document_title: Manchester United F.C.

question_text: when did man u last win premier league

question_tokens: when did man u last win premier league

text: Manchester United F.C.

text: History

text: Early years (1878–1945)

text: Manchester United was formed in 1878 as Newton Heath LYR Football Club by the Carriage and Wagon department of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (LYR) depot at Newton Heath.[16] The team initially played games against other departments and railway companies, but on 20 November 1880, they competed in their first recorded match; wearing the colours of the railway company – green and gold – they were defeated 6–0 by Bolton Wanderers' reserve team.[17] By 1888, the club had become a founding member of The Combination, a regional football league. Following the league's dissolution after only one season, Newton Heath joined the newly formed Football Alliance, which ran for three seasons before being merged with the Football League. This resulted in the club starting the 1892–93 season in the First Division, by which time it had become independent of the railway company and dropped the "LYR" from its name.[16] After two seasons, the club was relegated to the Second Division.[16]

text: In January 1902, with debts of £2,670 – equivalent to £270,000 in 2018[nb 1] – the club was served with a winding-up order.[18] Captain Harry Stafford found four local businessmen, including John Henry Davies (who became club president), each willing to invest £500 in return for a direct interest in running the club and who subsequently changed the name;[19] on 24 April 1902, Manchester United was officially born.[20][nb 2] Under Ernest Mangnall, who assumed managerial duties in 1903, the team finished as Second Division runners-up in 1906 and secured promotion to the First Division, which they won in 1908 – the club's first league title. The following season began with victory in the first ever Charity Shield[21] and ended with the club's first FA Cup title. Manchester United won the First Division for the second time in 1911, but at the end of the following season, Mangnall left the club to join Manchester City.[22]

text: In 1922, three years after the resumption of football following the First World War, the club was relegated to the Second Division, where it remained until regaining promotion in 1925. Relegated again in 1931, Manchester United became a yo-yo club, achieving its all-time lowest position of 20th place in the Second Division in 1934. Following the death of principal benefactor John Henry Davies in October 1927, the club's finances deteriorated to the extent that Manchester United would likely have gone bankrupt had it not been for James W. Gibson, who, in December 1931, invested £2,000 and assumed control of the club.[23] In the 1938–39 season, the last year of football before the Second World War, the club finished 14th in the First Division.[23]

text: Busby years (1945–1969)

text: In October 1945, the impending resumption of football led to the managerial appointment of Matt Busby, who demanded an unprecedented level of control over team selection, player transfers and training sessions.[24] Busby led the team to second-place league finishes in 1947, 1948 and 1949, and to FA Cup victory in 1948. In 1952, the club won the First Division, its first league title for 41 years.[25] With an average age of 22, the back-to-back title winning side of 1956 were labelled "the Busby Babes" by the media, a testament to Busby's faith in his youth players.[26] In 1957, Manchester United became the first English team to compete in the European Cup, despite objections from The Football League, who had denied Chelsea the same opportunity the previous season.[27] En route to the semi-final, which they lost to Real Madrid, the team recorded a 10–0 victory over Belgian champions Anderlecht, which remains the club's biggest victory on record.[28]

text: The following season, on the way home from a European Cup quarter-final victory against Red Star Belgrade, the aircraft carrying the Manchester United players, officials and journalists crashed while attempting to take off after refuelling in Munich, Germany. The Munich air disaster of 6 February 1958 claimed 23 lives, including those of eight players – Geoff Bent, Roger Byrne, Eddie Colman, Duncan Edwards, Mark Jones, David Pegg, Tommy Taylor and Billy Whelan – and injured several more.[29][30]

text: Assistant manager Jimmy Murphy took over as manager while Busby recovered from his injuries and the club's makeshift side reached the FA Cup final, which they lost to Bolton Wanderers. In recognition of the team's tragedy, UEFA invited the club to compete in the 1958–59 European Cup alongside eventual League champions Wolverhampton Wanderers. Despite approval from the FA, the Football League determined that the club should not enter the competition, since it had not qualified.[31][32] Busby rebuilt the team through the 1960s by signing players such as Denis Law and Pat Crerand, who combined with the next generation of youth players – including George Best – to win the FA Cup in 1963. The following season, they finished second in the league, then won the title in 1965 and 1967. In 1968, Manchester United became the first English (and second British) club to win the European Cup, beating Benfica 4–1 in the final[33] with a team that contained three European Footballers of the Year: Bobby Charlton, Denis Law and George Best.[34] Matt Busby resigned as manager in 1969 and was replaced by the reserve team coach, former Manchester United player Wilf McGuinness.[35]

text: Following an eighth-place finish in the 1969–70 season and a poor start to the 1970–71 season, Busby was persuaded to temporarily resume managerial duties, and McGuinness returned to his position as reserve team coach. In June 1971, Frank O'Farrell was appointed as manager, but lasted less than 18 months before being replaced by Tommy Docherty in December 1972.[37] Docherty saved Manchester United from relegation that season, only to see them relegated in 1974; by that time the trio of Best, Law, and Charlton had left the club.[33] The team won promotion at the first attempt and reached the FA Cup final in 1976, but were beaten by Southampton. They reached the final again in 1977, beating Liverpool 2–1. Docherty was dismissed shortly afterwards, following the revelation of his affair with the club physiotherapist's wife.[35][38]

text: Dave Sexton replaced Docherty as manager in the summer of 1977. Despite major signings, including Joe Jordan, Gordon McQueen, Gary Bailey, and Ray Wilkins, the team failed to achieve any significant results; they finished in the top two in 1979–80 and lost to Arsenal in the 1979 FA Cup Final. Sexton was dismissed in 1981, even though the team won the last seven games under his direction.[39] He was replaced by Ron Atkinson, who immediately broke the British record transfer fee to sign Bryan Robson from West Bromwich Albion. Under Atkinson, Manchester United won the FA Cup twice in three years – in 1983 and 1985. In 1985–86, after 13 wins and two draws in its first 15 matches, the club was favourite to win the league, but finished in fourth place. The following season, with the club in danger of relegation by November, Atkinson was dismissed.[40]

text: Ferguson years (1986–2013)

text: Alex Ferguson and his assistant Archie Knox arrived from Aberdeen on the day of Atkinson's dismissal,[41] and guided the club to an 11th-place finish in the league.[42] Despite a second-place finish in 1987–88, the club was back in 11th place the following season.[43] Reportedly on the verge of being dismissed, victory over Crystal Palace in the 1990 FA Cup Final replay (after a 3–3 draw) saved Ferguson's career.[44][45] The following season, Manchester United claimed its first Cup Winners' Cup title and competed in the 1991 UEFA Super Cup, beating European Cup holders Red Star Belgrade 1–0 in the final at Old Trafford. A second consecutive League Cup final appearance followed in 1992, in which the team beat Nottingham Forest 1–0 at Wembley.[40] In 1993, the club won its first league title since 1967, and a year later, for the first time since 1957, it won a second consecutive title – alongside the FA Cup – to complete the first "Double" in the club's history.[40]

text: In the 1998–99 season, Manchester United became the first team to win the Premier League, FA Cup and UEFA Champions League – "The Treble" – in the same season.[47] Losing 1–0 going into injury time in the 1999 UEFA Champions League Final, Teddy Sheringham and Ole Gunnar Solskjær scored late goals to claim a dramatic victory over Bayern Munich, in what is considered one of the greatest comebacks of all time.[48] The club also won the Intercontinental Cup after beating Palmeiras 1–0 in Tokyo.[49] Ferguson was subsequently knighted for his services to football.[50]

text: Manchester United won the league again in the 1999–2000 and 2000–01 seasons. The team finished third in 2001–02, before regaining the title in 2002–03.[51] They won the 2003–04 FA Cup, beating Millwall 3–0 in the final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff to lift the trophy for a record 11th time.[52] In the 2005–06 season, Manchester United failed to qualify for the knockout phase of the UEFA Champions League for the first time in over a decade,[53] but recovered to secure a second-place league finish and victory over Wigan Athletic in the 2006 Football League Cup Final. The club regained the Premier League in the 2006–07 and 2007–08 seasons, and completed the European double by beating Chelsea 6–5 on penalties in the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final in Moscow's Luzhniki Stadium. Ryan Giggs made a record 759th appearance for the club in this game, overtaking previous record holder Bobby Charlton.[54] In December 2008, the club won the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup and followed this with the 2008–09 Football League Cup, and its third successive Premier League title.[55][56] That summer, Cristiano Ronaldo was sold to Real Madrid for a world record £80 million.[57] In 2010, Manchester United defeated Aston Villa 2–1 at Wembley to retain the League Cup, its first successful defence of a knockout cup competition.[58]

text: After finishing as runner-up to Chelsea in the 2009–10 season, United achieved a record 19th league title in 2010–11, securing the championship with a 1–1 away draw against Blackburn Rovers on 14 May 2011.[59] This was extended to 20 league titles in 2012–13, securing the championship with a 3–0 home win against Aston Villa on 22 April 2013.[60]

text: On 8 May 2013, Ferguson announced that he was to retire as manager at the end of the football season, but would remain at the club as a director and club ambassador.[61][62] The club announced the next day that Everton manager David Moyes would replace him from 1 July, having signed a six-year contract.[63][64][65] Ryan Giggs took over as interim player-manager 10 months later, on 22 April 2014, when Moyes was sacked after a poor season in which the club failed to defend their Premier League title and failed to qualify for the UEFA Champions League for the first time since 1995–96.[66] They also failed to qualify for the Europa League, meaning that it was the first time Manchester United hadn't qualified for a European competition since 1990.[67] On 19 May 2014, it was confirmed that Louis van Gaal would replace Moyes as Manchester United manager on a three-year deal, with Giggs as his assistant.[68] Malcolm Glazer, the patriarch of the Glazer family that owns the club, died on 28 May 2014.[69]

text: Although Van Gaal's first season saw United once again qualify for the Champions League through a fourth-place finish in the Premier League, his second season saw United go out of the same tournament in the group stage.[70] United also fell behind in the title race for the third consecutive season, finishing in 5th place, in spite of several expensive signings during Van Gaal's tenure. However, that same season, Manchester United won the FA Cup for a 12th time, this being their first major trophy won since the departure of Sir Alex Ferguson.[71] Despite this victory, Van Gaal was sacked as manager just two days later,[72] with José Mourinho appointed in his place on 27 May, signing a three-year contract.[73] That season, United finished in sixth place while winning the EFL Cup for the fifth time and the Europa League for the first time, as well as the FA Community Shield for a record 21st time. Despite not finishing in the top four, United qualified for the Champions League through their Europa League win. Wayne Rooney scored his 250th goal with United, surpassing Sir Bobby Charlton as United's all-time top scorer, before leaving the club at the end of the season to return to Everton.

