document_title: Jennifer Jareau

question_text: what episode does jj announce she's pregnant

question_tokens: what episode does jj announce she 's pregnant

text: Jennifer Jareau

text: Character background[edit]

text: During various episodes, Jareau has described growing up in a small town near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. When she was eleven, her seventeen-year-old sister Rosaline committed suicide[1] by cutting.[2] Rosaline's death was a particularly painful topic for her and she initially chose not to tell her young son about Rosaline, until her mother Sandy reminded her that avoidance was not the solution to dealing with the pain. A high school athlete, Jareau graduated valedictorian[3] from East Allegheny High School, where she was the captain of the varsity soccer team her senior year and earned an athletic scholarship to the University of Pittsburgh. She also attended Georgetown, presumably for graduate studies.

text: JJ decided to join the FBI after attending a book reading by BAU founder and then-Unit Chief Agent David Rossi. She once told Rossi that she had not known what to do with her life until she listened to his reading, which was held in the campus bookstore during her senior year in college. The next fall, she applied to the FBI Academy.

text: Storylines[edit]

text: In the FBI's Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU), JJ acted as the team's liaison with the media and local police agencies.[4] Though talented and helpful, she was not actually a profiler, having once declined Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner's suggestion to take the necessary classes in behavioral analysis.[5] She works mostly out of the confines of the police stations and field offices the team visits. However, she does accompany the team on raids, and is proficient with firearms. This is made particularly clear when JJ resolves a hostage situation inside the BAU by killing the hostage-taker, Jason Clark Battle, with a single shot (Battle is a serial perpetrator of hero homicide, who lured Technical Analyst Penelope Garcia onto a date, and then shot her, in an attempt to keep his crimes from being discovered). During season six, JJ is given a promotion to the Pentagon; however, she returns in season seven as a full-time profiler, having received the necessary training. In season 9 ("200"), she is then kidnapped, and it is revealed that her year as the DOD Liaison at the Pentagon was a cover story. It turns out she was on a task force in Afghanistan, in search for Bin Laden. The team saves her, and in season 10, it is revealed she has PTSD, and hasn't been dealing with her ordeal being tortured when she was kidnapped, as well as 2 main events that happened when she was in Afghanistan, one of which includes her having a miscarriage, after a convoy was attacked. She tries to work through it with the help of Reid, who calls her on it when she disappears into the morgue one day, for almost a half-hour, after seeing herself on the table, in place of the victim.

text: Promotion to Pentagon and brief return[edit]

text: It is revealed in "JJ", that JJ had twice rejected a promotion to The Pentagon and hid the offers from her superiors. However, she is finally forced to transfer by "the brass".[6] JJ's departure reflects that Cook was let go at the beginning of season six, for financial reasons relating to the premiere of the spin-off Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior.[7] JJ's time at the Pentagon was revealed in depth in season nine.

text: Cook later returned for the departure of Paget Brewster (Agent Emily Prentiss).[8] In the episode titled "Lauren", JJ receives a call and returns to help the BAU find Emily and capture Ian Doyle. The episode ends with Emily presumed dead after being stabbed with a broken chair leg in the stomach. It is later revealed that Emily is alive and in Paris with JJ's help, providing her passports from three different countries and a bank account in each "to keep her comfortable". In the season six finale, JJ returns in order to tell David Rossi that she is "coming back".

text: In "200", it was revealed that JJ's transfer was a backstop and that she was actually put on a task force in the Middle East with Mateo Cruz (who later became the section chief of the BAU following Strauss's death). During this time, she witnessed a mission she had pushed for fail and discovered one of the task force's informants dead. In February 2011, while overseas, she discovered that she was pregnant. However, in April 2011, following the events of "Lauren", during an attack on the task force, she was wounded and miscarried the baby. She didn't initially tell Will of the pregnancy, and it remained a secret between her and Cruz. In "The Forever People", when she starts showing signs of PTSD, Reid calls her on it, and he tries to help her and talk to her. She eventually admits she had a miscarriage due to the attack on her convoy, and asks him to keep it between them.

text: Return to the BAU[edit]

text: The season seven premiere reveals that JJ has returned to the Behavioral Analysis Unit, having received the training to become a full-time profiler, instead of the Media Liaison, a position which has been split between Hotch and Garcia.

text: She is initially against summoning Prentiss "back from the dead," but Hotch insists on telling the team the truth. Also, she learns Reid is emotionally hurt by her deception, as she knew he cried for ten weeks after losing Prentiss and she never said a word, and Reid revealed he considered taking Dilaudid again.

text: In season nine, the events during her departure in 2010–11 returned when Mateo Cruz was promoted to Section Chief. In "The Road Home", while waiting to meet Cruz, she is suddenly kidnapped. In "200", it is revealed that she was kidnapped by a man named Tivon Askari, who was a traitor in the task force, in order to access files from her mission in the Middle East. She was held hostage alongside Cruz and was tortured into giving up the code. She discovered that Askari was not working alone when he mentioned her miscarriage, revealing the true enemy to be Michael Hastings, a man she worked with on the task force. He threatened to rape JJ in order to get Cruz to give up his access code. She is rescued by Hotch and Prentiss, and she proceeds to chase after Hastings. Prentiss accompanies her and they both take on Hastings, resulting in Hastings falling off a roof to his death. JJ is left traumatized by the situation and promises to stop the lies and give only the truth.

text: A year after her kidnapping and torture, she starts experiencing PTSD, something that Reid notices. When she is confronted by him, she asks him to provide a term to describe her situation, saying that it's more than PTSD. She breaks down and reveals the source of her PTSD to be Tivon Askari and reveals her miscarriage to Reid. She later takes an extremely large risk against an UnSub in a room with a gas leak, which could have resulted the deaths of herself, the UnSub, and a hostage. Reid approaches her in the BAU to tell her that while he couldn't find a term to describe JJ's condition, he called Emily and managed to obtain Askari's file, revealing his background of his life on the streets of Tikrit, Iraq, and his criminal background. JJ unknowingly hallucinates Askari in the room with her. He taunts her and tells her that he wants to watch her kill herself. He also tells her that he will take her sleep, her smile, and her safety away, as well as change her so that her husband and son won't even recognise her. He explains that the memories will eventually take away everything she holds dear, but JJ snarls a harsh "No" to Askari before realizing it was all a hallucination.

text: Relationships and family[edit]

text: JJ is married to Detective William "Will" LaMontagne. They have two sons Henry and Michael. As of season 13 she and Matt Simmons are the only members of the BAU who are married with children.

text: Prior to her courtship and marriage to Will, JJ displayed little interest in dating. She once went on a date with Spencer Reid to a Washington Redskins game, but little came of it romantically, although the two became very good friends. In the season 2 episode "Jones", JJ first meets William "Will" LaMontagne, Jr. a NOPD detective whom the team worked with while in New Orleans after a serial killer presumed dead following Hurricane Katrina resurfaces. It is revealed the following season that he and JJ had been seeing each other for the past year but kept it a secret as she wanted to keep her personal life away from the prying eyes of her colleagues, which Will initially misunderstood as her being ashamed of their relationship.[9] When she finally reveals their relationship by kissing him goodbye in her office with the blinds open, it is apparent that her colleagues already knew about them.

text: In "The Crossing",[10] JJ told Will that she was pregnant with his child. He later asked her to marry him, and indicated that he was willing to give up his detective's shield in order to help take care of the baby and allow JJ to continue to do her job, though he was worried about her safety and the safety of their child.[11] JJ later told Hotch she had found a temporary replacement for the duration of her maternity leave,[12] and soon after gave birth to a baby boy named Henry. Will transfers to the MPDC, and the family live together in Washington.[13] In later seasons, toddler Henry is portrayed by actress A. J. Cook's real-life son Mekhai Andersen. JJ and Will named Reid and Technical Analyst Penelope Garcia as Henry's godparents. When JJ returned from maternity leave, she and Will had exchanged rings with Henry's birthstone, but did not seem to be officially engaged, as she wore her ring on her right hand, not the left. In the season seven finale, JJ tearfully asked Will to propose to her again, and they married the following evening in a small ceremony in David Rossi's backyard.

text: Characterization[edit]

text: JJ is very loyal to her family and friends, as well as very protective. She is also known to be a crack shot. This was demonstrated in many episodes such as "Nanny Dearest" by shooting a fleeing suspect in the head at a faraway distance. In "Revelations", she killed numerous flesh eating dogs in a dark barn. In "Penelope", she kills Garcia's attacker by shooting him directly between the eyes precisely as he turns around to find JJ behind him. Despite her petite frame, she is very athletic and has shown herself to be able to hold her own even if disarmed. In the season 7 finale, she manages to physically fight off a stronger and taller suspect who had tried to kill Will and took their son Henry hostage. She is best friends with Spencer (and is the only one who calls him "Spence"), Penelope, and Emily.

text: Fears and obsessions[edit]

text: In "The Boogeyman", JJ reveals that she is afraid of the woods. When agents Derek Morgan and Dr. Spencer Reid ask her why, she tells them a chilling story about working as a summer camp counselor and discovering her boss's murdered body in his cabin. After telling the story, she admits she was joking, and says she doesn't know why she is afraid of the woods. In the same episode, JJ also states that she has a niece who, at the time, is about 8 years old.

text: When she and Reid unexpectedly came across serial killer Tobias Hankel in the episode "The Big Game", and split up to apprehend the suspect, JJ walked into a dark barn and was attacked by several attack dogs. Although JJ shot and killed the dogs, saving her own life, Reid was abducted by Hankel in the meantime, and would later be tortured and almost killed by Hankel before the BAU team was able to rescue him. After this traumatic experience, it appears that JJ developed a fear of dogs.

