document_title: List of countries and territories by land borders

question_text: what country does france share a border with

text: This is a list of countries and territories by land borders.[1] The number of unique land borders of each country or territory is indicated as well the names of its neighboring countries and territories. The length of each land border is included, as is the total length of each country's and territory's land borders.

text: Countries or territories that are connected only by bridges or other man-made causeways are not considered to have land borders. However, borders along lakes, rivers, and other internal waters are considered land borders for the purposes of this article. Footnotes are included to provide clarity regarding the status of certain countries and territories.

text: Land borders[edit]

text:
Top
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

text:
Country or territory

(Territories without full sovereignty in italics) [2]

Total length of land borders
No. of unique land borders
No. of unique land neighbours

Land border neighbours
and border length

(Territories without full sovereignty in italics) [2]
(#) = No. of unique land boundaries with that country or territory

km[3]
mi

 Adélie Land[4][5] (France)
0
0
2
1

Includes:
 Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia) (2)

 Afghanistan
5,529
3,436
6 (7)
6 (7)

Includes:
 People's Republic of China: 76 km (47 mi)
 Iran: 936 km (582 mi)
 Pakistan: 2,430 km (1,510 mi)
 Tajikistan: 1,206 km (749 mi)
 Turkmenistan: 744 km (462 mi)
 Uzbekistan: 137 km (85 mi)

 Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6] (United Kingdom)
152
94
6[7]
1

Includes:
 Cyprus (5):[7]

 Åland Islands (Finland)
0.5
0.31
2
1

 Albania
720
450
4
4

Includes:
 Greece: 282 km (175 mi)
 Kosovo:[8] 112 km (70 mi)
 Macedonia: 151 km (94 mi)
 Montenegro: 172 km (107 mi)

 Algeria
6,343
3,941
7
7

Includes:
 Libya: 982 km (610 mi)
 Mali: 1,376 km (855 mi)
 Mauritania: 463 km (288 mi)
 Morocco: 1,559 km (969 mi)
 Niger: 956 km (594 mi)
 Tunisia: 965 km (600 mi)
Western Sahara:[9] 42 km (26 mi)

 American Samoa[10] (United States)
0
0
0
0

 Amsterdam Island and Île Saint-Paul[5] (France)
0
0
0
0

 Andorra
120
75
2
2

Includes:
 France: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)
 Spain: 63.7 km (39.6 mi)

 Angola
5,198
3,230
5
4

Includes:
 Democratic Republic of the Congo (2): 2,511 km (1,560 mi)[11]
 Republic of the Congo: 201 km (125 mi)
 Namibia: 1,376 km (855 mi)
 Zambia: 1,110 km (690 mi)

 Anguilla[6] (United Kingdom)
0
0
0
0

 Antártica Chilena Province[4] (Chile)
0
0
2
2

Includes:
 Argentine Antarctica[4][12] (Argentina)
 British Antarctic Territory[4][12] (United Kingdom)

 Antigua and Barbuda
0
0
0
0

 Argentina
9,665
6,006
6
5

Includes:
 Bolivia: 832 km (517 mi)
 Brazil: 1,224 km (761 mi)
 Chile (2): 5,300 km (3,300 mi)[13]
 Paraguay: 1,880 km (1,170 mi)
 Uruguay: 579 km (360 mi)

 Armenia
1,254
779
5
4

Includes:
 Azerbaijan (6): 787 km (489 mi)[14]
 Georgia: 164 km (102 mi)
 Iran: 35 km (22 mi)
 Turkey: 268 km (167 mi)

 Aruba[15] (Netherlands)
0
0
0
0

 Ashmore and Cartier Islands[16] (Australia)
0
0
0
0

 Australia
0
0
0
0

 Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)
0
0
4
3

Includes:
 Adélie Land[4] (France) (2)
 Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)
 Ross Dependency[4] (New Zealand)

 Austria
2,562
1,592
9
8

Includes:
 Czech Republic: 362 km (225 mi)
 Germany: 784 km (487 mi)
 Hungary: 366 km (227 mi)
 Italy: 430 km (270 mi)
 Liechtenstein: 35 km (22 mi)
 Slovakia: 91 km (57 mi)
 Slovenia: 330 km (210 mi)
  Switzerland (2): 164 km (102 mi)

 Azerbaijan
2,013
1,251
7
5

Includes:
 Armenia (6): 787 km (489 mi)[14]
 Georgia: 322 km (200 mi)
 Iran (2):[17] 432 km (268 mi)
 Russia: 284 km (176 mi)
 Turkey:[18] 9 km (5.6 mi)

 Azores[19] (Portugal)
0
0
0
0

 Bahamas
0
0
0
0

 Bahrain
0
0
0
0

 Baker Island[10] and Howland Island[10] (United States)
0
0
0
0

 Bangladesh
4,246
2,638
3
2

Includes:
 India (2), including Dahagram-Angarpota:[20] 4,053 km (2,518 mi)
 Myanmar: 193 km (120 mi)

 Barbados
0
0
0
0

 Bassas da India,  Europa Island, and  Juan de Nova Island[5][21] (France)
0
0
0
0