text: Crest and colours

text: The club crest is derived from the Manchester City Council coat of arms, although all that remains of it on the current crest is the ship in full sail.[74] The devil stems from the club's nickname "The Red Devils"; it was included on club programmes and scarves in the 1960s, and incorporated into the club crest in 1970, although the crest was not included on the chest of the shirt until 1971.[74]

text: Newton Heath's uniform in 1879, four years before the club played its first competitive match, has been documented as 'white with blue cord'.[75] A photograph of the Newton Heath team, taken in 1892, is believed to show the players wearing red-and-white quartered jerseys and navy blue knickerbockers.[76] Between 1894–96, the players wore distinctive green and gold jerseys[76] which were replaced in 1896 by white shirts, which were worn with navy blue shorts.[76]

text: After the name change in 1902, the club colours were changed to red shirts, white shorts, and black socks, which has become the standard Manchester United home kit.[76] Very few changes were made to the kit until 1922 when the club adopted white shirts bearing a deep red "V" around the neck, similar to the shirt worn in the 1909 FA Cup Final. They remained part of their home kits until 1927.[76] For a period in 1934, the cherry and white hooped change shirt became the home colours, but the following season the red shirt was recalled after the club's lowest ever league placing of 20th in the Second Division and the hooped shirt dropped back to being the change.[76] The black socks were changed to white from 1959 to 1965, where they were replaced with red socks up until 1971 with white used on occasion, when the club reverted to black. Black shorts and/or white socks were sometimes worn with the home strip, most often in away games, if there is a clash with the opponent's kit. For 2018–19, black shorts and red socks became the primary choice for the home kit. Since 1997–98, white socks have been the preferred choice for European games, which are typically played on weeknights, to aid with player visibility.[77] The current home kit is a red shirt with black stripes gradually getting thicker towards the base and the trademark Adidas three stripes in black on the shoulders, black shorts, and red socks with black tops and gradual stripes in between.[78]

text: The Manchester United away strip has often been a white shirt, black shorts and white socks, but there have been several exceptions. These include an all-black strip with blue and gold trimmings between 1993 and 1995, the navy blue shirt with silver horizontal pinstripes worn during the 1999–2000 season,[79] and the 2011–12 away kit, which had a royal blue body and sleeves with hoops made of small midnight navy blue and black stripes, with black shorts and blue socks.[80] An all-grey away kit worn during the 1995–96 season was dropped after just five games, most notoriously against Southampton where Alex Ferguson forced the team to change into the third kit during half-time of its final outing. The reason for dropping it being that the players claimed to have trouble finding their teammates against the crowd, United failed to win a competitive game in the kit.[81] In 2001, to celebrate 100 years as "Manchester United", a reversible white/gold away kit was released, although the actual match day shirts were not reversible.[82]

text: The club's third kit is often all-blue, this was most recently the case during the 2014–15 season.[83] Exceptions include a green-and-gold halved shirt worn between 1992 and 1994, a blue-and-white striped shirt worn during the 1994–95 and 1995–96 seasons and once in 1996–97, an all-black kit worn during the Treble-winning 1998–99 season, and a white shirt with black-and-red horizontal pinstripes worn between 2003–04 and 2005–06.[84] From 2006–07 to 2013–14, the third kit was the previous season's away kit, albeit updated with the new club sponsor in 2006–07 and 2010–11, apart from 2008–09 when an all-blue kit was launch to mark the 40th anniversary of the 1967–68 European Cup success.[85]

text: Kit evolution

text:
1879–1880, 1896–1902

1880–1887

1887–1893

1893–1894

1894–1896

text:
1902–1920, 1921–1922, 1927–1934, 1934–1960, 1971–2018[EN]

1920–1921, 1963–1971

1922–1927

1934

1960–1963 (1997–present)[EU]

2018–present

text:
^ Between 1997 and 2018 this combination was primarily used in domestic competitions and friendlies.
^ Since 1997 this combination is primarily used in European and international competitions.

text: Grounds

text: 1878–1893: North Road

text: Newton Heath initially played on a field on North Road, close to the railway yard; the original capacity was about 12,000, but club officials deemed the facilities inadequate for a club hoping to join The Football League.[86] Some expansion took place in 1887, and in 1891, Newton Heath used its minimal financial reserves to purchase two grandstands, each able to hold 1,000 spectators.[87] Although attendances were not recorded for many of the earliest matches at North Road, the highest documented attendance was approximately 15,000 for a First Division match against Sunderland on 4 March 1893.[88] A similar attendance was also recorded for a friendly match against Gorton Villa on 5 September 1889.[89]

text: 1893–1910: Bank Street Ground

text: In June 1893, after the club was evicted from North Road by its owners, Manchester Deans and Canons, who felt it was inappropriate for the club to charge an entry fee to the ground, secretary A. H. Albut procured the use of the Bank Street ground in Clayton.[90] It initially had no stands, by the start of the 1893–94 season, two had been built; one spanning the full length of the pitch on one side and the other behind the goal at the "Bradford end". At the opposite end, the "Clayton end", the ground had been "built up, thousands thus being provided for".[90] Newton Heath's first league match at Bank Street was played against Burnley on 1 September 1893, when 10,000 people saw Alf Farman score a hat-trick, Newton Heath's only goals in a 3–2 win. The remaining stands were completed for the following league game against Nottingham Forest three weeks later.[90] In October 1895, before the visit of Manchester City, the club purchased a 2,000-capacity stand from the Broughton Rangers rugby league club, and put up another stand on the "reserved side" (as distinct from the "popular side"). However, weather restricted the attendance for the Manchester City match to just 12,000.[91]

text: When the Bank Street ground was temporarily closed by bailiffs in 1902, club captain Harry Stafford raised enough money to pay for the club's next away game at Bristol City and found a temporary ground at Harpurhey for the next reserves game against Padiham.[92] Following financial investment, new club president John Henry Davies paid £500 for the erection of a new 1,000-seat stand at Bank Street.[93] Within four years, the stadium had cover on all four sides, as well as the ability to hold approximately 50,000 spectators, some of whom could watch from the viewing gallery atop the Main Stand.[93]

text: 1910–present: Old Trafford

text: Following Manchester United's first league title in 1908 and the FA Cup a year later, it was decided that Bank Street was too restrictive for Davies' ambition;[93] in February 1909, six weeks before the club's first FA Cup title, Old Trafford was named as the home of Manchester United, following the purchase of land for around £60,000. Architect Archibald Leitch was given a budget of £30,000 for construction; original plans called for seating capacity of 100,000, though budget constraints forced a revision to 77,000. The building was constructed by Messrs Brameld and Smith of Manchester. The stadium's record attendance was registered on 25 March 1939, when an FA Cup semi-final between Wolverhampton Wanderers and Grimsby Town drew 76,962 spectators.[94]

text: Bombing in the Second World War destroyed much of the stadium; the central tunnel in the South Stand was all that remained of that quarter. After the war, the club received compensation from the War Damage Commission in the amount of £22,278. While reconstruction took place, the team played its "home" games at Manchester City's Maine Road ground; Manchester United was charged £5,000 per year, plus a nominal percentage of gate receipts.[95] Later improvements included the addition of roofs, first to the Stretford End and then to the North and East Stands. The roofs were supported by pillars that obstructed many fans' views, and they were eventually replaced with a cantilevered structure. The Stretford End was the last stand to receive a cantilevered roof, completed in time for the 1993–94 season.[35] First used on 25 March 1957 and costing £40,000, four 180-foot (55 m) pylons were erected, each housing 54 individual floodlights. These were dismantled in 1987 and replaced by a lighting system embedded in the roof of each stand, which remains in use today.[96]

text: The Taylor Report's requirement for an all-seater stadium lowered capacity at Old Trafford to around 44,000 by 1993. In 1995, the North Stand was redeveloped into three tiers, restoring capacity to approximately 55,000. At the end of the 1998–99 season, second tiers were added to the East and West Stands, raising capacity to around 67,000, and between July 2005 and May 2006, 8,000 more seats were added via second tiers in the north-west and north-east quadrants. Part of the new seating was used for the first time on 26 March 2006, when an attendance of 69,070 became a new Premier League record.[97] The record was pushed steadily upwards before reaching its peak on 31 March 2007, when 76,098 spectators saw Manchester United beat Blackburn Rovers 4–1, with just 114 seats (0.15 per cent of the total capacity of 76,212) unoccupied.[98] In 2009, reorganisation of the seating resulted in a reduction of capacity by 255 to 75,957.[99][100] Manchester United has the second highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund.[101][102][103]

text: Support

text: Manchester United is one of the most popular football clubs in the world, with one of the highest average home attendance in Europe.[104] The club states that its worldwide fan base includes more than 200 officially recognised branches of the Manchester United Supporters Club (MUSC), in at least 24 countries.[105] The club takes advantage of this support through its worldwide summer tours. Accountancy firm and sports industry consultants Deloitte estimate that Manchester United has 75 million fans worldwide,[14] while other estimates put this figure closer to 333 million.[106] The club has the third highest social media following in the world among sports teams (after Barcelona and Real Madrid), with over 71 million Facebook fans as of September 2016.[15][107] A 2014 study showed that Manchester United had the loudest fans in the Premier League.[108]

text: Supporters are represented by two independent bodies; the Independent Manchester United Supporters' Association (IMUSA), which maintains close links to the club through the MUFC Fans Forum,[109] and the Manchester United Supporters' Trust (MUST). After the Glazer family's takeover in 2005, a group of fans formed a splinter club, F.C. United of Manchester. The West Stand of Old Trafford – the "Stretford End" – is the home end and the traditional source of the club's most vocal support.[110]

text: Rivalries

text: Manchester United has rivalries with Arsenal, Leeds United, Liverpool, and Manchester City, against whom they contest the Manchester derby.[111][112]

text: The rivalry with Liverpool is rooted in competition between the cities during the Industrial Revolution when Manchester was famous for its textile industry while Liverpool was a major port.[113] The two clubs are the most successful English teams in both domestic and European competitions; and between them they have won 38 league titles, 8 European Cups, 4 UEFA Cups, 4 UEFA Super Cups, 19 FA Cups, 13 League Cups, 1 FIFA Club World Cup, 1 Intercontinental Cup and 36 FA Community Shields.[3][114][115] It is considered to be one of the biggest rivalries in the association football world and is considered the most famous fixture in English football.[116][117][118][119][120]

text: The "Roses Rivalry" with Leeds stems from the Wars of the Roses, fought between the House of Lancaster and the House of York, with Manchester United representing Lancashire and Leeds representing Yorkshire.[121]

text: The rivalry with Arsenal arises from the numerous times the two teams, as well as managers Alex Ferguson and Arsène Wenger, have battled for the Premier League title. With 33 titles between them (20 for Manchester United, 13 for Arsenal) this fixture has become known as one of the finest Premier League match-ups in history.[122][123]