text: In the episode "Penelope", it's announced that JJ has never shot someone until she shot the man who had attempted to kill, and who continued to threaten the life of, Penelope Garcia.

text: She also seems to have a slight obsession with Cheetos. She can be seen eating them often, and it was implied that her online Scrabble handle was "Cheeto-breath" when she was playing Emily (who was hiding in Paris at the time).

text: In "Mr. Scratch", JJ tells Hotch that her worst fear as a child was being separated from her parents.


document_title: One Step Forward

question_text: who sang one step forward two steps back

root

text: One Step Forward

text:
"One Step Forward"

Single by The Desert Rose Band

from the album The Desert Rose Band

B-side
"Glass Hearts"

Released
October 26, 1987

Genre
Country, country rock

Length
3:22

Label
MCA/Curb

Songwriter(s)
Chris Hillman, Bill Wildes

Producer(s)
Paul Worley

The Desert Rose Band singles chronology

"Love Reunited"
(1987)
"One Step Forward"
(1987)
"He's Back and I'm Blue"
(1988)

"Love Reunited"
(1987)
"One Step Forward"
(1987)
"He's Back and I'm Blue"
(1988)

tag: table

text: "One Step Forward" is a song written by Chris Hillman and Bill Wildes, and recorded by American country rock group The Desert Rose Band. It was released in October 1987 as the third single from the album The Desert Rose Band. The song reached number 2 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.[1] This song can also be heard on the video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas on the fictional radio station K-Rose.

tag: p

text: Chart performance[edit]

text:
Chart (1987–1988)
Peak
position

US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[2]
2

Canadian RPM Country Tracks
2


document_title: Presidential library

question_text: who pays for presidential libraries to be built

text: Presidential library

text: Overview[edit]

text: For every president since Herbert Hoover, presidential libraries have been established in each president's home state in which documents, artifacts, gifts of state and museum exhibits are maintained that relate to the former president's life and career both political and professional. Each library also provides an active series of public programs. When a president leaves office, the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) establishes a presidential materials project to house and index the documents until a new presidential library is built and transferred to the federal government.

text: The first presidential library is the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, dedicated on June 30, 1941. The William J. Clinton Presidential Library became the eleventh presidential library on November 18, 2004, the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum became the twelfth on July 11, 2007, and the George W. Bush Presidential Center became the thirteenth on May 1, 2013. Official fundraising for the Barack Obama Presidential Library and Museum began in January 2014; however President Obama has chosen to forego the traditional route and his Presidential Center will not be a part of NARA. The Obama Foundation will own and operate the museum, but will pay NARA to digitize unclassified records and release them to the public as they become available.[1]

text: Presidential libraries outside NARA[edit]

text: The presidential library system is made up of thirteen presidential libraries operated by the NARA.[n 1] Libraries and museums have been established for earlier presidents, but they are not part of the NARA presidential library system, and are operated by private foundations, historical societies, or state governments, including the James K. Polk, William McKinley, Rutherford Hayes, Calvin Coolidge, Abraham Lincoln and Woodrow Wilson libraries. For example, the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is owned and operated by the state of Illinois.

text: The Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace was not originally part of the presidential library system. While the Nixon Presidential Materials Staff, which administers the Nixon presidential materials under the terms of the Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act, is part of NARA, a private foundation operated the Richard Nixon Library & Birthplace. In January 2004, Congress passed legislation that provided for the establishment of a federally operated Richard Nixon Presidential Library in Yorba Linda. In March 2005, the Archivist of the United States and John Taylor, the director of the Richard Nixon Library & Birthplace Foundation, exchanged letters on the requirements to allow the Nixon Library to become the twelfth federally funded Presidential library operated by the NARA by 2007. On October 16, 2006, Dr. Timothy Naftali began his tenure as the first federal director of the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace, and in the winter of 2006 NARA began to transfer the 30,000 presidential gifts from the Nixon Presidential Materials Staff in College Park, Maryland to the facility.[3][4] On July 11, 2007, the Nixon Foundation deeded the Library and Birthplace to the government of the United States. On the same day, the newly renamed federal Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum officially opened.[5]

text: In May 2012, on the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the Ulysses S. Grant Foundation, it selected Mississippi State University as the permanent location for Ulysses S. Grant's presidential library.[6] Historian John Simon edited Grant's letters into a 32-volume scholarly edition published by Southern Illinois University Press.[7]

text: On April 30, 2013, both chambers of the North Dakota Legislative Assembly passed a bill appropriating $12 million to Dickinson State University to award a grant to the Theodore Roosevelt Center for construction of a building to be named the Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library. To access these funds, the Theodore Roosevelt Center must first raise $3 million from non-state sources.[8] Dickinson State University is also home to the Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library which has formed partnerships with the Library of Congress and Harvard University, among other institutions. They currently have over 25,000 items online.

text: In May 2017, it was announced that the Barack Obama Presidential Center, the planned location of the Presidential library of Barack Obama, would not be part of the NARA system, making Obama the first president since Calvin Coolidge not to have a federally funded facility.[9] Instead, in a "new model" the nonprofit Obama Foundation will partner with the NARA on digitization and making documents available.[1]

text: History[edit]

text: Historically, all presidential papers were considered the personal property of the president. Some took them at the end of their terms, others destroyed them, and many papers were scattered.[10] Though many pre-Hoover collections now reside in the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress,[11] others are split among other libraries, historical societies, and private collections. However, many materials have been lost or deliberately destroyed.

text: Lucretia Rudolph Garfield, the wife of James A. Garfield (president from March 4, 1881, until his death on September 19, 1881) added a Memorial Library wing to their family home in Mentor, Ohio, four years after his assassination. The James A. Garfield National Historic Site is operated by the National Park Service and the Western Reserve Historical Society.

text: National Archives[edit]

text: In 1939, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt donated his personal and presidential papers to the federal government. At the same time, Roosevelt pledged part of his estate at Hyde Park, New York to the United States, and friends of the President formed a non-profit corporation to raise funds for the construction of the library and museum building. Roosevelt's decision stemmed from his belief that Presidential papers were an important part of the national heritage and should be accessible to the public. He asked the National Archives to take custody of his papers and other historical materials and to administer his library.[10] On June 30, 2013, new interactive and multimedia exhibits developed by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) opened to the public as part of the first renovation of this library since its opening.[12]

text: In 1950, Harry S. Truman decided that he, too, would build a library to house his Presidential papers and helped to galvanize congressional action.

text: Presidential Libraries Act of 1955[edit]

text: In 1955, Congress passed the Presidential Libraries Act of 1955, establishing a system of privately erected and federally maintained libraries. The Act encouraged other Presidents to donate their historical materials to the government and ensured the preservation of Presidential papers and their availability to the American people. Under this and subsequent acts, nine more libraries have been established. In each case, funds from private and non-federal public sources provided the funds to build the library. Once completed, the private organization turned over the libraries to the National Archives and Records Administration to operate and maintain.

text: Until 1978, Presidents, scholars, and legal professionals held the view dating back to George Washington that the records created by the President or his staff while in office remained the personal property of the President and were his to take with him when he left office. The first Presidential libraries were built on this concept. NARA successfully persuaded Presidents to donate their historical materials to the federal government for housing in a Presidential library managed by NARA.

text: Presidential Records Act of 1978[edit]

text: The Presidential Records Act of 1978 established that the Presidential records that document the constitutional, statutory, and ceremonial duties of the President are the property of the United States Government. After the President leaves office, the Archivist of the United States assumes custody of the records. The Act allowed for the continuation of Presidential libraries as the repository for Presidential records.

text: Presidential Libraries Act of 1986[edit]

text: The Presidential Libraries Act of 1986 made additional changes to Presidential libraries, requiring private endowments linked to the size of the facility. NARA uses these endowments to offset a portion of the maintenance costs for the library.

text: Holdings[edit]

text: The thirteen presidential libraries maintain over 400 million pages of textual materials; nearly ten million photographs; over 15 million feet (5,000 km) of motion picture film; nearly 100,000 hours of disc, audiotape, and videotape recordings; and approximately half a million museum objects. These varied holdings make each library a valuable source of information and a center for research on the Presidency.

text: The most important textual materials in each library are those created by the President and his staff in the course of performing the official duties. Libraries also house numerous objects including family heirlooms, items collected by the President and his family, campaign memorabilia, awards, and the many gifts given to the President by American citizens and foreign dignitaries. These gifts range in type from homemade items to valuable works of art. Curators in Presidential libraries and in other museums throughout the country draw upon these collections for historical exhibits.

text: Other significant holdings include the personal papers and historical materials donated by individuals associated with the President. These individuals may include Cabinet officials, envoys to foreign governments, political party associates, and the President's family and personal friends. Several libraries have undertaken oral history programs that have produced tape-recorded memoirs. A third body of materials comprises the papers accumulated by the President prior to, and following, his Presidency. Such collections include documents relating to Roosevelt's tenure as Governor of New York and Dwight D. Eisenhower's long military career.

text: With the exception of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, and upon their own deaths, Jimmy Carter and George W. Bush, every American president since Hoover is or has chosen to be buried at his presidential library. Kennedy is buried at Arlington National Cemetery; Johnson is buried at his ranch in the hill country of Texas, west of Austin; Carter plans to be buried near his home in Plains, Georgia.[13] George W. Bush plans on being buried at the Texas State Cemetery in Austin, Texas.[14]

text: Unlike all other Presidents whose libraries are part of the NARA system, Ford's library and museum are geographically separate buildings, located in different parts of Michigan; Ford is buried at his museum in Grand Rapids, while the library is in Ann Arbor.

