document_title: Football records in Spain

question_text: who has the most assists in la liga

question_tokens: who has the most assists in la liga

text: Football records in Spain

text: League[edit]

text: Records in this section refer to La Liga from its founding in 1929 through to the present.

text: Titles[edit]

text:
Most league titles: 33, Real Madrid (1931–32, 1932–33, 1953–54, 1954–55, 1956–57, 1957–58, 1960–61, 1961–62, 1962–63, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1966–67, 1967–68, 1968–69, 1971–72, 1974–75, 1975–76, 1977–78, 1978–79, 1979–80, 1985–86, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1989–90, 1994–95, 1996–97, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2011–12, 2016-17)[1]
Most consecutive league titles: 5, Real Madrid (twice): (1960–61, 1961–62, 1962–63, 1963–64, 1964–65) & (1985–86, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1989–90)[2]

text: Top flight appearances[edit]

text:
Most appearances: 86, joint record (up to 2016–17) [1]

Athletic Bilbao (1929–present)
Barcelona (1929–present)
Real Madrid (1929–present)

text: Wins[edit]

text:
Most wins overall: 1618, Real Madrid[1]
Most wins in a season: 32, Real Madrid (2011–12),[3][4] Barcelona (2012–13)[3][4]
Most home wins in a season: 18 : Real Madrid (1987–88)[5] and (2009–10)[6] , Barcelona ( 2009-10 ) [6]
Most away wins in a season: 16, Real Madrid (2011–12)[7]
Most consecutive wins: 16, Barcelona (2010–11),[8] Real Madrid (2016–17)[9]
Most consecutive home wins: 39, Barcelona (16 February 1958 to 6 November 1960)[10][11][12][13]
Most consecutive away wins: 13, Real Madrid (26 February 2017 to 14 October 2017)[14]
Fewest wins in a season: 2, joint record:

Sporting Gijón (1997–98) final record P38 W2 D7 L29[15]
Logroñés (1994–95) final record P38 W2 D9 L27[16]
Celta Vigo (1943–44) final record P26 W2 D5 L19[17]
Real Betis (1942–43) final record P26 W2 D6 L18[18]

100% home win record in a season:

Athletic Bilbao (9 games; 1933–34)[19]
Athletic Bilbao (11 games; 1935–36)[20]
Barcelona (13 games; 1948–49)[21]
Barcelona (15 games; 1952–53)[22]
Sevilla (15 games; 1956–57)[23]
Barcelona (15 games; 1958–59)[24]
Barcelona (15 games; 1959–60)[25]
Real Madrid (15 games; 1959–60)[25]
Real Madrid (15 games; 1962–63)[26]
Real Madrid (17 games; 1985–86)[27]

Longest win streaks from the start of a season: 9, Real Madrid (1968–69)[28]

text: Draws[edit]

text:
Most draws overall: 627, Athletic Bilbao[1]
Most draws in a season: 18, Deportivo La Coruña (2015–16)[29]
Most consecutive draws: 9, Burgos (30 April 1978 to 28 October 1978)[30][31]

text: Losses[edit]

text:
Most losses overall: 1058, Espanyol[1]
Most losses in a season: 29, Sporting Gijón (1997–98)[15]
Most consecutive losses in a season: 11, Las Palmas (13 December 1959 to 28 February 1960)[citation needed]
Most consecutive losses home: 9 Córdoba (24 January 2015 to ongoing)[citation needed]
Most consecutive losses away: 25, Hércules (11 September 1955 to 26 February 1967)[citation needed]
Fewest losses in a season: 0, (18 games season) joint record:

Athletic Bilbao (1929–30; final record P18 W12 D6 L0)[32]
Real Madrid (1931–32; final record P18 W10 D8 L0)[33]

Fewest losses in a season under current league format (38 games): 1, joint record:

Real Madrid (1988–89; final record P38 W25 D12 L1)[34]
Barcelona (2009–10; final record P38 W31 D6 L1)[6]

text: Points[edit]

text:
Most points overall in the top flight: 4,293, Real Madrid[35]
Most points in a season overall: 100 (87.72% of points), Real Madrid (2011–12)[36] and Barcelona (2012–13)[37][38][39]
Most points in a season home: 54, Real Madrid (1987–88)[5] and (2009–10)[6]
Most points in a season away: 50, Real Madrid (2011–12)[citation needed]
Most points in a season opening half: 55, Barcelona (2012–13)[citation needed]
Most points in a season closing half: 52, Real Madrid (2009–10)[citation needed]
Most points in a season (2 points for a win, 18 games): 30, Athletic Bilbao (1929–30)[40]
Most points in a season (2 points for a win, 22 games): 34, Betis Balompié (1934–35)[41]
Most points in a season (2 points for a win, 26 games): 40, Valencia (1941–42) and (1943–44)[42]
Most points in a season (2 points for a win, 30 games): 52, Real Madrid (1960–61)[43]
Most points in a season (2 points for a win, 34 games): 56, Real Madrid (1985–86)[44]
Most points in a season (2 points for a win, 38 games): 62, Real Madrid (1987–88), (1988–89) and (1989–90)[45][46]
Most points in a season (2 points for a win, 44 games): 66, Real Madrid (1986–87)[47]
Most points in a season (3 points for a win, 42 games): 92, Real Madrid (1996–97)[48]
Most points in a season (3 points for a win, 38 games): 100, Real Madrid (2011–12) and Barcelona (2012–13)[37][38][39]
Fewest points in a season (2 points for a win): 9, Celta Vigo (1942–43) final record P26 W2 D5 L19[49]
Fewest points in a season (3 points for a win): 13, Sporting Gijón (1997–98) final record P38 W2 D7 L29[50]

text: Games without a loss[edit]

text:
Most consecutive league games without a loss: 38, Real Sociedad (29 April 1979 to 4 May 1980) [51]
Most consecutive league games without a loss home: 121, Real Madrid (17 February 1957 to 7 March 1965)[52]
Most consecutive league games without a loss away: 23, Barcelona (14 February 2010 to 30 April 2011)[53]

text: Games without a win[edit]

text:
Most consecutive league games without a win: 24, Sporting Gijón (22 June 1997 to 8 February 1998)[54]
Most consecutive league games without a win away: 72, Hércules (8 December 1940 to 12 March 1967)[55]

text: Games without scoring[edit]

text:
Most consecutive league games without scoring: 8, joint record:

Sabadell (27 September 1987 to 6 December 1987)[56]
Castellón (28 October 1990 to 6 January 1991)[57]

Most consecutive league games without scoring Home: 7, Athletic Bilbao (6 January 1996 to 7 April 1996)[58]
Most consecutive league games without scoring away: 12, Deportivo (17 January 1965 to 4 December 1966)[59]
Most consecutive league games without scoring away in a single season: 11 Hércules (17 November 2010 to 3 April 2011)[55]

text: Games without conceding a goal[edit]

text:
Most consecutive league games without conceding a goal: 13, Atlético Madrid (2 December 1990 to 17 March 1991)[60]
Most consecutive league games without conceding a goal home: 12, Barcelona (23 April 2011 to 15 January 2012)[53]
Most consecutive league games without conceding a goal away: 7, Barcelona (1 November 1986 to 7 February 1987)[53]
Most games without conceding a goal in a season: 26, Deportivo (1993–94)[59]

text: Appearances[edit]

text:
Most career league appearances: 622, Andoni Zubizarreta[61]
Most career league appearances at one club: 550, Raúl[61]
Most career league appearances by a player born outside of Spain: 466, Donato[61]
Oldest player: Ricardo, 41 years, 5 month and 2 days (for Osasuna v. Real Madrid, 1 June 2013)[62]
Oldest player under exceptional circumstances: Harry Lowe, 48 years 7 months and 12 days (for Real Sociedad v. Valencia, 24 March 1935)[63] (Real Sociedad's manager played due to a player down to illness, the team did not bring any substitutes to the away game for financial reasons.)
Youngest player: Sansón, 15 years, 8 months and 11 days[64][65] (for Celta Vigo v. Sevilla, 31 December 1939)

text: Goals[edit]

text: Team records[edit]

text:
Most league goals scored in a season: 121, Real Madrid (2011–12)[66]
Most home league goals scored in a season: 78, Real Madrid (1989–90)[67]
Most away league goals scored in a season: 58, Real Madrid (2016–17)[68]
Most games scored in a season: 38, Real Madrid (2016–17)[69]
Scoring in every game in a single La-Liga season: 38 out of 38 games, Real Madrid (2016–17)[70]
Fewest league goals scored in a season: 15, Logroñés (1994–95)[citation needed]
Fewest home league goals scored in a season: 8, Granada (1969–70)[citation needed]
Fewest away league goals scored in a season: 2, Deportivo (1964–65)[citation needed]
Most league goals conceded in a season: 134, Lleida (1950–51)[citation needed]
Fewest league goals conceded in a season: 15, Real Madrid (1931–32)[citation needed]
Fewest league goals conceded home in a season: 2, joint record:

Córdoba (1964–65)[citation needed]
Pontevedra (1968–69)[citation needed]

Best conceded goal quota in a season:

0.474 goals per game, Deportivo (1993–94), Atlético Madrid (2015-2016) (Real Madrid's record of 15 goals was in an 18 game season and gives a quota of 0.833, Deportivo and Atletico Madrid's tallies (of 18) are from 38-game seasons)[citation needed]

Best goal difference in a season: +89, Real Madrid (2011–12)[71] and Barcelona ( 2014-15 ) [72]
Worst goal difference in a season: –93, Lleida (1950–51)[citation needed]
Most consecutive games scoring: 64, Barcelona (4 February 2012 to 19 October 2013)[73]
Most consecutive games scoring home: 88, Barcelona (10 February 1952 to 19 January 1958)[citation needed]
Most consecutive games scoring away: 34, Real Madrid (3 January 2016 to 14 October 2017)[citation needed]
Most goals on one day: 59 goals in 8 games, (17 September 1950)[citation needed]
Fewest goals on one day: 8 goals in 8 games, (18 March 1973)[citation needed]

text: Individual Records[edit]

text:
Most career league assists: 140, Lionel Messi[74]
Most career league goals: 361, Lionel Messi[75]
Most goals scored in a season: 50, Lionel Messi (2011–12)[76]
Most goals scored in a calendar year: 59, Lionel Messi (2012)[77]
Most league home goals in a season (38 games, 19 home games): 35, Lionel Messi (2011–12)[citation needed]
Most league away goals in a season (38 games, 19 away games): 24, Lionel Messi (2012–13)[78]

text:
Most league matches scored in a season (38 games): 27, Lionel Messi (2012–13), Cristiano Ronaldo (2011–12)[citation needed]
Most league home matches scored in a season (38 games): 16, Lionel Messi (2011–12)[citation needed]
Most league away matches scored in a season (38 games): 15, Lionel Messi (2012–13)[citation needed]
Most opponents scored against in La Liga history: 35, joint record: Raúl, Lionel Messi[79]
Most opponents scored against in a season: 19, joint record:

