document_title: The Broadmoor

question_text: who owns the broadmoor hotel in colorado springs

text: The Broadmoor

text: Facilities[edit]

text: Broadmoor resort[edit]

text: The architecture and the color is like the grand hotels that would be found on the coast of the Mediterranean, in an Italian Renaissance style. The pink stucco of the façade also helps to blend into the Pikes Peak area landscape.[10] The main buildings are connected on a circular path around a lake. The original hotel building is Broadmoor Main that was built in 1918. The others—built between 1961 and 2001—are Broadmoor South, Broadmoor West, Lakeside Suites and West Tower.[11]

text: The Broadmoor has 779 rooms.[2][5] Many of the Broadmoor South rooms have balconies and some have fireplaces. The Penrose Room restaurant is located on the top of the nine-story building.[12] There are eighteen restaurants[2][5] that are located in the main hotel buildings, golf club, pool cafes, Summit Restaurant, and Golden Bee pub.[13] Broadmoor Golf Club has three golf courses, designed by Donald Ross, Robert Trent Jones[14] and Ed Seay and Arnold Palmer.[15]

text: The full-service spa has an indoor pool, fitness center, 43 treatment rooms, relaxation room, and hair and nail salon. It offers more than 100 services.[14] The resort has indoor and outdoor pools and tennis courts. There are 25 retail shops,[2] including clothing boutiques and shops, a florist, sundry shop, jewelry store, and gift shop.[14]

text: There is a .75 miles (1.21 km) trail around Cheyenne Lake that is creek-fed and manmade. In the summer guests can rent bikes and paddleboats.[14] The Stables at the Broadmoor offer horseback riding.[9][16] The Penrose Heritage Museum, formerly called the El Pomar Carriage House Museum, houses a collection of vintage carriages and automobiles, including race cars from the Pikes Peak Auto Hill Climb in the early 20th century.[17]

text: The Broadmoor has 185,000 square feet (17,200 m2) of meeting space.[2][5] It earns 70% of its revenue from conventions.[13] The Broadmoor Fire Protection District serves the resort and surrounding area.[18]

text: Ranch at Emerald Valley[edit]

text: The Broadmoor offers a luxurious mountain experience at their 16-acre Ranch on Emerald Green on Cheyenne Mountain. Philip Anschutz purchased the property and built a main lodge and ten cabins and restored other original buildings. There are two small lakes, horse stables, a gazebo, hot tubs, and an outdoor fire pit.[19]

text: Cloud Camp[edit]

text: Spencer Penrose, founder of Broadmoor, established Cheyenne Lodge, which is now Cloud Camp®, a wilderness retreat situated 3,000 feet above the resort.[20]

text: Fishing Camp[edit]

text: Located 75 minutes west of the Resort along a five-mile stretch of Tarryall River, The Broadmoor Fishing Camp borders 120,000 acres of the Lost Creek Wilderness.[21]

text: History[edit]

text: Early years[edit]

text: Spencer Penrose bought the property in 1916 and began to build The Broadmoor in 1918 to be "Grand Dame of the Rockies", patterned after elegant European hotels with excellent service and cuisine.[5][6] Architects Warren and Wetmore, who designed Ritz-Carlton and Biltmore Hotels, were hired to design the hotel buildings.[15] Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., son of the designer of Central Park and an accomplished landscape architect in his own right, was brought on to design the landscape for The Broadmoor's 3,000 acres.[15][7] Penrose hired Donald Ross, a golf architect, to design the first golf course.[15] At the time, it was the highest golf course in the United States.[7] Far Eastern and European artwork and antiques were purchased for the hotel.[11] A dismantled English pub was brought to the United States and reassembled at the resort. The resort had one of the first full-service spas in the country and a supervised activities club for children. Penrose's goal was to build "the finest hotel in the United States".[7] After having spent $2 million (equivalent to $32,539,823 in 2017) building the resort, it opened in 1918.[15]

text: A polo field was built west of the hotel in 1928. The Broadmoor Riding Arena was built across Cheyenne Lake from the main hotel in 1930.[15] The Broadmoor's hangar was built in 1930 at the Colorado Springs Airport, east of the city, for the guest's use. In 1942, the resort sold the hangar to the city of Colorado Springs.[22]

text: The Broadmoor Ice Palace, an Olympic training center, opened on January 1, 1938 on the resort grounds. It held a total of fourteen National Sports Festivals, World Figure Skating Championship, and U.S. Figure Skating championships. It was renamed the Broadmoor World Arena in 1961.[15] Also in 1938, the Will Rogers Memorial Stadium was built across Cheyenne Lake from the hotel where concerts, rodeos, and Native American dances were held.[15] It was named Penrose Stadium after Spencer Penrose's death. In the 1970s it was torn down to allow for the construction of Broadmoor West.[15]

text: When Penrose built the Broadmoor he had two partners, Albert E. Carlton and C.M. MacNeill. In 1932, Penrose's El Pomar Investment Company sued the hotel and purchased it, becoming the sole owner, when the hotel went into receivership.[15]

text: El Pomar Foundation[edit]

text: After Spencer Penrose died, the hotel was owned in 1939 by the Spencer's charitable organization, El Pomar Foundation. Charles L. Tutt, Jr., who was the secretary of the Broadmoor Hotel and Land Company, was made president. Julie Penrose had the Carriage House Museum (now the Penrose Heritage Museum) built for her husband's collection of carriages and automobiles. She moved into the hotel's sixth floor in 1944.[15][a]

text: A ski area was built for the resort in 1959.[15] The 144-room Broadmoor South and the International Center were built in 1961. The son of Charles Tutt, Jr., William Thayer Tutt, became the hotels' president that year.[15]

text: On February 15, 1961, members of the U.S. Figure Skating Team were killed during the airplane crash of Sabena Flight 548 near Brussels, Belgium. Eighteen skaters and 16 others associated with the team were killed on their way to the World Figure Skating Championships. A memorial bench made of granite was installed across from the entrance to the World Arena building (now razed) at the edge of the resort's lake.[23]

text: The second golf course was designed by Robert Trent Jones in 1965. Russell Thayer Tutt, son of Charles Tutt, Jr., became president of The Broadmoor in 1975.[15] The resort was located within the unincorporated village of Broadmoor until it was annexed into the city of Colorado Springs in 1980. Following attempts to revert the annexation legally, the Colorado Supreme Court upheld the annexation in 1982.[24] The third golf course was designed in 1976 by Ed Seay and Arnold Palmer.[15]

text: Colorado Hall, the resort's second conference center, was built in 1982. In 1986, the resort closed Ski Broadmoor, but the city of Colorado Springs and Ski Vail stepped in to keep it open. It closed in 1991.[15]

text: Oklahoma Publishing[edit]

text: Due to the Tax Reform Act of 1969, the foundation sold its majority interest of the resort in 1988.[15] The resort was renovated after The Oklahoma Publishing Company gained controlling interest in 1989.[11][15]

text: Plans were made to raze the Broadmoor Golf Club and built the Broadmoor Spa, Golf and Tennis Club for $12.2 million (equivalent to $20,667,772 in 2017) in 1993. The Broadmoor World Arena was torn down in April 1994 and the next year Broadmoor West was built. Between 2000 and 2002, a renovation was completed for $75 million (equivalent to $102,044,403 in 2017).[15]

text: A North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) summit was held at the Broadmoor in October 2003 with President George W. Bush, Donald Rumsfeld, and Defence Ministers from seven countries.[25]

text: Between 2003 and 2008, the resort was expanded to include a group of retail stores, 160 luxury townhomes and condominiums, rooftop tennis courts, underground parking, and expansion of the third golf course.[15]

text: Anschutz[edit]

text: The Anschutz Corporation purchased the resort in 2011.[6] President and Chief Executive Officer Steve Bartolin continued to run the hotel.[26][27]

text: Broadmoor name and logo[edit]

text: The hotel's name and logo is always officially presented as all uppercase with the 'A' being smaller and raised higher than the other letters: BROADMOOR.[10] The reasoning behind this is surrounded by legend. One story is that Spencer Penrose had a friendly rivalry with the Antlers Hotel,[b] and for that reason, Penrose required the 'A' in "Broadmoor" to always be smaller than the other letters.[28]

text: Another story about the small “A” suggested that Spencer Penrose had need to be a guest at the Antlers hotel. On a trip to visit a gold mine, he ended up working alongside the miners. After a full day in the mine, Penrose returned to the Antlers but was denied entrance because he was so dirty. Angry, Penrose vowed that his hotel would never refuse a room based on appearance, and that as a constant reminder of the small minded act, the “A” in the Broadmoor name was diminished in size. The original copyright documents, filed December 15, 1918, stored in the hotel archive show that the alteration was necessary to obtain exclusive copyright due to other uses of the word Broadmoor in the nearby area since the 1880s.[10][29][c]

text: Tournaments[edit]

text: The resort has been the site of tournaments, such as the US Women's Open and the US Senior's Open, since its first years in operation. The first Broadmoor Invitation Golf Tournament was held in 1921.[15] National Figure Skating Championships were held at The Broadmoor in 1948 and 1973.[30][31] The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) golf tournament was held in June 1957.[32] Five years later, World and European Hockey Championships were held at The Broadmoor.[33]

