/5[76]

2011–12

50

9.12[77]

9.76[78]

2

Friday 8:00 pm

18

November 2, 2012

8.07[79]

2.0/7[79]

March 22, 2013

7.85[80]

1.6/6[80]

2012–13

53[81]

7.93[82]

8.34[83]

3

22

September 20, 2013

6.67[84]

1.5/6[84]

April 25, 2014

6.10[85]

1.4/6[85]

2013–14

58

7.17[86]

7.92[87]

4

22

October 3, 2014

6.91[88]

1.3/5[88]

April 17, 2015

6.16[89]

1.1/5[89]

2014–15

60[90]

8.18[90]

8.52[91]

5

22

September 25, 2015

6.26[92]

1.1/5[92]

April 22, 2016

5.94[93]

1.0/4[93]

2015–16

56[94]

7.96[94]

TBA

6

22

September 23, 2016

5.95[95]

1.1/5[95]

March 31, 2017

6.06[96]

1.1/5[96]

2016–17

41[97]

8.06[97]

TBA

7

Fox

TBA

September 28, 2018

TBA

TBA

TBA

TBA

TBA

2018–19

TBA

TBA

TBA

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Last Man Standing was nominated for a 2012 People's Choice Award for "Favorite New TV Comedy", but lost to CBS's 2 Broke Girls.

text:
Year

Association

Category

Nominee / episode

Outcome

2011

ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards

Top Television Series[citation needed]

Carl Thiel (composer)

Won

2012

People's Choice Awards

Favorite New TV Comedy

Last Man Standing

Nominated

Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite TV Actor

Tim Allen

Nominated

TV Guide Magazine's Fan Favorites Awards

Favorite Comeback[98]

Won

Young Artist Awards

Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) – Supporting Young Actress

Kaitlyn Dever

Nominated

2013

Environmental Media Awards

Television Episodic Comedy[99]

"Mother Fracker"

Won

ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards

Top Television Series[100]

Carl Thiel (composer)

Won

2014

Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards

Outstanding Cinematography For A Multi-Camera Series

Donald A. Morgan – "Eve's Boyfriend"

Nominated

ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards

Top Television Series[101]

Carl Thiel (composer)

Won

2015

ASCAP Screen Music Awards

Top Television Series[102]

Carl Thiel (composer)

Won

text: Home media[edit]

text:
DVD Name

Ep #

Release Date

Last Man Standing: The Complete First Season

24

May 13, 2014

Last Man Standing: The Complete Second Season

18

Last Man Standing: The Complete Third Season

22

October 28, 2014

Last Man Standing: The Complete Fourth Season

22

October 5, 2015

Last Man Standing: The Complete Fifth Season

22

June 26, 2018

Last Man Standing: The Complete Sixth Season

22

text: Syndication[edit]

text: On September 3, 2015, it was announced that ABC Family (now Freeform) had obtained syndication rights to the series, which began airing episodes on September 28, 2015.[103] As of 2018, Freeform no longer airs the series. On May 15, 2015, it was announced that Hallmark Channel had obtained the rights to the sitcom, and they aired the series from January 2016 until December 31, 2017.[104] On September 4, 2015, the series joined the CMT Network with a mini-marathon of episodes. The series also joined WGN America on April 30, 2018. Five seasons were available for streaming on Netflix. Currently, all six seasons are available for streaming on Hulu.

text: Broadcast[edit]

text:
Last Man Standing aired on ABC in the U.S.;[105] on Fox8,
Network Ten and Eleven (previously aired on One) in Australia;[106] City in Canada; and TV3 in New Zealand.[107]

text: In the United Kingdom and Ireland, it premiered on October 9, 2012 on Sky One,[108] which aired the first three seasons before dropping it due to low ratings; the show was bought by E4, where it premiered on March 13, 2017;[109] Channel 4 then reran the program on Sunday mornings from July until September 2017; in 2018, 5STAR acquired the show for reruns.

text: In Israel, it airs on yes Comedy.[citation needed]

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Jump up to: a b Since becoming series regulars in season 4, Jordan Masterson and Jonathan Adams are only credited for the episodes in which they appear.

tag: ol


document_title: Et tu, Brute?

question_text: what is the meaning of et tu brute

question_tokens: what is the meaning of et tu brute

text: Et tu, Brute?

text: Et tu, Brute? (pronounced [ɛt ˈtuː ˈbruːtɛ]) is a Latin phrase meaning "even you, Brutus?" It is notable for its occurrence in William Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar, where it is spoken by the Roman dictator Julius Caesar to his friend Marcus Junius Brutus at the moment of Caesar's assassination. The first known occurrences of the phrase are said to be in two earlier Elizabethan plays; Henry VI, Part 3 by Shakespeare, and an even earlier play, Caesar Interfectus, by Richard Eedes.[1] The phrase is often used apart from the plays to signify an unexpected betrayal by a friend.

text: Caesar utters these words in Act III, scene 1, as he is being stabbed to death, having recognized his friend and protégé Brutus as one of the assassins. There is however no evidence that the historic Caesar spoke these words.[2][3]

text: The name "Brutus", a second declension masculine noun, appears in the phrase in the vocative case, and so the -us ending of the nominative case is replaced by -e.[4]

text: Context[edit]

text: On March 15 (the Ides of March), 44 BCE, the historic Caesar was attacked by a group of senators, including Brutus, who was Caesar's friend and protégé. Caesar initially resisted his attackers, but when he saw Brutus, he reportedly responded as he died.

text: The historical Caesar's last words are not known with certainty. The Roman historian Suetonius, a century and a half after the incident, claims Caesar said nothing as he died, but that others reported that Caesar's last words were the Greek phrase "καὶ σὺ, τέκνον",[5][6] which means "You too, child?" or "You too, young man?".[7] Sometimes this is rendered in Latin as "Tu quoque, Brute, fili mi" ("You too, Brutus, my son").

text: Plutarch also reports that Caesar said nothing, but merely pulled his toga over his head when he saw Brutus among the conspirators.[8]

text: In Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar (1599), when Caesar says Et tu, Brute?,[9] the phrase had already been in use; Edmond Malone claimed that it appeared in a work that has since been lost — Richard Eedes's Latin play Caesar Interfectus of 1582. The phrase had also occurred in another play by Shakespeare, The True Tragedie of Richard Duke of Yorke, and the death of good King Henrie the Sixth, with the Whole Contention betweene the two Houses Lancaster and Yorke of 1595, which is the earliest printed version of Henry VI, Part 3.[10][11]

text: Interpretation[edit]

text: It has been argued that the phrase can be interpreted as a curse or warning.[12] One theory states that the historic Caesar adapted the words of a Greek sentence which to the Romans had long since become proverbial: The complete phrase is said to have been "You too, my son, will have a taste of power," of which Caesar only needed to invoke the opening words to foreshadow Brutus' own violent death, in response to his assassination.[13] There is a poem by Horace, Satires; Book I, Satire 7, written approximately 30 BCE, that mentions Brutus and his tyrannicide; in discussing that poem, author John Henderson considers that the expression "E-t t-u Br-u-t-e", (as he hyphenates it), can be interpreted as a complaint containing a "suggestion of mimetic compulsion".[1]


document_title: List of Wimbledon gentlemen's singles champions

question_text: us tennis player who won wimbledon 3 times in 1980s

text: History[edit]

text: The Wimbledon Championships are played in the first two weeks of July (as of July 2017, prior to this it was last week in June and 1st week in July) and has been chronologically the third of the four Grand Slam tournaments of the tennis season since 1987.[2] The event was not held from 1915 to 1918 because of World War I and again from 1940 to 1945 because of World War II.[4]

text: The Gentlemen's Singles' rules have undergone several changes since the first edition. From 1878 until 1921, the event started with a knockout phase, the All Comers' Singles, whose winner then faced the defending champion in a challenge round. The All Comers' winner was automatically awarded the title six times (1879, 1887, 1891, 1895, 1907, 1908) in the absence of the previous year's champion. The challenge round system was abolished with the 1922 edition.[5] Since the first championships, all matches have been played at the best-of-five sets. Between 1877 and 1883, the winner of the next game at five games – all took the set in every match except the All Comers' final, and the challenge round, which were won with six games and a two games advantage. All sets were decided in this advantage format from 1884 to 1970.[5] The lingering death best of 12 points tie-break was introduced in 1971 for the first four sets, played at eight games all until 1978 and at six games all since 1979.[5][6][7]

text: Since 1949, the Gentlemen's Singles champion has received a miniature replica of the event's trophy, a silver-gilt cup created in 1887 with the engraved inscription: "The All England Lawn Tennis Club Single Handed Champion of the World".[8] New singles champions are traditionally elected honorary members of the AELTC by the club's committee.[c][9] In 2017, the Gentlemen's Singles winner received prize money of £2,220,000.[10]

text: In the Amateur Era, William Renshaw (1881–1886, 1889) holds the record for the most titles in the Gentlemen's Singles, winning Wimbledon seven times. Renshaw's wins, however, came within the challenge round format, and he won the event only twice after going through a complete draw. Renshaw also holds the record for most consecutive titles with six from (1881 to 1886). The record for most consecutive and most wins post challenge round during the Amateur Era is Fred Perry (1934–1936).[4]

text: In the Open Era, since the inclusion of professional tennis players in 1968, Roger Federer (2003–2007, 2009, 2012, 2017) holds the record for the  most Gentlemen's Singles titles with eight. Björn Borg (1976–1980) and Roger Federer (2003–2007) share the record for most consecutive victories with five.[4]

text: This event was won without losing a single set in the entire tournament during the Open Era twice, in 1976 by Björn Borg and in 2017 by Roger Federer.

text: Roger Federer is the only player in history, in both the Amateur and Open Era, to reach the Wimbledon Gentlemen's Singles Final eleven times. He has won on eight occasions and lost on three.

text: Champions[edit]

text:
Regular competition

All Comers' winner, Challenge round winner ‡

Defending champion, Challenge round winner †

All Comers' winner, no Challenge round ◊

text: Amateur era[edit]

text:
Year[d]

Country

Champion

Country

Runner-up

Score in the final[4]