text: List of presidential libraries[edit]

text: This is a list of the presidential libraries.

text:
No.
President
Library name
Location
Operated By
Image
Logo/Website

1
George Washington
Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington at Mount Vernon[15]
Mount Vernon, Virginia
Mount Vernon Ladies' Association

website

2 and 6
John Adams
John Quincy Adams
Stone Library at Adams National Historical Park
Quincy, Massachusetts
National Park Service

website

3
Thomas Jefferson
Robert H. Smith International Center for Jefferson Studies at Kenwood
Charlottesville, Virginia
Thomas Jefferson Foundation

website

5
James Monroe
James Monroe Museum and Memorial Library
Fredericksburg, Virginia
University of Mary Washington

website

16
Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum
Springfield, Illinois
State of Illinois

website

17
Andrew Johnson
President Andrew Johnson Museum and Library
Tusculum, Tennessee
Tusculum College

website

18
Ulysses S. Grant
Ulysses S. Grant Presidential Library
Starkville, Mississippi
Mississippi State University Library
and
Ulysses S. Grant Association

website

19
Rutherford B. Hayes
Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center
Fremont, Ohio
Ohio Historical Society
and
Hayes Presidential Center, Inc.

website

20
James A. Garfield
James A. Garfield National Historic Site
Mentor, Ohio
National Park Service
and
Western Reserve Historical Society

website

25
William McKinley
William McKinley Presidential Library and Museum
Canton, Ohio
Stark County Historical Society

website

28
Woodrow Wilson
Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library
Staunton, Virginia
Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library Foundation

website

30
Calvin Coolidge
Calvin Coolidge Presidential Library and Museum
Northampton, Massachusetts
Commonwealth of Massachusetts

website

31
Herbert Hoover
Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum
West Branch, Iowa
National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)

website

32
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum
Hyde Park, New York
NARA

website

33
Harry S. Truman
Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum
Independence, Missouri
NARA

website

34
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Museum and Boyhood Home
Abilene, Kansas
NARA

website

35
John F. Kennedy
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
Boston, Massachusetts
NARA

website

36
Lyndon B. Johnson
Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum
Austin, Texas
NARA
and
The University of Texas at Austin

website

37
Richard Nixon
Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum
Yorba Linda, California
NARA

website

38
Gerald Ford
Gerald R. Ford Museum
Grand Rapids, Michigan
NARA

      website

Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library
Ann Arbor, Michigan

39
Jimmy Carter
Jimmy Carter Library and Museum
Atlanta, Georgia
NARA

website

40
Ronald Reagan
Ronald Reagan Presidential Library
Simi Valley, California
NARA

website

41
George H. W. Bush
George Bush Presidential Library & Museum
College Station, Texas
NARA
and
Texas A&M University

website

42
Bill Clinton
William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park
Little Rock, Arkansas
NARA

website

43
George W. Bush
George W. Bush Presidential Center
Dallas, Texas
NARA
and
Southern Methodist University

website

44
Barack Obama
Barack Obama Presidential Center
Chicago, Illinois[16]
Obama Foundation[17] and The University of Chicago[18]

website

text: Locations of other presidents' papers[edit]

text: Grover Cleveland and Woodrow Wilson left their papers to Princeton University where they may be found at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library. After the Theodore Roosevelt Association failed to get enough funds to start what would be the second presidential library after Rutherford Hayes', they donated his papers to Harvard University in 1943. These reside at its Houghton Library. James Buchanan left his papers to the Historical Society of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, where they may still be found. In the 1960s, the University of Tennessee at Knoxville endeavored to collect all of Andrew Jackson's papers on microfilm and the results are now available online. A similar project is underway on behalf of James Madison by the Universities of Virginia and Chicago. For many presidents, especially before the development of the NARA system, substantial collections may be found in multiple private and public collections. Until the Obama Administration's library is ready for service, its papers are being held in a facility in Hoffman Estates, Illinois, and are not available to the public as they are classified.


document_title: Full House (season 4)

question_text: when does jesse get married in full house

text: Full House (season 4)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Starting in season four, Danny realizes that he must start disciplining Michelle. Jesse proposes to Rebecca and they soon become married. Joey's career takes a turn for the better when he is offered a job in Las Vegas to open for Wayne Newton. In the season finale, Rebecca finds out that she is pregnant with twins as Jesse tells her he wants to go on tour with his band.

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
John Stamos as Jesse Katsopolis
Bob Saget as Danny Tanner
Dave Coulier as Joey Gladstone
Candace Cameron as D.J. Tanner
Jodie Sweetin as Stephanie Tanner
Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen as Michelle Tanner
Lori Loughlin as Rebecca "Becky" Donaldson

tag: ul

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Director
Writer(s)
Original air date

69
1
"Greek Week"
Joel Zwick
Jeff Franklin
September 21, 1990 (1990-09-21)

Jesse's Greek grandparents come to San Francisco to celebrate their 50th wedding anniversary, but things go rather crazy when both Jesse and D.J. "get married" to other visitors. During the anniversary, Jesse and D.J. dump their spouses and Jesse proposes to Becky, who says yes.
Note: Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen play Michelle and Melina in this episode. It is the second time that the two are shown on screen together in the series. (They are also seen together in the season 1 episode "The Seven Month Itch (Part 1)", in season 5 episode "The Devil Made Me Do It" and in the series finale "Michelle Rides Again, Part 2".)

70
2
"Crimes and Michelle's Demeanor"
Joel Zwick
Scott Spencer Gordon
September 28, 1990 (1990-09-28)

When Michelle starts pushing the boundaries, Danny must discipline her. Meanwhile, Jesse's attempts to buy an expensive engagement ring for Becky leads him to sell a worthwhile item.

71
3
"The I.Q. Man"
Joel Zwick
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
October 5, 1990 (1990-10-05)

Jesse is chosen to be the star in a cologne commercial, but he feels like he is not being treated fairly, when his wardrobe is stripped. After a series of calamities, Joey and Jesse quit working for Malatesta and form their own business, with a loan from Danny. Meanwhile, Danny and Becky find themselves as replacements for Connie Chung on Career Day, when D.J. and Kimmy find out they were scammed by a fake, and Stephanie has a terrible cold, so Michelle tries to take care of her.

72
4
"Slumber Party"
Joel Zwick
Martie Cook
October 12, 1990 (1990-10-12)

Joey volunteers to take Stephanie to her first mother-daughter sleepover party after Becky is unable to take her due to her car breaking down. Danny goes through some old memories as Jesse and Joey move their productions into the attic, and Danny tries to let go of his precious items.

73
5
"Good News, Bad News"
Joel Zwick
Ellen Guylas
October 19, 1990 (1990-10-19)

DJ is promoted to newspaper editor and has Kimmy do sports, but after Kimmy screws up her first assignment, the two go into bitter newspaper and oral arguments. Two subplots have Danny and Becky arguing during a promo for Wake Up, San Francisco and Stephanie trying to avoid Michelle during a game of "Shadow" which involves Michelle copying every word that Stephanie says and copying her every move.

74
6
"A Pinch for a Pinch"
Joel Zwick
Charles A. Pratt, Jr.
October 26, 1990 (1990-10-26)

Jesse accompanies Michelle to preschool, only to pull her out after an argument with the teacher and Michelle pinching another student after he pinched her. Meanwhile, Stephanie fears the worst after reading her horoscope from the middle school newspaper and Joey gets a filling.

75
7
"Viva Las Joey"
Joel Zwick
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
November 2, 1990 (1990-11-02)

Joey performs in Las Vegas, but – surprisingly – comes face-to-face with his strict, estranged father, Colonel Gladstone.
Guest star: Wayne Newton (whom Joey opens up for in Vegas)

76
8
"Shape Up"
Joel Zwick
Jeff Franklin
November 9, 1990 (1990-11-09)

D.J. tries to lose weight for Kimmy's pool party, but her choice of an exercise routine includes no food for several days, which puts her at a dangerous risk and Stephanie in a bad position.

77
9
"One Last Kiss"
Joel Zwick
Leslie Ray & David Steven Simon
November 16, 1990 (1990-11-16)

Jesse attends his ten-year high school reunion, but reunites with his old girlfriend, Carrie (Erika Eleniak) - even though he is engaged to Becky. In the sub-plot, Stephanie hosts a birthday party for Comet.

78
10
"Terror in Tanner Town"
Joel Zwick
Boyd Hale
November 23, 1990 (1990-11-23)

Rusty, the son of Danny's girlfriend, Cindy, pulls a number of pranks on the Tanners, such as Danny getting his hair green from the shampoo, Jesse spilling salt, Joey spilling milk, Danny having the tablecloth tucked into his pants and pulling the dinner off the table, giving D.J. and Stephanie gum that blackens their teeth, Rusty feeding Comet the rump roast while D.J. and Stephanie are washing him, locking Jesse, Becky, Stephanie, and D.J. in their rooms, taping over Joey's tape, making Danny fall into a mud puddle while he and Rusty are playing football and getting Michelle's eye painted black from looking into his kaleidoscope. Danny learns that he's been doing all that because his parents are divorced and he wants his parents to get back together. In the end the sisters pull the perfect prank on him for revenge: When he opens the cupboard, Michelle starts spraying whipped cream and her sisters join in.