text: The Broadmoor World Arena was the site of the World Figure Skating Championships in January 1966.[34][35] Broadmoor East was the site of the World Senior golf tournament in 1966.[36] The United States Sporting Clays Association (USSCA) had its national sporting clays championship in 1990 at the Broadmoor.[37] The 2011 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship was held at The Broadmoor.[38]

text: In 2005, for his contributions in building The Broadmoor resort into one of the leading tennis centers in the United States, Chet Murphy was inducted into the Colorado Tennis Hall of Fame.[39]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Some of the awards that the resort has received include:[d]

text:
5-star ranking for the resort by Forbes, formerly Mobile Guide, for 54 consecutive years, as of 2015. This is the longest period of time of any establishments in the United States.[26]
5-diamond ranking by American Automobile Association (AAA) for the resort for 39 straight years, as of 2015[26][e]
5-diamond ranking by American Automobile Association (AAA) for the Penrose restaurant for 8 straight years, as of 2015[26]
5-star restaurant ranking by Forbes in 2012, makes the Broadmoor one of three hotel and restaurant combinations to receive the ranking[7]
Listed as Historic Hotel of America by the National Trust for Historic Preservation.[4]
The hotel was ranked one of Colorado's Finest Hotels in an article by ColoradoBiz in 2001.[43]

text: In the news and film[edit]

text:
Ice Castles (1978) was filmed in the former Broadmoor World Arena. It starred Lynn-Holly Johnson, a skater, and Robby Benson[44]
Perry Mason: The Case of the Sinister Spirit (1987) was filmed at The Broadmoor.[44]
According to a report in The Gazette in 2001, President George W. Bush decided to quit drinking after waking up with a hangover in The Broadmoor one morning in the summer of 1986.[45] He wrote about the incident in his book A Charge to Keep. He said, "This run was different. I felt worse than usual. And about halfway through, I decided I would drink no more" and never drank again.[45]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Penrose died December 7, 1939 and the hotel, the Mt. Manitou Incline, the Manitou and Pike's Peak Railway, and a sizable amount of his fortune, transferred to the El Pomar Foundation that he and his wife founded in 1937.[15]
Jump up ^ Such as when Penrose rode his horse into the Antlers bar and had to be evicted.[28]
Jump up ^ Judith Galas states that the name with the raised A was copyrighted because it could not be by the name alone.[10] Alexandra Walker Clark states that "Broadmoor" had already been copyrighted.[28]
Jump up ^ For instance, The Broadmoor states that in 2011 the resort received 110 awards. The hotel received 23 awards, the Penrose restaurant received 20, the meeting rooms 14. The golf courses 30, the spas 15, and 8 tennis related awards. The hotel also received 6 renovation honors.[40]
Jump up ^ AAA began rating hotels in 1976. Hotels and restaurants that are considered to be the "best of the best" receive a five-diamond rating. In 2011,[41] AAA rated more than 60,000 hotels and restaurants.[42]


document_title: Big Brother Africa

question_text: where is the big brother house located in south africa

root

text: Big Brother Africa

text: Big Brother Africa 1[edit]

text: The first season of Big Brother Africa, featuring 12 housemates from 12 different African countries, premiered to audiences in 42 African countries on Sunday 25 May 2003, and ended on 7 September of the same year, lasting 106 days. It was the first time in the world that the internationally famous program will be created using participants of different nationalities from one continent. Mark Pilgrim was the host.

tag: p

text: Big Brother Africa 2[edit]

text: The second season of Big Brother Africa, featuring 12 housemates from 12 different African countries, premiered 5 August 2007, and ended on 11 November of the same year, lasting 98 days. The show returned from its four-year hiatus, with a brand new host, KB Ngakane.

text: Big Brother Africa 3[edit]

text: The third season of Big Brother Africa, featured 12 housemates from 12 different African countries, premiered 24 August 2008, and ended on 23 November of the same year, lasting 91 days. KB returned as host.

text: Big Brother Africa 4: The Revolution[edit]

text: The fourth season of Big Brother Africa, featured 25 housemates from 14 different African countries. The season premiered 6 September 2009, and ended on 6 December of the same year, lasting 91 days. This year, Ikponmwosa "IK" Osakioduwa took over as the new host.It was the first season featuring more than 12 contestants. It was also the first time 14 countries participated.

text: Big Brother Africa 5: All-Stars[edit]

text: Big Brother Africa 5 started on 18 July 2010, and ran for 91 days until 17 October 2010. This was an all-star series which featured 14 former Big Brother Africa contestants. For the second time, IK was the host. The winner was Uti Nwachukwu

text: Big Brother Africa 6: Amplified[edit]

text: The sixth season of Big Brother Africa, tagged "Amplified" ran for 91 days from 1 May 2011 to 31 July the same year. Bringing together 26 housemates from 14 different African countries, M-Net co-partnered with Coca-Cola for the series. IK returned as host. This season is the first ever series of Big Brother in the world to have 2 winners; Karen Igho from Nigeria and Wendall Robert Parson from Zimbabwe. One of the notable housemates in this season was Zimbabwean actress, model and TV personality, Vimbai Mutinhiri.

text: Big Brother Africa 7: StarGame![edit]

text: The seventh season of Big Brother Africa premiered to viewers in 47 African countries on Sunday 6 May 2012 and ran for 91 days until 5 August 2012. Live performances were made by American rapper J. Cole during the opening ceremony.[1][2][3][4] The show was once again headline sponsored by Coca-Cola and hosted by IK.

text: This season, the cash prize was raised to US$ 300,000. A new rule called Double-Up was introduced to the show. This means that entrants partnered with other people to enter as a pair.

text: Liberia and Sierra Leone were represented in the house for the first time ever, while Ethiopia was not represented in this season, and contestants from Mozambique were expected to take on a new role that was not announced, the idea was dropped and replaced with seven celebrity housemates making it a Stargame themed series.

text: This season featured a record breaker, for the first time ever in the worldwide history of big brother, 35 housemates went into the big brother house on launch night. From 14 African countries the 35 contestants constituted 14 pairs called BBFs(Big Brother Friends) and seven VIP celebrity housemates.

text: Keagan Pietersen from South Africa was crowned the winner of the $300 000 cash prize on 5 August 2012 during the 2 hours 20 minutes finale.

text: Big Brother Africa 8: The Chase[edit]

text: The eighth season of Big Brother Africa aired in 2013 titled The Chase. M-net's Africa Magic confirmed the return of the series on 18 December 2012. The season premiered Sunday 26 May 2013 with 28 housemates from 14 African countries and lasted for 91 days ending on Sunday 25 August 2013.[5] Ethiopia returned as the fourteenth participating country in the show, replacing Liberia.[6] IK returned as host of the series.

text: Airtel took over the role of headline sponsor becoming the official sponsor of Big Brother The Chase. Once again 2 houses are featured on BBA The Chase, "Diamond" and "Ruby". Dillish Mathews from Namibia was the winner of the $300 000 cash prize.

text: Big Brother Africa 9: Hot-Shots[edit]

text: M-net's Africa Magic announced the ninth season of Africa's top reality TV series on 26 May 2014. The show will begin with more swag introducing the most dynamic and talented housemates the show has ever seen on Sunday 7 September 2014 and will run live for 91 days, 24/7 on Dstv channels 197 and 198, ending with the series finale on 7 December 2014. Once again this season the grand price is 300 000 United States Dollars.

text: This year open auditions were held in the same 14 countries as the previous season (The Chase) with the only exception being Angola which was replaced by new-comers Rwanda. Although Angola is the only country left out from the original 12 participating countries, this year Dstv premiered a local Angolan Portuguese version, Big Brother Angola. Additional auditions were held in Mozambique so viewers can expect a little extra surprises this season.

text: Production of Season 9 had to be put on hold as the Big Brother house in Highlands North, Johannesburg burnt down.[7] Fortunately no one was injured in the blaze, which currently has an unknown cause.

text: Season 9 premiered on 5 October 2014, nearby the old studio in "7th Street", where the 26 contestants entered the new house for 63 days.[8]

text: Tanzania's Idris Sultan emerged as the Ultimate Hotshot and the winner of the US$300,000.

text: Big Brother Africa 10[edit]

text: Seasons and winners[edit]

text:
Season
Year
Winner
Country debutants

Big Brother Africa 1
2003
 Cherise Makubale
 Angola,  Botswana,  Ghana,  Kenya,  Malawi,  Namibia,
 Nigeria,  South Africa,  Tanzania,  Uganda,  Zambia,  Zimbabwe

