document_title: Tesco

question_text: where is the biggest tesco store in europe

question_tokens: where is the biggest tesco store in europe

text: Tesco

text: History

text: Origins

text: Jack Cohen, the son of Jewish migrants from Poland, founded Tesco in 1919 when he began to sell war-surplus groceries from a stall at Well Street Market, Hackney, in the East End of London.[10] The Tesco brand first appeared in 1924. The name came about after Jack Cohen bought a shipment of tea from Thomas Edward Stockwell. He made new labels using the initials of the supplier's name (TES), and the first two letters of his surname (CO), forming the word TESCO.[10] After experimenting with his first permanent indoor market stall at Tooting in November 1930, Jack Cohen opened the first Tesco shop in September 1931 at 54 Watling Street, Burnt Oak, Edgware, Middlesex.[11][12][13] Tesco was floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1947 as Tesco Stores (Holdings) Limited.[10] The first self-service shop opened in St Albans in 1956 (which remained operational until 2010 before relocating to larger premises on the same street, with a period as a Tesco Metro),[17] and the first supermarket in Maldon in 1956.[10]  In 1961 Tesco Leicester made an appearance in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest shop in Europe.[9]

text: Expansion

text: During the 1950s and the 1960s, Tesco grew organically, and also through acquisitions, until it owned more than 800 shops. The company purchased 70 Williamson's shops (1957), 200 Harrow Stores outlets (1959), 212 Irwins shops (1960, beating Express Dairies' Premier Supermarkets to the deal), 97 Charles Phillips shops (1964) and the Victor Value chain (1968) (sold to Bejam in 1986).[18]

text: Jack Cohen's business motto was "pile it high and sell it cheap",[19] to which he added an internal motto of "YCDBSOYA" (You Can't Do Business Sitting On Your Arse) which he used to motivate his sales force.[19]

text: In May 1987, Tesco completed its hostile takeover of the Hillards chain of 40 supermarkets in the North of England for £220 million.[20]

text: In 1994, the company took over the supermarket chain William Low after fighting off Sainsbury's for control of the Dundee-based firm, which operated 57 shops. This paved the way for Tesco to expand its presence in Scotland, in which its presence was weaker than in England.[21]

text: Tesco introduced a loyalty card, branded 'Clubcard' in 1995, and later an Internet shopping service. In 1996 the typeface of the logo was changed to the current version with stripe reflections underneath, whilst the corporate font used for shop signage was changed from the familiar "typewriter" font that had been used since the 1970s.  Overseas operations were introduced the same year.[9] Terry Leahy assumed the role of Chief Executive on 21 February 1997, the appointment having been announced on 21 November 1995.[22][23]

text: On 21 March 1997, Tesco announced the purchase of the retail arm of Associated British Foods, which consisted of the Quinnsworth, Stewarts and Crazy Prices chains in the Ireland and Northern Ireland, and associated businesses, for £640 million.[24] The deal was approved by the European Commission on 6 May 1997.[25]

text: The company was the subject of a letter bomb campaign lasting five months from August 2000 to February 2001 as a bomber calling himself "Sally" sent letter bombs to Tesco customers and demanded Clubcards modified to withdraw money from cash machines.[26]

text: Diversification

text: In July 2001, Tesco became involved in internet groceries retailing in the USA when it obtained a 35% stake in GroceryWorks.[27] In 2002, Tesco purchased 13 HIT hypermarkets in Poland. It also made a major move into the UK's convenience shop market with its purchase of T & S Stores, owner of 870 convenience shops in the One Stop, Dillons and Day & Nite chains in the UK.[28]

text: In June 2003, Tesco purchased the C Two-Network in Japan.[29] It also acquired a majority stake in Turkish supermarket chain Kipa.[30] In January 2004, Tesco acquired Adminstore, owner of 45 Cullens, Europa, and Harts convenience shops, in and around London.[31]

text: In Thailand, Tesco Lotus was a joint venture of the Charoen Pokphand Group and Tesco, but facing criticism over the growth of hypermarkets CP Group sold its Tesco Lotus shares in 2003. In late 2005 Tesco acquired the 21 remaining Safeway/BP shops after Morrisons dissolved the Safeway/BP partnership.[32] In mid-2006 Tesco purchased an 80% stake in Casino's Leader Price supermarkets in Poland, which were then rebranded as small Tesco shops.[33]

text: On 9 February 2006, Tesco announced plans to move into the United States by opening a chain of small format groceries in the Western states (Arizona, California and Nevada) in 2007 named Fresh & Easy.[34]

text: In 2010, Tesco started funding a small film studio intended to produce Tesco exclusive direct-to-DVD films. The first film was released on 6 September called Paris Connections, based on a popular novel by Jackie Collins.[35][36]

text: The lost years

text: Tesco confirmed in April 2013 that it was pulling out of the US market (Fresh & Easy Stores), at a reported cost of £1.2 billion.[37] In September 2013, Tesco announced they would sell the business to Ronald Burkle's Yucaipa Companies for an undisclosed amount.[38]

text: In September 2013, Tesco launched its first tablet computer, a seven-inch model called Hudl.[39]

text: Tesco purchased the restaurant and cafe chain Giraffe in 2013 for £48.6 million.[40] In 2014, it began to open restaurants within some of its shops. The company set up Tesco Family Dining Ltd in 2014 as part of a new department called 'new food experience', including Core Cafes, Giraffe, Decks and Euphorium bakeries. That year, Tesco reached an agreement to take the in-shop cafes run by Compass Group and Elior back under its own control, so as to improve its dining offering.[41]

text: On 1 September 2014, Dave Lewis (previously of Unilever) took over as CEO.[42] In January 2015, Lewis announced plans to close the company's head office in Cheshunt and 43 loss-making shops in the near future, and the cancellation of 49 new large supermarket developments.[43] The shop closures were expected to mean 2,000 staff are made redundant while a further £250 million of cost-cutting measures are planned.[44]

text: Tesco also confirmed the sale of its Blinkbox on-demand video service and its fixed-line and broadband business to TalkTalk.[45] Tesco sold the Blinkbox Music streaming service to Guvera on 26 January 2015,[46] and confirmed it would close its Blinkbox Books service by the end of February 2015.[47]

text: In April 2016, Tesco confirmed the sale of 8.6% of its holding in Lazada Group, leaving it with an 8.3% stake. It was also reported to be seeking to sell Dobbies Garden Centres, Giraffe Restaurants and Harris + Hoole to concentrate on its main supermarket business.[48]

text: On 27 January 2017, it was announced that Tesco had reached an agreement to merge with Britain's biggest wholesaler Booker Group to create the UK's largest food group, there are however concerns over market dominance with Tesco being Britain's largest food retailer and Booker being the UK's largest wholesaler.[49]

text: It was announced in March 2017 that Trevor Masters, International Chief Executive, would be leaving in May after 38 years of service. Starting 1 April, Tony Hoggett will become Tesco's CEO for Asia and Matt Simister will become CEO for Central Europe.[50]

text: In April 2017, the company confirmed it would sell its in-shop opticians business to Vision Express.[51]

text: In June 2017, Tesco announced a major cost-cutting initiative that would reduce the company's workforce by over 1200 workers. Key reductions include over a quarter of its employees in Welwyn Garden City and Hatfield, as well as closing the call centre in Cardiff.  The company is hoping to reduce costs by £1.5 billion.[52]

text: UK operations

text: As of 2017, Tesco's UK shop portfolio was as follows:[1]

text:
Format

Number

Totalarea (m²)

Totalarea (sq ft)

Meanarea (m²)

Meanarea (sq ft)

Percentageof space

+/- Shops2016

Tesco Extra

252

1,648,842

17,748,000

6,543

70,429

44.53%

Tesco Superstore

479

1,307,610

14,075,000

2,730

29,384

35.32%

 1

Tesco Express

1,740

376,629

4,054,000

216

2,330

10.17%

 8

Tesco Metro

176

185,156

1,993,000

1,052

11,324

5.00%

 1

One Stop

780

117,894

1,269,000

151

1,627

3.18%

 1

Tesco Dotcom only

6

66,519

716,000

11,086

119,333

1.80%

Dobbies

0

0

0

0

0

0.00%

 36

Total

3,433

3,702,649

39,855,000

1,079

11,609

100.00%

 27

text: Tesco Extra

text: Tesco Extra shops are larger, mainly out-of-town hypermarkets that stock nearly all of Tesco's product ranges, although some are in the heart of town centres and inner-city locations. The largest shop in England by floor space is Tesco Extra in Walkden, with 17,230 square metres (185,500 sq ft) of floorspace.[53]

text: In common with other towns, such as Warrington,[54] the St Helens shop, which at 13,000 m2 (140,000 sq ft) is one of the biggest in England, was developed on the same site as the town's new rugby league stadium.[55]

text: Tesco Superstores

text: Tesco superstores are standard large supermarkets, stocking groceries and a much smaller range of non-food goods than Extra hypermarkets. The shops have always been branded as 'Tesco', but a new shop in Liverpool was the first to use the format brand 'Tesco Superstore' above the door.[56]

text: Tesco operates a number of in-shop cafes, but also began to introduce new restaurants in its shops from 2013 under the "Decks Carvery" brand.[57]

text: Tesco Express

text: Tesco Express shops are neighbourhood convenience shops averaging 200 square metres (2,200 sq ft), stocking mainly food with an emphasis on higher-margin products such as sweets, crisps, chocolate, biscuits, fizzy drinks and processed food (due to small shop size, and the necessity to maximize revenue per square foot) alongside everyday essentials. They are found in busy city centre districts, small shopping precincts in residential areas, small towns and villages and on Esso petrol station forecourts. In 2010, it emerged that Tesco was operating Express pricing; i.e., charging more in their Express branches than in their regular branches. A spokesperson said that this was "because of the difference in costs of running the smaller shops".[58]