79
11
"Secret Admirer"
Joel Zwick
Ellen Guylas
December 7, 1990 (1990-12-07)

During the Tanners' family picnic, Rusty – intrigued by DJ's liking for Ricky, the paperboy – types a love note for D.J. as a prank, and tells Michelle to give it to her sister and say it's from the paperboy. However, Michelle mistakenly gives it to Stephanie and says it's from Rusty. Through a chain reaction, Danny's girlfriend, Cindy, believes that Joey loves her, Joey believes Cindy loves him, Becky believes that Danny loves her, Kimmy believes that Jesse loves her, Jesse believes that either Danny or Joey is in love with Becky, Danny and Joey both believe that Becky loves them, and, ironically fooled by his own prank, Rusty believes that D.J. loves him. Finally, Michelle tells them that Rusty typed the note, and they all chase him. This episode was implied to be a spoof of Secret Admirer, a 1985 film in which Lori Loughlin, who plays Becky, co-starred.

80
12
"Danny in Charge"
Joel Zwick
Story by: Stacey Hur
Teleplay by: Boyd Hale & Scott Spencer Gordon
December 14, 1990 (1990-12-14)

While Jesse and Joey are out of town, Danny tries to become "Superdad" and spend time with his daughters "all by himself", but problems ensue when he finds that he has two events at the same time. Stephanie wants him to come to her science fair and DJ wants him to come to her drama festival. Meanwhile Jesse and Joey attempt to film a fox in the wilderness for an advertisement. Michelle turns four in the beginning of the episode, finishing her birthday cake in bed after the guys tuck her in.
Note: Becky is not in this episode, although there is a scene where Danny is speaking to her on the phone.

81
13
"Happy New Year"
Joel Zwick
Jeff Franklin
December 28, 1990 (1990-12-28)

Danny and Jesse set up Joey with a date for New Year's Eve, but he becomes so smitten with her that he wants to elope. Meanwhile, Rusty convinces Stephanie that he is going to kiss her at midnight, but when midnight comes and Rusty reveals he was just kidding, Stephanie ends up kissing him.

82
14
"Working Girl"
Joel Zwick
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
January 4, 1991 (1991-01-04)

Danny allows D.J. to get her first job to earn money for the new sneakers she really wants, as long as she can keep her grades up. But D.J. is in a lot of trouble when she gets an "F" on her science test and Kimmy changes it to look like an "A." Meanwhile, Michelle drives everyone crazy with politeness week at preschool. Also, Becky and Jesse attempt to agree on a place for their wedding before finally deciding to get married in San Francisco, thanks to a suggestion from Joey.

83
15
"Ol' Brown Eyes"
Joel Zwick
Ellen Guylas & Boyd Hale
January 11, 1991 (1991-01-11)

Danny wants to sing with Jesse's band at D.J.'s school fundraiser to prove to D.J. that he can be "hip and cool", but D.J. is totally humiliated by the idea. Meanwhile, Michelle hides Jesse's ring when no one else wants to play "hot and cold" with her, and her game with Joey goes awry when the ring is gone.
Note: After the opening scene of this episode, Danny's hair appears to be styled somewhat differently than before.

84
16
"Stephanie Gets Framed"
Joel Zwick
Doug McIntyre
January 25, 1991 (1991-01-25)

Stephanie has to get a pair of eyeglasses, which makes her feel "like a geek". When Julie's (D.J.'s friend) cousin, Steve Urkel is in San Francisco for the big science fair, Julie and D.J. get irritated with him, and he meets Danny and Jesse who are also irritated by him; later, he meets Michelle, who he finds has a lot in common with him about money. When Stephanie meets Steve, he helps her out with her glasses dilemma. Taking his advice, she borrows all of Joey's funny glasses, but the teacher confiscates them. Meanwhile, Michelle learns how to use a piggy bank. Jesse is confused about who to pick for his best man – Joey or Danny.
Special guest star: Jaleel White in a crossover appearance as his Family Matters character, Steve Urkel

85
17
"A Fish Called Martin"
Joel Zwick
Leslie Ray & David Steven Simon
February 1, 1991 (1991-02-01)

Michelle wins a goldfish at a carnival, but then gives it its first – and last – bubble bath, and it dies. Later, Danny gives her a big fish tank, but she is worried that she will kill another innocent fish. In the subplot, Becky teaches the family (and a reluctant Jesse) square dancing for their upcoming wedding.

86
18
"The Wedding" (Part 1)
Joel Zwick
Jeff Franklin
February 8, 1991 (1991-02-08)

Jesse and Becky's wedding day arrives but Becky's family makes Jesse become scared about losing his life. So in an attempt to have "one last adventure" as a single man, Jesse goes parachuting, which ends up with him getting stuck in a tree.
Note: Actress Lori Loughlin uses the same wedding dress she wore for her first wedding in this two-part episode.

87
19
"The Wedding" (Part 2)
Joel Zwick
Jeff Franklin
February 15, 1991 (1991-02-15)

Becky bails Jesse out of jail in "Tomato Country", and the wedding – finally – commences. After the party, Jesse and Becky ride off on Jesse's motorcycle to go on their honeymoon.
Note: The local sheriff is played by Kin Shriner, John Stamos' former General Hospital co-star. Actual baby, childhood and teen pictures of John Stamos and Lori Loughlin are shown as Jesse sings "Forever" at the wedding.

88
20
"Fuller House"
Joel Zwick
Leslie Ray & David Steven Simon
February 22, 1991 (1991-02-22)

Now a married man, Jesse moves out of the Tanners' house, only to realize that he misses his family very much, especially Michelle; Becky comes up with a solution. In the sub-plot, Stephanie struggles to learn fractions.

89
21
"The Hole-in-the-Wall Gang"
Joel Zwick
Craig Heller & Guy Schulman
March 1, 1991 (1991-03-01)

D.J. and Stephanie accidentally put a hole in Danny's bedroom wall during a fight. Meanwhile, Jesse attempts to make a makeshift apartment in the attic for him and Becky.

90
22
"Stephanie Plays the Field"
Joel Zwick
Mark Fink
March 8, 1991 (1991-03-08)

Stephanie becomes the new star pitcher for Danny's Little League Baseball team, but her "boyfriend", who's on their rival team, tries to bribe her into throwing him "easy pitches". Along the way, Michelle is locked out of Uncle Jesse's room when he is with Becky.

91
23
"Joey Goes Hollywood"
Joel Zwick
Leslie Ray & David Steven Simon
March 29, 1991 (1991-03-29)

Joey auditions for a TV sitcom, Surf's Up, which stars Frankie Avalon and Annette Funicello. Also, Stephanie wants to change her first name after continuous taunting, and Michelle is running up the phone bill by calling Tokyo, Japan.

92
24
"Girls Just Wanna Have Fun"
Joel Zwick
Marc Warren & Dennis Rinsler
April 1, 1991 (1991-04-01)

D.J. has Becky cover for her while she sneaks out to see a boy she likes. Meanwhile, back at the Tanner household, Stephanie teaches Michelle a lesson about fibbing, and Danny shows off his billiard skills when Jesse gets a pool table.

93
25
"The Graduates"
Joel Zwick
Ellen Guylas
April 26, 1991 (1991-04-26)

Feeling that his youth is fleeting, Danny tries to be young again by "hanging out" with a college student. DJ makes a speech for her junior high graduation, and Jesse helps with Michelle's preschool graduation song. Stephanie feels left out because (in Danny's words) she's "only" going from third to fourth grade, and wishes she could have a cap/gown graduation like DJ and Michelle for going into "upper elementary".

94
26
"Rock the Cradle"
Joel Zwick
Boyd Hale
May 3, 1991 (1991-05-03)

Jesse's band, Jesse and The Rippers, is going on tour, but plans change when Jesse and the family find out that Becky is pregnant.


document_title: Henry Mills (Once Upon a Time)

question_text: who are henry's parents on once upon a time

question_tokens: who are henry 's parents on once upon a time

text: Henry Mills (Once Upon a Time)

text: Character Background[edit]

text: Seasons 1–2[edit]

text: Henry Mills is Emma Swan and Neal Cassidy's son, whom she gave up for adoption after giving birth following her release from a federal correctional facility in Phoenix, Arizona in 2001.[2] He is also Snow White, Prince Charming and Rumplestiltskin's grandson, and the great-grandson of the latter's father's alias Peter Pan and latter's mother's alias the Black Fairy. He is adopted by Regina Mills (the Evil Queen), after Mr. Gold (Rumplestiltskin) procures him, naming him after her late father. At first Regina had a little difficulty raising Henry but grew to love him, thus preventing Henry from being taken by the Darling Brothers, who wanted to take Henry to Neverland on orders from Peter Pan.

text: As Henry gets older, his relationship with Regina became strained, and she sends him to regular therapy sessions. When he is ten, he receives his cherished book of fairy tales from his teacher Mary Margaret Blanchard (Snow White), discovering that the residents of Storybrooke are characters from it after noticing he is the only one in town who ages. Henry finds his biological mother Emma Swan in Boston and brings her to Storybrooke. He eventually convinces her of the truth by consuming a sleeping curse intended for her by Regina,[3] nearly resulting in him dying. However, he is awoken with true love's kiss by Emma, which also breaks the curse. Emma and Mary Margaret are then dragged into a portal, leaving David (Prince Charming) to look after him. Following the death of Regina's mother Cora, and her vowing to avenge Mary Margaret, Henry seeks to remove magic from Storybrooke. When Emma and Regina stop the trigger enacted by Greg Mendell and Tamara from destroying the town, he is kidnapped by the pair and taken to Neverland, where it is revealed that Peter Pan (Henry's great-grandfather) wants possession of him as he owns "the heart of the truest believer".[4][5]

text: Seasons 3–4[edit]

text: Pan eventually persuades Henry to give him his heart, telling him it will save magic. Regina reclaims the heart and resurrects Henry. However, Pan inhabits Henry's body in Storybrooke, enacting Regina's original curse once more. Mr. Gold returns Henry to his body, and Emma and Henry escape to New York City whilst the remaining residents return to the Enchanted Forest. A year later, Hook restores Emma's memories, leading her to return to Storybrooke with Henry to save their family from another curse. Henry is confused about Emma's decision to relocate, until his past memories are restored with his book. Once his memories are restored, Regina gives him true love's kiss breaking the curse. Henry then moves back to Storybrooke where he splits his time living with Regina and the Charmings. Henry later helps Regina to search for his storybook's author, Isaac. Upon discovering the writer's manipulative actions, Henry being the only one born in the Land Without Magic is left behind in Storybrooke and goes to find Isaac and enters his new storybook "Heroes and Viilains" to fix reality and after saving Emma who remembers everything they both try to help Regina get her happy ending to fix reality but fail. Then Henry takes the pen and becomes the next author and using Regina's blood to write a new ending to fix reality. With Henry being the new author and he breaks the pen deeming it too powerful for anyone to use. Henry then watches Emma sacrificing herself to save Regina and Storybrooke by becoming the new Dark One.