Big Brother Africa 2
2007
 Richard Dyle Bezuidenhout

Big Brother Africa 3
2008
 Ricardo Venancio

Big Brother Africa 4
2009
 Kevin Chuwang
 Ethiopia,  Mozambique

Big Brother Africa 5
2010
 Uti Nwachukwu

Big Brother Africa 6
2011
 Karen Igho
 Wendall Parsons

Big Brother Africa 7
2012
 Keagan Petersen
 Liberia,  Sierra Leone

Big Brother Africa 8
2013
 Dillish Matheus

Big Brother Africa 9
2014
 Idris Sultan
 Rwanda

Big Brother Africa 10
2017
TBA

tag: table


document_title: Derek Shepherd

question_text: when does derek shepherd die on grey's anatomy

question_tokens: when does derek shepherd die on grey 's anatomy

text: Derek Shepherd

text: Storyline[edit]

text: Derek arrives at Seattle Grace Hospital as the new Head of Neurosurgery from New York City. He is a Bowdoin College graduate[2] and attended Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons alongside his childhood best friend Mark Sloan and ex-wife Addison Montgomery and Private Practice characters Naomi Bennett and Sam Bennett. Derek was a student of Dr. Richard Webber and was enticed to come with an "offer he couldn’t refuse"[3] – the position of Chief of Surgery, which he eventually turned down. He specializes in highly complex tumors and conditions of the brain and spine[4][5][6] and came to Seattle Grace with a reputation for taking on "lost causes" and "impossible" cases[7] that most of his peers would turn down. As an attending he is both well-liked and feared — well-liked by patients and his scrub nurses for his compassion and gentlemanly bedside manner and feared by interns and residents who are intimidated by his reputation and high standards.[4][8] He is passionate about his job and has been known to expel staff or remove interns and residents (or at least threaten them) from his service for being disrespectful about patients or if he deems their attitude to be detrimental to his patient's well-being.[9][10][11][8]

text: Derek first meets Meredith Grey at a bar, and soon finds out that she is an intern at Seattle Grace. They begin to have feelings for one another and it causes some awkwardness at work, particularly after her supervising resident Dr. Miranda Bailey discovers their relationship. Meredith's housemates and fellow interns George O'Malley and Izzie Stevens both antagonized her for some time as they felt she was using her relationship with Derek to further her career. He generally tolerated them despite his dislike of sharing his living space with the interns who worked under him. While most of his family members accepted Meredith, his sister, Nancy, particularly disliked her and repeatedly called her "the slutty intern";[12] as of season nine she still refuses to speak to Meredith or acknowledge her as her sister-in-law.[13] His mother Carolyn approved as she felt Meredith's gray perspective of life complemented Derek's tendency to see everything in black and white.[14]

text: Derek's background was generally a mystery for the first season and source of speculation amongst his colleagues due to his sudden departure from an established and highly respected practice in New York. In the season one finale, his past eventually catches up with him when his estranged wife Addison moves to Seattle and is offered a position by Dr. Webber. Shortly thereafter, his childhood best friend Mark joins Seattle Grace as the new head of plastic surgery. Derek and Addison attempt to repair their marriage but attempts were futile. Since their divorce they have remained on amicable terms, with Addison even admonishing Meredith for breaking up with Derek in season three. In the Private Practice episode "Ex-Life" Derek finally tells Addison that his mother never liked her in the first place. He admits to Meredith that Addison cheating on him with Mark was partly his fault as an absentee husband.[15] Addison eventually leaves Seattle for a private practice in Los Angeles, spawning the spin-off Private Practice. In the season eight episode "If/Then", Meredith dreams of an alternate universe where her mother never had Alzheimer's; Derek and Addison are still married but their strained relationship and Shepherd's disillusionment causes his career to stagnate, earning him the nicknames "Bad Shepherd" and "McDreary".

text:
When Derek is offered the Chief of Surgery position for the second time, he persuades the board to keep Dr. Webber on the staff.
During the merger of Seattle Grace with Mercy West their relationship sours when Derek disagreed with Richard's handling of the merger and Richard begins to display uncharacteristic behavior, not unnoticed by his fellow surgeons. Derek learns from Meredith that Richard has since resumed drinking and feels forced to have him removed as Chief of Surgery. With mixed feelings, Derek offers him an ultimatum: go into rehab and possibly pick up where he left off after, or quit completely.

text: In seasons three and four, Meredith and Derek's relationship becomes rocky and they each take time to date other people. Derek's plans to propose were ruined by a series of unfortunate events in season five. In the season finale, they decide to give their planned wedding to Alex and Izzie. Due to their tight schedule, they instead informally marry and Derek writes down their "promises" on a post-it note. They legalize their marriage in season seven in order to adopt Zola, a young African orphan treated for spina bifida.[16] They briefly separate after Meredith tampers with their Alzheimer's trial, jeopardizing her career and tarnishing Derek's reputation. Zola is taken away from Meredith after a social worker finds out she and Derek are living separately. In later seasons, Derek often griped about how his subsequent interns and residents – mainly Lexie Grey, Shane Ross and Heather Brooks – did not quite measure up to Meredith.[4][10] The social worker comes back and announces they are the official parents of Zola. As Meredith nears the end of her fifth year of residency, she and Derek are torn between staying at Seattle Grace Mercy West or leaving for Boston where Derek would work at Harvard while Meredith would be at the Brigham and Women's Hospital.

text: Following his rescue from the plane crash that killed Mark and Lexie, Derek learns that he may only regain 80 percent of his hand's function. He comes to terms with the fact that his career as a surgeon may be over and is grateful that he is alive. When Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez), head of orthopedic surgery, tells him a more risky surgery could give him back full function of his hand or reduce its function if it goes wrong, he agrees, accepting the possibility of never again holding a scalpel. Derek recovers well and Callie clears him to return to work, but it is still weeks later that he feels ready to operate. Derek, Callie and fellow resident Jackson Avery decide to do nerve transplant for his hand. Meredith, newly pregnant with their second child, goes behind his back and calls his sisters so they can donate a nerve to him. Lizzie (Neve Campbell), Derek's younger sister, agrees to donate a nerve and the surgery is a success.

text: Derek and Meredith's marriage is strained after he accepted an invitation from the President to participate in the Brain-Mapping Initiative. He went back on his promise to her that he would not add to his current workload in order to devote time to their two young children and allow her the chance to establish her career as a full-fledged attending. Eventually he was offered a position at the National Institutes of Health in Washington, D.C., but Meredith puts her foot down and refuses to leave her hometown and uproot their young family. His youngest sister Amelia (Caterina Scorsone) takes over his position at Grey Sloan. Meanwhile, he and Meredith fight bitterly on and off over whether they should move. After a bad argument, he accepts the job in the heat of the moment and leaves for Washington. While there, he and Meredith talk things out over the phone and come to a mutual conclusion that they both did not want to end their marriage. He tells her that just being with her, raising their children and operating on patients was more satisfying than "saving the world".

text: In season 11, Derek is involved in a fatal car  accident while driving to the airport for his final trip to Washington. He is able to hear and process auditory input, but unable to speak. He is recognized by Winnie, one of the victims of a crash he assisted in earlier, who tells the surgeons that their patient's name is Derek and that he is a surgeon as well. The hospital he was taken to was understaffed and his head injury was not detected quickly enough by the interns on duty that night. Although the neurosurgeon on call is paged multiple times, he takes too long to arrive and Derek is declared brain dead. Police arrive at Meredith's door and take her to see Derek, where she consents to removing him from life support. At the time of his death, Meredith was pregnant with their third child. She gives birth to a daughter whom she names Ellis after her mother.

text: Derek was mentioned or referenced to a number of times in season 12 as the other characters struggle to cope with his sudden death. In the episode "My Next Life", Meredith had a flashback of their first ever surgery together when a patient named Katie Bryce was admitted to the hospital with a brain aneurysm. Amelia took his death especially hard as he was the sibling she was closest to. At the end of the season, prior to her wedding to Derek's long-time colleague Owen Hunt, Amelia goes on a nervous rant about how Derek was supposed to be the one to give her away, him having given away their three other sisters at their weddings.

text: Development[edit]

text: Casting and creation[edit]

text: When Patrick Dempsey auditioned for the role of Derek Shepherd, he was afraid that he was not going to get the part. Creator Shonda Rhimes' first reaction was: "The very first time I met him, I was absolutely sure that he was my guy. Reading the lines of Derek Shepherd, Patrick had a vulnerable charm that I just fell for. And he had amazing chemistry with Ellen Pompeo." Rhimes admitted that Dempsey's dyslexia threw her at first, particularly at the first few table readings: "I did not know about Patrick's dyslexia in the beginning. I actually thought that he didn't like the scripts from the way he approached the readings. When I found out, I completely understood his hesitation. Now that we all know, if he is struggling with a word, the other actors are quick to step up and help him out. Everyone is very respectful."[citation needed] Isaiah Washington also auditioned for the part and when he did not get it, he said his reaction was like "I'd been kicked in the stomach by 14 mules." Washington was, however, later cast as Preston Burke.[17] Rob Lowe was also considered to portray Shepherd but turned the role down.[18] Some of the character's medical cases were inspired by real-life patients of Steve Giannotta, Chair of Neurological Surgery at the University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, whom Rhimes had consulted in writing for Shepherd's storylines and patients.[19]

text:
In January 2014, Dempsey signed a two-year contract to remain on Grey's Anatomy (then in its tenth season) that would ensure his presence for potential 11th and 12th seasons.[20] However, in April 2015, Dempsey's character was killed off[21] while his contract was not over yet. Dempsey explained: "it just sort of evolved. It’s just kind of happened. It really was something that was kind of surprising that unfolded, and it just naturally came to be. Which was pretty good. I like the way it has all played out."[22]
In August 2015, Rhimes commented:

text:
“

The decision to have the character die the way that he did was not a difficult one in the sense of what were the options? Either Derek was going to walk out on Meredith, and leave her high and dry, and what was that going to mean? That was going to suggest that the love was not true, the thing we had said for 11 years was a lie and McDreamy wasn't McDreamy. For me, that was untenable. Meredith and Derek's love had to remain Meredith and Derek's love. As painful as it was for me as a storyteller, because I had never really thought that was going to happen, it preserved what felt true to me, was that Derek was going to have to die in order for that love to remain honest. Because I really couldn't have the idea that he just turned out to be a bad guy who walked out on his wife and kids be a true story. To me, it felt like that was the only way to make Meredith and Derek's magic remain true and forever frozen in time.[23]