text: Tesco Metro

text: Tesco Metro shops are sized between Tesco superstores and Tesco Express shops, with shops averaging 1,000 square metres (11,000 sq ft). They are mainly located in city centres beside railway stations, the inner city and on the high streets of towns.[59]

text: One Stop

text: One Stop, which includes some of the smallest shops (smaller than a Tesco Express), is the only Tesco shop format in the UK that does not include the word Tesco in its name. The brand, along with the original shops, formed part of the T&S Stores business but, unlike many that were converted to Tesco Express, these kept their old name. Subsequently, other shops bought by Tesco have been converted to the One Stop brand. Some have Tesco Personal Finance branded cash machines. The business has attracted some controversy, as the prices of groceries in these shops, often situated in more impoverished areas, can be higher than nearby Tesco branded shops, highlighted in The Times 22 March 2010: "Britain’s biggest supermarket uses its chain of 639 One Stop convenience shops – which many customers do not realise it owns – to charge up to 14 per cent more for goods than it does in Tesco-branded shops."[60]

text: Tesco responded to the article stating "It is a separate business within the Tesco Group, with its own supply chain and distribution network. One Stop shops offer a different range to Express shops and its operating costs are different. One Stop’s price strategy is to match to its nearest competitor, Costcutter, and is frequently cheaper."[61]

text: Tesco.com Dark Stores

text: Since 2006 Tesco has operated a number of dark stores dedicated to the fulfilment of online orders of groceries:[62]

text:
Pick from store like operation:
Croydon
Pick from store like operation with mechanised delivery marshalling:
Aylesford
Greenford
Combination of pick from store and zone picking operations with mechanised delivery marshalling:
Enfield
Crawley
Combination of pick from store, zone picking and goods to person operations with mechanised delivery marshalling:
Erith

tag: ul

text: Home shopping

text: In the United Kingdom Tesco operates a homeshopping service through the Tesco.com website.  In May 1984, in Gateshead, England, Mrs. Jane Snowball used a piece of computer technology called "Videotex" on her television to purchase groceries from her local Tesco shop in the world's first recorded online shopping transaction from the home.[63][64][65] As of November 2006, Tesco was the only food retailer to make online shopping profitable.[66]

text: Tesco Clubcard

text: Tesco launched its customer loyalty scheme, the Tesco Clubcard, in 1995. It has been cited as a pivotal development in Tesco's progress towards becoming the UK's largest supermarket chain and one that fundamentally changed the country's supermarket business.[67] Tesco itself was cited in a Wall Street Journal article as using the intelligence from the Clubcard to thwart Wal-Mart's initiatives in the UK.[68]

text: Cardholders can collect one Clubcard point for every £1 (or one point for €1 in Ireland and Slovakia or 1 point for 1zł in Poland) they spend in a Tesco shop, or at Tesco.com, and 1 point per £2 on fuel (not in Slovakia). Customers can also collect points by paying with a Tesco Credit Card, or by using Tesco Mobile, Tesco Homephone, Tesco Broadband, selected Tesco Personal Finance products or through Clubcard partners, E.ON and Avis. Each point equates to 1p in shops when redeemed or up to four times their value when used with Clubcard deals (offers for holidays, day trips, etc.) Clubcard points (UK & IE) can also be converted to Avios, and Virgin Atlantic frequent flyer miles.[69]

text: Petrol stations

text: Tesco first started selling petrol in 1974. Tesco sells 95, 97 and 99 RON (a fuel developed by Greenergy of which Tesco is a shareholder) petrol from forecourts at most Superstore and Extra locations. Tesco have recently diversified into biofuels, offering petrol-bioethanol and diesel-biodiesel blends instead of pure petrol and diesel at their petrol stations, and now offering Greenergy 100% biodiesel at many shops in the southeast of the United Kingdom. In 1998, Tesco and Esso (part of Exxonmobil) formed a business alliance that included several petrol filling stations on lease from Esso, with Tesco operating the attached shops under their Express format. In turn, Esso operates the forecourts and sells their fuel via the Tesco shop.[70] As of 2013, there were 200 joint Tesco Express/Esso sites in the UK.[71]

text: Subsidiaries

text: Booker Group

text: Tesco completed its acquisition of the food wholesaler Booker in March 2018. Booker also owns the Budgens, Londis, Euro Shopper and Premier Stores brands which operate under franchises.[72]

text: Tesco Bank

text: In the United Kingdom Tesco offers financial services through Tesco Bank, formerly a 50:50 joint venture with The Royal Bank of Scotland. Products on offer include credit cards, loans, mortgages, savings accounts and several types of insurance, including car, home, life and travel. They are promoted by leaflets in Tesco's shops and through its website. The business made a profit of £130 million for the 52 weeks to 24 February 2007, of which Tesco's share was £66 million. This move towards the financial sector diversified the Tesco brand and provides opportunities for growth outside of the retailing sector. On 28 July 2008, Tesco announced that they would buy out the Royal Bank of Scotland's 50% stake in the company for £950 million.[73]

text: Telecoms

text: Tesco operates a mobile phone business across the United Kingdom, Ireland, Slovakia, Hungary and the Czech Republic. It first launched in the UK in 2003 as a joint venture with O2 and operates as a mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) using the network of O2 with the exception of Hungary where the network of Vodafone Hungary is used. As a virtual operator, Tesco Mobile does not own or operate its own network infrastructure. By January 2011 Tesco announced it had over 2.5 million UK mobile customers.[74]

text: Tesco also operated a home telephone and broadband business. Its broadband service launched in August 2004 to complement its existing internet service provider business, providing an ADSL-based service delivered via BT phone lines.[75] In January 2015, Tesco sold its home telephone and broadband business, together with Blinkbox, to TalkTalk for around £5 million. Its customers were transferred by 2016.[45][76]

text: Tesco Tech Support

text: Tesco acquired a small I.T. support company called The PC Guys in 2007,[77] and were able to launch Tesco Tech Support in December 2008.[78]

text: Former operations

text: Tesco Home 'n' Wear

text: In the 1960s, Tesco set up a non-food division, Tesco Home 'n' Wear, headed by Leslie Porter. It had stand-alone shops and departments in larger shops, and from 1975 a distribution centre in Milton Keynes. Although Tesco continued to stock non-food items the stand-alone shops were closed and the name was no longer in use when Tesco Extra was launched.[79][80][81]

text: Tesco Homeplus

text:
Totalarea (m²)

Totalarea (sq ft)

Meanarea (m²)

Meanarea (sq ft)

Percentageof space

+/- Shops2014

48,588

523,000

4,049

43,583

1.27%

 11

text: In May 2005, Tesco announced a trial non-food only format near Manchester and Aberdeen,[82] and the first shop opened in October 2005. The shops offered all of Tesco's ranges except food in warehouse-style units in retail parks. Tesco introduced the format as only 20% of its customers had access to a Tesco Extra, and the company was restricted in how many of its superstores it could convert into Extras and how quickly it could do so. Large units for non-food retailing are much more readily available. The format was not Tesco's first non-food only venture in the UK. Until the late 1990s/early 2000s there were several non-food Tesco shops around the country including Scarborough and Yate. Although not in a warehouse style format, the shops were located on high streets and shopping centres, they stocked similar items to Homeplus shops. In both cases this was because another part of the shopping centre had a Tesco Superstore that stocked food items only. By 2014, the number of Homeplus shops in the United Kingdom had reached 12; the newest shop opened in Chester in July 2009. In 2012 it was reported that Tesco was looking to close the business to focus on groceries.[83] On 28 January 2015, Tesco confirmed it would close six Homeplus shops on 15 March 2015,[44] and the remaining six shops closed on 27 June 2015.[84]

text: Dobbies Garden Centres

text:
Totalarea (m²)

Totalarea (sq ft)

Meanarea (m²)

Meanarea (sq ft)

Percentageof space

+/- Shops2014

152,175

1,638,000

4,476

48,176

3.99%

 1

text: Dobbies is a chain of garden centres across Scotland, England and Northern Ireland. Tesco completed its acquisition of Dobbies in 2008, and the company continued to trade under its own brand, from its own head office in Melville, near Edinburgh. On 17 June 2016, Tesco sold the company on to a group of investors led by Midlothian Capital Partners and Hattington Capital for £217 million.[85]

text: Harris + Hoole

text: In 2012, Tesco invested in a new coffee shop chain, named Harris + Hoole after coffee-loving characters in Samuel Pepys' diary.[86] Tesco took full ownership of the business from its founders Nick, Andrew and Laura Tolley in February 2016,[87] and agreed in June 2016 to sell it to Caffè Nero.[88]

text: Giraffe

text: Giraffe is a restaurant chain in the United Kingdom which Tesco purchased in March 2013 as part of a strategy of making use of excess space in its shops. Tesco sold the chain to Boparan Holdings in June 2016.[89]

text: Euphorium Bakery

text: Euphorium Bakery opened a concession in Tesco's Kensington shop in 2012, and in 2013 Tesco bought a stake in the business. It purchased the remaining stake in April 2015.[90] In August 2016, Tesco sold Euphorium's high street shops and factory in Islington to Soho Coffee, and its factory in Weybridge to Samworth Brothers.[91]

text: International operations

text: Tesco has expanded its operations outside the UK to 11 other countries in the world.  The company pulled out of the USA in 2013, but continues to see growth elsewhere. Tesco's international expansion strategy has responded to the need to be sensitive to local expectations in other countries by entering into joint ventures with local partners, such Charoen Pokphand in Thailand to form Tesco Lotus, and by appointing a very high proportion of local personnel to management positions. It also makes small acquisitions as part of its strategy: for example, in its 2005/2006 financial year it made acquisitions in South Korea, one in Dubai, UAE; one in Poland and one in Japan.[92] On 7 September 2015, Tesco sold its South Korean business, Homeplus, to MBK Partners and partnered with a Canadian pension fund and Temasek Holdings for the deal.[93]