1877
 BRI[e]
Spencer Gore
 BRI
William Marshall
6–1, 6–2, 6–4

1878
 BRI
Frank Hadow ‡
 BRI
Spencer Gore
7–5, 6–1, 9–7

1879
 BRI
John Hartley ◊
 BRI
Vere St. Leger Goold
6–2, 6–4, 6–2

1880
 BRI
John Hartley †
 BRI
Herbert Lawford
6–3, 6–2, 2–6, 6–3

1881
 BRI
William Renshaw ‡
 BRI
John Hartley
6–0, 6–1, 6–1

1882
 BRI
William Renshaw †
 BRI
Ernest Renshaw
6–1, 2–6, 4–6, 6–2, 6–2

1883
 BRI
William Renshaw †
 BRI
Ernest Renshaw
2–6, 6–3, 6–3, 4–6, 6–3

1884
 BRI
William Renshaw †
 BRI
Herbert Lawford
6–0, 6–4, 9–7

1885
 BRI
William Renshaw †
 BRI
Herbert Lawford
7–5, 6–2, 4–6, 7–5

1886
 BRI
William Renshaw †
 BRI
Herbert Lawford
6–0, 5–7, 6–3, 6–4

1887
 BRI
Herbert Lawford ◊
 BRI
Ernest Renshaw
1–6, 6–3, 3–6, 6–4, 6–4

1888
 BRI
Ernest Renshaw ‡
 BRI
Herbert Lawford
6–3, 7–5, 6–0

1889
 BRI
William Renshaw ‡
 BRI
Ernest Renshaw
6–4, 6–1, 3–6, 6–0

1890
 BRI
Willoughby Hamilton ‡
 BRI
William Renshaw
6–8, 6–2, 3–6, 6–1, 6–1

1891
 BRI
Wilfred Baddeley ◊
 BRI
Joshua Pim
6–4, 1–6, 7–5, 6–0

1892
 BRI
Wilfred Baddeley †
 BRI
Joshua Pim
4–6, 6–3, 6–3, 6–2

1893
 BRI
Joshua Pim ‡
 BRI
Wilfred Baddeley
3–6, 6–1, 6–3, 6–2

1894
 BRI
Joshua Pim †
 BRI
Wilfred Baddeley
10–8, 6–2, 8–6

1895
 BRI
Wilfred Baddeley ◊
 BRI
Wilberforce Eaves
4–6, 2–6, 8–6, 6–2, 6–3

1896
 BRI
Harold Mahony ‡
 BRI
Wilfred Baddeley
6–2, 6–8, 5–7, 8–6, 6–3

1897
 BRI
Reginald Doherty ‡
 BRI
Harold Mahony
6–4, 6–4, 6–3

1898
 BRI
Reginald Doherty †
 BRI
Laurence Doherty
6–3, 6–3, 2–6, 5–7, 6–1

1899
 BRI
Reginald Doherty †
 BRI
Arthur Gore
1–6, 4–6, 6–3, 6–3, 6–3

1900
 BRI
Reginald Doherty †
 BRI
Sydney Smith
6–8, 6–3, 6–1, 6–2

1901
 BRI
Arthur Gore ‡
 BRI
Reginald Doherty
4–6, 7–5, 6–4, 6–4

1902
 BRI
Laurence Doherty ‡
 BRI
Arthur Gore
6–4, 6–3, 3–6, 6–0

1903
 BRI
Laurence Doherty †
 BRI
Frank Riseley
7–5, 6–3, 6–0

1904
 BRI
Laurence Doherty †
 BRI
Frank Riseley
6–1, 7–5, 8–6

1905
 BRI
Laurence Doherty †
 AUS
Norman Brookes
8–6, 6–2, 6–4

1906
 BRI
Laurence Doherty †
 BRI
Frank Riseley
6–4, 4–6, 6–2, 6–3

1907
 AUS
Norman Brookes ◊
 BRI
Arthur Gore
6–4, 6–2, 6–2

1908
 BRI
Arthur Gore ◊
 BRI
Herbert Roper Barrett
6–3, 6–2, 4–6, 3–6, 6–4

1909
 BRI
Arthur Gore †
 BRI
Major Ritchie
6–8, 1–6, 6–2, 6–2, 6–2

1910
 NZL
Anthony Wilding ‡
 BRI
Arthur Gore
6–4, 7–5, 4–6, 6–2

1911
 NZL
Anthony Wilding †
 BRI
Herbert Roper Barrett
6–4, 4–6, 2–6, 6–2, retired[f]

1912
 NZL
Anthony Wilding †
 BRI
Arthur Gore
6–4, 6–4, 4–6, 6–4

1913
 NZL
Anthony Wilding †
 USA
Maurice McLoughlin
8–6, 6–3, 10–8

1914
 AUS
Norman Brookes ‡
 NZL
Anthony Wilding
6–4, 6–4, 7–5

1915
No competition (due to World War I)

1916

1917

1918

1919
 AUS
Gerald Patterson ‡
 AUS
Norman Brookes
6–3, 7–5, 6–2

1920
 USA
Bill Tilden ‡
 AUS
Gerald Patterson
2–6, 6–3, 6–2, 6–4

1921
 USA
Bill Tilden †
 SAF
Brian Norton
4–6, 2–6, 6–1, 6–0, 7–5

1922
 AUS
Gerald Patterson
 BRI
Randolph Lycett
6–3, 6–4, 6–2

1923
 USA
Bill Johnston
 USA
Francis Hunter
6–0, 6–3, 6–1

1924
 FRA
Jean Borotra
 FRA
René Lacoste
6–1, 3–6, 6–1, 3–6, 6–4

1925
 FRA
René Lacoste
 FRA
Jean Borotra
6–3, 6–3, 4–6, 8–6

1926
 FRA
Jean Borotra
 USA
Howard Kinsey
8–6, 6–1, 6–3

1927
 FRA
Henri Cochet
 FRA
Jean Borotra
4–6, 4–6, 6–3, 6–4, 7–5

1928
 FRA
René Lacoste
 FRA
Henri Cochet
6–1, 4–6, 6–4, 6–2

1929
 FRA
Henri Cochet
 FRA
Jean Borotra
6–4, 6–3, 6–4

1930
 USA
Bill Tilden
 USA
Wilmer Allison
6–3, 9–7, 6–4

1931
 USA
Sidney Wood
 USA
Frank Shields
walkover[h]

1932
 USA
Ellsworth Vines
 GBR
Bunny Austin
6–4, 6–2, 6–0

1933
 AUS
Jack Crawford
 USA
Ellsworth Vines
4–6, 11–9, 6–2, 2–6, 6–4

1934
 GBR
Fred Perry
 AUS
Jack Crawford
6–3, 6–0, 7–5

1935
 GBR
Fred Perry
 GER
Gottfried von Cramm
6–2, 6–4, 6–4

1936
 GBR
Fred Perry
 GER
Gottfried von Cramm
6–1, 6–1, 6–0

1937
 USA
Don Budge
 GER
Gottfried von Cramm
6–3, 6–4, 6–2

1938
 USA
Don Budge
 GBR
Bunny Austin
6–1, 6–0, 6–3

1939
 USA
Bobby Riggs
 USA
Elwood Cooke
2–6, 8–6, 3–6, 6–3, 6–2

1940
No competition (due to World War II)

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946
 FRA
Yvon Petra
 AUS
Geoff Brown
6–2, 6–4, 7–9, 5–7, 6–4

1947
 USA
Jack Kramer
 USA
Tom Brown
6–1, 6–3, 6–2

1948
 USA
Bob Falkenburg
 AUS
John Bromwich
7–5, 0–6, 6–2, 3–6, 7–5

1949
 USA
Ted Schroeder
 TCH
Jaroslav Drobný
3–6, 6–0, 6–3, 4–6, 6–4

1950
 USA
Budge Patty
 AUS
Frank Sedgman
6–1, 8–10, 6–2, 6–3

1951
 USA
Dick Savitt
 AUS
Ken McGregor
6–4, 6–4, 6–4

1952
 AUS
Frank Sedgman
 EGY
Jaroslav Drobný
4–6, 6–2, 6–3, 6–2

1953
 USA
Vic Seixas
 DEN
Kurt Nielsen
9–7, 6–3, 6–4

1954
 EGY
Jaroslav Drobný
 AUS
Ken Rosewall
13–11, 4–6, 6–2, 9–7

1955
 USA
Tony Trabert
 DEN
Kurt Nielsen
6–3, 7–5, 6–1

1956
 AUS
Lew Hoad
 AUS
Ken Rosewall
6–2, 4–6, 7–5, 6–4

1957
 AUS
Lew Hoad
 AUS
Ashley Cooper
6–2, 6–1, 6–2

1958
 AUS
Ashley Cooper
 AUS
Neale Fraser
3–6, 6–3, 6–4, 13–11

1959
 PER[j]
Alex Olmedo
 AUS
Rod Laver
6–4, 6–3, 6–4

1960
 AUS
Neale Fraser
 AUS
Rod Laver
6–4, 3–6, 9–7, 7–5

1961
 AUS
Rod Laver
 USA
Chuck McKinley
6–3, 6–1, 6–4

1962
 AUS
Rod Laver
 AUS
Martin Mulligan
6–2, 6–2, 6–1

1963
 USA
Chuck McKinley
 AUS
Fred Stolle
9–7, 6–1, 6–4

1964
 AUS
Roy Emerson
 AUS
Fred Stolle
6–4, 12–10, 4–6, 6–3

1965
 AUS
Roy Emerson
 AUS
Fred Stolle
6–2, 6–4, 6–4

1966
 ESP
Manuel Santana
 USA
Dennis Ralston
6–4, 11–9, 6–4

1967
 AUS
John Newcombe
 FRG
Wilhelm Bungert
6–3, 6–1, 6–1

text: Open era[edit]

text:
Year[d]

Country

Champion

Country

Runner-up

Score in the final[4]