text: Season 5[edit]

text: With his family and a few of the other residents, Henry transports to the Enchanted Forest to find Emma and to take her to Camelot in order to find Merlin and remove her darkness. However, six weeks later, they return to Storybrooke with missing memories as to how they all failed to get the darkness out of Emma except Henry. Revealed in a flashback, Henry has fallen in love with a girl named Violet; due to needing a tear from the pain of losing a first love to help free Merlin, Emma tearfully manipulates Violet into breaking Henry's heart. Due to Emma's curse, Henry gets another chance with Violet, as neither remembered each other from before.

text: After Emma restored his memory, Henry helps Emma rescue Hook after he is sent to the Underworld for sacrificing himself to save everyone. When he arrived with his family, he comes up with a new plan called "Operation Firebird," this after learning that they have a chance to save the souls and help them move forward. However, when he comes across Cruella De Vil, he is offered a chance to help her return to the living as he is the Author, this after telling him that despite having broken the quill in two he still has the ability to use the quill and magically write her a new life while he was in the underworld and at the same time restore Emma's soul as forgiveness, but this would put Henry in a situation that would force him to break his vow not to tamper with his family history. He then learns that he has the ability to bring others back from the dead when he came across the Apprentice, whose soul can't move on until Henry makes the right choice, which is to record the events in the book. Henry plans to re-write Hades' story that was missing in the Underworld version of the "Once Upon a Time" book. He also starts experiencing visions that allows him to illustrate stories but can not explain why they're coming to him. Before he returned to Storybrooke, he finished the unfinished businesses in the book, only to have Cruella hide it in Hades' lair.

text: Upon returning to Storybrooke, Henry began to experience a roguish streak as he believed magic is destroying his family in the wake of Robin Hood's death. This prompts him and Violet to obtain the Olympian Crystal and flee to New York City, where magic can be destroyed. However, his actions also resulted in leaving Snow, David, Zelena, and Hook in the Land of Untold Stories when he used a holy grail to destroy it. Having regret what he did, Henry turned to a fountain and made a wish that he would reunite his family, and with the help of Emma, Regina, Violet, and Gold, along the New Yorkers who see him make this plea, the fountain succeeds in bringing Snow, David, Zelena, and Hook to New York and with that restored magic. Upon returning to Storybrooke, Henry learned that Violet, although born in Camelot, was actually from Connecticut, due to her father having slipped into an unknown portal. They then shared a kiss, implying that they are now a couple, as he has found his happy ending.

text: Season 6[edit]

text: After Henry and Regina meet with Mr. Hyde who has arrived in Storybrooke with his friends from the Land of Untold Stories, he and his family devised a plan to imprison Hyde which succeeds and later welcomes the new residents with food and shelter at Granny's. The next day Henry and Regina arrive at Granny's with a new plan called "Operation Cobra Part 2", and as Henry begins to write the names of the people of the Land of Untold Stories, a mysterious man leaves a note beside him for Snow and David revealing his name as Edmond Dantès also known as the  "Count of Monte Cristo". Regina then reveals she hired him to kill them back in the Enchanted Forest and after he refuses to back down from trying to kill them Regina and Henry discover a girl named Charlotte who was Snow and David's handmaiden and who also resembled Edmond's dead fiancé. The Evil Queen then reveals herself to both Henry and Regina and reveals that she has been controlling Edmond the whole time. As soon as he is about to kill Snow and David, Regina steps in to save them and after Henry's phone is frozen with magic Regina is forced to kill Edmond. Henry then realizes that this new operation will be harder as Part 1 was about giving people back their happy endings and now in Part 2 these people ran away from their stories,

text: Afterwards, Henry has written down all the names of the new residents and he, Emma, and Hook find out Ashley's (Cinderella) step-sister Clorinda is now in town and they believe she wants to hurt but really wants to help her. After Emma's magic fails because of her hand trembling, the Evil Queen shows up and after Henry tells her to leave his mom alone she points out that she is his mother too and poofs the three of them onto a road somewhere in town to stop them from helping Ashley but they save her and her step-sister as well. After Henry and Violet start school together with Snow returning as a teacher.

text: When Henry and his family learn about Emma's secret they are shocked and hurt by it and for Emma not telling them and Henry then starts to blame himself for bringing her to Storybrooke for her to become the savior but she tells him that what he did gave her a better life despite that she might die. After they find Aladdin who reveals he use the "Shears of Destiny" to cut off his destiny as a savior, Emma wants to throw them away because she being the savior is what makes her special and she will not use them but Hook secretly keeps them and this causes the Evil Queen to try and cause a shift between Hook's and Henry's relationship but it fails when they both agree all they wanted to do is to protect and save Emma.

text: When the Evil Queen teams up with Mr. Gold and threatens the town with water from the River of Lost Souls, Henry along with everyone is forced to watch the Queen rip out Snow White and David's shared heart and put a twisted sleeping curse on it. After revealing that when one of them is awake and the other will be asleep, Henry agrees to lure the Evil Queen out for Emma and Regina to try to trap her and as a distraction from being nervous about taking Violet to the school dance believing she doesn't like him anymore but really is having a hard time adjusting to school and after the Evil Queen fails to darken Henry's heart by smashing the mirror instead of the Dragon's heart to save Emma and Regina.

text: Following his mother's engagement to Killian Jones, he comes to accept the pirate as his stepfather, witnessing their marriage before the Black Fairy's new dark curse consumes the town. This curse places him in the care of the Black Fairy, who in this reality is his adoptive mother. He visits Emma in a sanitarium, as the apple turnover from season 1 did not trigger Emma's belief, and has been there for two years. He works to break this new curse, and once it does, the Final Battle results in him resuscitating Emma with True Love's Kiss. With the story done, Henry resumes his education.

text: Season 7[edit]

text: Season 7 begins with Henry as an adult living in Seattle, Washington. He is approached by a girl named Lucy who claims to be his daughter. Before the curse, Henry lived with Cinderella and his daughter Lucy, but he was kidnapped and poisoned by the witches, but when Regina created the new curse he survived and lived a fake life until Lucy found him and introduced him to Cinderella who also lived a fake life. Later, it turns out that if Henry and Jacinda share true love's kiss, And break the curse, Henry will die. After wishing for her parents to be reunited for so long, only to find out the truth, Lucy tries to keep them apart, so that her father Henry will not die. Henry meets his mother Regina, who later wakes up from the curse and discovers that her son will die if the curse is removed. He falls in love with Jacinda and almost kisses her but he stops when Lucy runs into the room. Henry later regains his memories after he made a phone call that was answered by his younger self, as it turned out that the curse sent his squad back in time to before his high school graduation. He also broke the curse that restored the Hyperion Heights residents back to normal and prevented Gothel from destroying humanity.

text: Alternate form[edit]

text:
Sir HenryWish Realm characterPortrayed by
Jared S. GilmoreDuration
2017-18First appearance
"Wish You Were Here"Last appearance
“Leaving Storybrooke”Created by
Adam HorowitzEddy KitsisProfileOccupation
SheriffKingKnightPrince (formerly)
showFamilyParents
Baelfire (deceased)Princess Emma (disappeared)Grandparents
King David (deceased)Queen Snow White (deceased)

text: Sir Henry[edit]

text: In season 6 episode "Wish You Were Here", the Evil Queen used one of her genie wishes to wish that Emma Swan had never even needed to become the savior. The wish created a whole new duplicate realm, known as the Wish Realm, which consists of alternate versions of the Enchanted Forest characters that come with different backstories for the 28 years after the point in which Regina never got to cast her curse. This includes an alternate version of Henry, son of Princess Emma and the late Baelfire. He is known as Sir Henry after becoming knighted by his grandparents.

text: Season 6[edit]

text: With a completely different backstory than his original counterpart, Henry has grown up as a member of the royal family of the Enchanted Forest, alongside his mother Princess Emma and grandparents King David and Queen Snow. When the original Emma assumes the place of her Wish Realm counterpart due to the Evil Queen's genie wish, it is the day of her birthday and when she comes across the sword destined to kill her in her visions, Henry takes it for himself, as he is preparing to be knighted. A short while later on the day of Henry's knighting ceremony, the original Regina storms the hall and kidnaps his grandparents. Regina then crushes their hearts in front of Emma to try and wake her up from her spell. Believing that Regina is actually his version of the Evil Queen who has escaped, Henry then shows up to the Evil Queen's castle and throws his sword at Regina to protect his mother, who wakes up just in time to save Regina and prevent Henry from having to commit murder.but he still did.