text: Ireland

text: Tesco Ireland was formed by the Tesco PLC 1997 takeover of the Irish retailing operations of Associated British Foods, namely Powers' Supermarkets Limited and its subsidiaries, trading as "Quinnsworth" and "Crazy Prices".[94]

text: Corporate affairs

text: Corporate strategy

text: According to Citigroup retail analyst David McCarthy, "[Tesco has] pulled off a trick that I'm not aware of any other retailer achieving. That is to appeal to all segments of the market".[95] One plank of this strategy has been Tesco's use of its own-brand products, including the upmarket "Finest", mid-range Tesco brand and low-price "Value" encompassing several product categories such as food, beverage, home, clothing, Tesco Mobile and financial services.[96]

text: Beginning in 1997 when Terry Leahy took over as CEO, Tesco began marketing itself using the phrase "The Tesco Way" to describe the company's core purposes, values, principles, and goals[97] This phrase became the standard marketing speak for Tesco as it expanded domestically and internationally under Leahy's leadership, implying a shift by the company to focus on people, both customers and employees.[98]

text: A core part of the Tesco expansion strategy[99] has been its innovative use of technology.[100] It was one of the first to build self-service tills and use cameras to reduce queues, and an early adopter of NFC Contactless Payment card technology.[101]  In 2016, Tesco developed a mobile payment wallet, PayQwiq using both NFC Contactless and barcode technology to allow payment using mobile phones in-shop (along with supporting other contactless mobile wallets such as ApplePay).[102]

text: Financial performance

text: All figures below are for the Tesco's financial years, which run for 52- or 53-week periods to late February. Up to 27 February 2007 period end the numbers include non-UK and Ireland results for the year ended on 31 December 2006 in the accounting year. The figures in the table below include 52 weeks/12 months of turnover for both sides of the business as this provides the best comparative.

text:
52/3 weeks ended

Turnover (£m)

Profit before tax (£m)

Profit for year (£m)

Basic earnings per share (p)

25 February 2017[1]

55,917

145

(54)

(0.49)

28 February 2016[1]

53,933

202

129

1.70

28 February 2015

62,284

(6,376)

(5,766)

(70.82)

22 February 2014

70,894

3,054

2,259

32.05

23 February 2013

64,826

3,549

3,453

35.97

25 February 2012

64,539

3,985

2,814

34.98

26 February 2011

67,573

3,535

2,671

33.10

27 February 2010

62,537

3,176

2,336

31.66

28 February 2009

54,300

3,128

2,166

28.92

23 February 2008

47,298

2,803

2,130

26.95

24 February 2007

46,600

2,653

1,899

22.36

25 February 2006

38,300

2,210

1,576

19.70

26 February 2005

33,974

1,962

1,366

17.44

28 February 2004

30,814

1,600

1,100

15.05

22 February 2003

26,337

1,361

946

13.54

23 February 2002

23,653

1,201

830

12.05

24 February 2001

20,988

1,054

767

11.29

26 February 2000

18,796

933

674

10.07

27 February 1999

17,158

842

606

9.14

28 February 1998

16,452

760

532

8.12

text: Despite being in a recession, Tesco made record profits for a British retailer in the year to February 2010, during which its underlying pre-tax profits increased by 10.1% to £3.4 billion. Tesco now plans to create 16,000 new jobs, of which 9,000 will be in the UK.[103] In 2011 the retailer reported its poorest six-monthly UK sales figures for 20 years, as a result of consumers' reduced non-food spending and a growth in budget rivals.[104]

text: By 2014, Tesco appeared to have lost some of its appeal to customers.[105]  The share price lost 49 per cent of its value up to October as it struggled to fend off competition from rivals Aldi and Lidl.[106] In October 2014, Tesco suspended 8 executives following its announcement the previous month that it had previously overstated its profits by £250 million. The misreporting resulted in almost £2.2 billion being wiped off the value of the company’s stock market value. The suspended executives included former commercial director Kevin Grace and UK managing director Chris Bush.[107][108] The profit overstatement was subsequently revised upwards to £263 million following an investigation by the accountancy firm Deloitte and it was clarified that the inflated profit figure was the result of Tesco bringing forward rebates from suppliers. The Serious Fraud Office (SFO) confirmed on 29 October 2014 that it was carrying out a criminal investigation into the accounting irregularities but declined to give further details.[109]

text: Market share

text: According to Kantar Worldpanel, Tesco's share of the UK groceries market in the 12 weeks to 18 March 2012 was 30.2%, down from 30.6% in the 12 weeks to 18 March 2011.[110]

text:
Supermarket

Market shareMarch 2012

+/- fromMarch 2011

Tesco

30.2%

 0.4%

Asda

17.9%

 0.6%

Sainsbury's

16.6%

 0.0%

Morrisons

12.3%

 0.0%

The Co-operative Food

6.9%

 0.4%

text: In terms of the wider UK retail market, Tesco sales account for around one pound in every ten spent in British shops.[111] In 2007 it was reported that its share was even larger, with one pound in every seven spent going to Tesco.[112] In 2006, Inverness was branded as "Tescotown",[113][114] because well over 50p in every £1 spent on food is believed to be spent in its three Tesco shops.[115] By 2014 competition from other retailers led to a fall in Tesco's market share to 28.7%; this was the lowest level in a decade.[116]

text: Corporate social responsibility

text: Tesco has made a commitment to corporate social responsibility in the form of contributions of 1.87% in 2006 of its pre-tax profits to charities/local community organizations.[117] This compares favourably with Marks & Spencer's 1.51% is lower than that of Sainsbury's 7.02%.[118] This figure, £42 million, is lower than the amount of money reported to have avoided in Tax during 2007 (see below). Will Hutton, in his role as chief executive of The Work Foundation recently praised Tesco for leading the debate on corporate responsibility.[119] However Intelligent Giving has criticized the company for directing all "staff giving" support to the company's Charity of the Year.[120]

text: In 1992, Tesco started a "computers for schools scheme", offering computers in return for schools and hospitals getting vouchers from people who shopped at Tesco. Until 2004, £92 million of equipment went to these organizations. The scheme has been also implemented in Poland.[121]

text: In 2009, Tesco used the phrase, "Change for Good" as advertising, which is trade marked by Unicef for charity usage but not for commercial or retail use, which prompted the agency to say, "It is the first time in Unicef’s history that a commercial entity has purposely set out to capitalise on one of our campaigns and subsequently damage an income stream which several of our programmes for children are dependent on." They went on to call on the public "...who have children’s welfare at heart, to consider carefully who they support when making consumer choices."[122][123]

text: Tesco's own labels for personal care and household products are cruelty-free – this means they are not tested on animals.[124]

text: In June 2011, Tesco announced that it was working with 2degrees Network to create an online hub as part of its target to reduce its supply chain carbon footprint by 30% by 2020.[125]

text: In September 2011 a Greenpeace report revealed that Tesco supermarkets in China were selling vegetables that contained illegal pesticides or at levels exceeding the legal limit. A green vegetable sample from Tesco turned up methamidophos and monocrotophos, the use of which has been prohibited in China since the beginning of 2007.[126]

text: Advertising

text: A notable 1980s advert was "Checkout 82," which was made in 1982, where a till would have a receipt coming out of it with the prices on. This advert had synthpop music as the backing and people singing "Check it out, check it out".[127]

text: Adverts in the early '90s had a man called David, portrayed by Dudley Moore, on the hunt for free-range chickens from France and discovering many goods from around the world to purchase for Tesco.[128] Late 2000s adverts have included many celebrities and celebrity voice-overs such as The Spice Girls and the voice of actors James Nesbitt and Jane Horrocks.[129]

text: Tesco's main advertising slogan is "Every little helps". Its advertisements in print and on television mainly consist of product shots (or an appropriate image, such as a car when advertising petrol) against a white background, with a price or appropriate text (e.g., "Tesco Value") superimposed on a red circle.[130]

text: Tesco's in-shop magazine is one of the largest-circulation magazines in the United Kingdom, with a circulation of 1.9 million as of  2013[update].[131]

text: In November 2013, Tesco announced they would introduce face-scanning technology developed by Amscreen at all of their 450 UK petrol stations to target advertisements to individual customers.[132][133]

text: Criticism

text: Criticism of Tesco includes allegations of stifling competition due to its undeveloped "land bank",[134] and breaching planning laws.[135]

text: Litigation

text: The Tesco supermarket chain is involved in litigation such as the  Ward v Tesco Stores Ltd and Tesco Supermarkets Ltd v Nattrass cases. Tesco have been criticized for aggressively pursuing critics of the company in Thailand. Writer and former MP Jit Siratranont faced up to two years in jail and a £16.4 million libel damages claim for saying that Tesco was expanding aggressively at the expense of small local retailers. Tesco served him with writs for criminal defamation and civil libel. The Thai court dismissed the case, ruling that the criticism made by the defendant was 'in good faith by way of fair comment on any person or thing subjected to public criticism'.[136]

text: In November 2007, Tesco sued a Thai academic and a former minister for civil libel and criminal defamation, insisting that the two pay £1.6 million and £16.4 million plus two years' imprisonment respectively. They have been alleged to have misstated that Tesco's Thai market amounts to 37% of its global revenues, amongst criticism of Tesco's propensity to put small retailers out of business.[137]

text: In August 2013, Tesco was fined £300,000 after admitting that it misled customers over the pricing of "half price" strawberries.[138]

text: Price-fixing

text: In 2007, Tesco was placed under investigation by the UK Office of Fair Trading (OFT) for acting as part of a cartel of five supermarkets (Safeway, Tesco, Asda, Morrisons and Sainsburys) and a number of dairy companies to fix the price of milk, butter and cheese. In December 2007, Asda, Sainsburys and the former Safeway admitted that they acted covertly against the interests of consumers while publicly claiming that they were supporting 5,000 farmers recovering from the foot-and-mouth crisis. They were fined a total of £116 million.[139]

text: Corporate tax structure

text:
In May 2007, it was revealed that Tesco had moved the head office of its online operations to Switzerland. This allows it to sell CDs, DVDs and electronic games through its web site without charging VAT.[140] The operation had previously been run from Jersey, but had been closed by authorities who feared damage to the island's reputation.[140]
In June 2008, the government announced that it was closing a tax loophole being used by Tesco.[141] The scheme, identified by British magazine Private Eye, utilizes offshore holding companies in Luxembourg and partnership agreements to reduce corporation tax liability by up to £50 million a year.[141] Another scheme previously identified by Private Eye involved depositing £1 billion in a Swiss partnership, and then loaning out that money to overseas Tesco shops, so that profit can be transferred indirectly through interest payments. This scheme is still in operation and is estimated to be costing the UK exchequer up to £20 million a year in corporation tax.[141] Tax expert Richard Murphy has provided an analysis of this avoidance structure.[142]

text: Tax avoidance has not always related to corporation tax. A number of companies including Tesco used a scheme to avoid VAT by forcing customers paying by card to unknowingly pay a 2.5% 'card transaction fee', though the total charged to the customer remained the same. Such schemes came to light after HMRC litigated against Debenhams over the scheme during 2005.[143]

text: Opposition to expansion

text: Tesco's expansion has not been without criticism and, in some cases, active opposition.