1968
 AUS
Rod Laver
 AUS
Tony Roche
6–3, 6–4, 6–2

1969
 AUS
Rod Laver
 AUS
John Newcombe
6–4, 5–7, 6–4, 6–4

1970
 AUS
John Newcombe
 AUS
Ken Rosewall
5–7, 6–3, 6–2, 3–6, 6–1

1971
 AUS
John Newcombe
 USA
Stan Smith
6–3, 5–7, 2–6, 6–4, 6–4

1972
 USA
Stan Smith
 ROM
Ilie Năstase
4–6, 6–3, 6–3, 4–6, 7–5

1973
 TCH
Jan Kodeš
 URS
Alex Metreveli
6–1, 9–8(7–5), 6–3

1974
 USA
Jimmy Connors
 AUS
Ken Rosewall
6–1, 6–1, 6–4

1975
 USA
Arthur Ashe
 USA
Jimmy Connors
6–1, 6–1, 5–7, 6–4

1976
 SWE
Björn Borg
 ROM
Ilie Năstase
6–4, 6–2, 9–7

1977
 SWE
Björn Borg
 USA
Jimmy Connors
3–6, 6–2, 6–1, 5–7, 6–4

1978
 SWE
Björn Borg
 USA
Jimmy Connors
6–2, 6–2, 6–3

1979
 SWE
Björn Borg
 USA
Roscoe Tanner
6–7(4–7), 6–1, 3–6, 6–3, 6–4

1980
 SWE
Björn Borg
 USA
John McEnroe
1–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–7(16–18), 8–6

1981
 USA
John McEnroe
 SWE
Björn Borg
4–6, 7–6(7–1), 7–6(7–4), 6–4

1982
 USA
Jimmy Connors
 USA
John McEnroe
3–6, 6–3, 6–7(2–7), 7–6(7–5), 6–4

1983
 USA
John McEnroe
 NZL
Chris Lewis
6–2, 6–2, 6–2

1984
 USA
John McEnroe
 USA
Jimmy Connors
6–1, 6–1, 6–2

1985
 FRG
Boris Becker
 USA[n]
Kevin Curren
6–3, 6–7(4–7), 7–6(7–3), 6–4

1986
 FRG
Boris Becker
 TCH
Ivan Lendl
6–4, 6–3, 7–5

1987
 AUS
Pat Cash
 TCH
Ivan Lendl
7–6(7–5), 6–2, 7–5

1988
 SWE
Stefan Edberg
 FRG
Boris Becker
4–6, 7–6(7–2), 6–4, 6–2

1989
 FRG
Boris Becker
 SWE
Stefan Edberg
6–0, 7–6(7–1), 6–4

1990
 SWE
Stefan Edberg
 FRG
Boris Becker
6–2, 6–2, 3–6, 3–6, 6–4

1991
 GER
Michael Stich
 GER
Boris Becker
6–4, 7–6(7–4), 6–4

1992
 USA
Andre Agassi
 CRO
Goran Ivanišević
6–7(8–10), 6–4, 6–4, 1–6, 6–4

1993
 USA
Pete Sampras
 USA
Jim Courier
7–6(7–3), 7–6(8–6), 3–6, 6–3

1994
 USA
Pete Sampras
 CRO
Goran Ivanišević
7–6(7–2), 7–6(7–5), 6–0

1995
 USA
Pete Sampras
 GER
Boris Becker
6–7(5–7), 6–2, 6–4, 6–2

1996
 NED
Richard Krajicek
 USA
MaliVai Washington
6–3, 6–4, 6–3

1997
 USA
Pete Sampras
 FRA
Cédric Pioline
6–4, 6–2, 6–4

1998
 USA
Pete Sampras
 CRO
Goran Ivanišević
6–7(2–7), 7–6(11–9), 6–4, 3–6, 6–2

1999
 USA
Pete Sampras
 USA
Andre Agassi
6–3, 6–4, 7–5

2000
 USA
Pete Sampras
 AUS
Patrick Rafter
6–7(10–12), 7–6(7–5), 6–4, 6–2

2001
 CRO
Goran Ivanišević
 AUS
Patrick Rafter
6–3, 3–6, 6–3, 2–6, 9–7

2002
 AUS
Lleyton Hewitt
 ARG
David Nalbandian
6–1, 6–3, 6–2

2003
  SUI
Roger Federer
 AUS
Mark Philippoussis
7–6(7–5), 6–2, 7–6(7–3)

2004
  SUI
Roger Federer
 USA
Andy Roddick
4–6, 7–5, 7–6(7–3), 6–4

2005
  SUI
Roger Federer
 USA
Andy Roddick
6–2, 7–6(7–2), 6–4

2006
  SUI
Roger Federer
 ESP
Rafael Nadal
6–0, 7–6(7–5), 6–7(2–7), 6–3

2007
  SUI
Roger Federer
 ESP
Rafael Nadal
7–6(9–7), 4–6, 7–6(7–3), 2–6, 6–2

2008
 ESP
Rafael Nadal
  SUI
Roger Federer
6–4, 6–4, 6–7(5–7), 6–7(8–10), 9–7

2009
  SUI
Roger Federer
 USA
Andy Roddick
5–7, 7–6(8–6), 7–6(7–5), 3–6, 16–14

2010
 ESP
Rafael Nadal
 CZE
Tomáš Berdych
6–3, 7–5, 6–4

2011
 SRB
Novak Djokovic
 ESP
Rafael Nadal
6–4, 6–1, 1–6, 6–3

2012
  SUI
Roger Federer
 GBR
Andy Murray
4–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–4

2013
 GBR
Andy Murray
 SRB
Novak Djokovic
6–4, 7–5, 6–4

2014
 SRB
Novak Djokovic
  SUI
Roger Federer
6–7(7–9), 6–4, 7–6(7–4), 5–7, 6–4

2015
 SRB
Novak Djokovic
  SUI
Roger Federer
7–6(7–1), 6–7(10–12), 6–4, 6–3

2016
 GBR
Andy Murray
 CAN
Milos Raonic
6–4, 7–6(7–3), 7–6(7–2)

2017
  SUI
Roger Federer
 CRO
Marin Čilić
6–3, 6–1, 6–4

2018
 SRB
Novak Djokovic
 RSA
Kevin Anderson
6–2, 6–2, 7–6(7–3)

text: Statistics[edit]

text: Multiple Champions[edit]

text: Title defended in the challenge round

text:
Player

Open Era

Amateur Era

All-time

Years

 Roger Federer (SUI)
8
0
8
2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012, 2017

 William Renshaw (BRI)
0
7
7
1881, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1889

 Pete Sampras (USA)
7
0
7
1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000

 Laurence Doherty (BRI)
0
5
5
1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906

 Björn Borg (SWE)
5
0
5
1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980

 Reginald Doherty (BRI)
0
4
4
1897, 1898, 1899, 1900

 Anthony Wilding (NZL)
0
4
4
1910, 1911, 1912, 1913

 Rod Laver (AUS)
2
2
4
1961, 1962, 1968, 1969

 Novak Djokovic (SRB)
4
0
4
2011, 2014, 2015, 2018

 Wilfred Baddeley (BRI)
0
3
3
1891, 1892, 1895

 Arthur Gore (BRI)
0
3
3
1901, 1908, 1909

 Bill Tilden (USA)
0
3
3
1920, 1921, 1930

 Fred Perry (GBR)
0
3
3
1934, 1935, 1936

 John Newcombe (AUS)
2
1
3
1967, 1970, 1971

 John McEnroe (USA)
3
0
3
1981, 1983, 1984

 Boris Becker (GER)
3
0
3
1985, 1986, 1989

 John Hartley (BRI)
0
2
2
1879, 1880

 Joshua Pim (BRI)
0
2
2
1893, 1894

 Norman Brookes (AUS)
0
2
2
1907, 1914

 Gerald Patterson (AUS)
0
2
2
1919, 1922

 Jean Borotra (FRA)
0
2
2
1924, 1926

 René Lacoste (FRA)
0
2
2
1925, 1928

 Henri Cochet (FRA)
0
2
2
1927, 1929

 Don Budge (USA)
0
2
2
1937, 1938

 Lew Hoad (AUS)
0
2
2
1956, 1957

 Roy Emerson (AUS)
0
2
2
1964, 1965

 Jimmy Connors (USA)
2
0
2
1974, 1982

 Stefan Edberg (SWE)
2
0
2
1988, 1990

 Rafael Nadal (ESP)
2
0
2
2008, 2010

 Andy Murray (GBR)
2
0
2
2013, 2016

text: Champions by country[edit]

text:
Country

Amateur Era

Open Era

All-time

First title

Last title

 United Kingdom (UK)[e][k]
35
2
37
1877
2016

 United States (USA)
17
15
32
1920
2000

 Australia (AUS)
15
6
21
1907
2002

  Switzerland (SUI)
0
8
8
2003
2017

 France (FRA)
7
0
7
1924
1946

 Sweden (SWE)
0
7
7
1976
1990

 Germany (GER)[l]
0
4
4
1985
1991

 New Zealand (NZL)
4
0
4
1910
1913

 Serbia (SRB)
0
4
4
2011
2018

 Spain (ESP)
1
2
3
1966
2010

 Croatia (CRO)
0
1
1
2001
2001

 Peru (PER)
1
0
1
1959
1959

 Czechoslovakia (TCH) ¤[m]
0
1
1
1973
1973

 Egypt (EGY)
1
0
1
1954
1954

 Netherlands (NED)
0
1
1
1996
1996

text: Former country ¤


document_title: History of the petroleum industry

question_text: when did the modern oil industry come into being

text: History of the petroleum industry

text: Early history[edit]

text: Four thousand years ago, according to Herodotus and confirmed by Diodorus Siculus, asphalt was used in the construction of the walls and towers of Babylon; there were oil pits near Ardericca (near Babylon), and a pitch spring on Zacynthus (Ionian islands, Greece).[1] Great quantities of it were found on the banks of the river Issus[citation needed], one of the tributaries of the Euphrates. Ancient Persian tablets indicate the medicinal and lighting uses of petroleum in the upper levels of their society[citation needed].

text: Oil was exploited in the Roman province of Dacia, now in Romania, where it was called picula.[citation needed]

text: The use of petroleum dates back to ancient China more than 2000 years ago. In I Ching, one of the earliest Chinese writings cites the use of oil in its raw state without refining was first discovered, extracted, and used in China in the first century BCE. In addition, the Chinese were the first to use petroleum as fuel as the early as the fourth century BCE.[2][3][4][5]

text: The earliest known oil wells were drilled in China in 347 AD or earlier. They had depths of up to about 800 feet (240 m) and were drilled using bits attached to bamboo poles.[6][7][8][9][unreliable source?] The oil was burned to evaporate brine and produce salt. By the 10th century, extensive bamboo pipelines connected oil wells with salt springs. The ancient records of China and Japan are said to contain many allusions to the use of natural gas for lighting and heating. Petroleum was known as burning water in Japan in the 7th century.[1] In his book Dream Pool Essays written in 1088, the polymathic scientist and statesman Shen Kuo of the Song Dynasty coined the word 石油 (Shíyóu, literally "rock oil") for petroleum, which remains the term used in contemporary Chinese and Japanese (Sekiyū).