text: Emma and Regina then leave him as they prepare to return to the Land Without Magic but their plans are derailed when Regina gets distracted by the Wish Realm's version of Robin and their portal home closes. Regina has to continue to avoid Sir Henry during her time in the realm, but she, Emma, and the wish Robin later manage to return home through the magical wardrobe, leaving Sir Henry behind without his grandparents or a mother. Sometime later, the wish Robin and the Evil Queen return to the Wish Realm where Sir Henry believes she’s the Evil Queen who killed his grandparents and tries to kill her but she and wish Robin managed to escape back to the real Enchanted Forest.

text: Season 7[edit]

text: Some time later, Sir Henry has ventured outside of the Wish Realm and is about to rescue a sleeping princess from a dragon, until another guy shows up and gets to deliver True Love's Kiss to her instead. As he exits the cave, he comes across Wish Rumple, who has followed him to this new realm and wants to strike a deal. He offers to help Sir Henry get his happy ending in return for the boy's help. Knowing the man's reputation, Sir Henry turns down the deal, but Rumple tells him that the offer remains standing, shall he ever change his mind.

text: When Rumple has managed to lure the original Henry and his family over to the Wish Realm, it is revealed that Sir Henry did eventually take his deal and is willing to help him use the author's pen to write new stories that spell out doom for the original characters. The first thing he writes is to void the Guardian's powers and in exchange, Rumple leaves Regina behind after sending the others into a snowglobe so that Sir Henry can enact revenge for the death of his grandparents.

text: Unfortunately, the deal Sir Henry made Wish Realm Rumpelstiltskin was also part of the latter’s plan to destroy all the realms by sending everyone to their eternal prison by allowing Sir Henry to use his emotions to create a portal that will send them to a variation of the “Once Upon a Time” books as their endless torture. Regina finally convinced Sir Henry that seeking vengeance and destroying everything he sees as a reason to ending everyone’s happiness is not worth giving in to evil, which leads to Sir Henry letting his emotions go and finally comes to his senses, effectively saving the realms and destroying the Wish Realm Rumpelstiltskin’s plans. Sir Henry and Regina bond as equals and became friends with his adult counterpart in helping Regina become the Queen of the United Realms.

text: Background[edit]

text: Gilmore, who had previously starred in Mad Men as the third Bobby Draper from 2009 to 2011,[6][7] was cast in Once Upon a Time as Henry Mills, the "biological son of Emma Swan (Jennifer Morrison's character) and Neal/Baelfire. He is the only resident of Storybrooke who is not under the spell of the Evil Queen (Lana Parrilla)."[8] Series creators Adam Horowitz and Eddy Kitsis stated of the role, "One of our emotional centers was an 11-year-old boy who had to be precocious and vulnerable at the same time."[9] Kitsis believed that Gilmore "naturally brought [these characteristics] out... We just knew he had to be our Henry!"[9] Gilmore commented, "I relate to Henry because I'm 11 and also have a very good imagination. I enjoy making up and playing games in worlds with alternate realities myself."[10]


document_title: Nick Robinson (English actor)

question_text: who played william in the film goodnight mr tom

text: Nick Robinson (English actor)

text: This biographical article needs additional citations for verification, as its only attribution is to IMDb. IMDb may not be a reliable source for biographical information. Please help by adding additional, reliable sources for verification. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (March 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Nick Robinson

Born
Peterborough, Cambridgeshire, England

Occupation
Actor, producer

Years active
1993–present

text: Nick Robinson is a British actor who has appeared regularly on British television, most famously as William Beech in Goodnight Mister Tom, starring John Thaw. He also played the lead in the television series Harry and the Wrinklies based upon the book of the same name by Alan Temperley, produced by Scottish Television. He has made a few other television programmes including an episode of Midsomer Murders and he was also in the film version of Tom's Midnight Garden. Other appearances include Ruth Rendell Mysteries, Urban Gothic and Down to Earth.

text: Nick played William Beech in the film 'Goodnight Mister Tom'. He began his career in theatre and, at the age of 7, appeared in the West End transfer of An Inspector Calls, produced by the National Theatre, at the Aldwych Theatre. His next appearance was in Theatre De Complicite's production of The Caucasian Chalk Circle in the Olivier Theatre and on its national tour. He later played the title role in the Royal Shakespeare Company's production of Little Eyolf, directed by Adrian Noble.

text: Nick Robinson was most famous for his role in Goodnight Mister Tom. This won the awards of the Bafta for the Most Popular TV programme in 1998 voted for by readers of the Radio Times, Best Drama performance in 1999 and the Best ITV/Channel 5 Programme of 1998.

text: Robinson also works extensively as a producer; most recently he presented the UK premiere production of Rodgers and Hammerstein's State Fair directed by Thom Southerland, at the Trafalgar Studios in London's West End. Other credits include The Full Monty at the New Players Theatre, Calamity Jane at Upstairs at the Gatehouse, Singin' in the Rain at the Broadway Studio, Call Me Madam at Upstairs at the Gatehouse and The Unsinkable Molly Brown at the Landor Theatre. Later this year[when?], Robinson will be producing the Pulitzer prize-winning play The Diary of Anne Frank.

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Goodnight Mister Tom (TV movie, 1998) as William Beech
Tom's Midnight Garden (1999) as Peter Long
Midsomer Murders (TV series) as Felix Bryce in episode Death's Shadow (1999)
Harry and the Wrinklies (TV series, 1999-2002) as Harry
Vatel (2000) as Colin
Ruth Rendell Mysteries (TV series) as Edward Devenish in episode Harm Done (2000)
Urban Gothic (TV series) as Jake in episode Old Nick (2000)
Ali and Danny (2002) as Danny
Down to Earth (TV series) as Ronan Davies in episode Moving On (2003)


document_title: Sporangium

question_text: where are the sporangia of a fern located

text: Sporangium

text: Fungi[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2016)

text: The structure that contains the spores in fungal species.

text: Land plants[edit]

text: In mosses, liverworts and hornworts, an unbranched sporophyte produces a single sporangium, which may be quite complex morphologically. Most non-vascular plants, as well as many lycophytes and most ferns, are homosporous (only one kind of spore is produced). Some bryophytes, most lycophytes, and some ferns are heterosporous (two kinds of spores are produced). These plants produce microspores and megaspores, which give rise to gametophytes that are functionally male or female, respectively. In some cases, both kinds of spores are produced in the same sporangium, and may even develop together as part of a spore tetrad. However, in most heterosporous plants there are two kinds of sporangia, termed microsporangia and megasporangia. A few ferns (Salviniaceae and Marsileaceae) and some lycophytes (the genera Selaginella and Isoetes and the extinct lepidodendrids) are heterosporous with two kinds of sporangia, as are all the seed plants.

text: Sporangia can be terminal (on the tips) or lateral (placed along the side) of stems or associated with leaves. In ferns, sporangia are typically found on the abaxial surface (underside) of the leaf and are densely aggregated into clusters called sori. Sori may be covered by a structure called an indusium. Some ferns have their sporangia scattered along reduced leaf segments or along (or just in from) the margin of the leaf.

text: Lycophytes, in contrast, bear their sporangia on the adaxial surface (the upper side) of leaves or laterally on stems. Leaves that bear sporangia are called sporophylls. If the plant is heterosporous, the sporangia-bearing leaves are distinguished as either microsporophylls or megasporophylls. In seed plants, sporangia are typically located within strobili or flowers.

text: Cycads form their microsporangia on microsporophylls which are aggregated into strobili. Megasporangia are formed within ovules, which are borne on megasporophylls, which are aggregated into strobili on separate plants (all cycads are dioecious). Conifers typically bear their microsporangia on microsporophylls aggregated into papery pollen strobili, and the ovules, are located on modified stem axes forming compound ovuliferous cone scales. Flowering plants contain microsporangia in the anthers of stamens (typically four microsporangia per anther) and megasporangia inside ovules inside ovaries. In all seed plants, spores are produced by meiosis and develop into gametophytes while still inside the sporangium. The microspores become microgametophytes (pollen). The megaspores become megagametophytes (embryo sacs).

text: Eusporangia and leptosporangia[edit]

text: Categorized based on developmental sequence, eusporangia and leptosporangia are differentiated in the vascular plants.

text:
In a leptosporangium, found only in ferns, development involves a single initial cell that becomes the stalk, wall, and spores within the sporangium. There are around 64 spores in a leptosporangium.
In a eusporangium, characteristic of all other vascular plants and some primitive ferns, the initials are in a layer (i.e., more than one). A eusporangium is larger (hence contain more spores), and its wall is multi-layered. Although the wall may be stretched and damaged, resulting in only one cell-layer remaining.

text: Synangium[edit]

text: A cluster of sporangia that have become fused in development is called a synangium. This structure is most prominent in Psilotum and Marattiaceae such as Christensenia, Danaea and Marattia.

text: Internal structures[edit]

text: A columella (pl. columellae) is a sterile (non-reproductive) structure that extends into and supports the sporangium. In fungi, the columella, which may be branched or unbranched, may be of fungal or host origin. Secotium species have a simple, unbranched columella, while in Gymnoglossum species, the columella is branched. In some Geastrum species, the columella appears as an extension of the stalk into the spore mass (gleba).[3]


document_title: Steel Magnolias

question_text: where does the movie steel magnolias take place

text: Steel Magnolias

text: Plot[edit]

text: Annelle Dupuy (Daryl Hannah), a reserved beauty school graduate, is hired by Truvy Jones (Dolly Parton) to work in her home-based beauty salon in northwestern Louisiana. At the same time, in another part of the neighborhood, M'Lynn Eatenton (Sally Field), and her daughter, Shelby (Julia Roberts), are preparing for Shelby's wedding, which is taking place later that day. They arrive, along with Clairee Belcher (Olympia Dukakis), the cheerful widow of the former mayor, to have their hair done. Suddenly, Shelby, who has type 1 diabetes, falls into a hypoglycemic state, but recovers quickly with the help of her mother's quick thinking. Later that afternoon, short-tempered, grouchy, and sarcastic Louisa "Ouiser" Boudreaux (Shirley MacLaine) arrives in the salon and questions Annelle about where she has moved from, forcing Annelle to reveal that her husband has recently left her while fleeing the police, taking all their money and their car. Moved by Annelle's emotional confession, Shelby invites her to the wedding, where Annelle meets Sammy (Kevin J. O'Connor), who is tending bar.