text: Global brand

text: Manchester United has been described as a global brand; a 2011 report by Brand Finance, valued the club's trademarks and associated intellectual property at £412 million – an increase of £39 million on the previous year, valuing it at £11 million more than the second best brand, Real Madrid – and gave the brand a strength rating of AAA (Extremely Strong).[124] In July 2012, Manchester United was ranked first by Forbes magazine in its list of the ten most valuable sports team brands, valuing the Manchester United brand at $2.23 billion.[125] The club is ranked third in the Deloitte Football Money League (behind Real Madrid and Barcelona).[126] In January 2013, the club became the first sports team in the world to be valued at $3 billion. Forbes Magazine valued the club at $3.3 billion – $1.2 billion higher than the next most valuable sports team.[127] They were overtaken by Real Madrid for the next four years, but Manchester United returned to the top of the Forbes list in June 2017, with a valuation of $3.689 billion.[128]

text: The core strength of Manchester United's global brand is often attributed to Matt Busby's rebuilding of the team and subsequent success following the Munich air disaster, which drew worldwide acclaim.[110] The "iconic" team included Bobby Charlton and Nobby Stiles (members of England's World Cup winning team), Denis Law and George Best. The attacking style of play adopted by this team (in contrast to the defensive-minded "catenaccio" approach favoured by the leading Italian teams of the era) "captured the imagination of the English footballing public".[129] Busby's team also became associated with the liberalisation of Western society during the 1960s; George Best, known as the "Fifth Beatle" for his iconic haircut, was the first footballer to significantly develop an off-the-field media profile.[129]

text: As the second English football club to float on the London Stock Exchange in 1991, the club raised significant capital, with which it further developed its commercial strategy. The club's focus on commercial and sporting success brought significant profits in an industry often characterised by chronic losses.[130] The strength of the Manchester United brand was bolstered by intense off-the-field media attention to individual players, most notably David Beckham (who quickly developed his own global brand). This attention often generates greater interest in on-the-field activities, and hence generates sponsorship opportunities – the value of which is driven by television exposure.[131] During his time with the club, Beckham's popularity across Asia was integral to the club's commercial success in that part of the world.[132]

text: Because higher league placement results in a greater share of television rights, success on the field generates greater income for the club. Since the inception of the Premier League, Manchester United has received the largest share of the revenue generated from the BSkyB broadcasting deal.[133] Manchester United has also consistently enjoyed the highest commercial income of any English club; in 2005–06, the club's commercial arm generated £51 million, compared to £42.5 million at Chelsea, £39.3 million at Liverpool, £34 million at Arsenal and £27.9 million at Newcastle United. A key sponsorship relationship was with sportswear company Nike, who managed the club's merchandising operation as part of a £303 million 13-year partnership between 2002 and 2015.[134] Through Manchester United Finance and the club's membership scheme, One United, those with an affinity for the club can purchase a range of branded goods and services. Additionally, Manchester United-branded media services – such as the club's dedicated television channel, MUTV – have allowed the club to expand its fan base to those beyond the reach of its Old Trafford stadium.[14]

text: Sponsorship

text:
Period

Kit manufacturer

Shirt sponsor

1945–1975

Umbro

—

1975–1980

Admiral

1980–1982

Adidas

1982–1992

Sharp Electronics

1992–2000

Umbro

2000–2002

Vodafone

2002–2006

Nike

2006–2010

AIG

2010–2014

Aon

2014–2015

Chevrolet

2015–

Adidas

text: In an initial five-year deal worth £500,000, Sharp Electronics became the club's first shirt sponsor at the beginning of the 1982–83 season, a relationship that lasted until the end of the 1999–2000 season, when Vodafone agreed a four-year, £30 million deal.[135] Vodafone agreed to pay £36 million to extend the deal by four years, but after two seasons triggered a break clause in order to concentrate on its sponsorship of the Champions League.[135]

text: To commence at the start of the 2006–07 season, American insurance corporation AIG agreed a four-year £56.5 million deal which in September 2006 became the most valuable in the world.[136][137] At the beginning of the 2010–11 season, American reinsurance company Aon became the club's principal sponsor in a four-year deal reputed to be worth approximately £80 million, making it the most lucrative shirt sponsorship deal in football history.[138] Manchester United announced their first training kit sponsor in August 2011, agreeing a four-year deal with DHL reported to be worth £40 million; it is believed to be the first instance of training kit sponsorship in English football.[139][140] The DHL contract lasted for over a year before the club bought back the contract in October 2012, although they remained the club's official logistics partner.[141] The contract for the training kit sponsorship was then sold to Aon in April 2013 for a deal worth £180 million over eight years, which also included purchasing the naming rights for the Trafford Training Centre.[142]

text: The club's first kit manufacturer was Umbro, until a five-year deal was agreed with Admiral Sportswear in 1975.[143] Adidas received the contract in 1980,[144] before Umbro started a second spell in 1992.[145] Umbro's sponsorship lasted for ten years, followed by Nike's record-breaking £302.9 million deal that lasted until 2015; 3.8 million replica shirts were sold in the first 22 months with the company.[146][147] In addition to Nike and Chevrolet, the club also has several lower-level "platinum" sponsors, including Aon and Budweiser.[148]

text: On 30 July 2012, United signed a seven-year deal with American automotive corporation General Motors, which replaced Aon as the shirt sponsor from the 2014–15 season. The new $80m-a-year shirt deal is worth $559m over seven years and features the logo of General Motors brand Chevrolet.[149][150] Nike announced that they would not renew their kit supply deal with Manchester United after the 2014–15 season, citing rising costs.[151][152] Since the start of the 2015–16 season, Adidas has manufactured Manchester United's kit as part of a world-record 10-year deal worth a minimum of £750 million.[153][154] Plumbing products manufacturer Kohler became the club's first sleeve sponsor ahead of the 2018–19 season.[155]

text: Ownership and finances

text: Originally funded by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Company, the club became a limited company in 1892 and sold shares to local supporters for £1 via an application form.[19] In 1902, majority ownership passed to the four local businessmen who invested £500 to save the club from bankruptcy, including future club president John Henry Davies.[19] After his death in 1927, the club faced bankruptcy yet again, but was saved in December 1931 by James W. Gibson, who assumed control of the club after an investment of £2,000.[23] Gibson promoted his son, Alan, to the board in 1948,[156] but died three years later; the Gibson family retained ownership of the club through James' wife, Lillian,[157] but the position of chairman passed to former player Harold Hardman.[158]

text: Promoted to the board a few days after the Munich air disaster, Louis Edwards, a friend of Matt Busby, began acquiring shares in the club; for an investment of approximately £40,000, he accumulated a 54 per cent shareholding and took control in January 1964.[159] When Lillian Gibson died in January 1971, her shares passed to Alan Gibson who sold a percentage of his shares to Louis Edwards' son, Martin, in 1978; Martin Edwards went on to become chairman upon his father's death in 1980.[160] Media tycoon Robert Maxwell attempted to buy the club in 1984, but did not meet Edwards' asking price.[160] In 1989, chairman Martin Edwards attempted to sell the club to Michael Knighton for £20 million, but the sale fell through and Knighton joined the board of directors instead.[160]

text: Manchester United was floated on the stock market in June 1991 (raising £6.7 million),[161] and received yet another takeover bid in 1998, this time from Rupert Murdoch's British Sky Broadcasting Corporation. This resulted in the formation of Shareholders United Against Murdoch – now the Manchester United Supporters' Trust – who encouraged supporters to buy shares in the club in an attempt to block any hostile takeover. The Manchester United board accepted a £623 million offer,[162] but the takeover was blocked by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission at the final hurdle in April 1999.[163] A few years later, a power struggle emerged between the club's manager, Alex Ferguson, and his horse-racing partners, John Magnier and J. P. McManus, who had gradually become the majority shareholders. In a dispute that stemmed from contested ownership of the horse Rock of Gibraltar, Magnier and McManus attempted to have Ferguson removed from his position as manager, and the board responded by approaching investors to attempt to reduce the Irishmen's majority.[164]

text: In May 2005, Malcolm Glazer purchased the 28.7 per cent stake held by McManus and Magnier, thus acquiring a controlling interest through his investment vehicle Red Football Ltd in a highly leveraged takeover valuing the club at approximately £800 million (then approx. $1.5 billion).[165] Once the purchase was complete, the club was taken off the stock exchange.[166] In July 2006, the club announced a £660 million debt refinancing package, resulting in a 30 per cent reduction in annual interest payments to £62 million a year.[167][168] In January 2010, with debts of £716.5 million ($1.17 billion),[169] Manchester United further refinanced through a bond issue worth £504 million, enabling them to pay off most of the £509 million owed to international banks.[170] The annual interest payable on the bonds – which mature on 1 February 2017 – is approximately £45 million per annum.[171] Despite restructuring, the club's debt prompted protests from fans on 23 January 2010, at Old Trafford and the club's Trafford Training Centre.[172][173] Supporter groups encouraged match-going fans to wear green and gold, the colours of Newton Heath. On 30 January, reports emerged that the Manchester United Supporters' Trust had held meetings with a group of wealthy fans, dubbed the "Red Knights", with plans to buying out the Glazers' controlling interest.[174]

text: In August 2011, the Glazers were believed to have approached Credit Suisse in preparation for a $1 billion (approx. £600 million) initial public offering (IPO) on the Singapore stock exchange that would value the club at more than £2 billion.[175] However, in July 2012, the club announced plans to list its IPO on the New York Stock Exchange instead.[176] Shares were originally set to go on sale for between $16 and $20 each, but the price was cut to $14 by the launch of the IPO on 10 August, following negative comments from Wall Street analysts and Facebook's disappointing stock market debut in May. Even after the cut, Manchester United was valued at $2.3 billion, making it the most valuable football club in the world.[177]

text: Players

text: First-team squad

text: Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

text:
No.

Position

Player

1

GK

David de Gea

2

DF

Victor Lindelöf

3

DF

Eric Bailly

4

DF

Phil Jones

6

MF

Paul Pogba

7

FW

Alexis Sánchez

8

MF

Juan Mata

9

FW

Romelu Lukaku

10

FW

Marcus Rashford

11

FW

Anthony Martial

12

DF

Chris Smalling

13

GK

Lee Grant

14

MF

Jesse Lingard

No.

Position

Player

15

MF

Andreas Pereira

16

DF

Marcos Rojo

17

MF

Fred

18

DF

Ashley Young

20

DF

Diogo Dalot

21

MF

Ander Herrera

22

GK

Sergio Romero

23

DF

Luke Shaw

25

DF

Antonio Valencia (captain)

27

MF

Marouane Fellaini

31

MF

Nemanja Matić

36

DF

Matteo Darmian

39

MF

Scott McTominay

text: Out on loan

text:
No.