Ronaldo for Barcelona (1996–97) (42 games)[80]
Cristiano Ronaldo for Real Madrid (2011–12) (38 games)[80]
Lionel Messi for Barcelona (2012–13) (38 games)[81]

Most goals scored in a game: 7, joint record:

Agustín Sauto Arana (for Athletic Bilbao v. Barcelona, 8 February 1931)[citation needed]
László Kubala (for Barcelona v. Sporting Gijón, 10 February 1952)[82]

Most consecutive league appearances scored in: 21, Lionel Messi (33 goals, from matchday 11 to matchday 34, season 2012-13)[83]
Most consecutive home league matches scored in: 18, Mariano Martín (37 goals from matchday 22 season 1941-42 to matchday 6 season 1943-44)[84]
Most consecutive away league matches scored in: 13, Lionel Messi (20 goals from matchday 8 to matchday 33, season 2012–13)[citation needed]
Most hat-tricks scored in La Liga history: 32, Cristiano Ronaldo
Most league hat-tricks scored in a season: 8, joint record:

Lionel Messi (2011–12)[85]
Cristiano Ronaldo (2014–15)

Fastest hat-trick in La Liga: Bebeto for Deportivo La Coruña vs Albacete in 1995[86][87]
Most consecutive hat-tricks in one season: 3, Isidro Lángara (for Oviedo (1934–35)[88]
Most goals from penalties in La Liga history: 56, joint record:

Cristiano Ronaldo[89]
Hugo Sánchez[89]

Fastest to 20 league goals in a single season: 12 games, Cristiano Ronaldo (2014–15)[90]
Youngest goalscorer: Fabrice Olinga, 16 years and 98 days (for Málaga v. Celta Vigo, 18 August 2012)[citation needed]
Fastest 50 league goals: 37 games, Isidro Lángara (for Oviedo (matchday 19, 07/04/1935, season 1934–35)[citation needed]
Fastest 100 league goals: 82 games, Isidro Lángara (for Oviedo (matchday 2, 28 September 1947, season 1947–48)[91]
Fastest 150 league goals: 140 games, Cristiano Ronaldo (matchday 5, 22 September 2013, season 2013–14)[92]
Fastest 200 league goals: Cristiano Ronaldo[93]
Fastest 250 league goals: Cristiano Ronaldo[94]
Most wins at La Liga Best Player award: 6, Lionel Messi[95]
Most wins at La Liga Best Forward award: 7, Lionel Messi[96][97]
Player to score 4 goals (super hat-tricks) in 2 consecutive matches in La Liga history in a single season: 2, Luis Suárez (matchdays 34 and 35, season 2015–16)[98]
Players to be involved in 7 goals in a single match in La Liga history: joint record: Agustín Sauto Arana (for Atletic Bilbao vs Barcelona, 8 February 1931) Luis Suárez, (matchday 34, 20 April 2016, season 2015–16)[98]

text: Goalkeepers' records[edit]

text:
Most Penalties Saved: 22, Diego Alves for UD Almería and Valencia CF[99]
Most Penalties Saved in a single season: 6, Diego Alves for Valencia CF in season 2016-17[100]
Most clean sheets in a season: 26, Francisco Liaño (for Deportivo, 1993–94)[101]
Best conceded goal quota in a season:[102]

1 - 0.474 goals per game (18 goals in 38 matches), Francisco Liaño (for Deportivo, 1993–94), Jan Oblak (for Atlético Madrid, 2015–16)
3 - 0.5 goals per game (16 goals in 32 matches), Víctor Valdés (for Barcelona, 2010–11)
4 - 0,51 goals per game (19 goals in 37 matches), Claudio Bravo (for Barcelona, 2014–15)

Most clean sheets: 233, Andoni Zubizarreta (66 for Athletic Bilbao, 123 for Barcelona and 44 for Valencia, 1981–1998)[103]
Best clean sheets start : 754 mins by Claudio Bravo (for Barcelona, in 2014-15)[102]
Longest goalkeeping run without conceding a goal: 1,275 minutes, Abel Resino (for Atlético Madrid, 1990–91)[104]

text: Scorelines[edit]

text:
Record win: Athletic Bilbao 12–1 Barcelona (8 February 1931)[105]
Record away win: 0–8, on four occasions:

Las Palmas 0–8 Barcelona (25 October 1959)[106]
Almería 0–8 Barcelona (20 November 2010)[106]
Córdoba 0–8 Barcelona (2 May 2015)
Deportivo 0–8 Barcelona (20 April 2016)

Most goals in a game: 14, Athletic Bilbao 9–5 Racing Santander (5 February 1933)[107]
Highest scoring draw: 6–6, Atlético Madrid v. Athletic Bilbao (29 January 1950)[108]

text: Disciplinary[edit]

text:
Most red cards in a single match: 6,

Espanyol (3) v. Barcelona (3) (13 December 2003) (2 Direct red cards and 4 double yellow cards)[citation needed]

Most red cards in a career (individual): 18, joint record:

Xavier Aguado (Real Zaragoza)[citation needed]
Pablo Alfaro (Real Zaragoza, Racing Santander and Sevilla) Pablo Alfaro also received 9 red cards while playing in second division for a total of 27 red cards, this is the record for all Spanish professional divisions[citation needed]
Sergio Ramos (Real Madrid)[109]

text: Team records[edit]

text: Most points in a La Liga season (at least 90 points)[edit]

text:
Rank
Club
Season
Points
Apps

1
Real Madrid
2011–12
100
38

Barcelona
2012–13
100
38

3
Barcelona
2009–10
99
38

4
Real Madrid
2009–10
96
38

Barcelona
2010–11
96
38

6
Barcelona
2014–15
94
38

7
Real Madrid
2016–17
93
38

8
Real Madrid
1996–97
92
42

Real Madrid
2010–11
92
38

Real Madrid
2014–15
92
38

11
Barcelona
2011–12
91
38

Barcelona
2015–16
91
38

13
Barcelona
1996–97
90
42

Atlético Madrid
2013–14
90
38

Real Madrid
2015–16
90
38

Barcelona
2016–17
90
38

text: Most goals in a La Liga season (at least 100 goals)[edit]

text:
Rank
Club
Season
Goals
Apps

1
Real Madrid
2011–12
121
38

2
Real Madrid
2014–15
118
38

3
Barcelona
2016–17
116
38

4
Barcelona
2012–13
115
38

5
Barcelona
2011–12
114
38

6
Barcelona
2015–16
112
38

7
Barcelona
2014–15
110
38

Real Madrid
2015–16
110
38

9
Real Madrid
1989–90
107
38

10
Real Madrid
2016–17
106
38

11
Barcelona
2008–09
105
38

12
Real Madrid
2013–14
104
38

13
Real Madrid
2012–13
103
38

14
Real Madrid
2009–10
102
38

Real Madrid
2010–11
102
38

Barcelona
1996–97
102
42

17
Barcelona
2013–14
100
38

text: Most goals in a season besides Real Madrid and Barcelona: 88 in 30 appearances by Athletic Bilbao in 1950–51 La Liga.

text: Most goals in a season – all competitions (at least 150 goals)[edit]

text:
Rank
Club
Season
Liga
Cup
Europe
Other
Total

Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps

1
Barcelona
2011–12
114
38
26
9
35
12
15
5
190
64

2
Barcelona
2014–15
110
38
34
9
31
13
0
0
175
60

3
Real Madrid
2011–12
121
38
14
6
35
12
4
2
174
58

4
Real Madrid
2016–17
106
38
22
6
36
13
9
3
173
60

Barcelona
2015–16
112
38
27
9
22
10
12
5
173
62

6
Barcelona
2016–17
116
38
24
9
26
10
5
2
171
59

7
Real Madrid
2014–15
118
38
11
4
24
12
9
5
162
59

8
Real Madrid
2013–14
104
38
15
9
41
13
0
0
160
60

9
Real Madrid
1959–60
92
30
35
9
31
7
0
0
158
46

Barcelona
2008–09
105
38
17
9
36
15
0
0
158
62

Barcelona
2012–13
115
38
21
8
18
12
4
2
158
60

12
Real Madrid
2012–13
103
38
20
9
26
12
4
2
153
61

13
Barcelona
2010–11
95
38
22
9
30
13
5
2
152
62

text:
First team to score at least 100 goals in a season: Valencia in 1941–42 (111 in 34 appearances).
It should be noted though that a number of teams managed to score over 100 goals in a season during the 1930s when the national league and cup were played alongside the regional leagues. Most prolific among those was the Athletic Bilbao team of the early 1930s scoring 126 goals in 1929–30, 137 goals in 1930–31, 127 goals in 1931–32, 127 goals in 1932–33 and 115 goals in 1933–34, others include Real Oviedo scoring 114 goals in 1933–34 and 110 goals in 1935–36.
Most goals in a season besides Real Madrid and Barcelona: 119 in 60 appearances by Sevilla in 2014–15 season.

text: Most effective team in a La Liga season (at least 3 goals per game)[edit]

text:
Rank
Club
Season
Goals
Apps
G/A

1
Athletic Bilbao
1930–31
73
18
4.06

2
Athletic Bilbao
1929–30
63
18
3.50

Athletic Bilbao
1931–32
63
18
3.50

4
Athletic Bilbao
1933–34
61
18
3.39

5
Valencia
1941–42
85
26
3.27

6
Barcelona
1958–59
96
30
3.20

7
Real Madrid
2011–12
121
38
3.18

8
Atlético Aviación
1940–41
70
22
3.18

Sevilla
1940–41
70
22
3.18

10
Real Madrid
2014–15
118
38
3.10

11
Barcelona
1951–52
92
30
3.07

Real Madrid
1959–60
92
30
3.07

13
Barcelona
2012–13
115
38
3.02

14
Barcelona
2011–12
114
38
3.00

Valencia
1948–49
78
26
3.00

text: Individual records[edit]

text: Most championships won[edit]

text: 12, Francisco Gento (all with Real Madrid)[110]

text: Goalscoring[edit]

text: Top 30 goalscorers, all-time[edit]

text: Players in Bold are still active.