text:
In March 2007, residents in Bournville, Birmingham fought to maintain the historic alcohol-free status of the area, in winning a court battle with Tesco, to prevent it selling alcohol at their local outlet. No shops are permitted to sell alcohol in the area and there are no pubs, bars or fast-food outlets in Bournville due to its Quaker roots.[144]
Plans for a large Tesco shop in St Albans, Hertfordshire, attracted widespread local opposition. This led to the formation of the "Stop St Albans Tesco Group". In June 2008, St Albans Council refused planning permission for the proposed new shop.[145]
In April 2011, longstanding opposition to a Tesco Express shop in Cheltenham Road, Stokes Croft, Bristol, evolved into a violent clash between opponents and police. The recently opened shopfront was heavily damaged, and police reported the seizure of petrol bombs.[146] Opponents have suggested that the shop would damage small shops and harm the character of the area.[147]

text: Halal in UK shops

text: As of August 2012, around 27 UK Tesco superstores have halal meat counters.[148] The meat sold is advertised as "stun-free", which puts the meat sold in contradiction of RSPCA standards on animal welfare.[149] The sale of such meat would be illegal in the UK were it not for an exemption in the law granted to Jews and Muslims.[150]

text: Horse meat found in burgers

text: In January 2013, the British media reported that horse meat had been found in some meat products sold by Tesco, along with other retailers, particularly burgers. David Cameron called this "unacceptable", with products showing 29.1% horse meat in the "Value" range burger, which were supposed to be beef.[151][152] It was later revealed in February 2013 that some of Tesco's Everyday Value Spaghetti Bolognese contained 60% horse meat.[153]  Tesco withdrew 26 of its products in response, and announced that they were working with authorities and the supplier to investigate the cause of the contamination.[154]

text: Discrimination against the blind

text: In July 2013 Tesco security staff violated the UK Equality Act 2010 when they refused to allow a blind lady's guide dog from entering the Feltham shop. Tesco staff refused to apologise for the violation of the law for 5 days.[155] It was also revealed that security staff had thrice previously ordered a different blind person and his guide dog to leave the shop.[156] Following further incident in 2013 when the manager of Tesco in Sutton ordered a blind person and her guide dog to leave the shop, Tesco stated that their staff had received training to ensure that such an incident would not happen again.[157] However, a year later in 2014 three Tesco cashiers banned a blind person and her dog from their shop.[158]

text: Slavery in Thailand

text: In 2014, The Guardian reported that Tesco is a client of Charoen Pokphand Foods. Over 6 months The Guardian traced the whole chain from slave ships in Asian waters to leading producers and retailers.[159]

text: Sale of goods from Israel

text: Tesco has been targeted by protesters complaining the supermarket chain sells goods made in Israel, with most complaints being about products emanating from Israeli settlements in the West Bank. Protests generally occur when Israeli military operations are being carried out in the Gaza Strip or the West Bank. A protest at a shop in Birmingham on 16 August 2014 resulted in a protester being arrested.[160]

text: Sale of Anti-Semitic Books

text: Searchlight magazine said it was "horrified" to discover anti-semitic books by US extremist publisher Liberty Bell on the Tesco website.  Titles offered for sale included The Hitler We Loved and Why, The International Jew and The Protocols of the Elders of Zion.  Searchlight found another 106 titles by British-based publisher Steven Books which it describes as "so extreme that even the British National Party does not sell them".  The shop said in a statement: "Tesco.com has over one million book titles covering a wide range of subjects. We are unhappy that titles which could cause offence to some customers have found their way on to our site and took immediate action to remove them once they were brought to our attention."[161]

text: Mothballing of new shops

text: Tesco's financial crisis of 2014[162] led to their reducing their capital expenditure on new shops, which led to the boarding up of new unopened shops in Chatteris, Cambridgeshire[163] and Immingham, Lincolnshire.[164] The controversial Chatteris mothballing caused local criticism after the £22 million project had re-routed a river and built a controversial roundabout and underpass, whereas the much anticipated Immingham development demolished a local shopping centre and closed several local shops to enable its construction. The impending arrival of Tesco also contributed to the Co-operative's decision to close their shop in the town.[165] Tesco's announcing the indefinite delay in their shop opening left the town of around 15,000 inhabitants without a supermarket; this is despite the fact that Tesco went ahead with the opening of shops in Little Lever,[166] Dunfermline[167] and Rotherham.[168]

text: Security

text: On 17 July 2015 Tesco disabled their online photo site as part of a precautionary security measure.[169]  This coincided with several other retailers, including CVS and Walmart Canada, had shut down similar services regarding a security breach at PNI Digital Media.[170]

text: Suppliers

text: The UK Groceries Code Adjudicator found in a 2015-16 investigation into Tesco that some suppliers paid "large sums of money in exchange for category captaincy or participation in a price review". She found some evidence of benefits which suppliers derive from these arrangements, but also recorded a concern - to be investigated further - as to whether the purpose of the Groceries Code was being circumvented by these payments.[171]

text: Chairman of Tesco

text: Chairmen of Tesco have been:

text:
Sir Jack Cohen, 1947 to 1970
Hyman Kreitman, 1970 to 1973
Sir Leslie Porter, 1973 to 1985
Lord MacLaurin, 1985 to 1997
John Gardiner, 1997 to 2004
Sir David Reid, 2004 to 2011
Richard Broadbent, 2011 to 2015
John Allan, March 2015 to present


document_title: Surgical neck of the humerus

question_text: clinical implications of fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus

root

text: Surgical neck of the humerus

text:
Surgical neck of the humerus

Left humerus. Anterior view. (Surgical neck labeled at upper left.)

Details

Identifiers

Latin
collum chirurgicum humeri

TA
A02.4.04.004

FMA
23359

Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]

tag: table

text: The surgical neck of the humerus is a constriction below the tubercles of the greater tubercle and lesser tubercle, and above the Deltoid Tuberosity.

tag: p

text: It is much more frequently fractured than the anatomical neck of the humerus. A fracture in this area is most likely to cause damage to the axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery. Damage to the axillary nerve affects function of the teres minor and deltoid muscles, resulting in loss of abduction of arm (from 15-90 degrees), weak flexion, extension, and rotation of shoulder as well as loss of sensation of the skin over a small part of the lateral shoulder.


document_title: List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees

question_text: who has the most inductions into the rock and roll hall of fame

text: Inductees[edit]

text: Performers[edit]

text: The performers category is meant for recording artists and bands that have "influence and significance to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll."[2] Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record. In order to be inducted, an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates. Ballots are sent to 600 "rock experts" who then evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted. The performers who receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted. In 2011, the number inducted was five. The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees.[2] In 2012, six additional bands and groups were inducted as performers by a special committee, due to the controversial nature of their band being excluded when their lead singer was inducted. "There was a lot of discussion about this," said Terry Stewart, a member of the nominating committee. "There had always been conversations about why the groups weren't included when the lead singers were inducted. Very honestly, nobody could really answer that question – it was so long ago... We decided we'd sit down as an organization and look at that. This is the result."[10]

text:
Year
Image
Name
Inducted members
Inducted by[11]

1986

Berry, ChuckChuck Berry

Keith Richards[N2]

1986

Brown, JamesJames Brown

Steve Winwood[N2]

1986

Charles, RayRay Charles

Quincy Jones[N2]

1986

Cooke, SamSam Cooke

Herb Alpert[N2]

1986

Domino, FatsFats Domino

Billy Joel[N2]

1986

Everly Brothers !The Everly Brothers
Don Everly and Phil Everly.[12]
Neil Young[N2]

1986

Holly, BuddyBuddy Holly

John Fogerty[N2]

1986

Lewis, Jerry LeeJerry Lee Lewis

Hank Williams Jr.