Position

Player

24

DF

Timothy Fosu-Mensah (on loan at Fulham until 30 June 2019)[180]

38

DF

Axel Tuanzebe (on loan at Aston Villa until 30 June 2019)[181]

40

GK

Joel Castro Pereira (on loan at Vitória de Setúbal until 30 June 2019)[182]

text: Reserves and academy

text: Former players

text: Club captains

text: Player records

text: Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year

text: Personnel

text: Coaching staff

text:
Position

Staff

Manager
 José Mourinho

Assistant coaches[183]
 Michael Carrick Ricardo Formosinho Silvino Louro Kieran McKenna

Goalkeeping coach
 Emilio Alvarez

Head of Fitness coaching
 Stefano Rapetti[184]

Fitness coaches
 Carlos Lalin Paulo Gaudino

Head of First Team Analysis
 Paul Brand[185]

Tactical analyst
 Giovanni Cerra

Head of first-team development
 John Murtough

text: Scouting staff

text:
Position

Staff

Chief scout
 Jim Lawlor

Head of global scouting
 Marcel Bout[186]

Head of Youth Recruitment
 David Harrison

Scouts
 Armand Benneker[187] Thomas Bormann Roy Beukenkamp João Ferreira Gerado Guzmán[188] Andreas Herrmann Tommy Møller Nielsen[189] Sandro Orlandelli[190] Vasco Noronha

text: Academy coaching staff

text:
Position

Staff

Director of youth academy
 Nicky Butt[191]

Academy operations manager
 Nick Cox

Under-23s manager
 Ricky Sbragia[192]

Under-23s assistant manager
 Tommy Martin

Under-18s manager
 Neil Ryan[193]

Under-18s assistant manager
 Colin Little

Head of Academy Coaching
 Tony Whelan [194]

Academy goalkeeping coach
 Alan Fettis[195]

text: Medical and sports science staff

text:
Position

Staff

Head of football medicine and science
 Steve McNally

Assistant club doctor
 Tony Gill

Head Physiotherapist
 Richard Merron[196]

Assistant head physiotherapist
 Jon Picot [196]

Head of academy physiotherapy
 Neil Hough[197]

U23s Physiotherapist
 Tom Hughes

Academy physiotherapist
 John Davin

Masseurs
 Gary Armer Rod Thornley Andy Caveney

Club dietician
 Trevor Lea

Head of performance
 Tony Strudwick[198]

Head of strength and conditioning
 Gary Walker[199]

Head of human performance
 Richard Hawkins[200]

Head of recovery & regeneration
 Robin Thorpe

Senior Sports Scientist
 David M. Kelly

text: Managerial history

text:
Dates[201]

Name

Notes

1878–1892

Unknown

1892–1900

 A. H. Albut

1900–1903

 James West

1903–1912

 Ernest Mangnall

1912–1914

 John Bentley

1914–1921

 Jack Robson

1921–1926

 John Chapman

1926–1927

 Lal Hilditch

Player-manager

1927–1931

 Herbert Bamlett

1931–1932

 Walter Crickmer

1932–1937

 Scott Duncan

1937–1945

 Walter Crickmer

1945–1969

 Matt Busby

1969–1970

 Wilf McGuinness

1970–1971

 Matt Busby

1971–1972

 Frank O'Farrell

1972–1977

 Tommy Docherty

1977–1981

 Dave Sexton

1981–1986

 Ron Atkinson

1986–2013

 Alex Ferguson

2013–2014

 David Moyes

2014

 Ryan Giggs

Interim player-manager

2014–2016

 Louis van Gaal

2016–

 José Mourinho

text: Management

text:
Owner: Glazer family via Red Football Shareholder Limited[202]
Honorary president: Martin Edwards[203]

text: Manchester United Limited

text:
Position

Name[204]

Co-chairmen

Avram GlazerJoel Glazer

Executive vice chairman

Ed Woodward

Group managing director

Richard Arnold

Chief financial officer

Cliff Baty[205]

Chief Operating Officer

Collette Roche[206]

Non-executive directors

Bryan GlazerKevin GlazerEdward GlazerDarcie Glazer KassewitzRobert LeitãoJohn HooksManu Sawhney

text: Manchester United Football Club

text:
Office

Name

Directors

David GillMichael EdelsonSir Bobby CharltonSir Alex Ferguson[207]

Club secretary

Rebecca Britain[208]

Club ambassadors

Sir Bobby Charlton[209]Sir Alex Ferguson[209]Andy Cole[210]Gary Neville[211]Bryan Robson[212]Peter Schmeichel[213]Park Ji-sung[214]Dwight Yorke[215]Nemanja Vidić[216]

text: Senior club staff

text:
Office

Name

Director of Group Operations

Alan Dawson MBE

Director of Communications

Vacant

General Counsel

Patrick Stewart

Director of Finance and IT

Steve Deaville

Director of Venue

David French

Director of Partnerships

Sean Jefferson

CEO of Media

Phil Lynch

Ticket office manager

Sam Kelleher

Disability Access Officer

Rishi Jain

Head of Stadium Safety and Security

Phil Rainford

Stadium manager

Ian Collins

Grounds manager

Anthony Sinclair

text: Honours

text: Manchester United are one of the most successful clubs in Europe in terms of trophies won.[217] The club's first trophy was the Manchester Cup, which it won as Newton Heath LYR in 1886.[218] In 1908, the club won its first league title, and won the FA Cup for the first time the following year. Manchester United won the most trophies in the 1990s; five league titles, four FA Cups, one League Cup, five Charity Shields (one shared), one UEFA Champions League, one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, one UEFA Super Cup and one Intercontinental Cup.

text: The club holds the record for most top-division titles (20) – including a record 13 Premier League titles – and FA Community Shields (21). It was also the first English club to win the European Cup in 1968, and, as of  2017[update], is the only British club to have won the Club World Cup, in 2008. United also became the sole British club to win the Intercontinental Cup, in 1999. The club's most recent trophy came in May 2017, with the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League.

text: In winning the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League, United became the fifth club in history to have won the "European Treble" of European Cup/UEFA Champions League, European Cup Winners' Cup/UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, and UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League after Juventus, Ajax, Bayern Munich and Chelsea.[219][220]

text: Domestic

text: League

text:
First Division/Premier League[nb 3]
Winners (20): 1907–08, 1910–11, 1951–52, 1955–56, 1956–57, 1964–65, 1966–67, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2012–13 (record)
Second Division[nb 3]
Winners (2): 1935–36, 1974–75

text: Cups

text:
FA Cup
Winners (12): 1908–09, 1947–48, 1962–63, 1976–77, 1982–83, 1984–85, 1989–90, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1998–99, 2003–04, 2015–16
Football League Cup/EFL Cup
Winners (5): 1991–92, 2005–06, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2016–17
FA Charity/Community Shield
Winners (21): 1908, 1911, 1952, 1956, 1957, 1965*, 1967*, 1977*, 1983, 1990*, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2016 (* shared) (record)

text: European

text:
European Cup/UEFA Champions League
Winners (3): 1967–68, 1998–99, 2007–08
European Cup Winners' Cup
Winners (1): 1990–91
UEFA Europa League
Winners (1): 2016–17
European Super Cup
Winners (1): 1991

text: Worldwide

text:
Intercontinental Cup
Winners (1): 1999
FIFA Club World Cup
Winners (1): 2008

text: Doubles and Trebles

text:
Doubles
League and FA Cup: 2
1993–94, 1995–96
European Double (League and UEFA Champions League): 1
2007–08
League and League Cup: 1
2008–09
League Cup and Europa League: 1
2016–17
Trebles
Continental Treble (League, FA Cup and UEFA Champions League): 1
1998–99
European Treble (European Cup/UEFA Champions League, UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and UEFA Cup/Europa League)[nb 4]
1967–68 European Cup, 1990–91 European Cup Winners' Cup, 2016–17 UEFA Europa League

text: Especially short competitions such as the Charity/Community Shield, Intercontinental Cup (now defunct), FIFA Club World Cup or UEFA Super Cup are not generally considered to contribute towards a Double or Treble.[221]

text: Manchester United Women

text: Manchester United formed a women's football team in 2018.[222][223][224][225][226]


document_title: Grown Ups (film)

question_text: who played adam sandler's son in grown ups

question_tokens: who played adam sandler 's son in grown ups

root

text: Grown Ups (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1978, five childhood friends win their junior high school basketball championship. Afterwards, they celebrate at a rented lake house. The friends' coach, whom they nickname "Buzzer" (Blake Clark), encourages them to live their lives in a similar way to how they played the game. Thirty years later, Lenny (Adam Sandler) has become an ambitious Hollywood talent agent with his wife, fashion designer Roxanne (Salma Hayek), and his three children—daughter Becky (Alexys Nicole Sanchez) and two sons Greg (Jake Goldberg) and Keith (Cameron Boyce). The boys act very spoiled in his vicinity, much to his annoyance. Eric (Kevin James) claims he is now a co-owner of a lawn furniture company, but is disappointed in his wife Sally (Maria Bello) for continuing to breastfeed Bean (Morgan Gingerich), one of his two children, the other being Donna (Ada-Nicole Sanger). Kurt (Chris Rock) is a stay-at-home father with two children, Andre and Charlotte (Nadji Jeter and China Anne McClain). His wife Deanne (Maya Rudolph), the primary breadwinner of the family, is pregnant with another child and shares the house with her mother (Ebony Jo-Ann). Rob (Rob Schneider), nicknamed Carrot, has been divorced three times and holds custody of his daughters Jasmine, Amber, and Bridget (Madison Riley, Jamie Chung, and Ashley Loren). His current wife, Gloria (Joyce Van Patten), is 30 years older than him. Marcus (David Spade) is a slacker and lothario. All five friends regularly harass each other in comedic fashion throughout the film: Lenny for being rich, Eric for being overweight, Kurt for being skinny and useless, Rob for his continuous use of the joke "Maize!" and for having a much older wife, and Marcus for being sexually juvenile.

tag: p

text: The friends each find out that Buzzer has died, and reunite at their hometown with their families, a first in the three decades. Intending to pay tribute to Buzzer at a private funeral, Lenny rents the lake house for the 4th of July weekend for his friends to stay at. However, Roxanne has planned a fashion show in Milan, forcing Lenny to retreat. While at the lake house, he becomes annoyed at how his sons are playing video games instead of being outdoors, and pushes them to play outside along with his friend's children. At a local restaurant, Lenny talks to his old nemesis, Dickie (Colin Quinn), who is still bitter towards Lenny for an error in the match, where his shot shouldn't have counted since he allegedly had his foot on the outside line. With this, Dickie challenges Lenny and his friends to a rematch, but he declines when commenting on Dickie's health. The next day, Buzzer's ashes are spread in the woods while Rob becomes depressed, lamenting his failed marriages, and later warns the arrival of his three daughters from the previous marriages. After having to deal with Jasmine, he then relaxes with his friends partaking in fishing. After joking on Rob, the others elect to cheer him up with a game of arrow roulette. Rob wins by staying in the circle for the longest time, but the arrow pierces his foot when it flies back down. Rob then snaps at Gloria for using a maize-covered poultice. That night, Lenny manages to get the kids interested in talking on cup-phones and Roxanne accidentally reveals herself to be the "Tooth Fairy" when Becky listens in. Now happy that they are enjoying a similar kind of young fun that he had, Lenny proceeds to install an extensive cup-phone network in the house.