text: The first streets of Baghdad were paved with tar, derived from petroleum that became accessible from natural fields in the region. In the 9th century, oil fields were exploited in the area around modern Baku, Azerbaijan. These fields were described by the Arab geographer Abu al-Hasan 'Alī al-Mas'ūdī in the 10th century, and by Marco Polo in the 13th century, who described the output of those wells as hundreds of shiploads. Distillation of Petroleum was described by the Persian alchemist, Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes).[10][unreliable source] There was production of chemicals such as kerosene in the alembic (al-ambiq),[11] which was mainly used for kerosene lamps.[12] Arab and Persian chemists also distilled crude oil in order to produce flammable products for military purposes. Through Islamic Spain, distillation became available in Western Europe by the 12th century.[13] It has also been present in Romania since the 13th century, being recorded as păcură.[14]

text: The earliest mention of petroleum in the Americas occurs in Sir Walter Raleigh's account of the Trinidad Pitch Lake in 1595; while thirty-seven years later, the account of a visit of a Franciscan, Joseph de la Roche d'Allion, to the oil springs of New York was published in Gabriel Sagard's Histoire du Canada. A Finnish born Swede, scientist and student of Carl Linnaeus, Peter Kalm, in his work Travels into North America published first in 1753 showed on a map the oil springs of Pennsylvania.[1]

text: In 1710 or 1711 (sources vary) the Russian-born Swiss physician and Greek teacher Eirini d'Eyrinys (also spelled as Eirini d'Eirinis) discovered asphaltum at Val-de-Travers, (Neuchâtel). He established a bitumen mine de la Presta there in 1719 that operated until 1986.[15][16][17][18]

text: In 1745 under the Empress Elizabeth of Russia the first oil well and refinery were built in Ukhta by Fiodor Priadunov. Through the process of distillation of the "rock oil" (petroleum) he received a kerosene-like substance, which was used in oil lamps by Russian churches and monasteries (though households still relied on candles).[19]

text: Oil sands were mined from 1745 in Merkwiller-Pechelbronn, Alsace under the direction of Louis Pierre Ancillon de la Sablonnière, by special appointment of Louis XV.[20][21] The Pechelbronn oil field was active until 1970, and was the birthplace of companies like Antar and Schlumberger. The first modern refinery was built there in 1857.[20]

text: Modern history[edit]

text: The modern history of petroleum began in the 19th century with the refining of paraffin from crude oil. The Scottish chemist James Young in 1847 noticed a natural petroleum seepage in the Riddings colliery at Alfreton, Derbyshire from which he distilled a light thin oil suitable for use as lamp oil, at the same time obtaining a thicker oil suitable for lubricating machinery. In 1846, Baku (settlement Bibi-Heybat) the first ever well drilled with percussion tools to a depth of 21 meters for oil exploration. In 1848, Young set up a small business refining the crude oil. The new oils were successful, but the supply of oil from the coal mine soon began to fail (eventually being exhausted in 1851). Young, noticing that the oil was dripping from the sandstone roof of the coal mine, theorized that it somehow originated from the action of heat on the coal seam and from this thought that it might be produced artificially.

text: Following up this idea, he tried many experiments and eventually succeeded, by distilling cannel coal at a low heat, a fluid resembling petroleum, which when treated in the same way as the seep oil gave similar products. Young found that by slow distillation he could obtain a number of useful liquids from it, one of which he named "paraffine oil" because at low temperatures it congealed into a substance resembling paraffin wax.[22]

text: The production of these oils and solid paraffin wax from coal formed the subject of his patent dated 17 October 1850. In 1850 Young & Meldrum and Edward William Binney entered into partnership under the title of E.W. Binney & Co. at Bathgate in West Lothian and E. Meldrum & Co. at Glasgow; their works at Bathgate were completed in 1851 and became the first truly commercial oil-works and oil refinery in the world, using oil extracted from locally mined torbanite, shale, and bituminous coal to manufacture naphtha and lubricating oils; paraffin for fuel use and solid paraffin were not sold till 1856.

text: Abraham Pineo Gesner, a Canadian geologist developed a process to refine a liquid fuel from coal, bitumen and oil shale. His new discovery, which he named kerosene, burned more cleanly and was less expensive than competing products, such as whale oil. In 1850, Gesner created the Kerosene Gaslight Company and began installing lighting in the streets in Halifax and other cities. By 1854, he had expanded to the United States where he created the North American Kerosene Gas Light Company at Long Island, New York. Demand grew to where his company’s capacity to produce became a problem, but the discovery of petroleum, from which kerosene could be more easily produced, solved the supply problem.

text: In 1848 first modern oil well is drilled in Asia, on the Aspheron Peninsula north-east of Baku, by Russian engineer F.N. Semyenov.[23]

text: Ignacy Łukasiewicz improved Gesner's method to develop a means of refining kerosene from the more readily available "rock oil" ("petr-oleum") seeps, in 1852, and the first rock oil mine was built in Bóbrka, near Krosno in central European Galicia (Poland) in 1854. These discoveries rapidly spread around the world, and Meerzoeff built the first modern Russian refinery in the mature oil fields at Baku in 1861. At that time Baku produced about 90% of the world's oil.

text: The question of what constituted the first commercial oil well is a difficult one to answer. Edwin Drake's 1859 well near Titusville, Pennsylvania, discussed more fully below, is popularly considered the first modern well.[24] Drake's well is probably singled out because it was drilled, not dug; because it used a steam engine; because there was a company associated with it; and because it touched off a major boom. However, the first well ever drilled anywhere in the world, which produced oil, was drilled in 1857 to a depth of 280 feet by the American Merrimac Company in La Brea (Spanish for “Pitch”) in southeast Trinidad in the Caribbean [25]. Additionally, there was considerable activity before Drake in various parts of the world in the mid-19th century. A group directed by Major Alexeyev of the Bakinskii Corps of Mining Engineers hand-drilled a well in the Baku region in 1848.[26] There were engine-drilled wells in West Virginia in the same year as Drake's well.[27] An early commercial well was hand dug in Poland in 1853, and another in nearby Romania in 1857. At around the same time the world's first, but small, oil refineries were opened at Jasło, in Poland, with a larger one being opened at Ploiești, in Romania, shortly after. Romania is the first country in the world to have its crude oil output officially recorded in international statistics, namely 275 tonnes.[28][29] In 1875, crude oil was discovered by David Beaty at his home in Warren, Pennsylvania. This led to the opening of the Bradford oil field, which, by the 1880s, produced 77 percent of the global oil supply. However, by the end of the 19th century, the Russian Empire, particularly the Branobel company in Azerbaijan, had taken the lead in production.[30]

text: Samuel Kier established America's first oil refinery in Pittsburgh on Seventh avenue near Grant Street, in 1853. In addition to the activity in West Virginia and Pennsylvania, an important early oil well in North America was in Oil Springs, Ontario, Canada in 1858, dug by James Miller Williams.[31] The discovery at Oil Springs touched off an oil boom which brought hundreds of speculators and workers to the area. New oil fields were discovered nearby throughout the late 19th century and the area developed into a large petrochemical refining centre and exchange.[32] The modern US petroleum industry is considered to have begun with Edwin Drake's drilling of a 69-foot (21 m) oil well in 1859,[33] on Oil Creek near Titusville, Pennsylvania, for the Seneca Oil Company (originally yielding 25 barrels per day (4.0 m3/d), by the end of the year output was at the rate of 15 barrels per day (2.4 m3/d)). The industry grew through the 1800s, driven by the demand for kerosene and oil lamps. It became a major national concern in the early part of the 20th century; the introduction of the internal combustion engine provided a demand that has largely sustained the industry to this day. Early "local" finds like those in Pennsylvania and Ontario were quickly outpaced by demand, leading to "oil booms" in Ohio, Texas, Oklahoma, and California.

text:
Early crude production
in the U.S.

Year
Volume

1859
2,000 barrels (~270 t)

1869
4,215,000 barrels (~5.750×10^5 t)

1879
19,914,146 barrels (~2.717×10^6 t)

1889
35,163,513 barrels (~4.797×10^6 t)

1899
57,084,428 barrels (~7.788×10^6 t)

1906
126,493,936 barrels (~1.726×10^7 t)

text: By 1910, significant oil fields had been discovered in the Dutch East Indies (1885, in Sumatra), Persia (1908, in Masjed Soleiman), Peru (1863, in Zorritos District), Venezuela (1914, in Maracaibo Basin), and Mexico, and were being developed at an industrial level. Significant oil fields were exploited in Alberta (Canada) from 1947. First offshore oil drilling at Oil Rocks (Neft Dashlari) in the Caspian Sea off Azerbaijan eventually resulted in a city built on pylons in 1949. Availability of oil and access to it, became of "cardinal importance" in military power before[34] and after World War I, particularly for navies as they changed from coal, but also with the introduction of motor transport, tanks and airplanes.[35] Such thinking would continue in later conflicts of the twentieth century, including World War II, during which oil facilities were a major strategic asset and were extensively bombed.[36] In 1938, vast reserves of oil were discovered in the Al-Ahsa region along the coast of the Persian Gulf.

text: Until the mid-1950s coal was still the world's foremost fuel, but after this time oil quickly took over. Later, following the 1973 and 1979 energy crises, there was significant media coverage on the subject of oil supply levels. This brought to light the concern that oil is a limited resource that will eventually run out, at least as an economically viable energy source. Although at the time the most common and popular predictions were quite dire, a period of increased production and reduced demand in the following years caused an oil glut in the 1980s. This was not to last, however, and by the first decade of the 21st century discussions about peak oil had returned to the news.

text: Today, about 90% of vehicular fuel needs are met by oil. Petroleum also makes up 40% of total energy consumption in the United States, but is responsible for only 2% of electricity generation. Petroleum's worth as a portable, dense energy source powering the vast majority of vehicles and as the base of many industrial chemicals makes it one of the world's most important commodities.

text: The top three oil producing countries are Saudi Arabia, Russia, and the United States.[37] About 80% of the world's readily accessible reserves are located in the Middle East, with 62.5% coming from the Arab 5: Saudi Arabia (12.5%), UAE, Iraq, Qatar and Kuwait. However, with high oil prices (above $100/barrel), Venezuela has larger reserves than Saudi Arabia due to its crude reserves derived from bitumen.


document_title: List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders

question_text: who has scored the most points in nba

question_tokens: who has scored the most points in nba

text: Scoring leaders[edit]

text: The following is a list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season points scored.

text:
^

Active NBA player

*

Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

†

Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration[2]

text:
Rank

Player

Position(s)

Team(s) played for (years)[3]

Total points

Games  played

Points  per gameaverage[4]

Field goalsmade

Three-pointfield goalsmade[5]

Free  throws made

1

Kareem Abdul-Jabbar*[6]

C

Milwaukee Bucks (1969–1975)Los Angeles Lakers (1975–1989)

38,387

1,560

24.6

15,837

1

6,712

2

Karl Malone*

PF

Utah Jazz (1985–2003)Los Angeles Lakers (2003–2004)

36,928

1,476

25.0

13,528

85

9,787

3

Kobe Bryant†

SG

Los Angeles Lakers (1996–2016)

33,643

1,346

25.0

11,719

1,827

8,378

4

Michael Jordan*

SG

Chicago Bulls (1984–1993, 1995–1998)Washington Wizards (2001–2003)

32,292

1,072

30.1

12,192

581

7,327

5

Wilt Chamberlain*

C

Philadelphia/San Francisco Warriors (1959–1965)Philadelphia 76ers (1965–1968)Los Angeles Lakers (1968–1973)

31,419

1,045

30.1

12,681

0

6,057

6

Dirk Nowitzki^

PF/C

Dallas Mavericks (1999–present)

31,187

1,471

21.2

11,034

1,918

7,201

7

LeBron James^

SF/PF

Cleveland Cavaliers (2003–2010, 2014–2018)Miami Heat (2010–2014)Los Angeles Lakers (2018–present)