text:
[hide]Rank
Nat
Name
Years
Goals
Apps
Ratio

1

Lionel Messi
2004–
360
389
0.93

2

Cristiano Ronaldo
2009–
285
268
1.06

3

Telmo Zarra
1940–1955
251
278
0.9

4

Hugo Sánchez
1981–1994
234
347
0.67

5

Raúl
1994–2010
228
550
0.41

6

Alfredo Di Stéfano
1953–1966
227
329
0.69

7

César Rodríguez
1939–1955
223
353
0.63

8

Quini
1970–1987
219
448
0.49

9

Pahiño
1943–1956
210
278
0.76

10

Edmundo Suárez
1939–1950
195
231
0.84

11

Santillana
1970–1988
186
461
0.4

12

David Villa
2003–2014
185
352
0.53

13

Juan Arza
1943–1959
182
349
0.52

14

Guillermo Gorostiza
1929–1945
178
256
0.7

15

Samuel Eto'o
1998–2009
162
280
0.58

16

Luis Aragonés
1960–1974
160
360
0.44

17

Ferenc Puskás
1958–1966
156
180
0.87

18

Julio Salinas
1982–2000
152
417
0.36

19

Adrián Escudero
1945–1958
150
287
0.52

Aritz Aduriz
2002–
383
0.39

21

Daniel Ruiz
1974–1986
147
303
0.49

22

Raúl Tamudo
1997–2013
146
407
0.36

23

Silvestre Igoa
1941–1956
141
284
0.5

24

Manuel Badenes
1946–1959
139
201
0.69

Juan Araújo
1945–1956
207
0.67

José Mari Bakero
1980–1997
483
0.29

27

László Kubala
1951–1965
138
215
0.64

28

José Luis Panizo
1939–1955
136
325
0.42

29

Jesús María Satrústegui
1973–1986
133
297
0.45

30

Joaquín Murillo
1952–1964
132
227
0.58

text: Top 5 goalscorers, still active (Primera División only)[edit]

text:
Rank
Nat
Name
Years
Current club
Goals
Apps
Ratio

1

Lionel Messi
2004–
Barcelona
360
389
0.93

2

Cristiano Ronaldo
2009–
Real Madrid
285
268
1.06

3

Aritz Aduriz
2002–
Athletic Bilbao
150
383
0.39

4

Karim Benzema
2009–
Real Madrid
122
247
0.49

5

Antoine Griezmann
2010–
Atlético Madrid
102
257
0.4

text: Most hat-tricks in the League (at least 10)[edit]

text: Three or more goals in a single match

text: Players in bold are still active

text:
Rank
Nat
Name
Hat-tricks

1

Cristiano Ronaldo
32

2

Lionel Messi
28

3

Alfredo Di Stéfano
22

Telmo Zarra

5

Edmundo Suárez
19

6

César Rodríguez
16

7

Isidro Lángara
13

8

Ferenc Puskás
12

9

László Kubala
11

Manuel Badenes

Pahiño

12

Quini
10

text: Most goals in a La Liga season (at least 30 goals)[edit]

text: Bold player name denotes current season.

text:
[hide]Rank
Nat
Name
Season
Club
Goals
Apps
Ratio

1

Lionel Messi
2011–12
Barcelona
50
37
1.351

2

Cristiano Ronaldo
2014–15
Real Madrid
48
35
1.371

3

Lionel Messi
2012–13
Barcelona
46
32
1.438

Cristiano Ronaldo
2011–12
Real Madrid
38
1.211

5

Lionel Messi
2014–15
Barcelona
43
38
1.132

6

Cristiano Ronaldo
2010–11
Real Madrid
40
34
1.176

Luis Suárez
2015–16
Barcelona
35
1.143

8

Telmo Zarra
1950–51
Athletic Bilbao
38
30
1.267

Hugo Sánchez
1989–90
Real Madrid
35
1.086

10

Lionel Messi
2016–17
Barcelona
37
34
1.088

11

Baltazar
1988–89
Atlético Madrid
35
36
0.972

Cristiano Ronaldo
2015–16
Real Madrid
36
0.972

13

Cristiano Ronaldo
2012–13
Real Madrid
34
34
1

Lionel Messi
2009–10
Barcelona
35
0.971

Ronaldo
1996–97
Barcelona
37
0.919

Hugo Sánchez
1986–87
Real Madrid
41
0.829

17

Pruden
1940–41
Atlético Aviación
33
22
1.5

Telmo Zarra
1946–47
Athletic Bilbao
24
1.375

Toni Polster
1989–90
Sevilla
35
0.943

20

Diego Forlán
2008–09
Atlético Madrid
32
33
0.97

21

Alfredo Di Stéfano
1956–57
Real Madrid
31
30
1.033

Cristiano Ronaldo
2013–14
Real Madrid
30
1.033

Lionel Messi
2010–11
Barcelona
33
0.939

Juan Antonio Pizzi
1995–96
Tenerife
41
0.756

25

Mariano Martín
1942–43
Barcelona
30
23
1.304

Romário
1993–94
Barcelona
33
0.909

Samuel Eto'o
2008–09
Barcelona
36
0.833

text: Most goals in a season — all competitions (at least 40 goals)[edit]

text:
[hide]Rank
Nat
Name
Season
Club
Goals
Apps
Ratio

1

Lionel Messi
2011–12
Barcelona
73
60
1.217

2

Cristiano Ronaldo
2014–15
Real Madrid
61
54
1.13

3

Lionel Messi
2012–13
Barcelona
60
50
1.2

Cristiano Ronaldo
2011–12
Real Madrid
55
1.091

5

Luis Suárez
2015–16
Barcelona
59
53
1.113

6

Lionel Messi
2014–15
Barcelona
58
57
1.018

7

Cristiano Ronaldo
2012–13
Real Madrid
55
55
1

8

Lionel Messi
2016–17
Barcelona
54
52
1.038

9

Cristiano Ronaldo
2010–11
Real Madrid
53
54
0.981

Lionel Messi
2010–11
Barcelona
55
0.964

11

Cristiano Ronaldo
2013–14
Real Madrid
51
47
1.085

Cristiano Ronaldo
2015–16
Real Madrid
48
1.063

13

Ferenc Puskás
1959–60
Real Madrid
47
38
1.237

Ronaldo
1996–97
Barcelona
49
0.959

Lionel Messi
2009–10
Barcelona
53
0.887

16

Telmo Zarra
1950–51
Athletic Bilbao
46
36
1.278

17

Alfredo Di Stéfano
1956–57
Real Madrid
43
43
1

18

Mariano Martín
1942–43
Barcelona
42
31
1.355

Ferenc Puskás
1960–61
Real Madrid
39
1.077

Hugo Sánchez
1989–90
Real Madrid
45
0.933

Baltazar
1988–89
Atlético Madrid
46
0.913

Cristiano Ronaldo
2016–17
Real Madrid
46
0.913

21

Lionel Messi
2013–14
Barcelona
41
46
0.891

Lionel Messi
2015–16
Barcelona
49
0.837

Hugo Sánchez
1986–87
Real Madrid
54
0.759

25

Ferenc Puskás
1961–62
Real Madrid
40
40
1

text: Goalkeeping[edit]

text: Top 5 longest goalkeeping runs without conceding a goal, all-time (Primera División only)

text:
Rank
Nat
Name
Season
Club
Minutes

1

Abel Resino
1990–91
Atlético Madrid
1275

2

Miguel Reina
1972–73
Barcelona
824

3

Edgardo Madinabeytia
1965–66
Atlético Madrid
793

4

Claudio Bravo
2013–14 to 2014–15
Real Sociedad, Barcelona
776

5

Luis Arconada
1979–80
Real Sociedad
753

text: Most appearances[edit]

text: Top 10 most appearances, all-time (Primera División)

text: Players in bold are still active

text:
[hide]Rank
Nat
Name
Years
Apps
Goals

1

Andoni Zubizarreta
1981–1998
622
0

2

Raúl
1994–2010
550
228

3

Eusebio Sacristán
1983–2002
543
36

4

Francisco Buyo
1980–1997
542
0

5

Manolo Sanchís
1983–2001
523
32

6

Iker Casillas
1999–2015
510
0

7

Xavi
1998–2015
505
58

8

Miquel Soler
1983–2003
504
12

9

Fernando Hierro
1987–2003
497
104

10

José Mari Bakero
1980–1997
483
139

text: Top 5 most appearances, still active (Primera División)

text:
Rank
Nat
Name
Years
Current club
Apps
Goals

1

Joaquín
2001–
Betis
460
63

2

Andrés Iniesta
2002–
Barcelona
418
34

3

Sergio Ramos
2004–
Real Madrid
410
51

3

Gabi
2004–
Atlético Madrid
401
21

5

Fernando Navarro
2000–
Deportivo La Coruña
398
3

text: Coaches[edit]

text: Coaches with most matches managed

text: Coaches in bold are still active in Primera Division

text:
[hide]Rank
Nat
Name
Years
Apps

1

Luis Aragonés
1974–2004
757

2

Javier Irureta
1988–2008
612

3

Miguel Muñoz
1958–1982
608

4

Víctor Fernández
1990–2015
544

5

Javier Clemente
1981–2012
511

6

Joaquín Caparrós
1999–2015
495

7

Ferdinand Daučík
1950–1971
488

8

John Toshack
1985–2004
480

9

Marcel Domingo
1958–1984
455

10

José María Maguregui
1973–1990
417

Ricardo Zamora
1939–1962

12

Miguel Ángel Lotina
1992–2012
416

13

Lorenzo Serra Ferrer
1983–2006
413

14

Gregorio Manzano
1999–2013
411

15

Radomir Antić
1988–2004
409

16

Luis Cid Carriega
1970–1986
397

17

José Manuel Díaz Novoa
1979–1998
394

18

Antonio Barrios
1949–1972
380

Pasieguito
1963–1982

20

Arsenio Iglesias
1971–1996
363

21

Helenio Herrera
1948–1981
359

22

Fernando Vázquez
1995–2013
357

23

Javier Aguirre
2002–2014
355

Ernesto Valverde
2003–

25

Roque Olsen
1962–1989
345

26

Jacinto Quincoces
1942–1960
337

27

Manuel Pellegrini
2004–2013
332

28

Víctor Espárrago
1987–2006
330

29

Unai Emery
2007–2016
323

30

Vicente Miera
1975–1997
321

text: Copa del Rey[edit]

text: Records in this section refers to Copa del Rey from its founding in 1902 through to the present.