text: Roxanne settles on staying at the lake house over going to the fashion show. The friends decide to visit a water park, where Bean learns to drink milk out of a carton and Marcus repeatedly flirts with Jasmine and Amber, having bought them skimpy bikinis. Rob kicks a ride attendant down a water slide when the latter insults Bridget for being less attractive than her sisters. Eric ignores Donna's warning about a chemical in the kiddie pool that turns urine blue, and chaos results when the urine is revealed. The spouses spot and attempt to attract a muscleman, but he is laughed off when revealed to have a high-pitched voice. Later, Lenny and the group go to the zip line and meet Dickie again, this time with his own group of friends and former teammates, including Wiley (Steve Buscemi), who overshoots the swimming pool sliding down the zip line by his feet, and slams into a shopping kiosk. He is hospitalized as a result. Lenny teaches his son how to shoot a perfect shot during basketball, and the friends then end the night by sharing a dance with their spouses. The next day, Roxanne picks up Lenny's phone and confronts him on lying about canceling their flight trip before she agreed on staying. Eventually, everyone concedes into admitting their own truths about how they feel with their lives. On their final day at the lake house, Lenny accepts the rematch once and for all, and plays against their former opponents. At the game-deciding shot, Lenny purposely misses to allow Dickie's team to get a proper win. Before the end of the film, Marcus plays another game of arrow roulette, but with a larger crowd of people this time. Everyone fearfully takes off, and Wiley (who is still paralyzed) gets his foot impaled by the arrow.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Adam Sandler as Lenny Feder

Michael Cavaleri as Young Lenny

Kevin James as Eric Lamonsoff

Andrew Bayard as Young Eric

Chris Rock as Kurt McKenzie

Jameel McGill as Young Kurt

David Spade as Marcus "Higgy" Higgins

Kyle Brooks as Young Marcus

Rob Schneider as Rob "Carrot" Hilliard

Joshua Matz as Young Rob

tag: ul

text: The Feder family[edit]

text:
Salma Hayek as Roxanne Feder
Jake Goldberg as Greg Feder
Cameron Boyce as Keith Feder
Alexys Nicole Sanchez as Becky Feder

text: The Lamonsoff family[edit]

text:
Maria Bello as Sally Lamonsoff
Ada-Nicole Sanger as Donna Lamonsoff
Frank and Morgan Gingerich as Bean Lamonsoff

text: The McKenzie family[edit]

text:
Maya Rudolph as Deanne McKenzie
Nadji Jeter as Andre McKenzie
China Anne McClain as Charlotte McKenzie

text: The Hilliard family[edit]

text:
Madison Riley as Jasmine Hilliard
Jamie Chung as Amber Hilliard
Ashley Loren as Bridget Hilliard

text: Other characters[edit]

text:
Joyce Van Patten as Gloria Noonan
Blake Clark as Coach Robert "Buzzer" Ferdinando
Victoria Cyr, Niece of Coach Buzzer[3]
Di Quon as Rita
Steve Buscemi as Wiley
Colin Quinn as Dickie Bailey

Hunter Silva as Young Dickie

Lisa M. (Seitz) Francis as Bailey's wife
Tim Meadows as Malcolm Fluzoo
Ebony Jo-Ann as Mama Ronzoni
Dan Patrick as Norby the Ride Guy
Tim Herlihy as Pastor
Norm Macdonald as Geezer
Jonathan Loughran as Robideaux

Connor Panzner as Young Robideaux

Dennis Dugan as Basketball Referee

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming commenced in Essex County, Massachusetts, in August, 2009.[4]

text: Release[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Grown Ups grossed $162 million in the United States and $109.4 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $271.4 million against a production budget of $80 million.[1] Happy with the gross, Adam Sandler showed his appreciation by buying brand-new Maserati sports cars for his four co-stars.[5][6]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 10% based on 164 reviews and an average rating of 3.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Grown Ups' cast of comedy vets is amiable, but they're let down by flat direction and the scattershot, lowbrow humor of a stunted script."[7] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 30 out of 100 based on reviews from 32 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[8] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.[9]

text: Connie Ogle of the Miami Herald referred to it as "the perfect poster child for this maddening summer of movie mediocrity."[10] Rick Groen of the Globe and Mail criticized what he saw as blatant commercialism, saying the cast "lob[bed] gags they surely disdain at an audience they probably despise while reserving their own laughter for that off-camera dash all the way to the bank." Richard Roeper went as far as to say that it was "a blight upon the bright canvas of American cinema", and that he hated it.[11] Tom Long of the Detroit News called it "trite comedy" and "total garbage."[12] On the other end of the spectrum, Lisa Kennedy of the Denver Post called it "crude and decent-hearted" and "easy, breezy, predictable."[13]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Rob Schneider was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actor for the film, but lost to Jackson Rathbone for both The Last Airbender and The Twilight Saga: Eclipse.[citation needed]

text: The film won at the 2011 MTV Movie Awards for the "Best Line from a Movie" category, which it won for the line "I want to get chocolate wasted!", delivered by Becky, played by Alexys Nycole Sanchez.[citation needed]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Grown Ups was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on November 9, 2010.

text: Sequel[edit]

text: A sequel, titled Grown Ups 2, was released on July 12, 2013. Dennis Dugan, the director of the first film, returned as director. The main cast, including Adam Sandler, Kevin James, Chris Rock, David Spade, Salma Hayek, Maya Rudolph, Maria Bello and Steve Buscemi reprised their roles, except Rob Schneider. New cast includes Andy Samberg, Taylor Lautner and Patrick Schwarzenegger. The sequel follows Lenny Feder as he relocates his family back to the small town where he and his friends grew up.[14] Like its predecessor, Grown Ups 2 received very poor reviews[15] but was still a box office hit.[16]


document_title: Legal drinking age

question_text: what is the legal drinking age in turkey

text: Legal drinking age

text: Africa[edit]

text: The most common minimum age to purchase alcohol in Africa is 18. Although it varies from the lowest age limit in Ethiopia being only 15 years, Zimbabwe with a minimum purchase age of 16 years, Gambia with a age limit of 17 years and Uganda where the minimum legal purchase age is 18 but minors aged 16 or 17 may consume a glass of beer, wine or cider with a meal at a restaurant. Cameroon and Egypt are the only countries in Africa with a minimum purchase age of 21 years. However Algeria, Angola (except Luando Province), Central African Republic, Comoros, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, Morocco, Togo, Tunisia and the Western Sahara have no laws on the book restricting the sale of alcohol to minors. And in Libya, Somalia and Sudan the sale, production ond consumption of alcohol is completely prohibited.

text:
Country
State/Region/Province
De jure
Notes

Drinking age
Purchase age

 Algeria
None[2]

 Angola

None[2]
There is no national legislation prohibiting the sale of alcohol to minors.

Luanda Province:
18[3]
Legislation in Luanda Province:
It is illegal to sell alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18. It is also illegal for minors to buy and consume alcohol.[3]

 Botswana
None[4]
18[4]
It is illegal for any person with a liquor license to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years. Because the law only applies to licensees it is not illegal for minors to buy, consume or possess alcoholic beverages.

 Burundi
None[5]
18 (None if accompanied by parent or legal guardian)[5]
It is illegal for any person with a liquor license to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to unaccompanied minors under the age of 18 years.

 Cameroon
21/18 (if accompanied by a person 21 years of age or older)[6]
It is illegal for any person with a liquor license, to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under 18 years of age. The law permits adults fromn the ages 18 to 21 to consume, purchase and buy alcoholic beverages if accompanied by a person 21 years of age or older. Anyone over the age of 21 years may buy or consume alcohol unaccompanied.

 Cape Verde
None[7]
18[7]
It is illegal for any person to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years.

 Central African Republic
None[2]

 Comoros
None[2]

 Egypt
21[2]

 Equatorial Guinea
None[2]

 Eritrea
None[8]
18[8]
It is illegal for any person to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years.

 Ethiopia
None[9]
15[9]
It is illegal for any person to sell, offer, serve or allow to serve alcoholic beverages "in substantial quantities" to any infant or young person. The criminal code defines a young person as any person under the age of 15 years. But the Criminal Code states: "Whoever endangers the health of another, intentionally and unscrupulously, by administering or serving, or by causing or permitting to be administered or served, to minors (defined as anyone under the age of 18 years) (...) alcoholic beverages or spirituous liquors of such kind or in such quantity as to make their injurious effect certain or probable, is punishable with simple imprisonment not exceeding one year, and fine."

 Gabon
None[2]

 Gambia
None[10][2]
17[10][2]
It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to child or young person. A "young person" is defined as anyone under the age of 17 by the Children and Young Persons Act, 1949 Section 2.

 Ghana
18[11]

 Guinea-Bissau
None[2]

 Kenya
None[12]
18[12]
It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years.

 Lesotho
18[13]
It is illegal to sell, serve or supply any alcoholic beverage to a minor under the age of 18 years. It is also illegal for minors to consume, buy or attempt to buy alcohol.

 Liberia
None
18[2]
It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years.

 Libya
Illegal[14]
Previously Article 498 of the Libyan Penal Code prohibted the sale of acloholic beverages to juveniles under the age of 16 years.[2]

 Malawi
None
18[15]
It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years.

 Mauritius
None
18[16]
It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years.

 Morocco
None[2]

 Mozambique
18[17]

 Namibia
None
18[18]
It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years.

 Niger
18[2]

 Nigeria
18[2]

 Republic of the Congo
None
18[19]

 Rwanda
18[2]

 Senegal
18[20]

 Seychelles
18[2]

 Somalia
Illegal[21]

 South Africa
18
The parent, adult guardian of a minor or a person responsible for administering a religious sacrament, may on occasion supply to that minor a moderate quantity of liquor to be consumed by the minor in the presence and under the supervision of that parent, guardian or other person.[22]

 South Sudan
18[2]

 Sudan
Illegal[23]

 Swaziland
18[2]

 Tanzania
None
18[24]

 Togo
None[2]

 Tunisia
None[2]

 Uganda
None[25]
18
16 (wine, beer, porter, cider, perry or native liquor with meal)[25]
It is illegal for any licensee to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years. The law provides a exception for anyone who is 16 or 17 years of age, and consumes a fermented alcoholic drink with a meal, in a part of a licensed premises that serves meals and is not a bar.

 Western Sahara
None[2]

 Zambia
18[26]
It is illegal for any person with a liquor license, to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under 18 years of age. Before the Liquor Licensing Act was enacted in 2011, the minimum age to sell, serve and supply alcoholic beverages was 14 years.[27]

 Zimbabwe
None[28]
16 [28]
It is illegal for any person to sell, lend, give, supply, deliver or offer alcoholic beverages to any child under the age of 16 years, except upon production of a written order signed by the parent or guardian of the child known to such person. The police has the duty to seize any alcoholice beverage in the possession of a child under the age of 16 years without a written consent of the parents or legal guardian.

tag: table

text: Americas[edit]

text: The minimum age to purchase and consume varies, but the most common age is 18 years. However in North America the age limits varies between 18 and 21 years of age. Throughout the United States the minimum legal age to purchase any alcoholic beverage from a shop, supermarket, liquor store, bar, club or any other licensed premises is 21 years of age. In Canada each province can decide which minimum age limit is to be set to buy or consume alcohol. Most provinces have a minimum age of 19 years, while Alberta, Manitoba and Quebec have set a minimum age of 18 years. In South America all countries have set a minimum purchase age of 18 years, except for Guyana where minors aged 16 or 17 may consume a glass of beer, wine or cider in a restaurant provided they buy a meal, and Paraguay the only country with a minimum legal pruchase and drinking age of 20 years.

text:
Country
State/Region/Province
De jure
Notes

Drinking age
Purchase age

 Anguilla
None[29]
18 [29]
It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic drinks to anyone under the age of 18 years. Violating the regulation is punished with a $9.600 fine.