”

text: The character was later written to be a graduate of Bowdoin College, a liberal arts college in Brunswick, Maine, after an alumnus led a petition signed by over 450 students to "adopt" the character as an alumnus.[24] Dempsey is from Lewiston, about 18 miles (29 km) away from Brunswick, and was awarded an honorary doctorate by Bowdoin in 2013.[2]

text: Characterization[edit]

text: Rhimes describes Shepherd as typical "Prince Charming". He was planned to be a doctor who doesn't really care about anything, who lives in his "own" universe and has a big sex appeal. A man who is charming, devilishly handsome and the type of guy every girl dreams of, and a man that often makes the wrong decisions, and is often known as a jerk or the ultimate heartbreaker. Rhimes planned to have this kind of character from the beginning, because he was the kind of guy whom girls fall in love with and a character whose storylines could easily be changed.[citation needed] USA Today writer Robert Bianco said: "Derek could, at times, seem like two people, warm and funny one minute, cold and self-involved the next. Dempsey's gift was in making those two sides seem like part of the same person, while keeping us rooting for that person as a whole."[25]

text: Reception[edit]

text: With the show concluding its second season, Robert Bianco of USA Today said that Emmy voters could consider him because of the "seemingly effortless way he humanizes Derek's 'dreamy' appeal with ego and vanity".[26] In the third season, Alan Sepinwall of The Star-Ledger wrote that "the attempt to give the moral high ground back to McDreamy was bad. Dude, whatever happened in New York ceased to count in any kind of grievance tally once you agreed to take Addison back and give things another try. You're the dick who cheated on her, you're the one who knew that she found the panties, and still you act like her getting back together with Mark justifies what you did? Wow. I didn't think it was possible for me to dislike anyone on this show more than Meredith, but congratulations, big guy."[27]

text: Debbie Chang of BuddyTV noted the character's immaturity in the fourth season, saying: "The only character who did not make me love him was Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey). How this character is still Shonda's golden child is beyond me. Yes, we get it. He's tormented by his love for Meredith, but that does not give him the right to lash out at her when his clinical trial patients are dying. If things don't go absolutely the way he wants them to, then he refuses to cooperate. How immature can this man possibly be? No amount of heavily styled hair or blue-blue-blue eyes is going to make me warm up to him unless he admits to being the needy, desperate one in the relationship."[28]

text: Entertainment Weekly placed Shepherd in its list of the "30 Great TV Doctors and Nurses".[29] The character was also listed in Wetpaint's "10 Hottest Male Doctors on TV" and in BuzzFeed's "16 Hottest Doctors On Television".[30][31] His relationship with Meredith was included in TV Guide's list of "The Best TV Couples of All Time".[32]

text: Victor Balta of Today listed Shepherd and Sloan's friendship in its "TV's best bromances". He called them "the most exciting couple on Grey’s," explaining "they’ve demonstrated an easy chemistry that makes for some of the great comic relief around Seattle Grace Hospital with their banter, sage wisdom on each other’s lives, and locker room-style teasing."[33] Their bromance was furthermore included in lists by About.com, BuddyTV, Cosmopolitan, Wetpaint.[34][35][36][37] However, following the announcement of Dane's upcoming departure from the show, Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald felt he and Derek "never clicked like you’d expect friends would. Any scene they had together ranged from uncomfortable to forced."[38]


document_title: One Direction

question_text: when was one direction formed as a band

question_tokens: when was one direction formed as a band

text: One Direction

text: History

text: 2010–11: The X Factor

text: In 2010, Niall Horan, Zayn Malik, Liam Payne, Harry Styles, and Louis Tomlinson auditioned as solo candidates for the seventh series of the British televised singing competition The X Factor.[15] They failed to progress to the "Boys" category at "judges' houses" but were put together to form a five-piece boy band at Wembley Arena, in London, England, in July 2010, during the "bootcamp" stage of the competition,[16] thus qualifying for the "Groups" category. Nicole Scherzinger, a guest judge,[15][17][18] and Simon Cowell have both claimed to have come up with the idea of forming the band. In 2013, Cowell said that it "took him 10 minutes to put them together as a group".[19] Subsequently, the group got together for two weeks to get to know each other and to practice.[20][21] Styles came up with the name One Direction.[20] For their qualifying song at "judges' houses", and their first song as a group, One Direction sang an acoustic version of "Torn".[22] Cowell later commented that their performance convinced him that they "were confident, fun, like a gang of friends, and kind of fearless as well."[23] Within the first four weeks of the live shows, they were his last act in the competition.[24] The group quickly gained popularity in the UK.[23]

text: One Direction achieved third place in the competition and immediately after the final, their song "Forever Young", which would have been released if they had won The X Factor, was leaked onto the internet.[25] Shortly afterwards it was confirmed that One Direction had been signed by Cowell to a reported £2 million Syco Records record contract.[26][27] Recording for their debut album began in January 2011, as they flew to Los Angeles to work with RedOne, a record producer.[28] A book licensed by One Direction, One Direction: Forever Young (Our Official X Factor Story), was published by HarperCollins in February 2011,[29] subsequently topping The Sunday Times Best Seller list.[30] The same month, the boy band and other contestants from the series participated in the X Factor Live Tour.[31] During the tour, the group performed for 500,000 people throughout the UK.[32] After the tour concluded in April 2011, the group continued working on their debut album.[28] Recording took place in Stockholm, London and Los Angeles, as One Direction worked with producers Carl Falk, Savan Kotecha, Steve Mac, and Rami Yacoub, among others.[33][34]

text: Performances on The X Factor

text:
Episode
Song choice
Theme
Result

Auditions

Harry Styles: "Isn't She Lovely"
Free choice (caught singing while driving)
Through to bootcamp

Zayn Malik: "Let Me Love You"

Liam Payne: "Cry Me a River"

Niall Horan: "So Sick"

Louis Tomlinson: "Hey There Delilah"

Bootcamp (Hollywood)

Harry: —
Solo performances (dance rounds)
Through to judges' houses

Zayn: —

Liam: "Your Smile"

Niall: —

Louis: —

Judges' houses (top 24)

1D: Final showdown song, "Torn"
Free choice (semi-finalists)
Eliminated, but through to live shows as 1D

Call-backs (top 16)
Formed One Direction[35]

Live show 1/top 12
"Viva la Vida"
Number-one singles
Safe

Live show 2/top 11
"My Life Would Suck Without You"
Heroes
Safe

Live show 3/top 10
"Nobody Knows"
Guilty pleasures
Safe

Live show 4/top 9
"Total Eclipse of the Heart"
Halloween
Safe

Live show 5/top 8
"Kids in America"
American anthems
Safe

Live show 6/top 7
"Something About the Way You Look Tonight"
Songs by Elton John
Safe

Live show 7/top 6
"All You Need Is Love"
Songs by The Beatles
Safe

Live show 8/top 5
"Summer of '69"
Rock
Safe

"You Are So Beautiful"