1986

Little Richard

Roberta Flack

1986

Presley, ElvisElvis Presley

Julian and Sean Lennon

1987

Coasters !The Coasters
Carl Gardner, Cornell Gunter, Billy Guy, and Will "Dub" Jones.[13]
Lester Sill

1987

Cochran, EddieEddie Cochran

Mick Jones

1987

Diddley, BoBo Diddley

ZZ Top[N2]

1987

Franklin, ArethaAretha Franklin

Keith Richards[N2]

1987

Gaye, MarvinMarvin Gaye

Nick Ashford and Valerie Simpson

1987

Haley, BillBill Haley

Chuck Berry[N3]

1987

King, B.B.B.B. King

Sting[N2]

1987

McPhatter, ClydeClyde McPhatter

Ben E. King[N2]

1987

Nelson, RickyRicky Nelson

John Fogerty[N2]

1987

Orbison, RoyRoy Orbison

Bruce Springsteen[N2]

1987

Perkins, CarlCarl Perkins

Sam Phillips[N3]

1987

Robinson, SmokeySmokey Robinson

Daryl Hall[N2] and John Oates[N2]

1987

Turner, Big JoeBig Joe Turner

Doc Pomus[N2]

1987

Waters, MuddyMuddy Waters

Paul Butterfield[N2]

1987

Wilson, JackieJackie Wilson

Peter Wolf

1988

Beach Boys !The Beach Boys
Al Jardine, Mike Love, Brian Wilson, Carl Wilson, and Dennis Wilson.[14]
Elton John[N2]

1988

Beatles !The Beatles
George Harrison, John Lennon, Paul McCartney, and Ringo Starr.[15]
Mick Jagger[N2]

1988

Drifters !The Drifters
Ben E. King, Rudy Lewis, Clyde McPhatter, Johnny Moore, Bill Pinkney, Charlie Thomas, and Gerhart Thrasher.[16]
Billy Joel[N2]

1988

Dylan, BobBob Dylan

Bruce Springsteen[N2]

1988

Supremes !The Supremes
Florence Ballard, Diana Ross, and Mary Wilson.[17]
Little Richard[N3]

1989

Dion !Dion

Lou Reed[N2]

1989

Redding, OtisOtis Redding

Little Richard[N3]

1989

Rolling Stones !The Rolling Stones
Mick Jagger, Brian Jones, Keith Richards, Ian Stewart, Mick Taylor, Charlie Watts, Ronnie Wood, and Bill Wyman.[18]
Pete Townshend[N2]

1989

Temptations !The Temptations
Melvin Franklin, Eddie Kendricks, David Ruffin, Otis Williams, Paul Williams, Dennis Edwards.[19]
Daryl Hall[N2] and John Oates[N2]

1989

Wonder, StevieStevie Wonder

Paul Simon[N2]

1990

Ballard, HankHank Ballard

Boz Scaggs

1990

Darin, BobbyBobby Darin

Paul Anka

1990

Four Seasons !The Four Seasons
Tom DeVito, Bob Gaudio, Nick Massi, and Frankie Valli.[20]
Bob Crewe

1990

Four Tops !Four Tops
Renaldo "Obie" Benson, Abdul "Duke" Fakir, Lawrence Payton, and Levi Stubbs.[21]
Stevie Wonder[N3]

1990

Kinks !The Kinks
Mick Avory, Dave Davies, Ray Davies, and Pete Quaife.[22]
Graham Nash[N2]

1990

Platters !The Platters
David Lynch, Herb Reed, Paul Robi, Zola Taylor, and Tony Williams.[23]
Phil Spector[N3]

1990

Simon & Garfunkel
Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel.[24]
James Taylor[N2]

1990

Who !The Who
Roger Daltrey, John Entwistle, Keith Moon, and Pete Townshend.[25]
Bono[N2]

1991

Baker, LaVernLaVern Baker

Chaka Khan

1991

Byrds !The Byrds
Gene Clark, Michael Clarke, David Crosby, Chris Hillman, and Roger McGuinn.[26]
Don Henley[N2]

1991

Hooker, John LeeJohn Lee Hooker

Bonnie Raitt[N2]

1991
—
Impressions !The Impressions
Curtis Mayfield, Sam Gooden, Fred Cash, Arthur Brooks, Richard Brooks, and Jerry Butler.[27]
Tracy Chapman

1991

Pickett, WilsonWilson Pickett

Bobby Brown

1991

Reed, JimmyJimmy Reed

ZZ Top[N2]

1991

Turner, Ike & TinaIke & Tina Turner
Ike Turner and Tina Turner.[28]
Phil Spector[N3]

1992

Bland, Bobby !Bobby "Blue" Bland

B.B. King[N3]

1992

Booker T. & the M.G.'s
Booker T. Jones, Steve Cropper, Donald "Duck" Dunn, Al Jackson Jr., and Lewie Steinberg.[29]
Jim Stewart

1992

Cash, JohnnyJohnny Cash

Lyle Lovett

1992

Isley Brothers !The Isley Brothers
Ernie Isley, Marvin Isley, O'Kelly Isley Jr., Ronald Isley, Rudolph Isley, and Chris Jasper.[30]
Little Richard[N3]

1992

Hendrix Experience, The JimiThe Jimi Hendrix Experience
Jimi Hendrix, Mitch Mitchell, and Noel Redding.[31]
Neil Young[N2]

1992

Sam & Dave
Sam Moore and Dave Prater.[32]
Billy Joel[N2]

1992

Yardbirds !The Yardbirds
Jeff Beck, Eric Clapton, Chris Dreja, Jim McCarty, Jimmy Page, Keith Relf, and Paul Samwell-Smith.[33]
The Edge[N2]

1993

Brown, RuthRuth Brown

Bonnie Raitt[N2]

1993

Cream
Ginger Baker, Jack Bruce, and Eric Clapton.[34]
ZZ Top[N2]

1993

Creedence Clearwater Revival
Doug Clifford, Stu Cook, John Fogerty, and Tom Fogerty.[35]
Bruce Springsteen[N2]

1993

Doors !The Doors
John Densmore, Robby Krieger, Ray Manzarek, and Jim Morrison.[36]
Eddie Vedder[N2]

1993

Lymon & The Teenagers, FrankieFrankie Lymon & The Teenagers
Herman Santiago, Jimmy Merchant, Sherman Garnes, Frankie Lymon, and Joe Negroni[37]
Boyz II Men

1993

James, EttaEtta James

k.d. lang

1993

Morrison, VanVan Morrison

Robbie Robertson[N2]

1993

Sly and the Family Stone
Gregg Errico, Larry Graham, Jerry Martini, Cynthia Robinson, Freddie Stone, Rosie Stone, and Sly Stone.[38]
George Clinton[N2]

1994

Animals !The Animals
Eric Burdon, Chas Chandler, Alan Price, John Steel, and Hilton Valentine.[39]
Dave Pirner

1994

Band !The Band
Rick Danko, Levon Helm, Garth Hudson, Richard Manuel, and Robbie Robertson.[40]
Eric Clapton[N3]

1994

Eddy, DuaneDuane Eddy

Mick Jones

1994

Grateful Dead
Tom Constanten, Jerry Garcia, Donna Jean Godchaux, Keith Godchaux, Mickey Hart, Robert Hunter, Bill Kreutzmann, Phil Lesh, Ron McKernan, Brent Mydland, Bob Weir, and Vince Welnick.[41]
Bruce Hornsby

1994

John, EltonElton John

Axl Rose[N2]

1994

Lennon, JohnJohn Lennon

Paul McCartney[N2]

1994

Marley, BobBob Marley

Bono[N2]

1994

Stewart, RodRod Stewart

Jeff Beck[N3]

1995

Allman Brothers Band !The Allman Brothers Band
Duane Allman, Gregg Allman, Dickey Betts, Jai Johanny Johanson, Berry Oakley, and Butch Trucks.[42]
Willie Nelson

1995

Green, AlAl Green

Natalie Cole

1995

Joplin, JanisJanis Joplin

Melissa Etheridge

1995

Led Zeppelin
John Bonham, John Paul Jones, Jimmy Page, and Robert Plant[43]
Steven Tyler[N2] and Joe Perry[N2]

1995

Martha and the Vandellas
Rosalind Ashford, Annette Beard, Betty Kelly, Lois Reeves, and Martha Reeves.[44]
Fred Schneider and Kate Pierson

1995

Young, NeilNeil Young

Eddie Vedder[N2]

1995

Zappa, FrankFrank Zappa

Lou Reed[N2]

1996

Bowie, DavidDavid Bowie

Madonna[N2] and David Byrne[N2]

1996

Knight & the Pips, GladysGladys Knight & the Pips
William Guest, Gladys Knight, Merald "Bubba" Knight, and Edward Patten.[45]
Mariah Carey

1996

Jefferson Airplane
Marty Balin, Jack Casady, Spencer Dryden, Paul Kantner, Jorma Kaukonen, and Grace Slick.[46]
Mickey Hart[N3] and Phil Lesh[N3]

1996

Little Willie John

Stevie Wonder[N3]

1996

Pink Floyd
Syd Barrett, David Gilmour, Nick Mason, Roger Waters, and Rick Wright.[47]
Billy Corgan

1996

Shirelles !The Shirelles
Shirley Alston Reeves, Addie Harris, Doris Kenner-Jackson, and Beverly Lee.[48]
Merry Clayton, Marianne Faithfull and Darlene Love[N2]

1996

Velvet Underground !The Velvet Underground
John Cale, Sterling Morrison, Lou Reed, and Maureen Tucker.[49]
Patti Smith[N2]

1997

Bee Gees
Barry Gibb, Maurice Gibb, and Robin Gibb.[50]
Brian Wilson[N3]

1997

Buffalo Springfield
Richie Furay, Dewey Martin, Bruce Palmer, Stephen Stills, and Neil Young.[51]
Tom Petty[N2]

1997

Crosby, Stills & Nash
David Crosby, Graham Nash, and Stephen Stills.[52]
James Taylor[N2]

1997

Jackson 5, TheThe Jackson 5
Jackie Jackson, Jermaine Jackson, Marlon Jackson, Michael Jackson, and Tito Jackson.[53]
Diana Ross[N3]

1997

Mitchell, JoniJoni Mitchell

Shawn Colvin

1997

Parliament-Funkadelic
Jerome Brailey, George Clinton, Bootsy Collins, Raymond Davis, Tiki Fulwood, Glenn Goins, Michael Hampton, Fuzzy Haskins, Eddie Hazel, Walter Morrison, Cordell Mosson, William "Billy Bass" Nelson, Garry Shider, Calvin Simon, Grady Thomas, and Bernie Worrell.[54]
Prince[N2]