31,038

1,143

27.2

11,280

1,616

6,862

8

Shaquille O'Neal*

C

Orlando Magic (1992–1996)Los Angeles Lakers (1996–2004)Miami Heat (2004–2008)Phoenix Suns (2008–2009)Cleveland Cavaliers (2009–2010)Boston Celtics (2010–2011)

28,596

1,207

23.7

11,330

1

5,935

9

Moses Malone*

C

Buffalo Braves (1976)Houston Rockets (1976–1982)Philadelphia 76ers (1982–1986, 1993–1994)Washington Bullets (1986–1988)Atlanta Hawks (1988–1991)Milwaukee Bucks (1991–1993)San Antonio Spurs (1994–1995)

27,409

1,329

20.6

9,435

8

8,531

10

Elvin Hayes*

PF/C

San Diego/Houston Rockets (1968–1972, 1981–1984)Baltimore/Capital/Washington Bullets (1972–1981)

27,313

1,303

21.0

10,976

5

5,356

11

Hakeem Olajuwon*[7]

C

Houston Rockets (1984–2001)Toronto Raptors (2001–2002)

26,946

1,238

21.8

10,749

25

5,423

12

Oscar Robertson*

PG

Cincinnati Royals (1960–1970)Milwaukee Bucks (1970–1974)

26,710

1,040

25.7

9,508

0

7,694

13

Dominique Wilkins*

SF

Atlanta Hawks (1982–1994)Los Angeles Clippers (1994)Boston Celtics (1994–1995)San Antonio Spurs (1996–1997)Orlando Magic (1999)

26,668

1,074

24.8

9,963

711

6,031

14

Tim Duncan†

PF/C

San Antonio Spurs (1997–2016)

26,496

1,392

19.0

10,285

30

5,896

15

Paul Pierce†

SF/SG

Boston Celtics (1999–2013)Brooklyn Nets (2013–2014)Washington Wizards (2014–2015)Los Angeles Clippers (2015–2017)

26,397

1,343

19.7

8,668

2,143

6,918

16

John Havlicek*

SF/SG

Boston Celtics (1962–1978)

26,395

1,270

20.8

10,513

0

5,369

17

Kevin Garnett†

PF/C

Minnesota Timberwolves (1995–2007, 2015–2016)Boston Celtics (2007–2013)Brooklyn Nets (2013–2015)

26,071

1,462

17.8

10,505

174

4,887

18

Alex English*

SF

Milwaukee Bucks (1976–1978)Indiana Pacers (1978–1980)Denver Nuggets (1980–1990)Dallas Mavericks (1990–1991)

25,613

1,193

21.5

10,659

18

4,277

19

Carmelo Anthony^

SF

Denver Nuggets (2003–2011)New York Knicks (2011–2017)Oklahoma City Thunder (2017–2018)

25,417

1,054

24.1

9,088

1,341

5,900

20

Reggie Miller*

SG

Indiana Pacers (1987–2005)

25,279

1,389

18.2

8,241

2,560

6,237

21

Jerry West*

PG/SG

Los Angeles Lakers (1960–1974)

25,192

932

27.0

9,016

0

7,160

22

Vince Carter^

SG/SF

Toronto Raptors (1999–2004)New Jersey Nets (2004–2009)Orlando Magic (2009–2010)Phoenix Suns (2010–2011)Dallas Mavericks (2011–2014)Memphis Grizzlies (2014–2017)Sacramento Kings (2017–2018)Atlanta Hawks (2018–present)

24,868

1,405

17.7

8,990

2,106

4,782

23

Patrick Ewing*

C

New York Knicks (1985–2000)Seattle SuperSonics (2000–2001)Orlando Magic (2001–2002)

24,815

1,183

21.0

9,702

19

5,392

24

Ray Allen*

SG

Milwaukee Bucks (1996–2003)Seattle SuperSonics (2003–2007)Boston Celtics (2007–2012)Miami Heat (2012–2014)

24,505

1,300

18.9

8,567

2,973

4,398

25

Allen Iverson*

SG/PG

Philadelphia 76ers (1996–2006, 2009–2010)Denver Nuggets (2006–2008)Detroit Pistons (2008–2009)Memphis Grizzlies (2009)

24,368

914

26.7

8,467

1,059

6,375

26

Charles Barkley*

PF

Philadelphia 76ers (1984–1992)Phoenix Suns (1992–1996)Houston Rockets (1996–2000)

23,757

1,073

22.1

8,435

538

6,349

27

Robert Parish*

C

Golden State Warriors (1976–1980)Boston Celtics (1980–1994)Charlotte Hornets (1994–1996)Chicago Bulls (1996–1997)

23,334

1,611

14.5

9,614

0

4,106

28

Adrian Dantley*

SF

Buffalo Braves (1976–1977)Indiana Pacers (1977)Los Angeles Lakers (1977–1979)Utah Jazz (1979–1986)Detroit Pistons (1986–1989)Dallas Mavericks (1989–1990)Milwaukee Bucks (1991)

23,177

955

24.3

8,169

7

6,832

29

Elgin Baylor*

SF

Minneapolis/Los Angeles Lakers (1958–1971)

23,149

846

27.4

8,693

0

5,763

30

Clyde Drexler*

SG

Portland Trail Blazers (1983–1995)Houston Rockets (1995–1998)

22,195

1,086

20.4

8,335

827

4,698

31

Dwyane Wade^

SG

Miami Heat (2003–2016, 2018–present)Chicago Bulls (2016–2017) Cleveland Cavaliers (2017–2018)

22,082

982

22.5

8,038

463

5,543

32

Gary Payton*

PG

Seattle SuperSonics (1990–2003)Milwaukee Bucks (2003)Los Angeles Lakers (2003–2004)Boston Celtics (2004–2005)Miami Heat (2005–2007)

21,813

1,335

16.3

8,708

1,132

3,265

33

Larry Bird*

SF/PF

Boston Celtics (1979–1992)

21,791

897

24.3

8,591

649

3,960

34

Hal Greer*

SG/PG

Syracuse Nationals/Philadelphia 76ers (1958–1973)

21,586

1,122

19.2

8,504

0

4,578

35

Walt Bellamy*

C

Chicago Packers/Zephyrs/Baltimore Bullets (1961–1965)New York Knicks (1965–1968)Detroit Pistons (1968–1970)Atlanta Hawks (1970–1974)New Orleans Jazz (1974)

20,941

1,043

20.1

7,914

0

5,113

36

Kevin Durant^

SF

Seattle SuperSonics/Oklahoma City Thunder (2007–2016)Golden State Warriors (2016–present)

20,913

771

27.1

7,093

1,433

5,294

37

Bob Pettit*

PF/C

Milwaukee/St. Louis Hawks (1954–1965)

20,880

792

26.4

7,349

0

6,182

38

David Robinson*

C

San Antonio Spurs (1989–2003)

20,790

987

21.1

7,365

25

6,035

39

Pau Gasol^

C/PF

Memphis Grizzlies (2001–2008)Los Angeles Lakers (2008–2014)Chicago Bulls (2014–2016)San Antonio Spurs (2016–present)

20,776

1,196

17.4

7,938

173

4,727

40

George Gervin*

SG/SF

San Antonio Spurs (1976–1985)Chicago Bulls (1985–1986)

20,708

791

26.2

8,045

77

4,541

41

Mitch Richmond*

SG

Golden State Warriors (1988–1991)Sacramento Kings (1991–1998)Washington Wizards (1999–2001)Los Angeles Lakers (2001–2002)

20,497

976

21.0

7,305

1,326

4,561

42

Joe Johnson^

SG/SF

Boston Celtics (2001–2002)Phoenix Suns (2002–2005)Atlanta Hawks (2005–2012)Brooklyn Nets (2012–2016)Miami Heat (2016)Utah Jazz (2016–2018)Houston Rockets (2018–present)

20,405

1,276

16.0

7,822

1,978

2,783

43

Tom Chambers

PF

San Diego Clippers (1981–1983)Seattle SuperSonics (1983–1988)Phoenix Suns (1988–1993)Utah Jazz (1993–1995)Charlotte Hornets (1997)Philadelphia 76ers (1997)

20,049

1,107

18.1

7,378

227

5,066

44

Antawn Jamison

PF/SF

Golden State Warriors (1999–2003)Dallas Mavericks (2003–2004)Washington Wizards (2004–2010)Cleveland Cavaliers (2010–2012)Los Angeles Lakers (2012–2013)Los Angeles Clippers (2013–2014)

20,042

1,083

18.5

7,679

1,163

3,521

45

John Stockton*

PG

Utah Jazz (1984–2003)

19,711

1,504

13.1

7,039

845

4,788

46

Bernard King*

SF

New Jersey Nets (1977–1979, 1993)Utah Jazz (1979)Golden State Warriors (1980–1982)New York Knicks (1982–1985, 1987)Washington Bullets (1987–1991)

19,655

874

22.5

7,830

23

3,972

47

Clifford Robinson

PF/SF

Portland Trail Blazers (1989–1997)Phoenix Suns (1997–2001)Detroit Pistons (2001–2003)Golden State Warriors (2003–2005)New Jersey Nets (2005–2007)

19,591

1,380

14.2

7,389

1,253

3,560

48

Walter Davis

SG/SF

Phoenix Suns (1977–1988)Denver Nuggets (1988–1991, 1991–1992)Portland Trail Blazers (1991)

19,521

1,033

18.9

8,118

157

3,128

49

Terry Cummings

PF

San Diego Clippers (1982–1984)Milwaukee Bucks (1984–1989, 1995–1996)San Antonio Spurs (1989–1995)Seattle SuperSonics (1996–1997)Philadelphia 76ers (1997–1998)New York Knicks (1998)Golden State Warriors (1999–2000)

19,460

1,183

16.4

8,045

44

3,326

50

Bob Lanier*

C

Detroit Pistons (1970–1980)Milwaukee Bucks (1980–1984)

19,248

959

20.1

7,761

2

3,724

text: Progressive list of scoring leaders[edit]

text: This is a progressive list of scoring leaders showing how the record increased through the years.[1]

text:
Team abbreviations

Team(s) listed is the one player was on when he established the record.