Semi-final/top 4
"Only Girl (In the World)"
Club classics
Safe

"Chasing Cars"
Song to get you to the final

"Torn"
Final showdown

Final and finale live shows/top 3

"Your Song"
Contestant's choice
Safe

"She's the One" (with Robbie Williams)
Celebrity duet

"Forever Young"
Winner's single
Eliminated

"Heroes"
Top 3 finalists' charity single

text: 2011–12: Up All Night

text: Released in September 2011, One Direction's debut single, "What Makes You Beautiful", reached number one on the UK Singles Chart, after becoming the most pre-ordered Sony Music Entertainment single in history.[36][37] Subsequent singles, "Gotta Be You" and "One Thing", peaked in the UK Singles Chart top ten.[38][39] In November 2011, they signed a record deal with Columbia Records in North America.[40] Steve Barnett, the co-chairman of Columbia Records, said it was not a difficult decision to sign One Direction; "I just thought there was a void, and maybe they could seize and hold it."[41] "What Makes You Beautiful" was released in the United States in February 2012,[42] where it debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 28, becoming the highest debut for a British act since 1998.[43] It has sold over 4 million copies in the US[44] Upon arrival in the US in February 2012, One Direction embarked on a radio promotion spree, as well as their first North American concert tour as an opening act for Big Time Rush.[45][46] They made their first US television appearance on The Today Show, at the Rockefeller Center; an estimated 15,000 fans descended on the plaza.[47] Critically commended for its appeal to the teenage audience,[48][49][50] One Direction's first studio album, Up All Night, was released globally in early 2012. It became the UK's fastest-selling debut album of 2011,[51] and topped the charts in sixteen countries.[52] The album bowed atop the Billboard 200 chart, making One Direction the first British group in US chart history to enter at number one with their debut album.[53] They were inducted into the Guinness World Records as a result.[54] Up All Night also became the first album by a boy band to sell 500,000 digital copies in the US and, by August 2012, had sold over 3 million copies worldwide.[55][56]

text: In April 2012, an American band that went by the same name filed a trademark infringement lawsuit.[57] According to the lawsuit, the US band had been using the name since 2009, recorded two albums and filed an application to register the trademark name in the US in February 2011.[57] The US band said they were entitled to three times the profits made by the UK band, as well as compensatory damages in excess of US$1million.[57] The lawsuit claimed that Syco and Sony Music "chose to ignore the plaintiff's rights and wilfully infringed them" after they realised in early 2011 that the two bands shared the same name.[57] Syco Records subsequently counter-sued, suggesting the US group was trying to make money from One Direction's success and that the boy band was the first to use the name in US interstate commerce.[58] The BBC reported in September 2012 that the UK group won the legal dispute over the right to keep using their band name; the US band changed its name to Uncharted Shores.[58] The change of name was announced in a joint statement that also noted both groups were happy with the outcome.[58]

text: In December 2011, One Direction embarked on their first headlining UK concert tour, the Up All Night Tour.[59] In early 2012, they announced Australasian and North American legs of the concert tour, with dates from April to July 2012.[60][61] The tour, comprising 62 shows, was met with positivity both critically and commercially.[62][63][64][65][66][67][68] A recording of a concert from the tour, Up All Night: The Live Tour, was released in May 2012.[69] In addition to the DVD topping the charts in twenty-five countries, its global sales had exceeded 1 million copies by August 2012.[56][70] One Direction's first book to be licensed in America, Dare to Dream: Life as One Direction, published in the United States in May 2012, topped The New York Times Best Seller list.[71] In June 2012, Nick Gatfield, the chairman and chief executive officer of Sony Music Entertainment UK, stated how he expects One Direction to represent a $100 million business empire over 2013.[72] Gatfield was quoted as saying, "What you might not know about One Direction is that they already represent a $50 million business and that's a figure we expect to double next year".[72] In August 2012, the group's record sales exceeded 8 million singles, 3 million albums, and 1 million DVDs, and they performed "What Makes You Beautiful" at the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony in London, which represented the handover to Rio de Janeiro as the host of the 2016 Summer Olympics.[56][73] One Direction were the biggest winners of the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards winning their three nominations on 6 September 2012, including Best New Artist.[74]

text: 2012–13: Take Me Home

text: One Direction's second studio album, Take Me Home, was released in November 2012.[75] Take Me Home was written in groups and has an average of just under five songwriters per track. Savan Kotecha, Rami Yacoub, and Carl Falk, who composed One Direction's hits "What Makes You Beautiful" and "One Thing", spent six months in Stockholm developing songs for the album, and were able to shape melodies around their tones.[76] One Direction began recording the album in May 2012, in Stockholm at Kinglet Studios.[77][78][79] The album cover artwork features the group surrounding a traditional British K2 red telephone box, a familiar sight on the streets of the UK.[80] Take Me Home garnered mixed reviews from music critics. There was praise for its quality of production, while it was criticised for its generic, rushed nature.[81][82][83][84][85][86] The album's lead single, "Live While We're Young", released in September 2012, reached the top ten in almost every country it charted in and recorded the highest one-week opening sales figure for a song by a non-US artist in the US[87] The album and its second single, "Little Things", both debuted at number one in the UK simultaneously; something that One Direction became the youngest act in British chart history to achieve.[88] Take Me Home sold 540,000 copies in its first week in the US, debuted atop the Billboard 200, and topped the charts in more than thirty-four other countries.[89][90] Additionally, Up All Night and Take Me Home were the number three and number four best-selling albums of 2012 globally, each album selling over 5 million units worldwide.[91]

text: One Direction performed "Little Things" at the 2012 Royal Variety Performance in the presence of Queen Elizabeth II, and headlined a sold-out show at New York City's Madison Square Garden on 3 December 2012.[92][93] In February 2013, One Direction released a cover version of "One Way or Another" and "Teenage Kicks", "One Way or Another (Teenage Kicks)", as the 2013 Comic Relief single.[94] As part of their involvement with the UK charity, One Direction travelled to Ghana to volunteer at a children's hospital, visit a school and make donations.

text: The Official Charts Company revealed that One Direction had sold 2,425,000 records in the UK by February 2013.[95] One Direction embarked on their second concert tour in February 2013, the Take Me Home Tour.[96] The concert tour consists of over 100 shows in Europe, North America and Australasia. Ticket sales reached 300,000 within a day of release in the UK and Ireland, which included a six-date sell-out at London's The O2 Arena.[97] In the Australian and New Zealand markets, tickets grossed US$15.7 million, with all 190,000 tickets being sold for the eighteen shows to be held.[98] The tour received critical acclaim from music critics who praised the band's live vocals and their performance abilities and was a commercial success, selling 1,635,000 tickets from 134 shows.[99]

text: 2013–14: Midnight Memories and This Is Us

text: One Direction: This Is Us, a 3D documentary and concert film about the group directed by Morgan Spurlock and produced by Spurlock, Ben Winston, Adam Milano and Simon Cowell, was released by TriStar Pictures on 30 August 2013.[100] The film features the song "Best Song Ever", released on 22 July 2013. "Best Song Ever" was the lead single of the group's third studio album Midnight Memories.[101][102] The film was a box office success, topping the UK and US box offices and grossing over $60 million worldwide, and became the fourth highest-grossing concert movie.[103] "Best Song Ever" broke the 24-Hour Vevo Record with 10.9 million views on YouTube (this was the second time the band held the record with "Live While We're Young" attaining 8.2 million views on 20 September 2012).[104][105] On 16 May 2013, the band announced their first stadium tour, the Where We Are Tour, which began in April 2014. On 30 May 2013, the band announced a partnership with Office Depot on a limited-edition capsule collection of back to school supplies. They also confirmed that a portion of the proceeds from the alliance would go toward an anti-bullying educational program intended to promote kinder behaviour in schools.[106]

text: On 23 November 2013, in support of Midnight Memories, the band participated in "1D Day",[107][108] a day dedicated to One Direction fans. The day constituted of a landmark 7.5-hour socially interactive YouTube live-stream featuring live band performances, celebrity guests including, Simon Cowell, Cindy Crawford, Piers Morgan, Jerry Springer and many more. The event was unique not only because of its long runtime but the unprecedented use of social media whereby fans got to participate in the show interact directly with the band via Google+ Hangout.

text: Midnight Memories was released globally on 25 November 2013. It debuted at number one in the UK and in the US, making them the first group to debut at number one on the Billboard 200 with its first three albums, and the second to reach the top after The Monkees in 1967.[109] The album was described by the band as edgier and as having a "slightly rockier tone" than their previous efforts.[110] "Story of My Life" was revealed as the second single of the album with each member posting a photo from their childhood.[111][112] To promote the album, the band performed on both the American and British versions of The X Factor.[113]

text: In December 2013, One Direction broke yet another UK sales record with the DVD and Blu-ray release of their 3-D concert film This is Us. Nearly 270,000 copies of the film were sold in the UK within three days of its release, beating the record previously set by Michael Jackson's This Is It in 2010 by 10,000 copies.[114] The group was named among the Top Global artists of 2013 by the IFPI because of strong digital downloads, physical albums, on-demand streams, and music videos.[115]

text: 2014–15: Four and Malik's departure

text: On 21 July 2014, One Direction announced One Direction: Where We Are - The Concert Film, a film which documents the concerts of 28 and 29 June 2014 that took place in San Siro Stadium during their Where We Are Tour. After the announcement, the band announced the film would also have a limited 10–11 October 2014 international cinema release before its home media release in November 2014.[116] The group also released an autobiography book titled Who We Are on 25 September 2014.[117]

text: On 8 September 2014, One Direction announced their fourth studio album to be titled Four, set to be released on 17 November 2014.[118][119][120] As part of the announcement, one of the songs from the album, "Fireproof" was released for free download for 24 hours on their official website.[118][119][120] "Steal My Girl", the album's lead single, was released on 29 September 2014,[121] and the music video was released on 24 October 2014. The second single from the album, "Night Changes", was released on 14 November, three days before the album's release.[122] Four was released on 17 November 2014, topping the Billboard 200 and the UK Album Chart.[123][124]

text: On 22 November 2014, Paul Higgins, the group's tour manager who has been with them since its formation, parted ways with the band.[125] The band confirmed at the BBC Music Awards that following the success of Four, they had hopes to continue to go "somewhere else" on their fifth album.[126] In support of Midnight Memories and Four, the band's Where We Are Tour was the highest-grossing concert tour in 2014, and the highest-grossing tour ever by a vocal group, generating $282 million.[9]