text:
Most wins: 29, Barcelona (1910, 1912, 1913, 1920, 1922, 1925, 1926, 1928, 1942, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1957, 1959, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1978, 1981, 1983, 1988, 1990, 1997, 1998, 2009, 2012, 2015, 2016, 2017) [117]
Most consecutive wins: 4, joint record:

Athletic Bilbao (1930, 1931, 1932, 1933)[117]
Real Madrid (1905, 1906, 1907, 1908)[117]

Most finals played: 39, joint record:

Real Madrid (1903, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1924, 1929, 1930, 1933, 1934, 1936, 1940, 1943, 1946, 1947, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1968, 1970, 1974, 1975, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1993, 2002, 2004, 2011, 2013, 2014) [117]
Barcelona (1910, 1912, 1913, 1919, 1920, 1922, 1925, 1926, 1928, 1932, 1936, 1942, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1957, 1959, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1974, 1978, 1981, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017) [117]

Most finals without winning: 4, Celta Vigo (1908, 1948, 1994, 2001)[117]
Most finals without losing: 2, Deportivo (1995, 2002)[117]
Biggest win in a final: joint record

Athletic Bilbao 5–0 Espanyol (1915)[118]
Real Madrid 6–1 Castilla (1980)[119]

Most goals in a final: 8, Sevilla 6–2 Racing de Ferrol (1939)[120]
Most goals by a losing side: 3, joint record:

Athletic Bilbao losing 4–3 against Barcelona 1942[121]
Valencia losing 4–3 against Barcelona 1971[122]

Most consecutive rounds won: 19, Athletic Bilbao (6 April 1930 to 20 April 1934)[123]
Biggest home win: Real Murcia 14 – 0 Cieza Promesas (First Round, 10 September 1991–92 Copa del Rey) [124]
Biggest away win: CD Don Benito 0 – 13 Celta Vigo (First Round, 10 April 1932 Copa del Rey). The game was played at Celta Vigo Balaídos stadium[124]
Biggest winning scoreline: Celta Vigo 22 - 0 Don Benito (First Round 1932 Copa del Rey) [124]
Longest penalty shootout: 28, Joint Record:

Real Ávila 12 – 13 Real Burgos (29 September 1986–87 Copa del Rey)[125]
Córdoba 12 – 13 Deportivo (11 September 2012–13 Copa del Rey)[125]

text: Copa del Rey topscorers (top 10)[edit]

text:
[hide]Rank
Name
Nat.
Pos.
Years
Goals
Total

1
Zarra, TelmoTelmo Zarra

FW
1939–1957
81 Athletic Bilbao
81 [126]

2
Samitier, JosepJosep Samitier

MF
1919–1934
65 Barcelona + 5 Real Madrid
70 [127]

3
Gorostiza, GuillermoGuillermo Gorostiza

FW
1929–1946
37 Athletic Bilbao + 25 Valencia
62 [128]

4
Quini, Quini

FW
1968–1987
38 Sporting Gijón + 17 Barcelona
55

5
Suárez, EdmundoEdmundo Suárez

FW
1939–1950
52 Valencia
52 [129]

6
Puskás, FerencFerenc Puskás

FW
1958–1962
49 Real Madrid
49 [130]

7
Kubala, LászlóLászló Kubala

FW
1951–1965
49 Barcelona
49

8
Santillana, Santillana

FW
1970–1988
48 Real Madrid
48 [131]

9
Rodríguez, CésarCésar Rodríguez

FW
1939–1960
3 Granada + 36 Barcelona + 8 Elche
47

10
Polo, RamónRamón Polo

FW
1923–1935
45 Celta Vigo
45 [132]

text: Individual[edit]

text:
Most wins: 7, Agustín Gaínza (Athletic Bilbao) (1943, 1944, 1945, 1950, 1955, 1956, 1958)[117]
Most appearances: 104, Andoni Zubizarreta (Athletic Bilbao), (Barcelona) and (Valencia CF)
Most appearances at one club: 99, Agustín Gaínza (Athletic Bilbao)[133]
Most appearances in a final: 9, Agustín Gaínza (Athletic Bilbao) (1943, 1944, 1945, 1949, 1950, 1953, 1955, 1956, 1958)[117]
Most goals scored: 81, Telmo Zarra (Athletic Bilbao)[134]
Most goals scored in one game: 8, Agustín Gaínza (Athletic Bilbao) 12-1 against Celta Vigo 18 May 1947[135]
Most goals scored in one season: 21, Josep Samitier (Barcelona) 1928[136][137]
Most goals scored in a final: 4, Telmo Zarra (Athletic Bilbao) 1950[117]
Most goals scored in finals: 8, Telmo Zarra (Athletic Bilbao)[117]
Most finals scored in: 5, Telmo Zarra (Athletic Bilbao) (1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1950)[117]
Most consecutive finals scored in: 4, Telmo Zarra (Athletic Bilbao) (1942, 1943, 1944, 1945)[117]

text: Most successful clubs overall (official titles, 1903–present)[edit]

text: The following table includes official Spanish, European and worldwide competitions organized respectively by RFEF, UEFA and FIFA since 1903.[138][139][140][141]

text: Key[edit]

text:
Domestic competitions[142]

1ª
La Liga

CR
Copa de S.M. el Rey

SCE
Supercopa de España

CED
Copa Eva Duarte (Defunct)

CLI
Copa de la Liga (Defunct)

European competitions[143]

UCL
UEFA Champions League, formerly European Champion Clubs' Cup

UCWC
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (Defunct)

UEL
UEFA Europa League, formerly UEFA Cup

ICFC
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup (Defunct) (Not organized by UEFA, but recognized as the unofficial predecessor to the UEL and acknowledged by FIFA as a major trophy.)[144]

USC
UEFA Super Cup

UIC
UEFA Intertoto Cup (Defunct)

Worldwide competitions[145]

FCWC
FIFA Club World Cup

IC
Intercontinental Cup (Defunct) (Predecessor to FCWC) (Organized by UEFA and CONMEBOL)

text: Performance by club[edit]

text: (Sorted by overall titles. Use sorting button to change criteria.)

text:
[hide]Team
[146]
Domestic titles
European titles/Worldwide titles
Total

1ª
CR
[147]
SCE
CED
[148]
CLI
Total
UCL
[149]
UCWC
[150]
UEL
[151]
ICFC
[152]
USC
UIC
[153]
FCWC
IC[154]
Total
Total[155]

Barcelona
24
29
12
3
2
70
5
4

3
5

3

20
90

Real Madrid
33
19
10
1
1
64
12

2

4

2
3
23
87

Athletic Bilbao
8
23
2
1

34

34

Atlético Madrid
10
10
2
1

23

1
2

2

1
6
29

Valencia
6
7
1
1

15

1
1
2
2
1

7
22

Sevilla
1
5
1

7

5

1

6
13

Real Zaragoza

6
1

7

1

1

2
9

Deportivo
1
2
3

6

6

Real Sociedad
2
2
1

5

5

Espanyol

4

4

4

Real Unión

4

4

4

Real Betis
1
2

3

3

Mallorca

1
1

2

2

Villarreal

2

2
2

Arenas Club

1

1

1

Club Bizcaya

1

1

1

Valladolid

1
1

1

Celta Vigo

1

1
1

Málaga

1

1
1

text: The figures in bold represent the most times this competition has been won by a Spanish team.


document_title: Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church

question_text: where can the anointing of the sick be received

root

text: Introduction[edit]

text: Sacramental graces[edit]

text: The Catholic Church sees the effects of the sacrament as follows: As the sacrament of Marriage gives grace for the married state, the sacrament of Anointing of the Sick gives grace for the state into which people enter through sickness. Through the sacrament a gift of the Holy Spirit is given, that renews confidence and faith in God and strengthens against temptations to discouragement, despair and anguish at the thought of death and the struggle of death; it prevents the believer from losing Christian hope in God's justice, truth and salvation. Because one of the effects of the sacrament is to absolve the recipient of any sins not previously absolved through the sacrament of penance, only an ordained priest or bishop may administer the sacrament.[7][8]

tag: p

text: "The special grace of the sacrament of the Anointing of the Sick has as its effects:

text:
the uniting of the sick person to the passion of Christ, for his own good and that of the whole Church;
the strengthening, peace, and courage to endure in a Christian manner the sufferings of illness or old age;
the forgiveness of sins, if the sick person was not able to obtain it through the sacrament of penance;
the restoration of health, if it is conducive to the salvation of his soul;
the preparation for passing over to eternal life."[9]

tag: ul

text: An extensive account of the teaching of the Catholic Church on Anointing of the Sick is given in Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1499–1532.

text: Biblical references[edit]

text: The chief Biblical text concerning anointing of the sick is James 5:14–15: "Is any man sick among you? Let him bring in the priests of the church and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord. And the prayer of faith shall save the sick man. And the Lord shall raise him up: and if he be in sins, they shall be forgiven him." Matthew 10:8, Luke 10:8–9 and Mark 6:13 are also quoted in this regard.

text: Names for the sacrament[edit]

text: In the past, the usual name of the sacrament in official documents of the Catholic Church was Extreme Unction (meaning, Final Anointing), a name attached to it when it was administered as one of the "Last Rites". Peter Lombard (died 1160) is the first writer known to have used the term,[10] which did not become the usual name in the West till towards the end of the twelfth century, and never became current in the East.[11] The word "extreme" (final) indicated either that it was the last of the sacramental unctions (after the anointings at Baptism, Confirmation and, if received, Holy Orders) or because at that time it was normally administered only when a patient was in extremis.[10] In the early 1970s the official name was changed to Anointing of the Sick to reflect Church teaching, which had been present in the past.[12][13] "Extreme Unction" continues in popular use among those who prefer to keep the terminology that was customary before the Second Vatican Council (see Traditionalist Catholic).