text: Several months pass and Shelby returns to town to celebrate Christmas. During the festivities, she announces that she and her husband, Jackson Latcherie (Dylan McDermott), are expecting their first child. Shelby's father Drum (Tom Skerritt) is thrilled, but M'Lynn is too worried to share in the joy. Truvy, Annelle, and Clairee had originally thought that Shelby couldn't have children, but on the night of the big announcement, M'Lynn clarifies for them that the doctors said Shelby shouldn't have children because of her health. It becomes clear that Shelby could actually die due to pregnancy complications related to her diabetes. Unable to give her any words of wisdom, Truvy suggests they focus on the joy of the situation: Jackson and Shelby's first child, as well as Drum and M'Lynn's first grandchild, as well as their sons, Jonathan (Jonathan Ward) and Tommy's (Knowl Johnson), first niece or nephew. M'Lynn agrees, saying that nothing pleases Shelby more than proving her wrong.

text: Shelby successfully delivers a baby boy, Jackson Jr., but begins showing signs of kidney failure and starts dialysis around the time Jackson Jr. turns one. M'Lynn successfully donates a kidney and Shelby seemingly resumes a normal life. Clairee and Ouiser offer to make sure that M'Lynn's husband, Drum, Jonathan, and Tommy have enough food to last until M'Lynn returns home after the transplant. Later, on Halloween, Ouiser, Clairee, Truvy, and M'Lynn throw Annelle a surprise wedding shower, as she is now engaged to Sammy. Shelby is unavailable to attend due to a conflicting schedule with her nursing job, and is later found by Jackson unconscious on the porch of her house. Shelby is rushed to the hospital, where it is determined that her body rejected the new kidney, and she is now in a coma. The doctors inform the family that Shelby is likely to remain comatose indefinitely, and they all jointly decide to take her off life support. At the funeral, after the other mourners have left, M'Lynn breaks down in hysterics in front of Ouiser, Clairee, Truvy, and Annelle, but is comforted by them.

text: Later, at the wake, M'Lynn begins to accept her daughter's death and focuses her energy on helping Jackson raise Jackson Jr. Annelle, now married and pregnant, asks M'Lynn if she could name her own baby after Shelby, since Shelby was the reason Annelle and Sammy met. M'Lynn gives her blessings and assures Annelle that Shelby would've loved it. Months later, on Easter morning, Annelle goes into labor during an Easter egg hunt, is rushed to the hospital by Truvy and her husband Spud (Sam Shepard), and another life begins.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Actor
Character
Relationship

Sally Field
Mary Lynn "M'Lynn" Eatenton
Social Worker; Wife to Drum Eatenton; Mother to Shelby, Jonathan and Tommy; Jackson's mother-in-law; Jack Jr.'s maternal grandmother

Dolly Parton
Truvy Jones
Beautician; Wife to Spud Jones; Mother to Louie; town gossip

Shirley MacLaine
Louisa "Ouiser" Boudreaux
Clairee Belcher's best friend and confidant; Eatenton Family's next-door neighbor; town curmudgeon, and Drum Eatenton's nemesis

Daryl Hannah
Annelle Dupuy Desoto
Newcomer to town; Apprentice Beautician hired by Truvy Jones; first married to Bunkie Dupuy; later marries Sammy Desoto

Olympia Dukakis
Clairee Belcher
Former town first lady; sister to Drew Marmillion, sister-in-law to Belle Marmillion; aunt to Marshall and Nancy Beth Marmillion; best friend and confidant of Ouiser Boudreaux; friend of the Eatentons and Joneses

Julia Roberts
Shelby Eatenton Latcherie
Eldest child and only daughter of Drum and M'Lynn Eatenton; sister to Jonathan and Tommy; marries Jackson Latcherie and gives birth to Jackson "Jack" Latcherie, Jr.; suffers from type one diabetes

Tom Skerritt
Thomas Drummond "Drum" Eatenton
Husband of M'Lynn Eatenton, Father to Shelby, Jonathan and Tommy; Jackson Latcherie's father-in-law; Jack Jr.'s maternal grandfather

Sam Shepard
Spud Jones
Sporadically employed laborer; Truvy Jones's husband and Louie's father

Dylan McDermott
Jackson Latcherie
Lawyer; Shelby Eatenton's husband; Jack Jr.'s father; Drum and M'Lynn's son-in-law and Jonathan and Tommy's brother-in-law

Kevin J. O'Connor
Sammy Desoto
Annelle Dupuy's eventual husband, who met her at Shelby and Jackson's wedding reception

Bill McCutcheon
Owen Jenkins
Ouiser Boudreaux's former boyfriend who has returned to town

Ann Wedgeworth
Aunt Fern Thornton
Jackson Latcherie's aunt; notorious for baking animal-shaped cakes

Knowl Johnson
Tommy Eatenton
Drum and M'Lynn Eatenton's first-born son and middle child; Shelby and Jonathan's brother; Jackson's brother-in-law; Jack Jr.'s maternal uncle

Jonathan Ward
Jonathan Eatenton
Drum and M'Lynn Eatenton's second-born son and youngest child; Shelby and Tommy's brother; Jackson's brother-in-law; Jack Jr.'s maternal uncle

Ronald Young
Drew Marmillion
Clairee Belcher's brother; Husband to Belle Marmillion; Father to Marshall and Nancy Beth

Bibi Besch
Belle Marmillion
Drew Marmillion's wife; Mother to Marshall and Nancy Beth; Clairee Belcher's sister-in-law

Janine Turner
Nancy-Beth Marmillion
Drew and Belle Marmillion's daughter; Marshall's sister; Clairee Belcher's niece; town's dethroned "Miss Merry Christmas"

James Wlcek
Marshall Marmillion
Drew and Belle Marmillion's son; Nancy Beth's brother; Clairee Belcher's nephew; announces to his parents he is gay

Tom Hodges
Louie Jones
Truvy and Spud Jones's rebellious son

C. Houser
Jackson Latcherie, Jr. (1 year old)
Jackson and Shelby Latcherie's son; Drum and M'Lynn Eatenton's maternal grandson; Jonathan and Tommy Eatenton's maternal nephew

Daniel Camp
Jackson Latcherie, Jr. (3 years old)
Jackson and Shelby Latcherie's son; Drum and M'Lynn Eatenton's maternal grandson; Jonathan and Tommy Eatenton's maternal nephew

text: Background[edit]

text: The original play described the experience of the family and friends of the play's author Harling following the 1985 death of his sister from diabetic complications after the birth of his namesake nephew and failure of a family member's donated kidney. A writer friend continuously encouraged him to write it down in order to come to terms with the experience. He did but originally as a short story for his nephew then later to get an understanding of the deceased mother. It evolved in ten days into the play.[4][5]

text: Production[edit]

text: Released by TriStar Pictures in the United States on November 15, 1989 and grossed more than $83.7 million at the box office. Harling's first produced screenplay, he adapted the original film script which was then heavily rewritten beyond the on-stage one-set scenario (which had taken place entirely in Truvy's beauty salon) of the stage production: the scenes increased and the sequence was more tightly linked with major holidays than the play; the increased characters beyond the original, all-female play cast caused dialogue changes between on-screen characters (among them, Harling playing the preacher and Truvy has one son instead of two). Natchitoches, Louisiana served as both the 1989 film location and scenario location[6] with historian Robert DeBlieux, a former Natchitoches mayor, as the local advisor.[7]

text: Reception[edit]

text: It received generally positive reviews from critics and has a score of 69% on Rotten Tomatoes.[8] An example of a less enthusiastic critic was Hal Hinson of The Washington Post, who said that it felt "more Hollywood than the South."[9] An example of a more enthusiastic critic was Roger Ebert, who said that the film was "willing to sacrifice its over-all impact for individual moments of humor, and while that leaves us without much to take home, you've got to hand it to them: The moments work."[10][11]

text: The movie received a limited release on November 15, 1989: entered the U.S. box office at No. 4 with an opening weekend gross of $5,425,440; by the time of wider release two days later it grossed $15,643,935; stayed in the top 10 for 16 weeks, gross $83,759,091 domestically with a further $12,145,000 with foreign markets giving a worldwide gross of $95,904,091.[12]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on VHS on June 19, 1990 and on DVD July 25, 2000, allowing the film to gross a further $40 million.[13][14] The movie's overall gross was $135,904,091. The film was released on Blu-ray through the boutique label Twilight Time, on September 11, 2012–it has since gone out of print.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Association
Category
Nominated work
Result

1990
Academy Awards
Best Supporting Actress
Julia Roberts
Nominated

1990
American Comedy Awards
Funniest Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture
Olympia Dukakis
Nominated

1990
American Comedy Awards
Funniest Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture
Shirley MacLaine
Nominated

1990
Chicago Film Critics Association Awards
Best Supporting Actress
Shirley MacLaine
Nominated

1990
Golden Globe Awards
Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama
Sally Field
Nominated

1990
Golden Globe Awards
Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture
Julia Roberts
Won

1990
People's Choice Awards
Favorite Dramatic Motion Picture
Steel Magnolias
Won

1991
BAFTA Awards
Best Actress in a Supporting Role
Shirley MacLaine
Nominated

text: Failed TV sequel pilot[edit]

text: CBS broadcast on August 17, 1990, a half-hour television pilot sitcom sans Shelby's character as the story line was post death. The cast included Cindy Williams as M'Lynn, Sally Kirkland as Truvy, Elaine Stritch as Ouiser, Polly Bergen as Clairee and Sheila McCarthy as Annelle.