text: On 25 March 2015, the band released a statement announcing Malik's departure.[127][128][129] They admitted that they were angry at first because of Zayn Malik's decision.[130] The group made their first official public appearance as a four-piece on The Late Late Show with James Corden on 14 May, where they confirmed that they would continue working without a new fifth member.[131] Since leaving the band, Malik has gone on to have solo success with his number one debut single "Pillowtalk" and album Mind of Mine.[132]

text: 2015–17: Made in the A.M. and hiatus

text: On 31 July 2015, the group released "Drag Me Down" without promotional material or announcement. The single is the first single from their fifth studio album, Made in the A.M., and the first material released by the group after Malik's departure.[133] Following the release, it was revealed that the group would going on hiatus in 2016 to take a break.[134] On 22 September, the title for the fifth studio album, Made in the A.M., was officially announced along with promotional single "Infinity" being released.[135] The group began to reveal the track listing on their Snapchat stories to which it was later confirmed on iTunes.[136] The album was released on 13 November 2015.[137] At the 2015 American Music Awards on 22 November, One Direction won the award for Artist of the Year for the second year in succession.[138] Louis Tomlinson later confirmed that the break would be around 18 months. On 13 December, One Direction performed on The X Factor final. Their last televised performance as a group, before their hiatus, was on Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve on 31 December 2015.[139]

text: On 13 January 2016, Us Weekly published a report claiming that the group's hiatus would become a permanent split, with a "source" citing that each of the four remaining group members did not renew their contracts following the completion of the on the Road Again Tour in October 2015.[140] Representatives for the group denied said-report in a statement to Billboard, stating, "nothing has changed regarding hiatus plans for the group, and all will be revealed in due time from the band members' own mouths."[141][142] By May 2017, all members of the group had released solo singles.[143] Despite saying the hiatus would last 18 months, the band still are yet to confirm when they will reform.

text: At the 2017 Brit Awards, One Direction won the Video of the Year award for their song "History". Payne accepted the award on the behalf of the band.[144]

text: Artistry

text:
"What Makes You Beautiful"

One Direction's debut single, "What Makes You Beautiful", features a prominent guitar-based chorus and riff.[145] It also contains cowbell instrumentation,[146] and the middle eight consists of an "oh na na na" hook.[147] It is among the best-selling singles of all time, selling over 5 million copies.[148]

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: One Direction's debut studio album, Up All Night (2011), is predominantly a pop music record, containing elements of teen pop, dance-pop, pop rock, with electropop and rock influences.[149][150][151][152] Digital Spy's Robert Copsey described the album as a "collection of PG pop rock with killer choruses",[153] while The New York Times considered it "full of easy rock-inflected pop, blithe and sometimes clever."[154] Jason Lipshutz of Billboard acknowledged that the album demonstrates an originality in sound that was "necessary for the revitalization of the boy band movement".[152] The songs "One Thing" and "What Makes You Beautiful" were particularly noted for the genres of power pop and pop rock, for their "powerhouse" guitar riffs and "forceful" choruses.[145][146][149][155]

text: Their second studio album, Take Me Home (2012), is characterised by rock-inherited pop, prominent electric guitar riffs, bright synthesisers, a homogeneous sound and message, and the pitch-correcting software Auto-Tune.[84][85][86][156][157] Alexis Petridis of The Guardian interpreted its signature sound as a "peppy, synth-bolstered take on early-80s new-wave pop, heavy on clipped rhythms and chugging guitars," which, he said, is at least an improvement on the substitute contemporary R&B "that was once the grim lot of the boyband."[85] Jon Caramanica, writing in The New York Times, considered the album "far more mechanical" than their debut album, although noted that it is sonically and lyrically similar.[84] The album's lyricism speaks of falling in love, unrequited love, the insistence that flaws are what make a person unique, commitment, jealousy and longing for past significant others.[84][85][86][158]

text: Erica Futterman for Rolling Stone favoured their live acoustic performances as both showing, "Horan's ability to play guitar, as well as One Direction's admirable live vocals. There was no need to worry about a backing track or a bum note, a pleasant realization at a pop show."[159] Herald Sun's Cameron Adams opined that One Direction have "strong pop voices".[160] Melody Lau of the National Post wrote, "It's easy to get lost in inherent appeal of their perfectly coiffed dos and almost-too-put-together preppy style but somewhere in the midst of all the love-struck squeals of teenage girls are guys who can actually sing and, to a certain extent, entertain."[161] Jane Stevenson of the portal site Canoe concurred: "What I didn't really prepare myself for was that they all can actually sing in concert."[162] Chris Richards, writing in The Washington Post, dissented from the approval: "As the five traded couplets, it was tough to imagine a future Justin Timberlake, Ricky Martin or Bobby Brown emerging from the pack. No one voice stood out."[163] Mike Wass of Idolator felt One Direction's "surprisingly accomplished effort" of Kings of Leon's "Use Somebody" proved that One Direction are "more than capable" of evolving their sound.[164]

text: Their third album Midnight Memories (2013) is a pop rock record, a slight departure from the band's original teen pop sound. Liam Payne called Midnight Memories a "slightly rockier and edgier" album than their previous material. The album is heavily influenced by 80's rock[165] and folk music and briefly integrates elements of dubstep, notably in "Little White Lies". The album's lyrical themes primarily revolve around love, heartbreak and sexual intercourse. Many critics praised its lyrical depth and musical composition, as well as the group's level of involvement in the production process.[166]

text: Their fourth album Four (2014) was released on 17 November 2014. Payne once again claimed that the album would be "edgier" and that the group had written most of the songs for it; Horan came up with the name of the album, commemorating the fact that it is One Direction's fourth record to date and that it has been four years since the band's formation. Signifying a further maturation of their pop sound, the album's first single, Steal My Girl, was dubbed by Billboard as "no What Makes You Beautiful, but its Coldplay-like piano pop could be a good direction",[167] and that the band was "not entirely ready to let go of its bubble-gum days". Rolling Stone described the record as "saturated with retro vibes"; its songs "split the difference between big, splashy Eighties pop rock and more elegant Seventies flavours – a very pesky whipper-snapper move that's not so far from what Haim's hit Days Are Gone did last year."[168]

text: Philanthropy

text: In 2011, the band performed on the BBC's Children in Need 2011 charity telethon, helping raise over 26 million pounds.[169] In 2012 they extended their involvement with Children in Need as they opened the telecast with a performance of their single "Live While We're Young". A prominent annual event in British culture, the group said it was "incredible" to be involved in Children in Need as it was something that they had "always watched as children".[170]

text: In February 2013, One Direction released "One Way or Another (Teenage Kicks)" (a medley of "One Way or Another" and "Teenage Kicks") as the 2013 single for the UK's other major charity telethon Comic Relief.[94] For ITV's Santa charity Christmas campaign, they filmed a set of pleas to their fans and the general public, asking them to donate £2.[171] The band have made numerous other appearances for charitable causes, including the 2011 Pride of Britain Awards where they presented 13-year-old quadruple amputee Danielle Bailey the Child of Courage award at her school assembly, and the 2014 Royal Variety Performance where they played in front of Prince William and Catherine at the London Palladium.[172][173]

text: In September 2012, Niall Horan organised an event to raise money for Irish Autism Action and another charity, called Temporary Emergency Accommodation Mullingar, based in his hometown. Due to overwhelming demand to participate in the fundraising, the ticket website for the event broke down. Horan's brother Greg commented on the website crash, saying that "there were 500 tickets and they were all snapped up pretty quick".[174]

text: In 2013, band members Liam Payne and Harry Styles partnered with Trekstock, a leading cancer charity to help raise money for cancer research.[175] As ambassadors of the charity, the duo collaborated to offer the chance for one fan and a friend to win an evening out with them in return for a donation to the charity as part of an exclusive "#HangwithLiam&Harry" global campaign. They had originally set a goal of raising $500,000 and ended up raising $784,984. Trekstock later added that this amount would allow them to "complete funding of their Hodgkin's lymphoma trial, in the hope of offering a much brighter future to thousands of children and young people affected by this form of disease." One Direction were named the most charitable in 2013 behind Taylor Swift by social change organisation DoSomething.org.[176]

text: In 2014, One Direction donated £600,000 for the Stand up to Cancer campaign by giving portions of their ticket sales revenues from their Where We Are Tour.[177] On 15 November 2014, One Direction joined the charity group Band Aid 30 along with other British and Irish pop acts, recording the latest version of the track "Do They Know It's Christmas?" at Sarm West Studios in Notting Hill, London, to raise money for the 2014 Ebola crisis in Western Africa.[178]

text: Image

text: Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph, in an article on One Direction's success in North America, notes that Americans had left a gap in the market and it took the prominence of Justin Bieber to demonstrate that there still was a market for "clean cut, wholesome, whiter-than-white, middle class parent friendly pop: cute boys advocating puppy love. And what could be better than one cute boy, if not five?"[179] One Direction have been described as sparking a resurgence in the interest in boy bands, and as forming part of a new "British Invasion" in the United States.[180][181][182][183][184][185] Bill Werde, a representative of Billboard magazine, commented, "There's a lot of possibility here, there's a lot of upside, that level of talent with those kinds of looks, it's really a perfect storm for a massive, massive successful phenomenon."[186]