ATL
Atlanta Hawks
DET
Detroit Pistons
MIL
Milwaukee Bucks
PHX
Phoenix Suns

BOS
Boston Celtics
FTW
Fort Wayne Pistons
MIN
Minnesota Timberwolves
PHW
Philadelphia Warriors

BUF
Buffalo Braves
GSW
Golden State Warriors
MNL
Minneapolis Lakers
SAS
San Antonio Spurs

CHI
Chicago Bulls
HOU
Houston Rockets
NOJ
New Orleans Jazz
SDR
San Diego Rockets

CHS
Chicago Stags
IND
Indiana Pacers
NOP
New Orleans Pelicans
SFW
San Francisco Warriors

CLE
Cleveland Cavaliers
KCO
Kansas City-Omaha Kings
OKC
Oklahoma City Thunder
STL
St. Louis Hawks

DAL
Dallas Mavericks
LAL
Los Angeles Lakers
ORL
Orlando Magic
SYR
Syracuse Nationals

DEN
Denver Nuggets
MIA
Miami Heat
PHI
Philadelphia 76ers
UTA
Utah Jazz

text:
Scoring leader at the end of every season

Season
Year-by-year leader
Points
Active player leader
Total points
Career record
Total points
Single-season record
Points
Season

1946–47
Joe Fulks*000PHW
1,389
Joe Fulks*000PHW
1,389
Joe Fulks*000PHW
1,389
Joe Fulks*000PHW
1,389
1946–47

1947–48
Max Zaslofsky000CHS
1,007
2,338
2,338
1947–48

1948–49
George Mikan*000MNL
1,698
3,898
3,898
George Mikan*000MNL
1,698
1948–49

1949–50
1,865
4,863
4,863
1,865
1949–50

1950–51
1,932
6,099
6,099
1,932
1950–51

1951–52
Paul Arizin*000PHW
1,674
7,021
7,021
1951–52

1952–53
Neil Johnston*000PHW
1,564
George Mikan*000MNL
8,460
George Mikan*000MNL
8,460
1952–53

1953–54
1,759
9,766
9,766
1953–54

1954–55
1,631
Max Zaslofsky000FTW
7,902
1954–55

1955–56
Bob Pettit*000STL
1,849
George Mikan*000MNL
10,156
10,156
1955–56

1956–57
Paul Arizin*000PHW
1,817
Ed Macauley*000STL
10,150
1956–57

1957–58
George Yardley*000DET
2,001
Dolph Schayes*000SYR
11,764
Dolph Schayes*000SYR
11,764
George Yardley*000DET
2,001
1957–58

1958–59
Bob Pettit*000STL
2,105
13,298
13,298
Bob Pettit*000STL
2,105
1958–59

1959–60
Wilt Chamberlain*000PHW 1959–62000SFW 1962–65000PHI 1965–66
2,707
14,987
14,987
Wilt Chamberlain*000PHW
2,707
1959–60

1960–61
3,033
16,855
16,855
3,033
1960–61

1961–62
4,029
17,677
17,677
4,029
1961–62

1962–63
3,586
18,304
18,304
1962–63

1963–64
2,948
Bob Pettit*000STL
19,756
Bob Pettit*000STL
19,756
1963–64

1964–65
2,534
20,880
20,880
1964–65

1965–66
2,649
Wilt Chamberlain*000PHI 1965–68000LAL 1968–73
21,486
Wilt Chamberlain*000PHI 1965–68000LAL 1968–73
21,486
1965–66

1966–67
Rick Barry*000SFW
2,775
23,442
23,442
1966–67

1967–68
Dave Bing*000DET
2,142
25,434
25,434
1967–68

1968–69
Elvin Hayes*000SDR
2,327
27,098
27,098
1968–69

1969–70
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar*000MIL
2,361
27,426
27,426
1969–70

1970–71
2,596
29,122
29,122
1970–71

1971–72
2,822
30,335
30,335
1971–72

1972–73
Tiny Archibald*000KCO
2,719
31,419
31,419
1972–73

1973–74
Bob McAdoo*000BUF
2,261
Oscar Robertson*000MIL
26,710
1973–74

1974–75
2,831
John Havlicek*000BOS
22,389
1974–75

1975–76
2,427
23,678
1975–76

1976–77
Pete Maravich*000NOJ
2,273
25,073
1976–77

1977–78
George Gervin*000SAS
2,232
26,395
1977–78

1978–79
2,365
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar*000LAL
22,141
1978–79

1979–80
2,585
24,175
1979–80

1980–81
Adrian Dantley*000UTA
2,452
26,270
1980–81

1981–82
George Gervin*000SAS
2,551
28,088
1981–82

1982–83
Alex English*000DEN
2,326
29,810
1982–83

1983–84
Adrian Dantley*000UTA
2,418
31,527
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar*000LAL
31,527
1983–84

1984–85
Michael Jordan*000CHI
2,313
33,262
33,262
1984–85

1985–86
Alex English*000DEN
2,414
35,108
35,108
1985–86

1986–87
Michael Jordan*000CHI
3,041
36,474
36,474
1986–87

1987–88
2,868
37,639
37,639
1987–88

1988–89
2,633
38,387
38,387
1988–89

1989–90
2,753
Moses Malone*000ATL 1989–91000MIL 1991–93000PHI 1993–94000SAS 1994–95
24,868
1989–90

1990–91
2,580
25,737
1990–91

1991–92
2,404
27,016
1991–92

1992–93
2,541
27,066
1992–93

1993–94
David Robinson*000SAS
2,383
27,360
1993–94

1994–95
Shaquille O'Neal*000ORL
2,315
27,409
1994–95

1995–96
Michael Jordan*000CHI
2,491
Michael Jordan*000CHI
24,489
1995–96

1996–97
2,431
26,920
1996–97

1997–98
2,357
29,277
1997–98

1998–99
Shaquille O'Neal*000LAL
1,289
Karl Malone*000UTA 1998–2003000LAL 2003–04
28,946
1998–99

1999–00
2,344
31,041
1999–00

2000–01
Jerry Stackhouse00DET
2,380
32,919
2000–01

2001–02
Paul Pierce†000BOS
2,144
34,707
2001–02

2002–03
Kobe Bryant†000LAL
2,461
36,374
2002–03

2003–04
Kevin Garnett†000MIN
1,987
36,928
2003–04

2004–05
Allen Iverson*000PHI
2,302
Reggie Miller*000IND
25,279
2004–05

2005–06
Kobe Bryant†000LAL
2,832
Shaquille O'Neal*000MIA 2005–08000PHO 2008–09000CLE 2009–10000BOS 2010–11
24,764
2005–06

2006–07
2,430
25,454
2006–07

2007–08
2,323
26,286
2007–08

2008–09
Dwyane Wade^000MIA
2,386
27,619
2008–09

2009–10
Kevin Durant^000OKC
2,472
28,255
2009–10

2010–11
2,161
28,596
2010–11

2011–12
1,850
Kobe Bryant†000LAL
29,484
2011–12

2012–13
2,280
31,617
2012–13

2013–14
2,593
31,700
2013–14

2014–15
James Harden^000HOU
2,217
32,482
2014–15

2015–16
2,376
33,643
2015–16

2016–17
Russell Westbrook^000OKC
2,558
Dirk Nowitzki^000DAL
30,260
2016–17

2017–18
LeBron James^000CLE
2,251
31,187
Abdul-Jabbar*0 35 yrs
38,387
Chamberlain*059 yrs
4,029
2017–18

Season
Year-by-year leader
Points
Active player leader
Total points
Career record
Total points
Single-season record
Points
Season


document_title: Mall of America (Metro Transit station)

question_text: where is the train station at mall of america

text: Mall of America (Metro Transit station)

text: Location and design[edit]

text: The transit station for local bus/rail service is in the lower level of the eastern parking ramp. The station was built in the early 1990s.[2]

text: It has a utilitarian design with basic finishes. Met Council member Steve Elkins said in a council meeting, “It’s just dark and dank, and not really safe or inviting.” [2]

text: METRO service[edit]

text: The station is served by METRO Blue Line and Red Line. The mall is the nineteenth and final stop on the Blue Line and is the northern terminus of the Red Line.

text: METRO Blue Line light rail connects the mall to the Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport and downtown Minneapolis and terminates at Target Field, home of the Minnesota Twins.

text: METRO Red Line connects the mall to Eagan and Apple Valley.

text: Commuter traffic[edit]

text: The mall is not a park and ride facility. Overnight parking is banned to prevent passengers from parking to take the train to the airport. Commuters are required to use the nearby 28th Avenue Station's parking ramp.

text: Proposed upgrade[edit]

text: The Mall of America Transit Station is undergoing a study to increase efficiency and capacities, and to provide a better experience for its users.[3] A Minnesota Senate publication during the 2015-2016 legislative session called the station functionally obsolete.[1][4]

text: The improvements will enable buses to enter the station more easily.[4]

text: Prior to the renovation, the station has no external signage or identity. Renderings published by the Minnesota Senate show an external presence outside the parking lot.[1]

text: The proposed station would improve station amenities, its aesthetic appeal, and the visitor experience. The upgrade also would provide clear and convenient pedestrian access.[1]

text: Estimates for the upgrade are approximately $25 million. There is $8.77 million shortfall in the funding for the project.[2][3]


document_title: Death Valley

question_text: what is the coldest temperature in death valley

text: Death Valley

text: Geology[edit]

text: Death Valley is one of the best geological examples of a basin and range configuration. It lies at the southern end of a geological trough known as Walker Lane, which runs north into Oregon. The valley is bisected by a right lateral strike slip fault system, represented by the Death Valley Fault and the Furnace Creek Fault. The eastern end of the left lateral Garlock Fault intersects the Death Valley Fault. Furnace Creek and the Amargosa River flow through the valley but eventually disappear into the sands of the valley floor.

text: Death Valley also contains salt pans. According to current geological consensus, at various times during the middle of the Pleistocene era, inland lakes (collectively referred to as Lake Manly) formed in Death Valley. Lake Manly received water overflowing from a chain of other Pleistocene lakes, most of which are now also dry lakebeds. As the area turned to desert, the water evaporated, leaving the abundance of evaporitic salts such as common sodium salts and borax, which were later exploited during the modern history of the region, primarily 1883 to 1907.[8]

text: Climate[edit]

text: Death Valley has a subtropical, hot desert climate (Köppen: BWh), with long, extremely hot summers and short, warm winters, as well as little rainfall. As a general rule, lower altitudes tend to have higher temperatures. When the sun heats the ground, that heat is then radiated upward, but the dense below-sea-level air absorbs some of this radiation and radiates some of it back towards the ground. In addition, the high valley walls trap rising hot air and recycle it back down to the valley floor, where it is heated by compression.[9]

text: This process is especially important in Death Valley, as it provides its specific climate and geography. The valley is surrounded by mountains, while its surface is mostly flat and devoid of plants, so much of the sun's heat can reach the ground, absorbed by soil and rock. When air at ground level is heated, it begins to rise, moving up past steep, high mountain ranges, which then cools slightly, sinking back down towards the valley more compressed. This air is then reheated by the sun to a higher temperature, moving up the mountain again, whereby the air moves up and down in a circular motion in cycles, similar to how a convection oven works. This heated air increases ground temperature markedly, forming the hot wind currents that are trapped by atmospheric pressure and mountains, thus stays mostly within the valley. Such hot wind currents contribute to perpetual drought-like conditions in Death Valley and prevent much cloud formation from passing through the confines of the valley, where precipitation is often in the form of a virga.[10] Death Valley holds temperature records because it has an unusually high number of factors that lead to high atmospheric temperatures.