 Antigua and Barbuda
None
16[30]
The sale and distribution of alcohol to a person under 16 years of age is illegal.

 Argentina
18[31]

 Bahamas
18[32]
It is illegal for any adult to sell, serve or supply any alcoholic beverage to a child (defined as anyone under the age of 18 years). The law provides a exception to treat a illness in urgent cases or upon order by a medical doctor.

 Barbados
None
16[33]
It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to anyone under the age of 16 years. The President of the Barbados Road Safety Association is trying to raise the drinking age to 18 years due to the fact that the law is often violated.[33]

 Belize
18[34]
Drinking age is rarely enforced. IDs are almost never requested.

 Bermuda
18[35]
It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to a child under the age of 18 years.

 Bolivia
None[36]
18 [36]
It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years. Every sold alcoholic beverage has to have a warning message on the bottle or container reading: “VENTA PROHIBIDA A MENORES DE 18 AÑOS DE EDAD” (Sale prohibited to (anyone) under 18 years of age) and “EL CONSUMO EXCESIVO DE ALCOHOL ES DAÑINO PARA LA SALUD” (Excessive alcohol consumption is harmful to (ones) health).

 Brazil
None[37]
18 [37]
It is illegal to sell, serve or supply any alcoholic beverage to a person under 18 years of age. The presidential law enacted on March 17 2015 made any violation of the law a criminal offence. Any adult person selling, serving, giving or supplying alcoholic beverages to a minor is punished with imprisonment of 2 to 4 years, a fine of R$ 3.000 to R$ 10.000 and a ban to operate any business selling or serving alcohol.

 British Virgin Islands
16[34]
It is illegal to sell or to supply alcohol to anyone under the age of 16.

 Canada
 Alberta
 Manitoba
 Quebec
18[38][39][40]
In Alberta no person may give or sell or permit any person to give or sell liquor to a minor in licensed premises.[38] In Manitoba a person must not give, sell or otherwise supply liquor to a minor. the law provides exceptions for a doctor, dentist, pharmacist or other health care professional for medical purposes; for sacramental purposes and by the parent, guardian, spouse or common-law partner, if it is given or supplied in a residence.[39] In Quebec the law probits the sale of alcoholic beverages to a minor under the age of 18 years.[40]

 Ontario
 Saskatchewan
 British Columbia
 Newfoundland and Labrador
 Nova Scotia
 New Brunswick
 Prince Edward Island
 Northwest Territories
 Yukon
 Nunavut
19

 Cayman Islands
18[41]
It is prohibited to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is also illegal for any minor to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcoholic beverages. Violation of the lawis punished with a fine of five thousand dollars, and the court may, if the offence was committed by the licensee, order that the licensee shall forfeit his licence and that no licence may be issued to that person for a period not exceeding ten years from the date of his conviction.

 Chile
18[42]
The minimum age is 18 to enter an enclosure that sells alcoholic beverages. Selling alcohol to a minor may incur a fine. One must provide identification upon request. Residents of Chile over the age of 18 must carry their Chilean identification card issued by the Civil Registry and Identification Service at all times.[43]

 Colombia
None
18[44]
The law prohibits the sale of aclohol to a minor (anyone under the age of 18 years). It is not illegal for minors to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcohol.[44]

 Costa Rica
None
18[45]
The law prohibits the sale of aclohol to a minor (anyone under the age of 18 years). Selling alcohol to a minor will be punished with a fine equivalent to ten basic salaries. Whoever permits minors to maintain in any establishment which main purpose is to sell alcoholic beverages, will be sanctioned with a fine equivalent to five salaries. It is not illegal for minors to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcohol.[45]

 Cuba
None
16[46]
The penal code prohibits any adult to induce any young person under the age of 16 years, to habitually consume alcoholic beverages. However this means that defacto anyone selling, serving or supplying alcohol should check if the buyer has attained the age of 16 years. In most cases this law is not strictly enforced.[46][47]

 Dominican Republic
None
18[48]

 Ecuador
None
18[49]
It is illegal to sell alcohol beverages to a minor under the age of 18 years of age. The law obligates establishments to place a visible notice at the point of sale and to check identification to enforce the law. However it is not illegal for minors to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcohol.[49]

 El Salvador
None
18[50]
It is strictly prohibited to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to a minor under the age of 18 years. Violation of the law is punished with ¢ 25,000.00 and if convicted once more the license will be suspended for a period of six months. It is legal for minors to buy, attempt to buy and consume alcohol.[50]

 Falkland Islands
18[51]
It is illegal for any adult to sell, give or provide alcohol to a minor under the age of 18 years in any public place or licensed premises. Parents may permit their children to consume alcohol on private premises. Minors consuming alcohol in public are committing a criminal offence. The law provides exceptions for the consumption of alcohol by minors for prescription of or at the direction of a government medical officer or in the course of the administration of Holy Communion according to the rites of any Christian denomination.[51]

 Grenada
18[52]
It is illegal to sell, serve or supply any alcoholic drink to a minor under 18 years of age. Minors under 18 years are prohibited by law, to consume alcoholic beverages in public.[52]

 Guatemala
18[53]
It is illegal to sell, serve or supply any alcoholic drink to a minor under 18 years of age. Minors under 18 years are prohibited by law, to consume alcoholic beverages in public.[53]

 Guyana
18/16 for beer, wine and cider with meal[54]
It is illegal to sell or serve alcool to a person under 18 years of age. The law provides a exception for minors aged 16 and 17, if they consume a glass of beer, wine oder cider with a meal in a restaurant. Otherwise attempting to buy alcohol or buying alcohol as a minor is a offence.[54]

 Haiti
None
18[55]
It is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to minors from May 17 2017. Vendors are required to check identification.

 Honduras
18[42]

 Jamaica
None
18[56]
It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to a child (which is defined as anyone under the age of 18 years).[56]

 Mexico
18[42]
The minimum age to buy and consume alcoholic beverages is regulated by each state of Mexico. But all states have set a minimum age of 18 years, and in no state it is illegal for minors to buy and consume alcohol.

 Nicaragua
None
14 (restaurant)
18 (bars, clubs, markets, supermarkets, sports and recreation centers)[57]
The law from 1980 prohibits the sale of acloholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years. Ever point of sale or establishment serving alcohol, is required to post a notice stating that the sale of alcohol to minors under 18 years of age is illegal. However the law permits children as young as 14 to purchase and consume alcohol in a restaurant without further restrictions.[57]

 Panama
None
18[58]

 Paraguay
20[59]
According to Art. 1° of the law to "ban on the sale of alcoholic beverages to minors", it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol or to allow the consumption by minors under 20 years of age. Furthermore, under Art 2° all public establishments selling alcohol must display a clearly legible notice in the sales area with the following text: "ESTA PROHIBIDA LA VENTA DE BEBIDAS ALCOHÓLICAS A MENORES DE VEINTE AÑOS DE EDAD" (It is illegal (prohibited) to sell alcoholic beverages to minors under 20 years of age)

 Peru
None
18[60]

 Puerto Rico
18

 Trinidad and Tobago
None
18[61]
It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholiv beverages to child under the age of 18 years. It is also illegal for an adult to send a child to buy alcohol on behalf. It is not illegal for children to buy or consume alcohol.[61]

 Turks and Caicos Islands
None
18[62]
It is illegal to serve or sell liquor to a young person under the age of eighteen years. Minors under the age of sixteen years may not present in a licensed premises mainly serving and selling alcoholic beverages.[62]

 United States
(50 states and integral territories)
Varies by jurisdiction[42]
21[42]
The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 withholds revenue from states that allow the purchase of alcohol by anyone under the age of 21. Prior to the effective date of that Act, the drinking age varied from state to state. Some states do not allow those under the legal drinking age to be present in liquor stores or in bars (usually, the difference between a bar and a restaurant is that food is served only in the latter). Contrary to popular belief, since the act went into law, only a few states prohibit minors and young adults from consuming alcohol in private settings. As of January 1, 2010, 15 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright, 17 states do not ban underage consumption, and the remaining 18 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws.
Federal law explicitly provides for religious exceptions. As of 2005, 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws. However, non-alcoholic beer in many (but not all) states, such as Idaho, Texas, and Maryland, is considered legal for those under the age of 21.[63]
By a judge's ruling, South Carolina appears to allow the possession and consumption of alcohol by adults 18 to 20 years of age, but a circuit court judge has said otherwise.[64]
The states of Washington and Wisconsin allows the consumption of alcohol in the presence of parents.
Some U.S. states have legislation that make providing to and possession of alcohol by persons under twenty-one a gross misdemeanor with a potential penalty of a $5,000 fine or up to year in jail.[65]
See also: Minor in Possession and List of alcohol laws of the United States

 United States Virgin Islands
18[66]

 Uruguay
None
18[67]
Only selling alcohol to minors under the age of 18 is prohibited, consumption and purchase by minors is not illegal.