text: Sonny Takhar, the chief executive officer of Syco Records, attributes the breakthrough to the power of social media. "Sometimes you feel the song's the star, but it's not like that here – it's the act," he said. "It's a real moment. Social media has become the new radio, it's never broken an act globally like this before."[186] Will Bloomfield, the group's manager, added, "These guys live online, and so do their fans."[185] Their management employs a social media team and the members all tweet themselves, "which helps create the illusion that they couldn't be any closer to their fans," according to Caspar Llewellyn Smith, writing for The Guardian.[186] One Direction's Twitter account had amassed 10 million followers by February 2013, with the account gaining followers at an average of 21,000 per day.[187] In an approach pioneered by The Beatles, each member is known for his feature; Horan is "the cute one", Malik is "the quiet and mysterious one", Payne is "the sensible one", Styles is "the charming one" and Tomlinson is "the funny one".[188] Each member's individual identity is reinforced by their intentionally different personal styles. Caroline Watson, the band's original stylist, spoke about styling the band, "At the beginning I didn't want them all in black or all in leather—that whole stereotypical boy band thing." Instead, her original idea was for them to be the "male equivalent to the Spice Girls", with each member being a part of the group but still having his own individual style.[189] Horan commented on One Direction as a boy band, "People think that a boy band is air-grabs and [being] dressed in all one colour. We're boys in a band. We're trying to do something different from what people would think is the typical kind of boy band. We're trying to do different kinds of music and we're just trying to be ourselves, not squeaky clean."[190] Leah Collins, writing for the National Post, remarked that One Direction had succeeded on the latter front,[190] "For the most part, that just means the group presents themselves as typical, goofy and uncensored teenage boys – posting jokey YouTube videos, for instance, or boozing at awards shows."[190] Writing for The Observer, Kitty Empire opined, "One Direction fulfill a great many boy band prerequisites (looks, soppy lyrics, tune-grasp, fame-lust) but their lack of routines points to the subtle digressions afoot here".[191]

text: Band members

text: Current

text:
Niall Horan – guitar, vocals (2010–2016)
Liam Payne – vocals (2010–2016)
Harry Styles – vocals (2010–2016)
Louis Tomlinson – vocals (2010–2016)

tag: ul

text: Former

text: Zayn Malik – vocals (2010–2015)

text: Discography

text:
Up All Night (2011)
Take Me Home (2012)
Midnight Memories (2013)
Four (2014)
Made in the A.M. (2015)

text: Filmography

text:
The X Factor series 7 (finalists)
Up All Night: The Live Tour
One Direction: This Is Us
One Direction: Where We Are - The Concert Film

text: Tours

text:
Headlining

Up All Night Tour (2011–12)
Take Me Home Tour (2013)
Where We Are Tour (2014)
On the Road Again Tour (2015)

Opening act

X Factor Tour 2011 (2011)[192]
Better with U Tour (Big Time Rush) (2012)[193]

text: Awards and nominations

text: One Direction has received five BRIT Awards—winning their first with "What Makes You Beautiful" for Best British Single at the 2012 BRIT Awards,[194] three NME awards,[195] two Kids' Choice Awards,[196] and four MTV Video Music Awards,[74] among other awards. One Direction won 27 awards from 29 they have been nominated for at the Teen Choice Awards.[197] One Direction also won two American Music Awards out of their two nominations for Favorite Pop/Rock Album and Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group, respectively.


document_title: History of trial by jury in England

question_text: who was the english king who introduced the use of juries

text: History of trial by jury in England

text: History[edit]

text: Anglo-Saxon England[edit]

text: According to George Macaulay Trevelyan in A Shortened History of England (1958), during the Viking occupation: “The Scandinavians, when not on the Viking warpath, were a litigious people and loved to get together in the 'thing' to hear legal argument. They had no professional lawyers, but many of their farmer-warriors, like Njal, the truth-teller, were learned in folk custom and in its intricate judicial procedure. A Danish town in England often had, as its principal officers, twelve hereditary ‘law men’. The Danes introduced the habit of making committees among the free men in court, which perhaps made England favorable ground for the future growth of the jury system out of a Frankish custom later introduced by the Normans.”

text: The English king Æthelred the Unready issued a legal code at Wantage, which states that the twelve leading thegns (minor nobles) of each wapentake (a small district) were required to swear that they would investigate crimes without bias. These 'juries' differed from the present-day kind by being self-informing; instead of getting information through a trial, the jurors were required to investigate the case themselves.[1]

text: Later Middle Ages[edit]

text: In the 12th century, Henry II took a major step in developing the jury system. Henry set up a system to resolve land disputes using juries. A jury of twelve free men were assigned to arbitrate in these disputes. Unlike the modern jury, these men were charged with uncovering the facts of the case on their own rather than listening to arguments in court. Henry also introduced what is now known as the "grand jury", through his Grand Assize. Under the assize, a jury of free men was charged with reporting any crimes that they knew of in their hundred to a "justice in eyre," a judge who moved between hundreds on a circuit. A criminal accused by this jury was given a trial by ordeal. Under the jury, the chances of being found guilty were much lower, as the king did not choose verdict (or punishment).

text: The Church banned participation of clergy in trial by ordeal in 1215. Without the legitimacy of religion, trial by ordeal collapsed. The juries under the assizes began deciding guilt as well as providing accusations. The same year, trial by jury became a fairly explicit right in one of the most influential clauses of Magna Carta, signed by King John. Article 39 of Magna Carta reads (translated by Lysander Spooner in his Essay on the Trial by Jury (1852)):

text: No free man shall be captured or imprisoned or disseised of his freehold or of his liberties, or of his free customs, or be outlawed or exiled or in any way destroyed, nor will we proceed against him by force or proceed against him by arms, but by the lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land.

text: Although the charter says or by the law of the land, this in no manner can be interpreted as if it were enough to have a positive law, made by the king, to be able to proceed legally against a subject. The law of the land was the consuetudinary law, based on the customs and consent of King John's subjects and, since there was no Parliament in those times, neither the king nor the barons could make a law without the consent of the people. According to some sources, in the time of Edward III, by the law of the land had been substituted by due process of law, which in those times was a trial by twelve peers.

text: During the mid-14th Century, it was forbidden that persons who had sat on the Presenting Jury (i.e., in modern parlance, the Grand Jury) should also sit on the trial jury for that crime.[2] Medieval juries were self-informing, in that individuals were chosen as jurors because they either knew the parties and the facts, or they had the duty to discover them. This spared the government the cost of fact-finding.[3] Over time, English juries became less self-informing and relied more on the trial itself for information on the case. Jurors remained free to investigate cases on their own until the 17th century. Magna Carta being forgotten after a succession of benevolent reigns (or, more probably, reigns limited by the jury and the barons, and only under the rule of laws that the juries and barons found acceptable), the kings, through the royal judges, began to extend their control over the jury and the kingdom.

text: David Hume in his 1778 History of England tells something of the powers that the kings had accumulated in the times after Magna Carta, the prerogatives of the crown and the sources of great power with which these monarchs counted:

text: Early modern period[edit]

text: The first paragraph of the Act that abolished the Star Chamber, long a bone of contention between the early Stuart kings and a significant fraction of their subjects, on 5 July 1641 repeats the clause on the right of a citizen to be judged by his peers:

text: Abolition of the Star Chamber

text: An act for the regulating of the privy council, and for taking away the court commonly called the star-chamber.

text: Many English colonies, including the Thirteen Colonies, which later became the United States, adopted the jury trial system.

text: In 1670 two Quakers charged with unlawful assembly, William Penn and William Mead, were found not guilty at the Central Criminal Court at the Old Bailey by a jury. The judge then imprisoned the jury without food, water, hear, or light, saying "I will have a positive verdict or you'll starve for it". They refused to give way, and the judge fined them and returned them to prison, until released when the Lord Chief Justice interceded, saying that a judge "may try to open the eyes of jurors, but not to lead them by the nose". Penn and Meade remained in prison; despite the verdict of not guilty of the original charges, they had not removed their hats in court. Edward Bushel, a member of the jury, took out a writ to free Penn and Meade. The trial is referred to as Bushel's Case, and is a landmark case that established beyond question the independence of the jury in the English legal system. There is a plaque on the wall of the Old Bailey to this effect, praising the courage and endurance of Bushel and the other jurymen.[4]

text: Jury trials in criminal cases were a protected right in the original US Constitution. The Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Amendments of the U.S. Constitution extended the rights to trial by jury to both criminal and civil matters, and a grand jury for serious cases.