text: The sacrament has also been known by various other names in Western Christianity throughout the years, including: the holy oil or unction of the sick; the unction or blessing of consecrated oil; the unction of God; the office of the unction. In the Eastern Church it is technically known as euchelaion (i.e., prayer-oil); other names used include: elaion hagion (holy), elaion, elaiou Chrisis, chrisma, or hegismenon (consecrated).[11]

text: Administration[edit]

text: In the Catholic Code of Canon Law, Canon 1004 states who may receive the sacrament: "The anointing of the sick can be administered to a member of the faithful who, having reached the use of reason, begins to be in danger due to sickness or old age." When new illness develops or first illness relapses or worsens, the patient may receive the sacrament a further time. Anointing of the Sick may also be given numerous times in the case of old age or chronic illness based on the pastoral judgment of the priest.[14] The sacrament, as any sacrament, can only be given to someone who is alive; however, as the moment when the soul is entirely separated from the body (the traditional definition of death) is not known with precision, people can also be anointed conditionally (the sacramental formula preceded by "if thou art alive") during a brief time after already considered dead in the medicinal sense.

text: The sacrament of anointing can be administered to an individual whether at home, in a hospital or institution, or in church. Several sick persons may be anointed within the rite, especially if the celebration takes place in a church or hospital. The celebration may also take place during a Catholic Mass.

text: Relationship with the "Last Rites"[edit]

text: Anointing of the Sick is one of, and often administered during, the rituals known as the Last Rites. However, the term "Last Rites" is not equivalent to "Anointing of the Sick", since it refers also to two other distinct rites: the sacraments of Reconciliation and Communion, the last of which is known as "Viaticum" (Latin:"provision for the journey") when administered to the dying. The normal order of administration of the rites is: first Reconciliation (if the dying person is physically unable to confess, absolution is given conditionally on the existence of contrition), then Anointing, then Viaticum.

text: Of the Last Rites, only a priest or bishop can administer the Sacraments of Reconciliation and Anointing of the Sick. In the absence of a priest these sacraments cannot be administered, but a lay person may give a dying person Holy Communion, which in this case is "Viaticum, the Last Sacrament of the Christian".[8][15]

text: Established form[edit]

text: The oil used in the sacrament is usually olive oil, though other oils may also be used.[16] It is blessed by the bishop of the diocese at the Chrism Mass he celebrates on Holy Thursday or on a day close to it. In case of necessity, the priest administering the sacrament may bless the oil within the framework of the celebration.[17]

text: In the Roman Rite of the Latin Church, the priest anoints the sick person's forehead and hands with oil (usually in the form of a cross), saying: "Through this holy anointing, may the Lord in his love and mercy help you with the grace of the Holy Spirit. May the Lord who frees you from sin save you and raise you up." He may also, in accordance with local culture and traditions, and the needs of the sick person, anoint other parts of the body, but without repeating the sacramental formula.

text: This is the form established for the Roman Rite through the papal document Sacram unctionem infirmorum of 1972. The form used in the Roman Rite in the preceding period included anointing of seven parts of the body (though that of the loins was generally omitted in English-speaking countries), while saying (in Latin): "Through this holy anointing, may the Lord pardon you whatever sins/faults you have committed by... ." The sense in question was then mentioned: sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch, walking, carnal delectation.[18]

text: Eastern Catholic churches[edit]

text: In the Eastern Catholic churches, the sacrament (or "sacred mystery") of Anointing the Sick is administered using various liturgies often identical with forms used by non-Catholic Eastern churches. Adaptation or development of the liturgical forms used in the Eastern Catholic churches is overseen by the Congregation for the Oriental Churches, part of the Roman Curia.


document_title: History of Easter Island

question_text: where did the original inhabitants of easter island come from

text: History of Easter Island

text: First settlers[edit]

text: Early European visitors to Easter Island recorded the local oral traditions about the original settlers. In these traditions, Easter Islanders claimed that a chief Hotu Matu'a[3] arrived on the island in one or two large canoes with his wife and extended family.[4] They are believed to have been Polynesian. There is considerable uncertainty about the accuracy of this legend as well as the date of settlement. Published literature suggests the island was settled around 300–400 CE, or at about the time of the arrival of the earliest settlers in Hawaii. Some scientists say that Easter Island was not inhabited until 700–800 CE. This date range is based on glottochronological calculations and on three radiocarbon dates from charcoal that appears to have been produced during forest clearance activities.[5] Moreover, a recent study which included radiocarbon dates from what is thought to be very early material suggests that the island was settled as recently as 1200 CE.[6] This seems to be supported by a 2006 study of the island's deforestation, which could have started around the same time.[7][8] A large now extinct palm, Paschalococos disperta, related to the Chilean wine palm (Jubaea chilensis), was one of the dominant trees as attested by fossil evidence; this species, whose sole occurrence was Easter Island, became extinct due to deforestation by the early settlers.[9]

text: The Austronesian Polynesians, who first settled the island, are likely to have arrived from the Marquesas Islands from the west. These settlers brought bananas, taro, sugarcane, and paper mulberry, as well as chickens and Polynesian rats. The island at one time supported a relatively advanced and complex civilization.

text: It is suggested that the reason settlers sought an isolated island was because of high levels of Ciguatera fish poisoning in their then current surrounding area.[10]

text: South American links[edit]

text: The Norwegian botanist and explorer Thor Heyerdahl (and many others) has documented that cultural similarities exist between Easter Island and South American Indian cultures. He has suggested that this most likely came from some settlers arriving from the continent.[11] According to local legends, a group of people called hanau epe (meaning either "long eared" or "stocky" people) came into conflict with another group called the hanau momoko (either "short eared" or "slim" people).[12] After mutual suspicions erupted in a violent clash, the hanau epe were overthrown and nearly exterminated, leaving only one survivor.[13] Various interpretations of this story have been made – that it represents a struggle between natives and incoming migrants; that it recalls inter-clan warfare; or that represents a class conflict.[14]

text: Traditionally the sweet potato has been cited as evidence of contact between the two cultures: this staple of the pre-contact Polynesian diet is of South American origin.[15] Although recent evidence suggests the sweet potatoes grown by Polynesians diverged from American sweet potatoes long before Polynesia was inhabited, leaving natural long-distance dispersal as the most plausible explanation for the presence of sweet potatoes, but not necessarily excluding the possibility of pre-historic contact. [16] It is hypothesized that Polynesians traveled to South America and back, or South American balsa rafts drifted to Polynesia, possibly unable to make a return trip because of their less developed navigational skills and more fragile boats. Polynesian connections in South America have been claimed to exist among the Mapuches in central and southern Chile.[17] The Polynesian name for the small islet of Sala y Gómez (Manu Motu Motiro Hiva, "Bird's islet on the way to a far away land") east of  Easter Island has also been seen as a hint that South America was known before European contacts. Further complicating the situation is that the word Hiva ("far away land") was also the name of the islanders' legendary home country. Inexplicable insistence on an eastern origin for the first inhabitants was unanimous among the islanders in all early accounts.[18]

text: Jacob Roggeveen's expedition of 1722 gives us our first description of the islanders. They were "of all shades of colour, yellow, white and brown" and they distended their ear lobes so greatly with large disks that when they took them out they could "hitch the rim of the lobe over the top of the ear".[19] Roggeveen also noted how some of the islanders were "generally large in stature". Islanders' tallness was also witnessed by the Spanish who visited the island in 1770, measuring heights of 196 and 199 cm.[20] DNA sequence analysis of Easter Island's current inhabitants indicates that the 36 people living on Rapa Nui who survived the devastating internecine wars, slave raids and epidemics of the 19th century and had any offspring,[21] were Polynesian. Furthermore, examination of skeletons offers evidence of only Polynesian origins for Rapa Nui living on the island after 1680.[22]

text: Pre-European society[edit]

text: According to legends recorded by the missionaries in the 1860s, the island originally had a very clear class system, with an ariki, king, wielding absolute God-like power ever since Hotu Matua had arrived on the island. The most visible element in the culture was production of massive moai that were part of the ancestral worship. With a strictly unified appearance, moai were erected along most of the coastline, indicating a homogeneous culture and centralized governance. In addition to the royal family, the island's habitation consisted of priests, soldiers and commoners.

text: The ariki mau, Kai Mako'i 'Iti, along with his grandson Mau Rata, died in the 1860s while serving as an indentured servant in Peru.[23]:81,89

text: For unknown reasons, a coup by military leaders called matatoa had brought a new cult based around a previously unexceptional God Make-make. In the cult of the birdman (Rapa Nui: tangata manu), a competition was established in which every year a representative of each clan, chosen by the leaders, would swim across shark-infested waters to Motu Nui, a nearby islet, to search for the season's first egg laid by a manutara (sooty tern). The first swimmer to return with an egg and successfully climb back up the cliff to Orongo would be named "Birdman of the year" and secure control over distribution of the island's resources for his clan for the year. The tradition was still in existence at the time of first contact by Europeans but was suppressed by Christian missionaries in the 1860s.

text: The "statue-toppling"[edit]

text: European accounts in 1722 (Dutch) and 1770 (Spanish) reported seeing only standing statues, but by James Cook's visit in 1774 many were reported toppled. The huri mo'ai – the "statue-toppling" – continued into the 1830s as a part of internal conflicts among islanders. By 1838, the only standing moai were on the slopes of Rano Raraku and Hoa Hakananai'a at Orongo. In about 60 years, islanders had for some reason (possibly civil struggle between tribes) deliberately damaged this part of their ancestors' heritage.[24] In modern times, moai have been restored at Anakena, Ahu Tongariki, Ahu Akivi and Hanga Roa.

text: European contacts[edit]

text: The first-recorded European contact with the island took place on 5 April (Easter Sunday) 1722 when Dutch navigator Jacob Roggeveen[25]  visited for a week and estimated there were 2,000 to 3,000 inhabitants on the island. This was an estimate, not a census, and archaeologists estimate the population may have been as high as 10,000 to 12,000 a few decades earlier. His party reported "remarkable, tall, stone figures, a good 30 feet in height", the island had rich soil and a good climate and "all the country was under cultivation". Fossil-pollen analysis shows that the main trees on the island had gone 72 years earlier in 1650. The Dutch reported that a fight broke out in which they killed ten or twelve islanders.