1997

Rascals !The (Young) Rascals
Eddie Brigati, Felix Cavaliere, Gene Cornish, and Dino Danelli.[55]
Steven Van Zandt[N2]

1998

Eagles
Don Felder, Glenn Frey, Don Henley, Bernie Leadon, Randy Meisner, Timothy B. Schmit, and Joe Walsh.[56]
Jimmy Buffett

1998

Fleetwood Mac
Lindsey Buckingham, Mick Fleetwood, Peter Green, Danny Kirwan, Christine McVie, John McVie, Stevie Nicks, and Jeremy Spencer.[57]
Sheryl Crow

1998

Mamas & The Papas !The Mamas & the Papas
Denny Doherty, Cass Elliot, John Phillips, and Michelle Phillips.[58]
Shania Twain

1998

Price, LloydLloyd Price

Tony Rich

1998

Santana
Jose Chepito Areas, David Brown, Michael Carabello, Gregg Rolie, Carlos Santana, and Michael Shrieve.[59]
John Popper

1998

Vincent, GeneGene Vincent

John Fogerty[N3]

1999

Joel, BillyBilly Joel

Ray Charles[N3]

1999

Mayfield, CurtisCurtis Mayfield

Sean Combs

1999

McCartney, PaulPaul McCartney

Neil Young[N3]

1999

Shannon, DelDel Shannon

Art Alexakis

1999

Springfield, DustyDusty Springfield

Elton John[N3]

1999

Springsteen, BruceBruce Springsteen

Bono[N2]

1999

Staple Singers, TheThe Staple Singers
Cleotha Staples, Mavis Staples, Pervis Staples, Pops Staples, and Yvonne Staples.[60]
Lauryn Hill

2000

Clapton, EricEric Clapton

Robbie Robertson[N3]

2000

Earth, Wind & Fire
Philip Bailey, Larry Dunn, Johnny Graham, Ralph Johnson, Al McKay, Fred White, Maurice White, Verdine White, and Andrew Woolfolk.[61]
Lil Kim

2000

Lovin' Spoonful, TheThe Lovin' Spoonful
Steve Boone, Joe Butler, John Sebastian, and Zal Yanovsky.[61]
John Mellencamp[N2]

2000

Moonglows, TheThe Moonglows
Prentiss Barnes, Harvey Fuqua, Peter Graves, Billy Johnson, and Bobby Lester.[61]
Paul Simon[N3]

2000

Raitt, BonnieBonnie Raitt

Melissa Etheridge

2000

Taylor, JamesJames Taylor

Paul McCartney[N3]

2001

Aerosmith
Tom Hamilton, Joey Kramer, Joe Perry, Steven Tyler, and Brad Whitford.[62]
Kid Rock

2001

Burke, SolomonSolomon Burke

Mary J. Blige

2001

Flamingos, TheThe Flamingos
Jake Carey, Zeke Carey, Johnny Carter, Tommy Hunt, Terry "Buzzy" Johnson, Sollie McElroy, Nate Nelson, and Paul Wilson.[63]
Frankie Valli[N3]

2001

Jackson, MichaelMichael Jackson

NSYNC

2001

Queen
John Deacon, Brian May, Freddie Mercury, and Roger Taylor.[64]
Dave Grohl[N2] and Taylor Hawkins

2001

Simon, PaulPaul Simon

Marc Anthony

2001

Steely Dan
Walter Becker and Donald Fagen.[65]
Moby

2001

Valens, RitchieRitchie Valens

Ricky Martin

2002

Hayes, IsaacIsaac Hayes

Alicia Keys

2002

Lee, BrendaBrenda Lee

Jewel

2002

Petty and the Heartbreakers, TomTom Petty and the Heartbreakers
Tom Petty, Ron Blair, Mike Campbell, Howie Epstein, Stan Lynch, and Benmont Tench.[66]
Jakob Dylan

2002

Pitney, GeneGene Pitney

Darlene Love[N2]

2002

Ramones
Dee Dee Ramone, Joey Ramone, Johnny Ramone, Marky Ramone, and Tommy Ramone.[67]
Eddie Vedder[N2]

2002

Talking Heads
David Byrne, Chris Frantz, Jerry Harrison, and Tina Weymouth.[68]
Anthony Kiedis[N2]

2003

AC/DC
Brian Johnson, Phil Rudd, Bon Scott, Cliff Williams, Angus Young, and Malcolm Young.[69]
Steven Tyler[N3]

2003

Clash, TheThe Clash
Terry Chimes, Topper Headon, Mick Jones, Paul Simonon, and Joe Strummer.[70]
The Edge[N2] and Tom Morello

2003

Costello & the Attractions, ElvisElvis Costello & the Attractions
Elvis Costello, Steve Nieve, Bruce Thomas, and Pete Thomas.[71]
Elton John[N3]

2003

Police, TheThe Police
Stewart Copeland, Sting, and Andy Summers.[72]
Gwen Stefani

2003

Righteous Brothers, TheThe Righteous Brothers
Bobby Hatfield and Bill Medley.[73]
Billy Joel[N3]

2004

Browne, JacksonJackson Browne

Bruce Springsteen[N3]

2004

Dells, TheThe Dells
Verne Allison, Chuck Barksdale, Johnny Carter, Johnny Funches, Marvin Junior, and Michael McGill.[74]
Robert Townsend

2004

Harrison, GeorgeGeorge Harrison

Tom Petty[N3] and Jeff Lynne[N2]

2004

Prince

Outkast and Alicia Keys

2004

Seger, BobBob Seger

Kid Rock

2004

Traffic
Jim Capaldi, Dave Mason, Steve Winwood, and Chris Wood.[75]
Dave Matthews

2004

ZZ Top
Frank Beard, Billy Gibbons, and Dusty Hill.[76]
Keith Richards[N3]

2005

Guy, BuddyBuddy Guy

Eric Clapton[N3] and B.B. King[N3]

2005

O'Jays, TheThe O'Jays
Eddie Levert, Bobby Massey, William Powell, Sammy Strain, and Walter Williams.[77]
Justin Timberlake

2005

The Pretenders
Martin Chambers, Pete Farndon, James Honeyman-Scott, and Chrissie Hynde.[78]
Neil Young[N3]

2005

Sledge, PercyPercy Sledge

Rod Stewart[N3]

2005

U2
Bono, Adam Clayton, The Edge, and Larry Mullen, Jr..[79]
Bruce Springsteen[N3]

2006

Black Sabbath
Geezer Butler, Tony Iommi, Ozzy Osbourne, and Bill Ward.[80]
James Hetfield[N2] and Lars Ulrich[N2]

2006

Blondie
Clem Burke, Jimmy Destri, Nigel Harrison, Debbie Harry, Frank Infante, Chris Stein, and Gary Valentine.[81]
Shirley Manson

2006

Davis, MilesMiles Davis

Herbie Hancock

2006

Lynyrd Skynyrd
Bob Burns, Allen Collins, Steve Gaines, Ed King, Billy Powell, Artimus Pyle, Gary Rossington, Ronnie Van Zant, and Leon Wilkeson.[82]
Kid Rock

2006

Sex Pistols
Paul Cook, Steve Jones, Glen Matlock, John Lydon, and Sid Vicious.[83]
Jann Wenner[N3]

2007

Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five
Melvin "Melle Mel" Glover, Nathaniel "The Kidd Creole" Glover, Eddie "Scorpio" Morris, Joseph "Grandmaster Flash" Sadler, Robert Keith "Keef Cowboy" Wiggins, and Guy Todd "Rahiem" Williams.[84]
Jay-Z

2007

R.E.M.
Bill Berry, Peter Buck, Mike Mills, and Michael Stipe.[85]
Eddie Vedder[N2]

2007

Ronettes, TheThe Ronettes
Estelle Bennett, Ronnie Spector, and Nedra Talley.[86]
Keith Richards[N3]

2007

Smith, PattiPatti Smith

Zack de la Rocha

2007

Van Halen
Michael Anthony, Sammy Hagar, David Lee Roth, Alex Van Halen, and Eddie Van Halen.[87]
Velvet Revolver

2008

Clark Five, The DaveThe Dave Clark Five
Dave Clark, Lenny Davidson, Rick Huxley, Denis Payton, and Mike Smith.[88]
Tom Hanks

2008

Cohen, LeonardLeonard Cohen

Lou Reed[N2]

2008

Madonna

Justin Timberlake

2008

Mellencamp, JohnJohn Mellencamp

Billy Joel[N3]

2008

Ventures, TheThe Ventures
Bob Bogle, Nokie Edwards, Gerry McGee, Mel Taylor, and Don Wilson.[89]
John Fogerty[N3]

2009

Beck, JeffJeff Beck

Jimmy Page[N3]

2009

Little Anthony and the Imperials
Clarence Collins, Anthony Gourdine, Tracy Lord, Glouster "Nat" Rogers, Sammy Strain, and Ernest Wright Jr.[90]
Smokey Robinson[N3]

2009

Metallica
Cliff Burton, Kirk Hammett, James Hetfield, Jason Newsted, Robert Trujillo, and Lars Ulrich.[91]
Flea[N2]

2009

Run-DMC
Darryl "D.M.C." McDaniels, Jason "Jam-Master Jay" Mizell, and Joseph "DJ Run" Simmons.[92]
Eminem

2009

Womack, BobbyBobby Womack

Ron Wood[N3]

2010

ABBA
Benny Andersson, Agnetha Fältskog, Anni-Frid Lyngstad, and Björn Ulvaeus.[93]
Barry[N3] and Robin Gibb[N3]

2010

Genesis
Tony Banks, Phil Collins, Peter Gabriel, Steve Hackett, and Mike Rutherford.[94]
Trey Anastasio