 Venezuela
None
18[68]
Only selling alcohol to minors under the age of 18 is prohibited, consumption and purchase by minors is not illegal.[68]

text: Asia[edit]

text:
Country
State/Region/Province
De jure
Notes

Drinking age
Purchase age

 Afghanistan
Illegal[69]

 Bangladesh
(Illegal for Muslims.)[70]
Alcohol will be sold to foreigners in certain locations, albeit clandestinely.[citation needed]

 Bhutan
18[71]

 Brunei
17 with restrictions, unless Muslim[42]
Non-Muslims over 17 years of age are allowed to import alcohol not to exceed maximum total volume 2 liters of liquor and 12 cans of beer at 330 ml for personal use, once in 48 hours. This alcohol must be “stored and consumed at the place of residence of the importer” and is “not to be given, transferred or sold to another person.”.[42]

 Cambodia
None[72]

 China
18[42]
Introduced in January 2006.[73]

 Hong Kong
18[74]
The regulation is only applicable to restaurants, bars and clubs, where a liquor license is required. Private drinking is also not regulated.[citation needed]

 India
18–25 (varies by jurisdiction)[42]

Main article: Alcohol laws of India
Consumption of alcohol is illegal in the states of Bihar, Gujarat and Nagaland.[75]

 Indonesia
21[76]

 Iran
Illegal [42]
There is a ban on alcohol, but religious minorities may purchase small amounts from shops owned by the same religious minority.[77]

 Iraq
18[78]

 Israel
None
18[42]
Israel law prohibits selling or serving alcohol to minors, but it does not prohibit minors to drink, although the police may confiscate alcoholic drinks consumed by minors in public.[citation needed]

 Japan
20[42]

 Jordan
18[79]

 Kazakhstan
21[80]

 Kuwait
Illegal[81]

 Kyrgyzstan
18[42]

 Lebanon
18[42]
Often unenforced and according to a global school health study, 40% of minors over 13 drink alcohol and up to 25% buy it from stores.[82]

 Macau
None[citation needed]

 Malaysia
21
Increased from 18 to 21 in December 2017.[83]

 Maldives
Illegal except for tourists, 18[citation needed]
Sale of alcohol is limited to tourist resorts. It is illegal to sell alcohol to local Maldivians[84]

 Mongolia
18[85]

 Myanmar
None
18[86]

   Nepal
18
The legal age for consumption of alcohol in Nepal is 18. However, there are exceptions to underage consumption for purposes of religious ceremonies.[citation needed]

 North Korea
18[87]

 Oman
21
Residents need personal liquor licenses to consume alcohol in their private residences.[88]

 Pakistan
Illegal [42]
Non-Muslim citizens may possess alcohol to be used in accordance with religious ceremonies[42]

 Palestinian Authority
16[citation needed]
Legal in most cities.[citation needed]

 Philippines
18[89]

 Qatar
19[citation needed]
Muslims are allowed to purchase alcohol, but generally not allowed to consume. Non Muslims are allowed to purchase, and consume alcohol. The only legal distributor of alcohol in the country is the Qatar Distribution Company located in Doha.[citation needed]

 Saudi Arabia
Illegal
Drinking or possessing alcohol is illegal in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Persons who drink or possess alcohol are subject to arrest and trial. Punishments range from heavy fines, lengthy prison terms and whippings.[citation needed]

 Singapore
None (Private places, sometimes with permission from parents/guardian)
18 (Public places e.g. bars and restaurants)
18[42]
For convenience stores, those who pretend to be 18 years and above in a "Challenge 18" scheme will be downgraded to "Challenge 21" scheme, and after which the licences will be revoked once they pretend to be 18 years and above if it is on "Challenge 21".[citation needed]. It is illegal to purchase alcohol in Singapore or consume in a nightclub/allow entry to the nightclub under 18. Home and private drinking of alcohol is allowed, although the safest age could be 6. Parents can try a sip of alcohol at any age.[citation needed]

 South Korea
None
19[90]
The age limit for alcohol is after January 1 of the year one's age turns to 19.[91]

 Sri Lanka
21[42]

 Syria
18[citation needed]

 Taiwan
18[92]

It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 to consume alcohol.[93]
Parents, guardians, and others taking care of people under 18 shall prohibit underage drinking,[94] or risk administrative fines of 10000 to 50000 new Taiwan dollars when the situations are serious.[95]
One shall not supply alcohol to anyone under the age of 18.[96] A violator shall be administratively fined 3000 to 15000 New Taiwan Dollars.[97]

 Tajikistan
18[42]

 Thailand
20[98]
The Alcoholic Beverage Control Act of 2008 increased the drinking age in Thailand from 18 to 20, private drinking is not regulated in private locations.[98][99]

 Turkmenistan
18[42]

 United Arab Emirates
18–21 (varies by jurisdiction).[100]
Expatriate non-Muslim residents may request a liquor permit to purchase alcoholic beverages, but it is illegal for such holders to provide drinks to others.[101]
The legal age for drinking alcohol is 18 in Abu Dhabi (although a Ministry of Tourism by-law allows hotels to serve alcohol only to those over 21), and 21 in Dubai and the Northern Emirates (except Sharjah, where drinking alcohol is illegal).[100]
It is a punishable offence to drink, or to be under the influence of alcohol, in public.[100]

 Uzbekistan
None
20[42]

 Vietnam
18[42]

 Yemen
Illegal[citation needed]
Exception is in Aden Region where it's legal for 21 and up[citation needed]

text: Europe[edit]

text: Most countries within Europe have set 18 as the minimum age to purchase alcohol. Although Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Germany, Gibraltar, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Serbia and Switzerland (except Ticino) maintain a minimum purchase age below 18 years permitting minors either full or limited access to alcohol. In 2005[102], 2007[103] and recently in 2015[104] the European Union has failed to enact a law forcing member states to raise their purchase age to 18 years. But in the past years several European countries have raised their drinking/purchase age or enacted laws restricting the access to alcohol for minors:

text:
In 2002 the autonomous communities Madrid,[105] Valencia[106] and Catalonia[107] raised their minimum purchase age to 18 years. Previous to 2002 Valencia and Madrid had a minimum purchase age of 16 years, and in Catalonia minors aged 16 or 17 could purchase alcohol up to 23% ABV on and off premises.
In 2004 Denmark[108] raised its off premises purchase age from 15 to 16 years.
In November 2005 Switzerland passed its "Food and Commodities Regulation"[109] (German: Lebensmittel- und Gebrauchsgegenständeverordnung), introducing a ban on alcohol sales to anyone under the age of 16, although the 1980 passed "Alcohol Law"[110] (German: Alkoholgesetz) already required a minimum age of 18 years for the retail sale of distilled spirits. Therefore, it is illegal to sell fermented alcohol (e.g. beer, wine, sparkling wine or cider) to anyone under the age of 16, and any distilled alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years. Further the canton of Ticino introduced a contonal law in 1989 banning all alcohol sales to anyone under the age of 18 years.[111]
In 2006 the autonomous communitie Castile and León[112] raised its minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 years.
In late 2006, Gibraltar[113] lawmakers passed the "Children and Young Persons (Alcohol, Tobacco and Gaming) Act 2006", which raised the minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 years. But the new law made an exception: minors aged 16 or 17 can purchase and consume on premises beer, wine or cider under 15% ABV or pre-packed containers of an alcoholic strength not exceeding 5.5% ABV (e.g. alcopops).
In 2009 France[114] raised its minimum purchase age to 18 years, and fines were increased for selling or serving alcohol to a minor (up to 7,500 €). Previous to 2009 the minimum age to purchase any alcohol from off licensed premises was 16 years. In order to purchase alcohol on premises the minimum age was 16 years for low alcoholic beverages such as wine, beer, cider, perry, mead, crème de cassis and juices from fermented fruits or vegetables that contain 1.2 to 3° alcohol, natural sweet wines from controlled cultivation – to purchase or be served stronger alcoholic drinks one had to be 18 years of age.
In October 2009, the government of Malta[115] passed a new law raising its drinking and purchase age from 16 to 17 years.
In 2010 the autonomous community of Galicia raised its minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 years.[116]
In 2011 Denmark[117] passed a new law, raising the minimum age for off-premises sale of alcohol >16.5% ABV to 18 years of age. The age to purchase alcohol <16.5% ABV remaines at 16.
Italy raised its minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 in 2012. Previously Italy did not have a purchase age for off-premises sales, and the minimum age of 16 years for on premises sales was barely enforced. [118]
In 2013 the government of Portugal restricted alcohol sales to young people: distilled spirits can not be sold to anyone under the age of 18, and other alcohol (e.g. beer, wine or cider) can't be sold to anyone under the age of 16. Previously the minimum age for all kinds of alcoholic beverages was 16 years.[119]
As of 1 January 2014, the minimum legal purchase and consumption age was raised from 16 to 18 in the Netherlands. Previously young people over the age of 16 could purchase and consume alcohol <15% ABV, and adults aged 18 and over could purchase alcohol over 15% ABV.[120]
As of March 2015, the autonomous community of Asturias raised its drinking age from 16 to 18 years. Asturias was Spain's last community with a drinking age of 16 years. The new law brings the drinking age into line with the rest of Spain.[121]
As of 1 January 2018, Lithuania raised its minimum drinking age from 18 to 20 years[122]

text:
Country
State/Region/Province
De jure
Notes

Drinking age
Purchase age

 Albania
18[42]

 Armenia
None[123]
18[123]
There are no laws mandating alcohol vendors to ID potential underage drinkers. ID checks are very rarely, if ever, carried out[123]

 Austria
 Burgenland
 Lower Austria
 Vienna
16
[124]

 Carinthia
 Upper Austria
 Salzburg
 Styria
 Tyrol
 Vorarlberg
16 (beer, wine and cider)
18 (distilled beverages)
Carinthia also requires adolescents to maintain a blood alcohol level below 0.05%.[124]

 Azerbaijan
None[125]
18[125]
It is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to a minor under 18 years of age.[125]

 Belarus
None[126]
18[126]
The law prohibits the sale of alcohol to anyone under the age of 18 years. However, the law is rarely enforced.[126]

 Belgium
None[127]
16 (beer, wine and cider)
18 (spirits)[127]
Since 10 January 2010, it is illegal to "sell, serve, or offer" any form of distilled alcohol to those under the age of 18 or any alcoholic drink to those under 16. So fermented drinks like beer or wine are permitted above 16.[127] Previously, it was illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to under-16s, but accompanying adults could buy drinks for them.

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
None[128]
18[128]
Selling alcohol to a minor under the age of 18 years is a offence. The law does not prohibit minors from buying, attempting to buy or consuming alcohol.[128]

 Bulgaria
None[129]
18[129]
By law, it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol to any child under the age of 18. There is no restrictions for minors consuming alcohol.[129]

 Croatia
None[130]
18[130]
It is prohibited to sell or serve alcohol to anyone under 18 years of age. There is no minimum age to buy or consume alcohol by law.[130]

 Cyprus
None[131]
17[131]
It is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to anyone under thhe age of 17 years. There is no minimum age to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcohol in public.[131]

 Czech Republic
None
18[132]
It is illegal to provide alcohol to minors[133] (punishable by fine or up to 1[134] or 2[135] year(s) imprisonment). Consumption itself is not prohibited by law.[136]

 Denmark
None
16 (<16.5% ABV)
18 (≥16.5% ABV)
While there is no age requirement for drinking alcohol in Denmark, there are laws that prevent minors from buying alcohol:

In order to buy alcohol above 1.2% and below 16.5% ABV in stores, one must be 16 years of age.
In order to buy alcohol above 16.5% ABV in stores, one must be 18 years of age.[137]

By tradition, youths are privately allowed to drink alcohol after their confirmation.[138] If a shop or bar fails to ask for an ID card and is identified having sold alcohol to an underage, it is subject to fine. A national ID card, obtained in the local town hall, can serve as age verification.[139] This card is rarely used though since a passport or drivers license is more commonly used.[140]
Both the legal drinking and purchasing age in the Faroe Islands is 18.[citation needed]

 Estonia
18[141]
It is illegal to sell, serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years. Alcohol found in possession of any child can be confiscated by the police.