text: The next foreign visitors arrived on 15 November 1770: two Spanish ships, San Lorenzo and Santa Rosalia, sent by the Viceroy of Peru, Manuel de Amat, and commanded by Felipe González de Ahedo. They spent five days on the island, performing a very thorough survey of its coast, and named it Isla de San Carlos, taking possession on behalf of King Charles III of Spain, and ceremoniously erected three wooden crosses on top of three small hills on Poike.[26]

text: Four years later, in mid-March 1774, British explorer James Cook visited Easter Island.  Cook himself was too sick to walk far, but a small group explored the island.[27]:26 They reported the statues as being neglected with some having fallen down; no sign of the three crosses and his botanist described it as "a poor land". He had a Tahitian interpreter who could partially understand the language.[27]:26 Other than in counting, though, the language was unintelligible.[28] Cook later estimated that there were about 700 people on the island. He saw only three or four canoes, all unseaworthy.  Parts of the island were cultivated with banana, sugarcane, and sweet potatoes, while other parts looked like they had once been cultivated but had fallen into disuse. Georg Forster reported in his account that he saw no trees over ten feet tall on the island.[27]:27–28

text: On 10 April 1786 the French explorer Jean François de Galaup La Pérouse visited and made a detailed map of Easter Island.[27]:28–29 He described the island as one-tenth cultivated and estimated that the population of the island was around two thousand.[29]

text: In 1804 the Russian ship Neva visited under the command of Yuri Lisyansky.[30]

text: In 1816 the Russian ship Rurik visited under the command of Otto von Kotzebue.[31]

text: In 1825 the British ship HMS Blossom visited[27]:34[23]:79

text: Destruction of society and population[edit]

text: A series of devastating events killed almost the entire population of Easter Island in the 1860s. Such devastating events that contributed to the downfall and collapse of the Easter Island society can be attributed to the rapid deforestation during the time of moai-construction. The Easter Island palm was used by settlers for means of constructing agricultural tools for their society and aiding in the transport of the Island's statues.[32] It is likely the decline of the palm and the rapid deforestation that took place on the island caused the islanders to start to decline in population while those who survived were forced to completely adapt to their changing environment.[33]

text: In December 1862, Peruvian slave raiders struck Easter Island. Violent abductions continued for several months, eventually capturing or killing around 1500 men and women, about half of the island's population. International protests erupted, escalated by Bishop Florentin-Étienne Jaussen of Tahiti. The slaves were finally freed in autumn, 1863, but by then most of them had already died of tuberculosis, smallpox and dysentery. Finally, a dozen islanders managed to return from the horrors of Peru, but brought with them smallpox and started an epidemic, which reduced the island's population to the point where some of the dead were not even buried.[23]

text: The first Christian missionary, Eugène Eyraud, arrived in January 1864 and spent most of that year on the island; but mass conversion of the Rapa Nui only came after his return in 1866 with Father Hippolyte Roussel.  Two other missionaries arrived with Captain Jean-Baptiste Dutrou-Bornier. Eyraud contracted tuberculosis during the 1867 island epidemic, which took a quarter of the island's remaining population of 1,200, with only 930 Rapanui remaining.  The dead included the last ariki mau, the last East Polynesia royal first-born son, the 13-year-old Manu Rangi. Eyraud died of tuberculosis in August 1868, by which time almost the entire Rapa Nui population had become Roman Catholic.[34]

text: Dutrou-Bornier bought up all of the island apart from the missionaries' area around Hanga Roa and moved a couple hundred Rapa Nui to Tahiti to work for his backers. In 1871 the missionaries, having fallen out with Dutrou-Bornier, evacuated 275 Rapa Nui to Mangareva and Tahiti, leaving only 230 on the island.[35] Those who remained were mostly older men. Six years later, there were just 111 people living on Easter Island, and only 36 of them had any offspring.[21]

text: In 1876 Dutrou-Bornier was murdered in an argument over a dress, though his kidnapping of pubescent girls may also have motivated his killers.[36]

text: Neither his first wife back in France, who was heir under French law, nor his second wife on the island, who briefly installed their daughter Caroline as Queen, were to keep much from his estate. But to this day much of the island is a ranch controlled from off-island and for more than a century real power on the island was usually exercised by resident non-Rapa Nui living at Mataveri. An unusual number of shipwrecks had left the island better supplied with wood than for many generations, whilst legal wrangles over Dutrou-Bornier's land deals were to complicate the island's history for decades to come[37]

text: Alexander Salmon, Jr was the brother of the Queen of Tahiti, the son of an English merchant adventurer, and a member of the mercantile dynasty that had bankrolled Dutrou-Bornier. He arrived on the island in 1878 with some fellow Tahitians and returning Rapa Nui and ran the island for a decade. As well as producing wool he encouraged the manufacture of Rapa Nui artworks, a trade that thrives to this day. It was this era of peace and recovery that saw the linguistic change from old Rapa Nui to the Tahitian-influenced modern Rapa Nui language, and some changes to the island's myths and culture to accommodate other Polynesian and Christian influences (notably, Ure, the old Rapa Nui word for "penis", was dropped from many people's names).[38]

text: This era saw archaeological and ethnographic studies, one in 1882 by the Germans on the gunboat SMS Hyäne, and again in 1886 by the American sloop USS Mohican, whose crew excavated Ahu Vinapu with dynamite.[23]:127,131

text: Father Roussel made a number of pastoral visits in the decade, but the only permanent representatives of the church were Rapa Nui catechists including, from 1884, Angata, one of the Rapa Nui who had left with the missionaries in 1871. Despite the lack of a resident priest to celebrate mass regularly, the Rapa Nui had returned to Roman Catholicism, but there remained some tension between temporal and spiritual power as Father Roussel disapproved of Salmon because of his Jewish paternity.[39]

text: Annexation to Chile[edit]

text: On 8 March 1837, under the command of Teniente de Marina Leoncio Señoret, the ship of the Chilean Navy Colo Colo sailed off from Valparaíso bound for Australia.[40] Thus, the Colo Colo was the first Chilean ship to visit the Easter Island.

text: Easter Island was annexed by Chile on 9 September 1888 by Policarpo Toro, by means of the "Treaty of Annexation of the island" (Tratado de Anexión de la isla), that the government of Chile signed with the Rapa Nui people.

text: Until the 1960s, the surviving Rapa Nui were confined to the settlement of Hanga Roa and the rest of the island was rented to the Williamson-Balfour Company as a sheep farm until 1953. The island was then managed by the Chilean Navy until 1966 and at that point the rest of the island was reopened.

text: 1914 was an eventful year for the 250 residents of Easter Island. In March, the Routledge Expedition landed and began a 17-month archaeological and ethnographic survey of the island.

text: In October, the German East Asia Squadron including the Scharnhorst, Dresden, Leipzig and Gneisenau assembled off Hanga Roa before sailing on to Coronel and the Falklands.

text: In December another German warship, the commerce raider Prinz Eitel Friedrich, visited and released 48 British and French merchant seamen onto the island, supplying much needed labour for the archaeologists.

text: Today[edit]

text: Until the 1960s the surviving Rapanui were confined to Hanga Roa. The rest of the island was rented to the Williamson-Balfour Company as a sheep farm until 1953.[41] The island was then managed by the Chilean Navy until 1966, at which point the island was reopened in its entirety. In 1966 the Rapanui were given Chilean citizenship.[42]

text: Following the 1973 Chilean coup d'état that brought Augusto Pinochet to power, Easter Island was placed under martial law. Tourism slowed down and private property was "restored". During his time in power, Pinochet visited Easter Island on three occasions. The military built a number of new military facilities and a new city hall.[43]

text: As a result of an agreement in 1985 between Chile and the United States, the runway at Mataveri International Airport was extended by 423 metres (1,388 ft), reaching 3,353 metres (11,001 ft), and was re-opened in 1987. Pinochet is reported to have refused to attend the opening ceremony in protest against pressures from the United States to address human rights cases.[44]

text: 21st century[edit]

text: On 30 July 2007, a constitutional reform gave Easter Island and the Juan Fernández Islands (also known as Robinson Crusoe Island) the status of "special territories" of Chile. Pending the enactment of a special charter, the island continued to be governed as a province of the V Region of Valparaíso.[45]

text: A total solar eclipse visible from Easter Island occurred for the first time in over 1300 years on 11 July 2010, at 18:15:15.[46]

text: Species of fish were collected in Easter Island for one month in different habitats including shallow lava pools, depths of 43 meters, and deep waters. Within these habitats, two holotypes and paratypes, Antennarius randalli and Antennarius moai, were discovered. These are considered frog-fish because of their characteristics: "12 dorsal rays, last two or three branched; bony part of first dorsal spine slightly shorter than second dorsal spine; body without bold zebra-like markings; caudal peduncle short, but distinct; last pelvic ray divided; pectoral rays 11 or 12".[47]

text: Indigenous rights movement[edit]

text: Starting in August 2010, members of the indigenous Hitorangi clan occupied the Hangaroa Eco Village and Spa.[48][49] The occupiers allege that the hotel was bought from the Pinochet government, in violation of a Chilean agreement with the indigenous Rapa Nui, in the 1990s.[50] The occupiers say their ancestors had been cheated into giving up the land.[51] According to a BBC report, on 3 December 2010, at least 25 people were injured when Chilean police using pellet guns attempted to evict from these buildings a group of Rapa Nui who had claimed that the land the buildings stood on had been illegally taken from their ancestors.[52]

text: In January 2011, the UN's Special Rapporteur on Indigenous People, James Anaya, expressed concern about the treatment of the indigenous Rapa Nui by the Chilean government, urging Chile to "make every effort to conduct a dialogue in good faith with representatives of the Rapa Nui people to solve, as soon as possible the real underlying problems that explain the current situation".[48]

text:
The incident ended in February 2011, when up to 50 armed police broke into the hotel to remove the final five occupiers. They were arrested by the government and no injuries were reported.[48]
Since being given Chilean citizenship in 1966, the Rapa Nui have re-embraced their ancient culture, or what could be reconstructed of it.[53]

text: Mataveri International Airport is the island's only airport. In the 1980s, its runway was lengthened by the U.S. space program to 3,318 m (10,885 ft) so that it could serve as an emergency landing site for the space shuttle. This enabled regular wide body jet services and a consequent increase of tourism on the island, coupled with migration of people from mainland Chile which threatens to alter the Polynesian identity of the island. Land disputes have created political tensions since the 1980s, with part of the native Rapa Nui opposed to private property and in favor of traditional communal property.

text: On 26 March 2015, local minority group Rapa Nui Parliament took control over large parts of the island, throwing out the CONAF park rangers in a non-violent revolution.[54] Their main goal is to obtain independence from Chile. The situation has not yet been resolved.