2010

Cliff, JimmyJimmy Cliff

Wyclef Jean

2010

Hollies, TheThe Hollies
Bernie Calvert, Allan Clarke, Bobby Elliott, Eric Haydock, Tony Hicks, Graham Nash, and Terry Sylvester.[95]
Steven Van Zandt[N2]

2010

Stooges, TheThe Stooges
Dave Alexander, Ron Asheton, Scott Asheton, Iggy Pop, and James Williamson.[96]
Billie Joe Armstrong[N2]

2011

Alice Cooper
Alice Cooper, Michael Owen Bruce, Glen Buxton, Dennis Dunaway, and Neal Smith.[97]
Rob Zombie

2011

Diamond, NeilNeil Diamond

Paul Simon[N3]

2011

Dr. John

John Legend

2011

Love, DarleneDarlene Love

Bette Midler

2011

Waits, TomTom Waits

Neil Young[N3]

2012

Beastie Boys
Michael "Mike D" Diamond, Adam "Ad-Rock" Horovitz, and Adam "MCA" Yauch.[98]
Chuck D[N2] and LL Cool J

2012
—
Blue Caps !The Blue Caps[N1]
Backing band for Gene Vincent. Inducted: Tommy Facenda, Cliff Gallup, Dickie Harrell, Bobby Jones, Johnny Meeks, Jack Neal, Paul Peek, and Willie Williams.[99]
Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

Comets !The Comets[N1]
Backing band for Bill Haley. Inducted: Joey Ambrose, Franny Beecher, Danny Cedrone, Johnny Grande, Ralph Jones, Marshall Lytle, Rudy Pompilli, Al Rex, Dick Richards, and Billy Williamson.[100]
Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

Crickets !The Crickets[N1]
Backing band for Buddy Holly. Inducted: Jerry Allison, Sonny Curtis, Joe B. Mauldin, and Niki Sullivan.[101]
Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

Donovan

John Mellencamp[N3]

2012

Famous Flames !The Famous Flames[N1]
Backing vocal group for James Brown. Inducted: Bobby Bennett, Bobby Byrd, Lloyd Stallworth, and Johnny Terry.[102]
Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

Guns N' Roses
Steven Adler, Duff McKagan, Dizzy Reed, Axl Rose, Slash, Matt Sorum, and Izzy Stradlin.[103]
Green Day[N2]

2012
—
Midnighters !The Midnighters[N1]
Backing vocal group for Hank Ballard. Inducted: Henry Booth, Billy Davis, Cal Green, Arthur Porter, Lawson Smith, Charles Sutton, Norman Thrasher, and Sonny Woods.[104]
Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

Miracles !The Miracles[N1]
Backing vocal group for Smokey Robinson. Inducted: Claudette Rogers, Bobby Rogers, Ronald White, Marv Tarplin, and Pete Moore.[105]
Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

Nyro, LauraLaura Nyro

Bette Midler

2012

Red Hot Chili Peppers
Flea, John Frusciante, Jack Irons, Anthony Kiedis, Josh Klinghoffer, Cliff Martinez, Hillel Slovak, and Chad Smith.[106]
Chris Rock

2012
—
Small Faces/Faces
Kenney Jones, Ronnie Lane, Ian McLagan, Steve Marriott, Rod Stewart, and Ronnie Wood.[107]
Steven Van Zandt

2013

Heart
Michael DeRosier, Roger Fisher, Steve Fossen, Howard Leese, Ann Wilson, and Nancy Wilson.[108]
Chris Cornell

2013

King, AlbertAlbert King

John Mayer

2013

Newman, RandyRandy Newman

Don Henley[N3]

2013

Public Enemy
Flavor Flav, Professor Griff, Terminator X, and Chuck D.[109]
Harry Belafonte and Spike Lee

2013

Rush
Geddy Lee, Alex Lifeson, and Neil Peart.[110]
Dave Grohl[N2] and Taylor Hawkins

2013

Summer, DonnaDonna Summer

Kelly Rowland

2014

Gabriel, PeterPeter Gabriel

Chris Martin

2014

Hall & Oates
Daryl Hall and John Oates.[111]
Questlove

2014

Kiss
Peter Criss, Ace Frehley, Gene Simmons, and Paul Stanley.[112]
Tom Morello

2014

Nirvana
Kurt Cobain, Dave Grohl, and Krist Novoselic.[113]
Michael Stipe[N3]

2014

Ronstadt, LindaLinda Ronstadt

Glenn Frey[N3]

2014

Stevens, CatCat Stevens

Art Garfunkel[N3]

2015

Butterfield Blues Band, The PaulThe Paul Butterfield Blues Band
Paul Butterfield, Mike Bloomfield, Elvin Bishop, Mark Naftalin, Jerome Arnold, Billy Davenport, and Sam Lay.[114]
Peter Wolf

2015

Jett & the Blackhearts, JoanJoan Jett & the Blackhearts
Joan Jett, Gary Ryan, Lee Crystal, and Ricky Byrd.[115]
Miley Cyrus

2015

Reed, LouLou Reed[116]

Patti Smith[N3]

2015

Green Day
Billie Joe Armstrong, Tré Cool, and Mike Dirnt.[117]
Fall Out Boy

2015

Vaughan, Stevie RayStevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble
Stevie Ray Vaughan, Chris Layton, Tommy Shannon, and Reese Wynans.[118]
John Mayer

2015

Withers, BillBill Withers

Stevie Wonder[N3]

2016

Cheap Trick
Bun E. Carlos, Rick Nielsen, Tom Petersson, and Robin Zander.[119]
Kid Rock

2016

Chicago
Peter Cetera, Terry Kath, Robert Lamm, Lee Loughnane, James Pankow, Walter Parazaider, and Danny Seraphine.[120]
Rob Thomas

2016

Deep Purple
Ritchie Blackmore, David Coverdale, Rod Evans, Ian Gillan, Roger Glover, Glenn Hughes, Jon Lord, and Ian Paice[121]
Lars Ulrich[N3]

2016

N.W.A
DJ Yella, Ice Cube, MC Ren, Eazy-E, and Dr. Dre[122]
Kendrick Lamar

2016

Miller, SteveSteve Miller

The Black Keys

2017

Electric Light Orchestra
Bev Bevan, Jeff Lynne, Richard Tandy, and Roy Wood[123]
Dhani Harrison

2017

Baez, JoanJoan Baez

Jackson Browne[N3]

2017

Journey
Jonathan Cain, Aynsley Dunbar, Steve Perry, Gregg Rolie, Neal Schon, Steve Smith, and Ross Valory[124]
Pat Monahan

2017

Pearl Jam
Jeff Ament, Matt Cameron, Stone Gossard, Dave Krusen, Mike McCready, and Eddie Vedder[125]
David Letterman

2017

Tupac Shakur

Snoop Dogg

2017

Yes
Jon Anderson, Bill Bruford, Steve Howe, Tony Kaye, Trevor Rabin, Chris Squire, Rick Wakeman, and Alan White[126]
Geddy Lee[N3] and Alex Lifeson[N3]

2018

Bon Jovi
David Bryan, Jon Bon Jovi, Hugh McDonald, Richie Sambora, Alec John Such and Tico Torres[127]
Howard Stern[128]

2018

The Cars
Elliot Easton, Greg Hawkes, David Robinson, Ric Ocasek and Benjamin Orr[129]
Brandon Flowers[130]

2018

Dire Straits
Alan Clark, Guy Fletcher, John Illsley, David Knopfler, Mark Knopfler and Pick Withers[131]

2018

The Moody Blues
Graeme Edge, Justin Hayward, Denny Laine, John Lodge, Mike Pinder and Ray Thomas[132]
Ann Wilson[N3][133]

2018

Nina Simone

Mary J. Blige[134]

text: ^ Note 1. These backing bands were inducted by a separate committee, and not by the ballot voting used for all other performer inductees.

text: ^ Note 2. This artist was later inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame after inducting someone else.

text: ^ Note 3. This artist was already a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame when they inducted someone else.

text: Early influences[edit]

text: Artists inducted into the early influences category are those "whose music predated rock and roll but had an impact on the evolution of rock and roll and inspired rock's leading artists."[2] Unlike the performers category, these inductees are selected by a committee. The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee.[2]

text:
Year
Name

1986
Rodgers, JimmieJimmie Rodgers

1986
Yancey, JimmyJimmy Yancey

1986
Johnson, RobertRobert Johnson

1987
Jordan, LouisLouis Jordan

1987
Walker, T-BoneT-Bone Walker

1987
Williams, HankHank Williams

1988
Guthrie, WoodyWoody Guthrie

1988
Lead Belly

1988
Les Paul

1989
Ink Spots !The Ink Spots[A]

1989
Smith, BessieBessie Smith

1989
Soul Stirrers !The Soul Stirrers[B]

1990
Christian, CharlieCharlie Christian

1990
Armstrong, LouisLouis Armstrong

1990
Rainey, MaMa Rainey

1991
Howlin' Wolf

1992
James, ElmoreElmore James

1992
Longhair, ProfessorProfessor Longhair

1993
Washington, DinahDinah Washington

1994
Dixon, WillieWillie Dixon

1995
Orioles, TheThe Orioles[C]

1996
Seeger, PetePete Seeger

1997
Jackson, MahaliaMahalia Jackson

1997
Monroe, BillBill Monroe

1998
Jelly Roll Morton

1999
Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys[D]

1999
Brown, CharlesCharles Brown

2000
Cole, Nat !Nat King Cole

2000
Holiday, BillieBillie Holiday

2009
Jackson, WandaWanda Jackson

2012
King, FreddieFreddie King[E]

2015
5 Royalses !The "5" Royales[E][F]