text: Women on the jury[edit]

text: Women first served on juries in England in 1920.[5]


document_title: 98 Degrees

question_text: where did the band name 98 degrees come from

text: 98 Degrees

text: History[edit]

text: Formation[edit]

text: The founding members of 98 Degrees met after Massillon, Ohio native Jeff Timmons decided to quit university and pursue a music career with best friend Jeremy Volk. He studied psychology at Kent State University in his home state of Ohio, and planned on a career playing football in the NFL. In 1995 he sang at a college party with three friends, and received a positive reaction from the female audience about his voice. The following day he left college and headed out to Los Angeles, California.[4] "It was a pretty hasty decision, looking back, but I was young and dumb. Sometimes ignorance is bliss," he said in 2004.[5] He met a former student of the School for Creative and Performing Arts who passed his name on to another graduate, Nick Lachey,[6] who was attending Miami University to study sports medicine.[7] Lachey flew to Los Angeles and after hitting it off, decided to form a boyband. Lachey suggested inviting one of his friends, Justin Jeffre, to join them. Jeffre, a history student at University of Cincinnati, had attended SCPA with Lachey and they had performed together before in various outfits such as a barbershop quartet at the amusement park Kings Island[8][9] and a cover band.[4] The final member to join the band was Lachey's younger brother, Drew, who was working in New York City as an emergency medical technician.[10]

text: After rejecting a series of names (including Just Us and Next Issue), the group decided on "98 Degrees" describing body temperature and their music.

text: Signing to Motown records[edit]

text: Taking a series of jobs including landscaping, working as club security officers and delivering take-out food, the band refined its harmonies and presentation, looking to groups such as Boyz II Men, Take 5, and Jodeci for inspiration. The new group also made the rounds of auditions in Los Angeles and gradually built up its contacts in the music industry. Fortunately, the group's wait for a manager and a recording contract would not take long, as they seized an opportunity to perform during a radio broadcast of a Boyz II Men concert, which they attended in the hope of passing a demo tape to the band. They were discovered by music manager Paris D'Jon, who at the time was co-managing Montell Jordan.

text: The group's emergence at a time when teen-oriented acts like the Spice Girls, the Backstreet Boys and NSYNC were just hitting the top of the charts around the world compelled them to differentiate themselves from the mere "boy band" status that they derided. From the start, they emphasized that they wrote much of their own material, which reflected R&B influences more than mainstream pop roots. "There are major differences musically between groups, not to mention the fact that we were signed to Motown, which gives us a little more credibility as far as R&B and soul music goes."[11]

text: 1997: First album[edit]

text: After sneaking backstage to a Boyz II Men [12] concert, a local radio station covering the concert asked them to sing live on the air.

text: With their debut single, "Invisible Man" which peaked at No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100, achieving gold-record status after its July 1997 release, 98 Degrees was off to a promising start. Although critical reaction to the debut of the group was mixed, a Billboard review of their first single noted their vocal abilities, and the addition of a new track helped to keep the band in the public eye. The group also toured extensively, including concert dates in Asia. They also opened for several dates of Janet Jackson's Velvet Rope Tour, exposing them to a wider audience.[12]

text: 1998-1999: Breakthrough[edit]

text: After building popularity with their appearance in the animated Disney movie Mulan, and singing True to Your Heart, a duet with labelmate Stevie Wonder, their album 98 Degrees and Rising went 4× platinum in 1998. Production credit included Atlanta-based producer and Babyface co-writing partner Daryl Simmons. Musician credits on the breakthrough album featured Atlanta-based session musician and former Earth, Wind & Fire guitarist Dick Smith. After the second album, 98 Degrees left Motown for its parent company, Universal Records.

text: The band's first major hit was Because of You (number three on the U.S. Hot 100 and number five on the Canadian Singles Chart) and went platinum. "The Hardest Thing" followed the success by reaching No. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was certified gold.

text: In 1999, 98 Degrees released their Christmas album This Christmas, which spawned the top 40 single "This Gift". Within a month after its release the album was certified platinum. The group appeared as featured guests on Amy Grant's 1999 CBS Christmas special, A Christmas to Remember. Nick Lachey was featured on Jessica Simpson's album on the track "Where You Are", which was released as a single and reached the top 40. The group appeared in the album called Jesus: The Epic Mini Series with their song "The Love That You've Been Looking For".

text: 2000–2002: Revelation[edit]

text: The group scored a Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 hit in the U.S. with the single "Thank God I Found You", a collaboration with Mariah Carey and Joe. The single went gold, selling 700,000 copies. It stayed at No. 1 on the Hot 100 for one week and the top 200 singles sales chart for 51 weeks. The single went to the top 10 in the UK charts and the group also received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals for the same song.

text: In the summer of 2000, 98 Degrees released the first single of their new album "Give Me Just One Night (Una Noche)", the single went to No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was certified gold. In September 2000, the band's album Revelation was released. Revelation peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard 200 and went 2× Platinum. The band's next singles were "My Everything" and "The Way You Want Me To", both reaching the Top 40.

text: In September 2001, the band appeared at Madison Square Garden alongside Luther Vandross and Usher singing Michael Jackson's hit song "Man in the Mirror". The performance was part of a show to celebrate Michael Jackson's 30 years as a solo artist.

text: In 2002, 98 Degrees released a compilation album called The Collection, with the new single "Why (Are We Still Friends)." The single reached the top 40; at that point the group had sold over 10 million records and released 12 singles.

text: 2003–2012: Hiatus[edit]

text: The group decided to take a break to fulfill other ambitions and opportunities. Drew Lachey stated on their website that 98 Degrees has not broken up and are just on an extended hiatus.[13] During the hiatus, Drew and his wife had their first daughter shortly after he won the second season of Dancing with the Stars. Nick Lachey married singer Jessica Simpson and released two solo albums, SoulO and What's Left of Me. Timmons released a solo album, Whisper That Way, and planned to release a second solo album. Jeffre ran for mayor of Cincinnati, Ohio, and he currently works with area activists on independent media projects.

text: The band came together in 2004 to sing on Nick & Jessica's Family Christmas TV special. In September 2005, 98 Degrees performed at Club Purgatory in Over-the-Rhine to support Jeffre in his candidacy for mayor of Cincinnati.

text: In October 2006, it was announced Timmons would participate in the new VH1 reality TV series, Mission Man Band. The news cast doubt over previous reports about 98 Degrees adding a new member and recording a new album. However, in 2011, both Lachey and Timmons confirmed in separate interviews that 98 Degrees is still capable of reuniting. Lachey stated that despite his busy schedule, his current gig on The Sing-Off has been renewing his interest in the band.[14] Timmons stated the band is always open to reunion discussions, ultimately saying "if the timing's right and we have a tour lined up or we do a record, ultimately we could get back together and have a killer time." In 2012, the official website of 98 Degrees was relaunched, plus an official page in Facebook. The twitter account of all members are very active also."[15]

text: 2012-present: Reunion and 2.0[edit]

text: On June 20, 2012, Nick and Drew Lachey announced on Ryan Seacrest that the group would reunite for a one-time performance at Mixtape Festival in Hershey, PA in August.[3] The group also performed at The Today Show on August 17.[16]

text: In an interview with Rolling Stone on July 26, 2012, Drew Lachey revealed that a week before, the group had their first rehearsal in over a decade. He also explained the group decided to come back together because they were all at that place in their lives where they felt comfortable committing to being in a group again, and they also felt the timing was right because the pop music genre has come back around. "Music is very cyclical. You go through rock stages, R&B stages, rap stages... It's an uphill battle if you try and do pop during a rap stage," says Lachey. Regarding the group's future, he said at this time, they currently have no plan beyond their performances at The Today Show and the Mixtape Festival.[17] However, in September 2012, he revealed the group was going to go back into the studio to record a new album in October.[18]

text: On January 22, 2013, the group appeared on The View along with New Kids on the Block and Boyz II Men to announce their joint tour would take place in summer 2013.[19] This tour is named "The Package" and the 12 members on tour (Boyz II Men with 3 members, NKOTB with 5 members and 98 Degrees with 4 members) jokingly refer to themselves as "The Dirty Dozen." The North American tour began on May 28, 2013. The band also performed a song during the season finale of NBC's The Sing-Off, which Nick Lachey hosts, on December 23, 2013.

text: The band released their new album, 2.0, their first studio album in 13 years, on May 7, 2013.

text: In summer 2016, they regrouped again to headline the My2K Tour, their first headlining tour in 15 years. They were supported by O-Town, Ryan Cabrera, and Dream, putting together a bill of pop acts that were first popular in the late 1990s and early 2000s at larger venues.

text: In 2017, they returned to Universal Music and put out their second Christmas album, Let it Snow, because of their 20th anniversary. They also plan to do a tour around the fall in promotion of the album, which is called "At Christmas Tour".

text: On November 23, 2017 the band made a 90-second musical appearance in Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, performed in New York City.

text: Discography[edit]

text:
98° (1997)
98° and Rising (1998)
This Christmas (1999)
Revelation (2000)
2.0 (2013)
Let It Snow (2017)[20]

text: Tours[edit]

text:
Heat It Up Tour (1999)
Revelation Tour (2001)
At Christmas Tour (2017)

text:
All That! Music and More Festival (1999) (with Monica, Aaron Carter, B*Witched, 3rd Storee, Tatyana Ali and No Authority)
The Package Tour (2013) (with New Kids on the Block and Boyz II Men)
My2K Tour (2016) (with Dream, O-Town and Ryan Cabrera)