document_title: Kermit the Frog

question_text: who owns the rights to kermit the frog

question_tokens: who owns the rights to kermit the frog

text: Kermit the Frog

text: Development

text: The earliest trace of Kermit first appeared in 1955 on WRC-TV's Sam and Friends. This prototype Kermit was created from a discarded spring coat belonging to Henson's mother and two ping pong ball halves for eyes.[3]

text: Initially, Kermit was a lizard-like creature. He subsequently made a number of television appearances before his status as a frog was established. His collar was added at the time to make him seem more frog-like and to conceal the seam between his head and body.[4]

text: Naming

text: The origin of Kermit's name is a subject of some debate. It is often claimed that Kermit was named after Henson's childhood friend Kermit Scott, from Leland, Mississippi.[5][6] However, Karen Falk, head archivist and board of directors member for the Jim Henson Legacy organization, denies this claim on the Jim Henson Company's website:

text: While Jim Henson did have a childhood acquaintance named Kermit, it was not an uncommon name at the time, and Jim always said that the Frog was NOT named after this child from his elementary school.[7]

text: Joy DiMenna, the only daughter of Kermit Kalman Cohen who worked as a sound engineer at WBAL-TV during Jim Henson's time with Sam and Friends, recalls that the puppet was named after her father. According to Kermit Cohen's obituary, as well as DiMenna and Lenny Levin, a colleague of Mr. Cohen's at WBAL:

text: The late puppeteer had been the host of a show, "Sam and Friends," at WRC-TV in Washington when he was invited to tour WBAL's studios. Both were NBC affiliates then, and WBAL carried the show, Mr. Levin said.

text: Mr. Henson was introduced to members of the sound and camera crew, including Mr. Cohen.

text: "When he heard his name, Jim turned around, snapped his fingers and said to his wife, 'That's what we call the frog – Kermit.'[8]

text: Another common belief is that Kermit was named for Kermit Love, who worked with Henson in designing and constructing Muppets, particularly on Sesame Street but Love's association with Henson did not begin until well after Kermit's creation and naming, and he always denied any connection between his name and that of the character.[9]

text: As Sesame Street is localized for some different markets that speak languages other than English, Kermit is often renamed. In Portugal, he is called Cocas, o Sapo (sapo means "toad"), and in Brazil, his name is similar: Caco, o Sapo. In most of Hispanic America, his name is la rana René (René the Frog), while in Spain, he is named Gustavo.[10] In the Arabic version, he is known as Kamel, which is a common Arabic male name that means "perfect". In Hungary, he is called Breki (onomatopoetic).[11]

text: Performers

text: Jim Henson originated the character in 1955 on his local television series, Sam and Friends.[12] Brian Henson described his father's performance as Kermit as "coming out of his own personality—was a wry intelligence, a little bit of a naughtiness, but Kermit always loved everyone around and also loved a good prank."[13] He continued to perform the character until his death in 1990.[14] Henson's last known performance as Kermit was for an appearance on The Arsenio Hall Show to promote The Muppets at Walt Disney World. Henson died twelve days after that appearance.[15]

text: Following Henson's death, veteran Muppet performer Steve Whitmire was named Kermit's new performer. In 2017, Whitmire seemed to imply in a blog post that Jim Henson had asked him to assume the role before he died, though Jim's daughter Cheryl Henson claimed Brian had selected him after Jim's death.[16] Whitmire's first public performance as Kermit was at the end of the television special The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson in 1990. He remained Kermit's principal performer until 2016.[17] Disney announced that Matt Vogel would be taking over as the performer and voice for Kermit on July 10, 2017.[2] Whitmire later revealed that he had not chosen to voluntarily leave the role, but rather, had been recast by Muppet Studios in October 2016.[18][19] In an interview with The Hollywood Reporter later in July 2017, Whitmire elaborated he was fired for two reasons: long-term creative disagreements over Kermit's characterization and prolonged labor union negotiations that delayed his involvement in Muppet-related productions.[20]

text: For a brief demonstration at MuppetFest (a 2001 Muppet fan convention), Muppet performer John Kennedy performed Kermit opposite Whitmire's performance of young Kermit (from Kermit's Swamp Years). Kennedy also performed Kermit for Muppets Ahoy!, a 2006 Disney Cruise Line stage show (though Whitmire performed Kermit for the first few shows). Muppet performer Artie Esposito briefly performed Kermit in 2009 for a few personal appearances (an appearance on America's Got Talent, an appearance at the MTV Video Music Awards, and at the 2009 D23 Expo with Rowlf the Dog as part of a tribute to Jim Henson).

text: Voice actor Frank Welker provided the voice of Baby Kermit on the animated Saturday morning cartoon, Muppet Babies.[21] He also provided the voice of an adult Kermit for a short-lived spin-off, Little Muppet Monsters.

text: Character biography

text: A biography has been developed for Kermit the Frog as if he was an actual living performer rather than a puppet character. According to this fictional biography, he was born in Leland, Mississippi alongside approximately 2,353 siblings,[1] though a 2011 "interview" on The Ellen DeGeneres Show has him state that he was from the swamps of Louisiana.[22]

text: As portrayed in the 2002 film Kermit's Swamp Years, at the age of 12, he was the first of his siblings to leave the swamp, and one of the first frogs to talk to humans. He is shown in the film encountering a 12-year-old Jim Henson (played by Christian Kriebel) for the first time.

text: According to The Muppet Movie, Kermit returned to the swamp, where a passing agent (Dom DeLuise) noted he had talent and, thus inspired, he headed to Hollywood, encountering the rest of the Muppets along the way. Together, they were given a standard "rich and famous" contract by Lew Lord (Orson Welles) of Wide World Studios and began their showbiz careers. In Before You Leap, Kermit again references encountering Jim Henson sometime after the events depicted in the course of The Muppet Movie and details their friendship and their partnership in the entertainment industry, crediting Henson as being the individual to whom he owes his fame. At some point after the events of The Muppet Movie, Kermit and the other Muppets begin The Muppet Show, and the characters remain together as a group, before starring in the other Muppet films and Muppets Tonight, with Kermit usually at the core of the stories as the lead protagonist. Kermit is shown in The Muppet Movie as stating that the events of the film are "approximate to how it happened" when asked by his nephew Robin about how the Muppets got started.[23]

text: Fozzie Bear is portrayed as Kermit's best friend—a fact reiterated by Kermit in Before You Leap—and the two were frequently seen together during sketches on The Muppet Show and in other Muppet-related media and merchandise.[24]

text: On August 4, 2015, Kermit the Frog and Miss Piggy "announced" that they had ended their romantic relationship.[25][26] On September 2, 2015, Kermit was stated to have found a new girlfriend, a pig named Denise,[27] but around February 2016, Denise supposedly broke up with Kermit after almost six months together.[28]

text: Career

text: Kermit has been featured prominently on both The Muppet Show and Sesame Street.[29] However, he had a prominent career before Sesame Street's debut in 1969, as he starred in Sam and Friends, and numerous Muppets made guest appearances on Today from 1961 and The Ed Sullivan Show from 1966.[30]

text: Sesame Street

text: Kermit was one of the original main Muppet characters on Sesame Street.[31] Closely identified with the show, Kermit usually appeared as a lecturer on simple topics, a straight man to another Muppet (usually Grover, Herry Monster or Cookie Monster), or a news reporter interviewing storybook characters for Sesame Street News.[29] He sang many songs on the show, including Bein' Green,[29] and appeared in the 1998 video The Best of Kermit on Sesame Street.[32]

text: Unlike the rest of the show's Muppets, Kermit was never any property of Sesame Workshop and has rarely been a part of the show's merchandise. When Sesame Workshop bought full ownership of its characters from the Jim Henson Company for $180 million, Kermit was not included in the deal.[33] The character now belongs to The Muppets Studio, a division of the Walt Disney Company.[34] His first Sesame Street appearance since Disney-ownership was in the show's 40th-season premiere on November 10, 2009.

text: With the Muppets

text: In The Muppet Show television series, Kermit was the central character, the showrunner, and the long-suffering stage manager of the theater show, trying to keep order amidst the chaos created by the other Muppets. Jim Henson once claimed that Kermit's job on the Muppet Show was much like his own: "trying to get a bunch of crazies to actually get the job done."[35] It was on this show that the running gag of Kermit being pursued by leading lady Miss Piggy developed.[14]

text: On Muppets Tonight, Kermit was still a main character, although he was the producer rather than frontman. He appeared in many parody sketches such as NYPD Green, City Schtickers, Flippers, and The Muppet Odd Squad, as well as in the Psychiatrist's Office sketch.[36]

text: Kermit also served as the mascot for The Jim Henson Company, until the sale of the Muppet characters to Disney.[37] A Kermit puppet can be seen at the National Museum of American History.[38]

text: Kermit appears in Muppet*Vision 3D, an attraction that opened in 1991 at Disney's Hollywood Studios at Walt Disney World in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. The character was formerly featured at the attraction version in Disney California Adventure Park, at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, until its closure in 2014. He also appeared in two parades; Disney Stars and Motor Cars Parade held at Disney's Hollywood Studios until 2008 and Disney's Honorary VoluntEars Cavalcade that was held during 2010 at the Magic Kingdom and Disneyland.

text: Filmography

text: Kermit the Frog has appeared in almost every Muppet production, as well as making guest appearances in other shows and movies.