text: Remake[edit]

text: Lifetime Television Network announced (October 10, 2011) a planned remake under the direction of Kenny Leon, director of the ABC movie A Raisin in the Sun (2008), set in Louisiana[15] featuring lead role black actors: Queen Latifah (M'Lynn), Jill Scott (Truvy), Alfre Woodard (Ouiser), Phylicia Rashād (Clairee), Adepero Oduye (Annelle) and Condola Rashād (Shelby).[16][17] The New York Times had mixed reactions: applauded it on some points and on others as either schmaltz or less attentive than the 1989 film.[18]


document_title: Where Is Everybody?

question_text: who starred in the first episode of the twilight zone

text: Where Is Everybody?

text: Original pilot narration[edit]

text:
“
There is a sixth dimension beyond that which is known to man. It is a dimension as vast as space, and as timeless as infinity. It is the middle ground between light and shadow, and it lies between the pit of man's fears, and the sunlight of his knowledge. This is the dimension of imagination. It is an area that might be called, The Twilight Zone.
”

text: (Note: In following first-season episodes, "sixth dimension" in the above narration was changed to "fifth dimension", "sunlight" was changed to "summit" and 'It is an area that might be called' changed to 'An area in which we call'.)

text: Opening narration[edit]

text:
“
The place is here. The time is now, and the journey into the shadows that we are about to watch, could be our journey.
”

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: A man finds himself alone on a dirt road, walking towards a diner. Inside he finds a jukebox playing loudly, and a pot of hot coffee on the stove, but there are no other people. He inquires for some breakfast, but no chef or waitress is to be found. He is dressed in an Air Force flight suit, but he does not remember who he is or how he got there.

text: After leaving the diner, he walks to a nearby town called Oakwood. The town seems deserted, but everywhere the man goes, he seems to find proof that someone had been there recently: food is cooking on a stove, water dripping in a sink, and a cigar is burning in an ashtray. He grows more and more unsettled as he wanders through the empty town, looking for someone—anyone—to talk to, all the while having the strange feeling that he is being watched. He even mistakes a mannequin sitting in the cab of a delivery truck for a live person.

text: In a soda shop after talking to himself he idly spins racks filled with paperback books until he comes to an already spinning rack filled from top to bottom with the same book: "The Last Man on Earth, Feb. 1959", upon noticing it he is upset and leaves.

text: Day turns to night and the man is still alone in the town. Street lights turn on all around him. The marquee of the movie theater is illuminated. As he goes into the theater, he sees a poster advertising the film playing Battle Hymn, which causes him to remember that he is in the US Air Force. Finding no one in the audience, he begins to wonder if he is the last survivor of a nuclear war, until the film begins onscreen. He runs to the projection booth, again finding it empty. He desperately runs through the theater until he crashes into a mirror.

text: In a panic, the man runs through the streets, even more paranoid that he is being watched, until he finally collapses next to a street crossing and presses a button labeled WALK. As he screams for someone to help him, it is revealed that the walk button is actually a panic button. The man is not alone in a deserted town, but is instead in an isolation booth being observed by a group of uniformed servicemen. Along with the panic button, the isolation booth shows a clock with its glass shattered from the man pounding on it.

text: His name is Mike Ferris, an astronaut in training who has been confined to an isolation room located within an aircraft hangar for 484 hours and 36 minutes, with all of his vitals being monitored and recorded. He has been undergoing tests to determine his fitness for spaceflight and whether he can handle the psychological stress of a prolonged trip to the Moon alone, without any contact with others. The town was a complete hallucination, an escape valve for his sensory-deprived mind. One of the officers explains that while all of his physical needs such as nutrition, water, and oxygen, along with rudimentary entertainment, can be provided, there is one thing that can't be supplied: companionship.

text: As Ferris is carried out of the hangar on a stretcher, he sees the Moon above him, and says wistfully, "Hey! Don't go away up there! Next time it won't be a dream or a nightmare. Next time it'll be for real. So don't go away. We'll be up there in a little while."

text: Closing narration[edit]

text:
“
The barrier of loneliness: The palpable, desperate need of the human animal to be with his fellow man. Up there, up there in the vastness of space, in the void that is sky, up there is an enemy known as isolation. It sits there in the stars waiting, waiting with the patience of eons, forever waiting ... in The Twilight Zone.
”

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Earl Holliman as Mike Ferris
James Gregory as General
Garry Walberg as Colonel

text: Original transition after the story[edit]

text: Announcer: (as the title appears) "Rod Serling, the creator of Twilight Zone, will tell you about next week's story—after this word from our alternate sponsor."

text: Production information[edit]

text: Prior to this episode, Rod Serling had written an episode called "The Happy Place" as the pilot for his new series. It was rejected, because the story—centered on a society where people were executed when they turned 60 due to their inability to contribute to society—was considered too depressing by network executives. William Self is the network executive who rejected "The Happy Place". At first, Serling tried to get him fired, but the next day realized that William Self was right, and came in with "Where Is Everybody?". From that point on, Rod Serling and William Self became fast friends.

text: This idea was presented in Anthony Trollope's 1882 novel The Fixed Period, which envisaged a College where men retired at 67 and after a contemplative period of a year were 'peacefully extinguished' by chloroform. It was also endorsed in a 1905 speech by the famous physician William Osler. It was then used, slightly modified, in Isaac Asimov's novel "Pebble in the Sky", in the 1967 novel Logan's Run and adaptations of the novel as well as a 1991 episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation, "Half a Life".

text: The episode, as debuted to potential advertisers, originally featured narration by announcer Westbrook Van Voorhis. As Voorhis was unavailable for subsequent episodes, however, narration for both the episode and the introduction was re-recorded for consistency by Serling himself; his presence later became a hallmark of the series. The "Twilight Zone" was the sixth dimension in the original narration but was changed to the fifth dimension in the re-recording. Together with the re-recording the series logo was also changed to the familiar typeface.

text: Several years later, Serling adapted this and other episodes into short stories for a book, Stories From the Twilight Zone. Reportedly[where?] dissatisfied with the lack of science fiction content, he added an additional twist to the end by having Mike Ferris discover a movie ticket in his pocket after being carried away on the stretcher.[citation needed] A variation on this twist was later used in "King Nine Will Not Return".

text: The haunting score composed by Bernard Herrmann for this episode would be reused for several episodes of the series, most notably "The After Hours" and "The Last Flight".[citation needed] Several record albums of original soundtrack music from the series were released, some having alternate theme music for the series that was never used. One of the alternate themes is a cue from the episode.[citation needed]

text: This was the only Twilight Zone episode filmed at Universal Studios; the rest of the entire series was filmed at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The centerpiece of the episode is the Courthouse Square set, most well known for being used as the town square of "Hill Valley" in the Back to the Future series of films over 25 years later.[citation needed]

text: This episode was the lead-in to another CBS original, Hotel de Paree, which coincidentally premiered on the same day as this episode and starred Earl Holliman.

text: Themes[edit]

text: The main theme in this episode, as the title suggests, is isolation and loneliness and their effects on humans. The commanding officer in the final scene sums this up, observing, "The barrier of loneliness—that's the one thing we haven't licked yet." Serling would return to this theme in several other episodes, most prominently "The Mind and the Matter", in which a man finds he can eliminate outside influences and uses the power to rid himself of all humanity, only to realize the extreme loneliness that comes with deprivation of human interaction.

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The pilot episode began a trend for The Twilight Zone of critical success accompanied by adequate, if not phenomenal, ratings. A New York Times review of the episode on October 3, 1959 stated:

text: Mr. Serling conceived his playlet in imaginative terms and underscored his point that science cannot foretell what may be the effect of total isolation on a human being. Indeed, the play's situation was almost bound to be better than its resolution, which by comparison seemed trite and anticlimactic. In the desultory field of filmed half-hour drama, however, Mr. Serling should not have much trouble in making his mark. At least his series promises to be different.[1]

text: Later that year, in the December issue of The Magazine of Fantasy and Science-Fiction, Charles Beaumont wrote:

text: ... I read Serling's first script. It was, or seemed to be, an end-of-the-world story. Resisting the impulse to throw the wretched thing across the room, I read on. A man is alone in a town which shows every sign of having been recently occupied. He finds cigarettes burning in ash trays. Stoves are still warm. Chimneys are smoking. But no one is there, only this one frightened man who can't even remember his name ... Old stuff? Of course. I thought so at the time, and I think so now. But there was one element in the story which kept me from my customary bitterness. The element was quality. Quality shone on every page. It shone in the dialogue and in the scene set-ups. And because of this, the story seemed fresh and new and powerful. There was one compromise, but it was made for the purpose of selling the series.[1]

text: Footnotes[edit]

text: ^ Jump up to: a b Zicree, Marc Scott: The Twilight Zone Companion. Sillman-James Press, 1982 (second edition)

tag: ol

text: Further reading[edit]

text:
DeVoe, Bill. (2008). Trivia from The Twilight Zone. Albany, GA: Bear Manor Media. ISBN 978-1-59393-136-0
Grams, Martin. (2008). The Twilight Zone: Unlocking the Door to a Television Classic. Churchville, MD: OTR Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9703310-9-0