text: The depth and shape of Death Valley influence its summer temperatures. The valley is a long, narrow basin 282 feet (86 m) below sea level, yet is walled by high, steep mountain ranges. The clear, dry air and sparse plant cover allow sunlight to heat the desert surface. Summer nights provide little relief, as overnight lows may only dip into the 82 to 98 °F (28 to 37 °C) range. Moving masses of super-heated air blow through the valley creating extremely high temperatures.[11]

text: The hottest air temperature ever recorded in Death Valley was 134 °F (56.7 °C) on July 10, 1913, at Furnace Creek,[12] which is the hottest atmospheric temperature ever recorded on earth.[5] During the heat wave that peaked with that record, five consecutive days reached 129 °F (54 °C) or above. Some meteorologists dispute the accuracy of the 1913 temperature measurement.[13]

text: The hottest surface temperature ever recorded in Death Valley was 201.0 °F (93.9 °C) on July 15, 1972, at Furnace Creek, which is the hottest ground surface temperature ever recorded on earth, as well as the only recorded surface temperature of above 200 °F (93.3 °C).[14]

text: The greatest number of consecutive days with a maximum temperature of 100 °F (38 °C) or above was 154 days in the summer of 2001. The summer of 1996 had 40 days over 120 °F (49 °C), and 105 days over 110 °F (43 °C). The summer of 1917 had 52 days where the temperature reached 120 °F (49 °C) or above with 43 of them consecutive. Four major mountain ranges lie between Death Valley and the ocean, each one adding to an increasingly drier rain shadow effect, and in 1929, 1953, and 1989, no rain was recorded for the whole year.[11] The period from 1931 to 1934 was the driest stretch on record with only 0.64 inches (16 mm) of rain over a 40-month period.[10] On June 30, 2013, during the 2013 extreme heat wave, the mercury reached 129 °F (54 °C) at Furnace Creek station, which is the all-time hottest air temperature recorded for June.

text: The mean annual temperature for Death Valley (Furnace Creek Weather Station) is 77.2 °F (25.1 °C) with an average high of 65.2 °F (18 °C) in December, 66.9 °F (19 °C) in January, and 116.5 °F (47 °C) in July.[15] From 1934 to 1961, the weather station at Cow Creek recorded a mean annual temperature of 77.2 °F (25.1 °C).[16]

text: The longest number of consecutive days where temperatures reached 90 °F (32 °C) or more was 205 from April to October 1992.[17] On average, 192 days per year in Death Valley have temperatures that reach 90 °F or more.[18] Before being moved to Furnace Creek, the weather station at Greenland Ranch averaged 194.4 days annually where temperatures reached 90 °F or more.[19]

text: The lowest temperature recorded at Greenland Ranch was 15 °F (−9 °C) in January 1913.[20]

text: The period from July 17–19, 1959, was the longest string of consecutive days where nighttime low temperatures did not drop below 100 °F (38 °C).[21] The highest overnight or low temperature recorded in Death Valley is 110 °F (43 °C), recorded on July 5, 1918, and the current world record for hottest overnight low.[22] As recently as July 12, 2012, the low temperature at Death Valley dropped to just 107 °F (42 °C) after a high of 128 °F (53 °C) on the previous day. The only other location which matches Death Valley's overnight low temperature of 107 °F in recent years is Khasab Airport in Oman, which also recorded a low of 107 °F (42 °C) on June 27, 2012.[23] Also on July 12, 2012 the mean 24-hour temperature recorded at Death Valley was 117.5 °F (47.5 °C), which makes it the world's warmest 24-hour temperature on record.[24]

text: The average annual precipitation in Death Valley is 2.36 inches (60 mm), while the Greenland Ranch station averaged 1.58 in (40 mm).[25] The wettest month on record is January 1995, when 2.59 inches (66 mm) fell on Death Valley.[10] The wettest period on record was mid-2004 to mid-2005, in which nearly 6 inches (150 mm) of rain fell in total, leading to ephemeral lakes in the valley and the region and tremendous wildflower blooms.[26] Snow with accumulation has only been recorded in January 1922, while scattered flakes have been recorded on other occasions.

text:
[hide]Climate data for Death Valley (Furnace Creek Station)

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
87
(31)
97
(36)
102
(39)
113
(45)
122
(50)
129
(54)
134
(57)
127
(53)
123
(51)
113
(45)
98
(37)
89
(32)
134
(57)

Mean maximum °F (°C)
77.0
(25)
83.9
(28.8)
93.4
(34.1)
103.4
(39.7)
112.1
(44.5)
120.4
(49.1)
123.7
(50.9)
121.9
(49.9)
116.0
(46.7)
104.2
(40.1)
88.8
(31.6)
77.0
(25)
124.5
(51.4)

Average high °F (°C)
66.9
(19.4)
73.3
(22.9)
82.1
(27.8)
90.5
(32.5)
100.5
(38.1)
109.9
(43.3)
116.5
(46.9)
114.7
(45.9)
106.5
(41.4)
92.8
(33.8)
77.1
(25.1)
65.2
(18.4)
91.4
(33)

Daily mean °F (°C)
53.4
(11.9)
59.8
(15.4)
68.4
(20.2)
76.3
(24.6)
86.6
(30.3)
95.5
(35.3)
102.2
(39)
100.2
(37.9)
91.1
(32.8)
77.1
(25.1)
62.6
(17)
51.7
(10.9)
77.2
(25.1)

Average low °F (°C)
40.0
(4.4)
46.3
(7.9)
54.8
(12.7)
62.1
(16.7)
72.7
(22.6)
81.2
(27.3)
88.0
(31.1)
85.7
(29.8)
75.6
(24.2)
61.5
(16.4)
48.1
(8.9)
38.3
(3.5)
62.9
(17.2)

Mean minimum °F (°C)
28.4
(−2)
34.4
(1.3)
41.4
(5.2)
48.7
(9.3)
56.6
(13.7)
65.4
(18.6)
75.7
(24.3)
73.5
(23.1)
62.7
(17.1)
48.8
(9.3)
35.5
(1.9)
28.8
(−1.8)
26.3
(−3.2)

Record low °F (°C)
15
(−9)
20
(−7)
26
(−3)
35
(2)
42
(6)
49
(9)
62
(17)
65
(18)
41
(5)
32
(0)
24
(−4)
19
(−7)
15
(−9)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
0.39
(9.9)
0.51
(13)
0.30
(7.6)
0.12
(3)
0.03
(0.8)
0.05
(1.3)
0.07
(1.8)
0.13
(3.3)
0.21
(5.3)
0.07
(1.8)
0.18
(4.6)
0.30
(7.6)
2.36
(59.9)

Mean monthly sunshine hours
217
226
279
330
372
390
403
372
330
310
210
186
3,625

Source #1: NOAA 1981–2010 US Climate Normals[27]

Source #2: weather2travel.com[28]

text:
[hide]Climate data for Death Valley (Cow Creek Station)

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
84
(29)
89
(32)
100
(38)
110
(43)
120
(49)
125
(52)
126
(52)
125
(52)
123
(51)
111
(44)
95
(35)
84
(29)
126
(52)

Average high °F (°C)
64.4
(18)
71.6
(22)
80.6
(27)
90.9
(32.7)
100.0
(37.8)
109.3
(42.9)
116.0
(46.7)
113.8
(45.4)
106.9
(41.6)
92.1
(33.4)
75.4
(24.1)
65.9
(18.8)
90.6
(32.6)

Daily mean °F (°C)
52.5
(11.4)
59.1
(15.1)
67.4
(19.7)
77.5
(25.3)
86.4
(30.2)
95.3
(35.2)
102.1
(38.9)
99.9
(37.7)
92.1
(33.4)
78.1
(25.6)
62.3
(16.8)
54.1
(12.3)
77.2
(25.1)

Average low °F (°C)
40.6
(4.8)
46.6
(8.1)
54.3
(12.4)
64.1
(17.8)
72.7
(22.6)
81.2
(27.3)
88.4
(31.3)
86.0
(30)
77.4
(25.2)
64.0
(17.8)
49.3
(9.6)
42.4
(5.8)
63.9
(17.7)

Record low °F (°C)
19
(−7)
30
(−1)
33
(1)
45
(7)
52
(11)
54
(12)
69
(21)
69
(21)
57
(14)
40
(4)
32
(0)
27
(−3)
19
(−7)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
0.24
(6.1)
0.32
(8.1)
0.20
(5.1)
0.20
(5.1)
0.10
(2.5)
0.02
(0.5)
0.10
(2.5)
0.11
(2.8)
0.12
(3)
0.11
(2.8)
0.20
(5.1)
0.29
(7.4)
2.00
(50.8)

Source: www.wrcc.dri.edu[29]

text: Biodiversity[edit]

text: In spite of the overwhelming heat and sparse rainfall, Death Valley exhibits considerable biodiversity. Wildflowers, watered by snowmelt, carpet the desert floor each spring, continuing into June.[26] Bighorn sheep, red-tailed hawks, and wild burros may be seen. Death Valley has over 600 springs and ponds. Salt Creek, a mile-long shallow depression in the center of the valley, supports pupfish.[30]

text: Darwin Falls, on the western edge of Death Valley Monument, falls 100 feet (30 m) into a large pond surrounded by willows and cottonwood trees. Over 80 species of birds have been spotted around the pond.[31]

text: Lake Badwater and Glacial Lake Manly[edit]

text: In 2005, Death Valley received four times its average annual rainfall of 1.5 inches (38 mm). As it has done before for hundreds of years, the lowest spot in the valley filled with a wide, shallow lake, but the extreme heat and aridity immediately began evaporating the ephemeral lake.

text: The pair of images (seen at right) from NASA's Landsat 5 satellite documents the short history of Death Valley's Lake Badwater: formed in February 2005 (top) and evaporated by February 2007 (bottom). In 2005, a big pool of greenish water stretched most of the way across the valley floor. By May 2005 the valley floor had resumed its more familiar role as Badwater Basin, a salt-coated salt flats. In time, this freshly dissolved and recrystallized salt will darken.

text: The western margin of Death Valley is traced by alluvial fans. During flash floods, rainfall from the steep mountains to the west pours through narrow canyons, picking up everything from fine clay to large rocks. When these torrents reach the mouths of the canyons, they widen and slow, branching out into braided streams. The paler the fans, the younger they are.