2018
Tharpe, Sister RosettaSister Rosetta Tharpe[E]

text:
^ A. Inducted members: Bill Kenny, Charlie Fuqua, Deek Watson, and Orville "Hoppy" Jones.[135]
^ B. Inducted members: Roy Crain Sr., R. H. Harris, Jesse Farley, and E. A. Rundless.[136]
^ C. Inducted members: Sonny Til, Tommy Gaither, George Nelson, Johnny Reed, and Alexander Sharp.[137]
^ D. Inducted members: Bob Wills, Tommy Duncan, Leon McAuliffe, Johnny Gimble, Joe "Jody" Holley, Tiny Moore, Herb Remington, Eldon Shamblin, and Al Stricklin.[138]
^ E. Nominated as a performer.
^ F. Inducted members: John L. Tanner, Eugene Tanner, James E. Moore, Obadiah H. Carter and Lowman Pauling, Jr[139]

text: Non-performers (Ahmet Ertegun Award)[edit]

text: The non-performer category honors "songwriters, producers, disc jockeys, record executives, journalists and other industry professionals who have had a major influence on the development of rock and roll."[2] Several of the inductees in this category were in fact prominent performers as well. The inductees in this category are selected by the same committee that chooses the early influences. The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee.[2] This category has been criticized for inducting those that have "been coming to the dinner for years and paying for their tickets" and not revealing their full criteria.[140] In 2008, this category was renamed the "Ahmet Ertegün Award".[141]

text:
Year
Name

1986
Freed, AlanAlan Freed

1986
Phillips, SamSam Phillips

1987
Chess, LeonardLeonard Chess

1987
Ertegun, AhmetAhmet Ertegun

1987
Leiber !Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller

1987
Wexler, JerryJerry Wexler

1988
Gordy, Jr., BerryBerry Gordy, Jr.

1989
Spector, PhilPhil Spector

1990
Gerry Goffin and Carole King

1990
Holland–Dozier–Holland

1991
Bartholomew, DaveDave Bartholomew

1991
Bass, RalphRalph Bass

1992
Fender, LeoLeo Fender

1992
Graham, BillBill Graham

1992
Pomus, DocDoc Pomus

1993
Clark, DickDick Clark

1993
Gabler, MiltMilt Gabler

1994
Otis, JohnnyJohnny Otis

1995
Ackerman, PaulPaul Ackerman

1996
Donahue, TomTom Donahue

1997
Nathan, SydSyd Nathan

1998
Toussaint, AllenAllen Toussaint

1999
Martin, GeorgeGeorge Martin

2000
Davis, CliveClive Davis

2001
Blackwell, ChrisChris Blackwell

2002
Stewart, JimJim Stewart

2003
Ostin, MoMo Ostin

2008
Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff

2010
Geffen, DavidDavid Geffen

2010
Blackwell, OtisOtis Blackwell

2010
Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich

2010
Shuman, MortMort Shuman

2010
Stone, JesseJesse Stone

2010
Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil

2011
Holzman, JacJac Holzman

2011
Rupe, ArtArt Rupe

2012
Kirshner, DonDon Kirshner

2013
Adler, LouLou Adler

2013
Jones, QuincyQuincy Jones

2014
Epstein, BrianBrian Epstein

2014
Andrew Loog Oldham

2016
Berns, BertBert Berns

text: Award for Musical Excellence[edit]

text: This category, which replaced sidemen, "honors those musicians, producers and others who have spent their careers out of the spotlight working with major artists on various parts of their recording and live careers."

text:
Year
Name

2011
Russell, LeonLeon Russell

2012
Matassa, CosimoCosimo Matassa

2012
Dowd, TomTom Dowd

2012
Johns, GlynGlyn Johns

2014
E Street Band [G]

2015
Ringo Starr

2017
Nile Rodgers[142]

text: ^ G. Inducted members: Garry Tallent, Roy Bittan, Max Weinberg, Steven Van Zandt, Nils Lofgren, Patti Scialfa, Clarence Clemons, Danny Federici, Vini Lopez, David Sancious.

text: Sidemen[edit]

text: Established in 2000, the sidemen category "honors those musicians who have spent their careers out of the spotlight, performing as backup musicians for major artists on recording sessions and in concert." A separate committee, composed mainly of producers, chooses the inductees.[2] In 2010, the category was renamed to "Award for Musical Excellence". According to Joel Peresman, the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation, "This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized."[143]

text:
Year
Name
Instrument

2000
Blaine, HalHal Blaine
Drums[144]

2000
Curtis, KingKing Curtis
Saxophone[145]

2000
Jamerson, JamesJames Jamerson
Bass guitar[146]

2000
Moore, ScottyScotty Moore
Guitar[147]

2000
Palmer, EarlEarl Palmer
Drums[148]

2001
Burton, JamesJames Burton
Guitar[149]

2001
Johnson, JohnnieJohnnie Johnson
Piano[150]

2002
Atkins, ChetChet Atkins
Guitar[151]

2003
Benjamin, BennyBenny Benjamin
Drums[152]

2003
Cramer, FloydFloyd Cramer
Piano[153]

2003
Douglas, SteveSteve Douglas
Saxophone[154]

2008
Walter, LittleLittle Walter
Harmonica[155]

2009
Black, BillBill Black
Bass guitar[156]

2009
Fontana, D. J.D. J. Fontana
Drums[157]

2009
Oldham, SpoonerSpooner Oldham
Keyboard[158]

text: Lifetime achievement[edit]

text: The following were inducted for "Lifetime Achievement in the Non-Performer Category."[2]

text:
Year
Name

1986
Hammond, JohnJohn Hammond

1991
Ertegun, NesuhiNesuhi Ertegun

2004
Wenner, JannJann Wenner

2005
Barsalona, FrankFrank Barsalona

2005
Stein, SeymourSeymour Stein

2006
Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss

text: Multiple inductees[edit]

text: As of 2017, 22 performers have been inducted twice or more; fourteen have been recognized as a solo artist and with a band and seven have been inducted with two separate bands. Eric Clapton is the only one to be inducted three times: as a solo artist, with Cream and The Yardbirds.[159] Clyde McPhatter was the first to ever be inducted twice and is one of three artists to be inducted first as a solo artist and then as a member of a band, the other artists being Neil Young and Rod Stewart. Stephen Stills is the only artist to be inducted twice in the same year. Crosby, Stills & Nash, inducted in 1997, is the only band to see all of its inducted members be inducted with other acts: David Crosby with The Byrds in 1991, Stephen Stills with Buffalo Springfield in 1997, and Graham Nash with The Hollies in 2010. The Beatles, inducted in 1988, is the second band to have all of its members be inducted, as well as the only band to have each of its members be inducted for their solo careers as their second induction. Ringo Starr is the first inductee to be inducted twice in different categories (The Beatles were inducted in the performers category in 1988 and Starr was inducted as a solo artist in the Award for Musical Excellence category in 2015). He also holds the record for the longest time between first and second inductions, at 27 years. Both of Stills' inductions happened during the 1997 ceremony and Clapton and McPhatter were inducted in back-to-back years (1987/88 for McPhatter, 1992/93 for Clapton, as well as his solo induction in 2000). The Traveling Wilburys are the only band to have all of its members be inducted without the band itself having been inducted: Roy Orbison as a solo artist in 1987, Bob Dylan as a solo artist in 1988, George Harrison with the Beatles in 1988 and as a solo artist in 2004, Tom Petty with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers in 2002, and Jeff Lynne with the Electric Light Orchestra in 2017.

text:
Name
First
Year
Second
Year
Third
Year

Beck, JeffJeff Beck
Yardbirds !The Yardbirds
1992
zzzzz !Solo career
2009
—
—

Carter, JohnnyJohnny Carter
Flamingos !The Flamingos
2001
Dells !The Dells
2004
—
—

Clapton, EricEric Clapton
Yardbirds !The Yardbirds
1992
Cream
1993
Solo career
2000

Crosby, DavidDavid Crosby
Byrds !The Byrds
1991
Crosby, Stills & Nash
1997
—
—

Gabriel, PeterPeter Gabriel
Genesis !Genesis
2010
Solo career
2014
—
—

Harrison, GeorgeGeorge Harrison
Beatles !The Beatles
1988
zzzzz !Solo career
2004
—
—

Jackson, MichaelMichael Jackson
Jackson Five !The Jackson Five
1997
zzzzz !Solo career
2001
—
—

Lennon, JohnJohn Lennon
Beatles !The Beatles
1988
zzzzz !Solo career
1994
—
—

Mayfield, CurtisCurtis Mayfield
Impressions !The Impressions
1991
zzzzz !Solo career
1999
—
—

McCartney, PaulPaul McCartney
Beatles !The Beatles
1988
zzzzz !Solo career
1999
—
—

McPhatter, ClydeClyde McPhatter
zzzzz !Solo career
1987
Drifters !The Drifters
1988
—
—

Nash, GrahamGraham Nash
Crosby, Stills & Nash
1997
Hollies !The Hollies
2010
—
—

Page, JimmyJimmy Page
Yardbirds !The Yardbirds
1992
Led Zeppelin
1995
—
—

Reed, LouLou Reed
Velvet Underground !The Velvet Underground
1996
zzzzz !Solo career
2015
—
—

Rolie, GreggGregg Rolie
Santana
1998
Journey
2017
—
—

Simon, PaulPaul Simon
Simon and Garfunkel
1990
zzzzz !Solo career
2001
—
—

Starr, RingoRingo Starr
Beatles !The Beatles
1988
Award For Musical Excellence, Solo career
2015
—
—

Stewart, RodRod Stewart
zzzzz !Solo career
1994
Faces
2012
—
—

Stills, StephenStephen Stills
Buffalo Springfield
1997
Crosby, Stills & Nash
1997
—
—

Strain, Sammy !Sammy Strain
The O'Jays
2005
Little Anthony & The Imperials
2009
—
—

Wood, RonnieRonnie Wood
Rolling Stones !The Rolling Stones
1989
Faces
2012
—
—

Young, NeilNeil Young
zzzzz !Solo career
1995
Buffalo Springfield
1997
—
—