text: Below is a list of his more well-known appearances:[39][40]

text:
Sam and Friends (1955–1961) (TV)
Sesame Street (1969–1990, 1996–2001, and 2009) (TV)
Hey, Cinderella! (1969) (TV)
The Muppets on Puppets (1970) (TV)
The Frog Prince (1971) (TV)
The Muppets Valentine Show (1974) (TV)
The Muppet Show: Sex and Violence (1975) (TV)
The Muppet Show (1976–1981) (TV)
Emmet Otter's Jug-Band Christmas (1977) (TV)
The Muppet Movie (1979)
The Great Muppet Caper (1981)
The Muppets Take Manhattan (1984)
Muppet Babies (1984–1991) (TV)
Sesame Street Presents Follow That Bird (1985)
The Muppets: A Celebration of 30 Years (1986) (TV)
The Christmas Toy (1986) (TV)
A Muppet Family Christmas (1987) (TV)
The Jim Henson Hour (1989) (TV)
Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue (1990) (TV)
The Muppets at Walt Disney World (1990) (TV)
The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson (1990) (TV)
The Muppet Christmas Carol (1992) – Appearance as Bob Cratchit
Muppet Classic Theater (1994) (Direct-to-Video) - Appearance as King Midas and the King in Rumpelstiltskin.
Muppet Treasure Island (1996) – Appearance as Captain Abraham Smollett
Muppets Tonight (1996–1998) (TV)
Muppets from Space (1999)
Kermit's Swamp Years (2002) (Direct-to-Video)
It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie (2002) (TV)
Saturday Night Live (2004, 2011) (TV)
The Muppets' Wizard of Oz (2005) (TV) – Appearance as Himself and The Scarecrow
Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium (2007) (cameo)
Studio DC: Almost Live (2008) (TV)
A Muppets Christmas: Letters to Santa (2008) (TV)
The Muppets (2011)
Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular (2013) (TV)
Muppets Most Wanted (2014)
The Muppets (2015-2016) (TV)

text: Cultural impact

text: Awards and commemorations

text: Kermit was awarded an honorary doctorate of Amphibious Letters on May 19, 1996, at Southampton College, New York, where he also gave a commencement speech.[41] He is also the only "amphibian" to have had the honor of addressing the Oxford Union.[42][43] A statue of Henson and Kermit was erected on the campus of Henson's alma mater, the University of Maryland, College Park in 2003.

text: Kermit was also given the honor of being the Grand Marshal of the Tournament of Roses Parade in 1996. The Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade has featured a Kermit balloon since 1977.[44]

text: On November 14, 2002, Kermit the Frog received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The star is located at 6801 Hollywood Blvd.[45]

text: On Kermit's 50th birthday in 2005, the United States Postal Service released a set of new stamps with photos of Kermit and some of his fellow Muppets on them.[46] The background of the stamp sheet features a photo of a silhouetted Henson sitting in a window well, with Kermit sitting in his lap looking at him.

text: In 2006, while Kermit was on his international tour, Kermit, Texas was taken over by the frog during their homecoming week, ending with Kermit himself crowning the homecoming queen. The city of Kermit's main water tower was then painted with the face and signature of the frog. The voice actor used for Kermit at this time was Tanner Martin (13) of Frackville Pennsylvania. He was selected for the contest, which had over 100,000 entries.

text: Kermit was also the grand marshal for Michigan State University's homecoming parade in 2006.[47]

text: In 2013, the original Kermit puppet from Sam and Friends was donated to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. for display in the pop culture gallery.[48] In 2015, the Leland Chamber of Commerce in Leland, Mississippi opened a small museum containing puppets and memorabilia dedicated to Kermit.[49]

text: Kermit's legacy is also deeply entrenched in the science community. One of the famous WP-3D Orion research platforms flown by the NOAA Hurricane Hunters is named after Kermit. The other is named after Miss Piggy.[50] In 2015, the discovery of the Costa Rican glass frog Hyalinobatrachium dianae also attracted viral media attention due to the creature's perceived resemblance to Kermit, with researcher Brian Kubicki quoted as saying "I am glad that this species has ended up getting so much international attention, and in doing so it is highlighting the amazing amphibians that are native to Costa Rica and the need to continue exploring and studying the country's amazing tropical forests."[51]

text: Guest television appearances

text: Kermit has made numerous guest appearances on popular television shows, including co-hosting individual episodes of a number of long-running talk shows. On April 2, 1979, Kermit guest-hosted The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson to promote The Muppet Movie.[52] From 1983 to 1995, the French political satire show Le Bébête Show used copies of various Muppets to parody key political figures, and Kermit renamed "Kermitterrand", embodied President François Mitterrand.[53]

text: As an April Fool's joke, Kermit hosted CNN's Larry King Live in 1994 and interviewed Hulk Hogan.[54][55] Kermit was also a semi-regular during various incarnations of Hollywood Squares,[56] with other Muppets such as Big Bird and Oscar the Grouch also making appearances on the original Hollywood Squares.

text: Merchandising

text: Jim Henson's characters, including the Muppets, have inspired merchandise internationally, with Chris Bensch, chief curator of Rochester, New York's The Strong National Museum of Play, reporting "There seems to have been a particular craze for Kermit the Frog in Japan," likely due to the "cuteness appeal."[57] Baby Kermit plush toys became popular in the 1980s after the success of Muppet Babies.[58] In 1991, one year after Jim Henson died, merchandise featuring Kermit and other Muppet characters was being sold at Disney theme parks, causing Henson Associates to file a lawsuit against Disney for copyright infringement. Henson alleged that the "counterfeit merchandise" falsely indicated that the characters belonged to Disney, although the latter company had the right to exercise use of the characters due to an earlier licensing agreement.[37] The Henson Associates highlighted a T-shirt displaying Kermit, the Disney brand, and a copyright symbol. Disney representative Erwin Okun said the lawsuit was "outrageous" and "an unfortunate break with the legacy of a fine relationship with Disney that Jim Henson left behind".[59] Disney later acquired the Muppets, and thusly, clothes, toys and souvenirs depicting Kermit and the Muppets continued to be sold at Disney theme parks and stores.[60]

text: The Leland Chamber of Commerce's small Kermit-themed museum set out to preserve some of the dolls and merchandise.[49] In 2016, The New Zealand Heraldreported a hat featuring Kermit sipping Lipton tea, associated with the "But That’s None Of My Business" Internet meme, became a popular seller[61] after basketball player LeBron James drew attention for wearing one.[62]

text: Kermit in Internet culture

text: In March 2007, Sad Kermit, an unofficial parody, was uploaded to the website YouTube, showing a store-bought Kermit puppet performing a version of the Nine Inch Nails song "Hurt" in a style similar to Johnny Cash's famous cover version. In contrast to the real Kermit character's usual family-friendly antics, the video shows the puppet engaging in drug abuse, smoking, alcoholism, performing oral sex on Rowlf the Dog, smashing a picture of Miss Piggy (with a breast exposed) and attempting suicide. The video became an Internet meme. The Victoria Times Colonist called it an "online sensation".[63] The Chicago Sun-Times said it "puts the high in 'Hi-ho!'"[64] The London Free Press said "Sad Kermit is in a world of pain".[65] The Houston Press described it as the "world's most revolting web phenomenon".[66] SF Weekly described the unauthorized video as "ironic slandering."[67] Clips have been featured on the Canadian television series The Hour, where host George Stroumboulopoulos speculated that the Kermit version of "Hurt" was inspired by the Cash version rather than that of Nine Inch Nails.[68]

text: Kermit has also appeared in a popular meme in which he is shown sipping tea, "one used when you sassily point something out, and then slyly back away, claiming that it’s not [your] business."[69] The photo is taken from "Be More Kermit," a Lipton advertisement that aired in 2014, and was adapted into the "But That’s None Of My Business" meme by African American comedians on the Tumblr blog Kermit the Snitch, making appearances on Twitter, Instagram[70] and Facebook.[71] Charles Pulliam-Moore of the TV station Fusion praised "But That’s None Of My Business" as "a symbol for the comedic brilliance born out of black communities on the internet,"[70] but Stephanie Hayes of Bustle magazine slammed the memes as racist and obscene.[71]

text: In 2016, a Good Morning America post on Twitter referred to "But That’s None Of My Business" as "Tea Lizard," becoming the subject of viral online derision. New York magazine replied that, "Kermit is a frog. A frog is an amphibian. A lizard is a reptile. It’s just so insulting. Beyond a frog and a lizard both being clearly ectothermic, they couldn’t be any more different. Not all green things are the same, you ignorant bastards."[69] Popular Science also addressed the misnomer, writing "Frogs, which are amphibians, have quite a few significant differences from reptiles in how they breathe, their life cycles, whether they have scales or not... there's a lot to absorb here."[72]

text: In November 2016, a new meme surfaced of Kermit talking to a hooded version of himself which represents the self and its dark inner thoughts. It involves captioning of a screenshot taken from the Muppets Most Wanted movie of Kermit and Constantine looking at each other.[73]


document_title: Antibacterial soap

question_text: how do i know if soap is antibacterial

question_tokens: how do i know if soap is antibacterial

text: Antibacterial soap

text: Ingredients[edit]

text: Triclosan and triclocarban are the most common compounds used as antibacterials in soaps, however several other compounds are also common.[3]

text: Effectiveness[edit]

text: Studies have examined the purported benefits of antibacterial soap without clear consensus about the results. Some studies have concluded that simply washing thoroughly with plain soap is sufficient to reduce bacteria and, further, is effective against viruses. Other studies have found that soaps containing antimicrobial active ingredients remove more bacteria than simply washing with plain soap and water.[4][5] A study by Dr. Elaine Larson of Columbia University's School of Nursing found that the use of antibacterial products had no noticeable effects over a 48-week period.[6] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration published reports that question the use of antibacterial soap and hand sanitizers saying that it found no medical studies that showed a link between a specific consumer antibacterial product and a decline in infection rates.[7]

text: Stuart Levy, a microbiologist at Tufts University, cited these studies to compare antibacterial action with antibiotic resistance: "Dousing everything we touch with antibacterial soaps and taking antibiotic medications at the first sign of a cold can upset the natural balance of microorganisms in and around us, leaving behind only the 'superbugs'." It has since been shown that the laboratory method used by Levy was not effective in predicting bacterial resistance for biocides like triclosan.[8] At least seven peer-reviewed and published studies have been conducted demonstrating that triclosan is not significantly associated with bacterial resistance over the short term, including one study coauthored by Levy.[9]

text: Recent research from Levy's lab concludes that "The results from our study do not implicate the use of antibacterial cleaning and hygiene products as an influential factor in carriage of antimicrobial drug-resistant bacteria on the hands of household members."[10] However, a more recent literature review performed by Levy concluded that "The lack of an additional health benefit associated with the use of triclosan-containing consumer soaps over regular soap, coupled with laboratory data demonstrating a potential risk of selecting for drug resistance, warrants further evaluation by governmental regulators regarding antibacterial product claims and advertising."[11] The paper's authors called for continued research in this area.

text: On September 2, 2016, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration banned the use of 19 chemicals frequently used in "antibacterial" soaps and washes, including triclosan and triclocarban. The FDA states that there is no scientific evidence that these chemicals have any antibacterial effect, nor that antibacterial soaps are more effective than standard soap. The agency also asserted that despite requests for such information, the FDA did not receive sufficient data for manufacturers on the long-term health effects of these chemicals. This ban does not apply to hand sanitizer.[3]