 Finland
18 (possession and purchase of 1.2–22% ABV)
20 (for possession and purchase of 23–80% ABV)
18 (for all in bars, clubs and restaurants)[142]
All major grocery chains have implemented a policy to ask for ID if the customer looks under 30.[143] Stores may refuse to sell alcohol if the customer is accompanied by a minor, or if proxy purchasing is suspected. Purchasing alcohol on behalf of a minor is a criminal offence.[142][144]
Police may search minors in public places and confiscate or destroy any alcoholic beverages in their possession. Incidents are reported to the legal guardian and social authorities, who may intervene with child welfare procedures. In addition, those aged 15 or above are subject to a fine.[145]
In private, offering alcohol to a minor is considered a criminal offence if it results in drunkenness and the act can be deemed reprehensible as a whole, considering the minor's age, degree of maturity and other circumstances.[142]

 France
None
18
France has no explicitly stated consumption age,[146] but selling alcohol to a minor (under 18) is illegal[147] and can be fined 7500 euros.[146] This age was raised from 16 to 18 in 2009.[148][149]

 Georgia
None[150]
18[150]
By Georgian law, the sale of alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years is prohibited.[150]

 Germany
14(beer, wine and cider if accompanied)
16 (beer, wine and cider)
18 (spirits and aliments containing spirits above negligible amounts)[151]
It is illegal to sell, serve or supply fermented alcoholic beverages (beer, wine, cider and sparkling wine) to anyone under 16 years of age. However this age limit drops down to 14 if a minor is accompanied by his parent or legal guardian. It is generally illegal to serve, sell or supply any beverage containing spirits and aliments containing spirits above negligible amounts, to anyone under the age of 18 years. Violation of the "Protection of Young Persons Act" can be fined up to 50.000€.
See also: Alcohol laws in Germany

 Gibraltar
None[152]
18
16(beer, wine and cider)[152]
It is illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to anyone under the age of 18, other than the following two exceptions. The minimum age to be served in licensed premises is 16 if:[152]

The alcoholic beverage is beer, wine or cider below 15% ABV, or
The alcoholic beverage is served in a bottle, or a pre-packaged container below 5.5% ABV.

 Greece
None[153]
18[153]
In 2008, the consumption of alcoholic beverages was prohibited for minors in public. However, the law does not apply to private events or private premises.[153]

 Hungary
18[42]

 Iceland
None
20[154]
Possession or consumption of alcohol by minors is not an offence, but supplying them with alcohol is.

 Ireland
None (on private residence with permission from parents or guardians)[155]
18[155]
It is illegal for minors to buy alcohol or for a third party to attempt to buy it for minors. It is illegal to purchase alcohol for anybody under the age of consent without permission from their guardians.[156]

 Italy
None [157]
18[158][157]
In 2012 the then Health Minister Renato Balduzzi proposed to raise the age to 18.[157] Selling alcohol to those under the age of 18 in shops carries a fine between €250 and €1000. Serving alcoholic beverages to those under the age of 16 is a criminal offense and is punished with prison up to one year, if the individual is 16 or 17 it will be treated as an offense that is fined between €250 and €1000 (Legge n. 189/2013).

 Kosovo
None[citation needed]

 Latvia
None[159]
18[159]
It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to any minor under the age of 18 years. There is no minimum age to consume or possess alcohol.[159]

 Liechtenstein
16 beer, wine and cider
18 spirits and spirit-based beverages[160]
Wine, beer and ciders as well as some other party drinks sometimes without spirits may be purchased by the age of 16. Spirits as well as alcopops may be sold only to people at least 18.[160]

 Lithuania
20[122]
It is illegal to sell, serve or supply acloholic beverages to anyone under the age of 20 years. Minors under the age of 20 are prohibited from consuming alcoholic beverages or from possessing them. The minimum age was raised from 18 to 20 since 2018.[122]

 Luxembourg
None [161]
16[161]
It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages >1.2% ABV to any person under the age of 16 years. Violation is fined €251 to €1.000.[161]

 Macedonia
18[162]
Must show an ID card upon request. In certain smaller places, such as family-owned convenience stores and street kiosks, there is little to no enforcement on how old or young somebody purchases alcohol. There is little to no enforcement for drinking privately, but drinking in bars may require an ID.

 Malta
17[163]
Must provide identification upon request.

 Moldova
None[164]
18[164]
It is illegal to sell, or serve alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is not illegal for minors to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcohol. The minimum purchase age was raised from 16 to 18 in 2012.[165][164]

 Montenegro
18[citation needed]

 Netherlands
18
The legal age for purchasing and consumption of alcoholic beverages was raised from 16 to 18 since 2014. Alcohol is commonly available upon parental permission. Selling alcoholic beverages to people under 18 is illegal, although giving it away in private is not.[citation needed]

 Norway
None[166]
18 (<22%)
20 (≥22% ABV)[42]
Selling alcohol to or buying alcohol for minors is illegal. Minors are defined as under 18 for beer and wine, under 20 for drinks that contain 22% ABV or more. Minors who buy alcohol are not held criminally responsible; instead, the crime lies with those who sold it or obtained it for them.
Alcohol with more than 60% ABV is generally not sold in Norway, although exceptions may be made by the government for specific products.[167]
Alcohol possessed by minors may be confiscated as evidence. Drinking in public is prohibited, though this is rarely enforced in recreational areas.[168]

 Poland
None[169]
18[169]
Article 15 of The Act on Upbringing in Sobriety and Counteracting Alcoholism[170] clearly states that buyers or persons being served must be at least 18 and prove it with ID if they look like they may not be at least that age. There is no mention of consumption age in this or any other act in Poland. Drinking on streets, town squares, and in parks is illegal regardless of age.

 Portugal
None[171]
18[171]

 Romania
None
18[172]
According to law 61/1991 updated in 2008, paragraphs 21-25, it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol to minors.

 Russia
None
18[173]
There is no law or regulation in Russia that prohibits minors from consuming alcohol, but selling alcohol to minors is prohibited by federal and additional regional laws.

 Serbia
None
16[174]

 Slovakia
18[175]

 Slovenia
None
18[176]
There is no law regulating the possession and consumption, but it is illegal to sell or offer alcohol of any kind to minors.

 Spain
18
Asturias was the last autonomous community in Spain where the drinking age was increased to 18 (previously 16) on 1 May 2015.[177]

 Sweden

None

None (less than 2.25% ABV)
18 (bars and restaurants)
18 (2.25%–3.5% ABV in food shops)
20 (Systembolaget shops)[178],

See also: Alcohol in Sweden
Many clubs choose to have higher age limits than 18, commonly 20 or 23. It is legal to drink below 18, but it is illegal to sell, lend or give alcohol to someone under that age and the police can seize alcohol from them, apart from being served alcohol supervised in private "in moderation". It is legal to serve an underage person alcohol in a private place.[179] The reason for lower limit in bars than in Systembolaget shops is that bartenders have a legal responsibility for how drunk a guest gets.

  Switzerland
  Switzerland (federal law)
None
(See notes)
16 (fermented alcoholic drinks with less than 15% ABV and natural wines with less than 18% ABV)[180]
18 (spirits) [181]
Whoever offers or supplies alcoholic beverages to a child under the age of 16 years in an amount which is harmful to one's health is punished with imprisonment up to 3 years or a fine.[182] Whoever sells or supplies spirits to a person under the age of 18 years is punished with a fine up to 10.000 CHF.[183]

 Ticino
18
The canton Ticino prohibits selling and consumption of any type of alcohol by minors under the age of 18. Some shops and supermarkets may not sell alcohol to minors under the age of 18.[184]

 Turkey
18[42]

See also: Alcohol laws of Turkey

 Ukraine
18[42]

 United Kingdom
 England
 Wales
18[185]
16 (beer, wine or cider with meal)[185]
5 (private)[186]
None (under medical supervision, or in an emergency)[186]
Legislation in  England and  Wales:

It is illegal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcoholic beverages on licensed premises under the age of 18, other than the following two exceptions:[185]

Minors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine, beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal, and accompanied by an adult.[185]
It is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age.

It is illegal to permit minors under the age of 5 to consume alcoholic beverages unless under medical supervision or in an emergency.[186]
Persons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance, which includes alcohol. [187]

 Scotland
18
16 (beer, wine or cider on licensed premises with meal)[188]
None (private)
Legislation in  Scotland:

It is illegal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18, other than the following two exceptions:[189]

Minors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine, beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal.[189]
It is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age.

Persons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance, which includes alcohol. [187]

 Northern Ireland
18
Legislation in Northern Ireland:
It is illegal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18.

 United Kingdom
Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 (applies to all of the  United Kingdom)
Under the BBPA's Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 schemes, customers attempting to buy alcoholic beverages are asked to prove their age if in the retailer's opinion they look under 21[190] (or optionally 25) even though the law states they must be a minimum of 18. Many supermarket and off-licence chains display Challenge 21 (or Challenge 25) notices stating that they will not serve persons who look under 21 (or 25) without ID.

text: Oceania[edit]

text:
Country
State/Region/Province
De jure
Notes

Drinking age
Purchase age

 American Samoa
21[191]

 Australia
18[42][192]

Main article: Alcohol laws of Australia
Varies by state. Some states restrict possession and consumption to over 18, all states restrict purchasing to over 18. In some states, minors may consume alcohol in a private residence with parental permission.[193]

 Fiji
18[194]
The drinking age was 21 from 2006 to 2009 but was lowered to 18 in 2009.[194]

 Guam
21[195]

 Micronesia, Federated States of
18[196]

 New Zealand
None
18[197]
Minimum age applies for beverages with 1.15% ABV or over; no restrictions on beverages less than 1.15% ABV.[198]
Persons under 18 may drink outside private residences or private functions if accompanied by their parent or legal guardian. Alcohol may be supplied to minors only by, or with express consent from, their parent or legal guardian.[199]

 Northern Mariana Islands
21[200]

 Palau
21[201]
It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to a person under 21 years of age. Minors may access a bar or licensed premises only if accompanied by a parent or legal guardian. Minors buying, consuming or attempting to buy alcohol are commiting a offence. The law provides a exception for the consumption of alcohol by minors as part of a religiously recognized ceremony.[201]

 Papua New Guinea
18[202]
It is illegal for a minor to purchase, consume or attempt to purchase alcoholic beverages. Any licence holder has to ensure that the customer who he sells or serves alcohol to, is at least 18 years of age. Violation of this law is fined.[202]

 Samoa
21[203]
Selling or serving alcohol to a person under the age of twenty-one years is punished with three hundred dollars or imprisonment for nine months or both, a fine and imprisonment.[204]

 Solomon Islands
None[204]
21[204]
Selling or serving alcohol to a person under the age of twenty-one years is punished with three hundred dollars or imprisonment for nine months or both, a fine and imprisonment.[204]

 Tokelau
18[205]

 Tonga
18[206]
Selling, serving or supplying alcohol to a minor is illegal. It is also illegal for minors to buy, attempt to buy or consume alcohol in any public place and any violation of this law is fined up to $1,000.[206]

 Vanuatu
18[207]
It is unlawful to sell, serve or supply alcohol to any person under the age of 18 years. Violation of the law is fined up to VT 25,000 or by a term of imprisonment not exceeding 3 months, or by both, fine and imprisonment. Any minor under the age of 18 years, beeing found in possession or consumption of alcohol is fined up to VT 10,000.[207]