text: During the Pleistocene ice age, which ended roughly 10,000–12,000 years ago, the Sierra Nevada was much wetter. During that time, Death Valley was filled with a huge lake, called Glacial Lake Manly, that was nearly 100 miles (160 km) long and 600 feet (180 m) deep, the end-basin in a chain of lakes that began with Mono Lake in the north and continued through multiple basins down the Owens River Valley through Searles and China Lakes and the Panamint Valley to the immediate west.[32] Remnants of this wetter period can still be seen in the region today, including the presence of several isolated populations of pupfish.[30]

text: History[edit]

text: Death Valley is home to the Timbisha tribe of Native Americans, formerly known as the Panamint Shoshone, who have inhabited the valley for at least the past millennium. The Timbisha name for the valley, tümpisa, means "rock paint" and refers to the red ochre paint that can be made from a type of clay found in the valley. Some families still live in the valley at Furnace Creek. Another village was in Grapevine Canyon near the present site of Scotty's Castle. It was called in the Timbisha language maahunu, whose meaning is uncertain, although it is known that hunu means "canyon".

text: The valley received its English name in 1849 during the California Gold Rush. It was called Death Valley by prospectors[33] and others who sought to cross the valley on their way to the gold fields, after 13 pioneers perished from one early expedition of wagon trains.[34] During the 1850s, gold and silver were extracted in the valley. In the 1880s, borax was discovered and extracted by mule-drawn wagons.

text: On the afternoon of July 10, 1913, the United States Weather Bureau recorded a high temperature of 134 °F (56.7 °C) at Greenland Ranch (now Furnace Creek) in Death Valley.[5] This temperature stands as the highest ambient air temperature ever recorded at the surface of the Earth. (A report of a temperature of 58 °C (136.4 °F) recorded in Libya in 1922 was later determined to be inaccurate.)[12]

text: Death Valley National Monument was proclaimed on February 11, 1933, by President Herbert Hoover, placing the area under federal protection. In 1994, the monument was redesignated as Death Valley National Park, as well as being substantially expanded to include Saline and Eureka Valleys.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: A number of movies have been filmed in Death Valley:[35]

text:
Chimmie Fadden Out West
Danger Valley
Death Valley (1927)
Fair Warning
The Border Patrolman
Where Trails Divide (1937)
Twenty Mule Team
Death Valley (1946)
Yellow Sky
3 Godfathers
The Walking Hills
The Gunfighter (1950)
Surrender
Cattle Drive
Westward the Women
Escape from Fort Bravo
Tumbleweed
War Paint
The Law and Jake Wade
One-Eyed Jacks
The Reward (1965)
The Professionals
The Legend of God's Gun (2007)

text: Notable locations[edit]

text:
Badwater Basin
China Ranch
Dante's View
Darwin Falls
Devils Hole
Father Crowley Viewpoint
Furnace Creek
Harmony Borax Works
Hells Gate
Hog Ranch Mountains
Myers Ranch
Oasis at Death Valley
Russell Camp
New Ryan
Upper and Lower Noonday Camp
Shoreline Butte
Stovepipe Wells
Tecopa
Tecopa Hot Springs
West Side Borax Camp
Wilson Ranch
Wildrose Ranger Station


document_title: Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year

question_text: who won the laureus 2017 sportman of the year award

text: List of winners and nominees[edit]

text:
Key

*
Indicates individual whose award or nomination was later rescinded

text:
Year
Image
Winner
Nationality
Sport
Nominees
Refs

2000

Woods, TigerTiger Woods
 USA
Golf
Andre Agassi ( USA) – tennis
Maurice Greene ( USA) – athletics
[14][15]

2001

Woods, TigerTiger Woods
 USA
Golf
Steve Redgrave ( GBR) – rowing
Michael Schumacher ( GER) – Formula One
Ian Thorpe ( AUS) – swimming
Pieter van den Hoogenband ( NED) – swimming
[16][17]

2002

Schumacher, MichaelMichael Schumacher
 GER
Formula One
Lance Armstrong* ( USA) – cycling
Maurice Greene ( USA) – athletics
Ian Thorpe ( AUS) – swimming
Tiger Woods ( USA) – golf
[8][18]

2003

Armstrong, LanceLance Armstrong*
 USA
Cycling
Ole Einar Bjørndalen ( NOR) – biathlon
Ronaldo ( BRA) – football
Michael Schumacher ( GER) – Formula One
Tiger Woods ( USA) – golf
[19][20]

2004

Schumacher, MichaelMichael Schumacher
 GER
Formula One
Lance Armstrong* ( USA) – cycling
Roger Federer (  SUI) – tennis
Michael Phelps ( USA) – swimming
Valentino Rossi ( ITA) – MotoGP
Jonny Wilkinson ( GBR) – rugby union
[21][22]

2005

Federer, RogerRoger Federer
  SUI
Tennis
Lance Armstrong* ( USA) – cycling
Hicham El Guerrouj ( MAR) – athletics
Michael Phelps ( USA) – swimming
Valentino Rossi ( ITA) – MotoGP
Michael Schumacher ( GER) – Formula One
[23][24]

2006

Federer, RogerRoger Federer
  SUI
Tennis
Fernando Alonso ( ESP) – Formula One
Lance Armstrong* ( USA) – cycling
Ronaldinho ( BRA) – football
Valentino Rossi ( ITA) – MotoGP
Tiger Woods ( USA) – golf
[25][26]

2007

Federer, RogerRoger Federer
  SUI
Tennis
Fernando Alonso ( ESP) – Formula One
Fabio Cannavaro ( ITA) – football
Asafa Powell ( JAM) – athletics
Michael Schumacher ( GER) – Formula One
Tiger Woods ( USA) – golf
[27][28]

2008

Federer, RogerRoger Federer
  SUI
Tennis
Tyson Gay ( USA) – athletics
Kaká ( BRA) – football
Michael Phelps ( USA) – swimming
Kimi Räikkönen ( FIN) – Formula One
Tiger Woods ( USA) – golf
[29][30]

2009

Bolt, UsainUsain Bolt
 JAM
Athletics
Lewis Hamilton ( GBR) – Formula One
Rafael Nadal ( ESP) – tennis
Michael Phelps ( USA) – swimming
Cristiano Ronaldo ( POR) – football
Valentino Rossi ( ITA) – MotoGP
[31][32]

2010

Bolt, UsainUsain Bolt
 JAM
Athletics
Kenenisa Bekele ( ETH) – athletics
Alberto Contador ( ESP) – cycling
Roger Federer (  SUI) – tennis
Lionel Messi ( ARG) – football
Valentino Rossi ( ITA) – MotoGP
[33][34]

2011

Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal
 ESP
Tennis
Kobe Bryant ( USA) – basketball
Andrés Iniesta ( ESP) – football
Lionel Messi ( ARG) – football
Manny Pacquiao ( PHI) – boxing
Sebastian Vettel ( GER) – Formula One
[35][36]

2012

Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic
 SRB
Tennis
Usain Bolt ( JAM) – athletics
Cadel Evans ( AUS) – cycling
Lionel Messi ( ARG) – football
Dirk Nowitzki ( GER) – basketball
Sebastian Vettel ( GER) – Formula One
[37][38]

2013

Bolt, UsainUsain Bolt
 JAM
Athletics
Mo Farah ( GBR) – athletics
Lionel Messi ( ARG) – football
Michael Phelps ( USA) – swimming
Sebastian Vettel ( GER) – Formula One
Bradley Wiggins ( GBR) – cycling
[39][40]

2014

Vettel, SebastianSebastian Vettel
 GER
Formula One
Usain Bolt ( JAM) – athletics
Mo Farah ( GBR) – athletics
LeBron James ( USA) – basketball
Rafael Nadal ( ESP) – tennis
Cristiano Ronaldo ( POR) – football
[41][42]

2015

Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic
 SRB
Tennis
Lewis Hamilton ( GBR) – Formula One
Renaud Lavillenie ( FRA) – athletics
Marc Márquez ( ESP) – MotoGP
Rory McIlroy ( NIR) – golf
Cristiano Ronaldo ( POR) – football
[43][44]

2016

Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic
 SRB
Tennis
Usain Bolt ( JAM) – athletics
Stephen Curry ( USA) – basketball
Lewis Hamilton ( GBR) – Formula One
Lionel Messi ( ARG) – football
Jordan Spieth ( USA) – golf
[45][46]

2017

Bolt, UsainUsain Bolt
 JAM
Athletics
Stephen Curry ( USA) – basketball
Mo Farah ( GBR) – athletics
LeBron James ( USA) – basketball
Andy Murray ( GBR) – tennis
Cristiano Ronaldo ( POR) – football
[47][48]

2018

Federer, RogerRoger Federer
  SUI
Tennis
Mo Farah ( GBR) – athletics
Chris Froome ( GBR) – cycling
Lewis Hamilton ( GBR) – Formula One
Rafael Nadal ( ESP) – tennis
Cristiano Ronaldo ( POR) – football
[2][49]

text: Statistics[edit]

text:
Key

*
Indicated totals exclude those of individuals whose award(s) and/or nomination(s) were later rescinded.

text:
Multiple titles

Number
Athlete
Years

5
Roger Federer
2005–2008, 2018

4
Usain Bolt
2009–2010, 2013, 2017

3
Novak Djokovic
2012, 2015–2016

2
Tiger Woods
2000–2001

Michael Schumacher
2002, 2004

Multiple nominations

Number
Athlete
Years

7
Roger Federer
2004–2008, 2010, 2018

Tiger Woods
2000–2003, 2006–2008

Usain Bolt
2009–2010, 2012–2014, 2016–2017

6
Michael Schumacher
2001–2005, 2007

5
Valentino Rossi
2004–2006, 2009–2010

Michael Phelps
2004–2005, 2008–2009, 2013

Lionel Messi
2010–2013, 2016

Cristiano Ronaldo
2009, 2014–2015, 2017–2018

4
Sebastian Vettel
2011–2014

Rafael Nadal
2009, 2011, 2014, 2018

Lewis Hamilton
2009, 2015–2016, 2018

Mo Farah
2013–2014, 2017–2018

3
Novak Djokovic
2012, 2015–2016

2
Maurice Greene
2000, 2002

Ian Thorpe
2001–2002

Fernando Alonso
2006–2007

LeBron James
2014, 2017

Stephen Curry
2016–2017

Winners by nationality

Country
Winners
Nominations

  SUI
5
2

 JAM
4
4

 GER
3
8

 SRB
3
0

 USA
2*
20*

 ESP
1
8

 GBR
0
13

 ITA
0
6

 ARG
0
5

 POR
0
5

 AUS
0
3

 BRA
0
3

 ETH
0
1

 FIN
0
1

 MAR
0
1

 NED
0
1

 NIR
0
1

 NOR
0
1

 PHI
0
1

Winners by sport

Sport
Winners
Nominations

Tennis
9
7

Athletics
4
14

Formula One
3
14

Golf
2
7

Football
0
15

Swimming
0
8

MotoGP
0
6

Basketball
0
6

Cycling
0*
4*

Biathlon
0
1

Boxing
0
1

Rowing
0
1

Rugby union
0
1