 Belarus
2,900
1,800
5
5

Includes:
 Latvia: 141 km (88 mi)
 Lithuania: 502 km (312 mi)
 Poland: 407 km (253 mi)
 Russia: 959 km (596 mi)
 Ukraine: 891 km (554 mi)

 Belgium
1,385
861
39
4

Includes:
 France: 620 km (390 mi)
 Germany (6):[22] 167 km (104 mi)
 Luxembourg: 148 km (92 mi)
 Netherlands (31):[23] 450 km (280 mi)

 Belize
516
321
2
2

Includes:
 Guatemala: 266 km (165 mi)
 Mexico: 250 km (160 mi)

 Benin
1,989
1,236
4
4

Includes:
 Burkina Faso: 306 km (190 mi)
 Niger: 266 km (165 mi)
 Nigeria: 773 km (480 mi)
 Togo: 644 km (400 mi)

 Bermuda[6] (United Kingdom)
0
0
0
0

 Bhutan
1,075
668
2
2

Includes:
 People's Republic of China: 470 km (290 mi)
 India: 605 km (376 mi)

 Bolivia
6,743
4,190
5
5

Includes:
 Argentina: 832 km (517 mi)
 Brazil: 3,400 km (2,100 mi)
 Chile: 861 km (535 mi)
 Paraguay: 750 km (470 mi)
 Peru: 900 km (560 mi)

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
1,459
907
5
3

Includes:
 Croatia (2): 932 km (579 mi)
 Montenegro: 225 km (140 mi)
 Serbia (2):[24] 302 km (188 mi)

 Botswana
4,015
2,495
4
4

Includes:
 Namibia: 1,360 km (850 mi)
 South Africa: 1,840 km (1,140 mi)
 Zambia: 0.15 km (0.093 mi)
 Zimbabwe: 813 km (505 mi)

 Bouvet Island[25]
0
0
0
0

 Brazil
14,691
9,129
10
10

Includes:
 Argentina: 1,224 km (761 mi)
 Bolivia: 3,400 km (2,100 mi)
 Colombia: 1,643 km (1,021 mi)
 French Guiana[26] (France): 673 km (418 mi)
 Guyana: 1,119 km (695 mi)
 Paraguay: 1,290 km (800 mi)
 Peru: 1,560 km (970 mi)
 Suriname: 597 km (371 mi)
 Uruguay: 985 km (612 mi)
 Venezuela: 2,200 km (1,400 mi)

 British Antarctic Territory[4] (United Kingdom)
0
0
3
3

Includes:
 Antártica Chilena Province[4][12] (Chile)
 Argentine Antarctica[4][12] (Argentina)
 Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)

 British Indian Ocean Territory[6] (United Kingdom)
0
0
0
0

 British Virgin Islands[6] (United Kingdom)
0
0
0
0

 Brunei
381
237
2
1

Includes:
 Malaysia (2): 381 km (237 mi)

 Bulgaria
1,808
1,123
5
5

Includes:
 Greece: 494 km (307 mi)
 Macedonia: 148 km (92 mi)
 Romania: 608 km (378 mi)
 Serbia: 318 km (198 mi)
 Turkey: 240 km (150 mi)

 Burkina Faso
3,193
1,984
6
6

Includes:
 Benin: 306 km (190 mi)
 Côte d'Ivoire: 584 km (363 mi)
 Ghana: 549 km (341 mi)
 Mali: 1,000 km (620 mi)
 Niger: 628 km (390 mi)
 Togo: 126 km (78 mi)

 Burundi
974
605
3
3

Includes:
 Democratic Republic of the Congo: 233 km (145 mi)
 Rwanda: 290 km (180 mi)
 Tanzania: 451 km (280 mi)

 Cambodia
2,572
1,598
3
3

Includes:
 Laos: 541 km (336 mi)
 Thailand: 803 km (499 mi)
 Vietnam: 1,228 km (763 mi)

 Cameroon
4,591
2,853
6
6

Includes:
 Central African Republic: 797 km (495 mi)
 Chad: 1,094 km (680 mi)
 Republic of the Congo: 523 km (325 mi)
 Equatorial Guinea: 189 km (117 mi)
 Gabon: 298 km (185 mi)
 Nigeria: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)

 Canada
8,893
5,526
5
2

Includes:
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France): 0.05 km (0.031 mi)
 United States (4): 8,893 km (5,526 mi)[27]

 Cape Verde
0
0
0
0

 Cayman Islands[6] (United Kingdom)
0
0
0
0

 Central African Republic
5,213
3,239
6
6

Includes:
 Cameroon: 797 km (495 mi)
 Chad: 1,197 km (744 mi)
 Democratic Republic of the Congo: 1,577 km (980 mi)
 Republic of the Congo: 467 km (290 mi)
 South Sudan: 682 km (424 mi)
 Sudan: 483 km (300 mi)

 Chad
5,968
3,708
6
6

Includes:
 Cameroon: 1,094 km (680 mi)
 Central African Republic: 1,197 km (744 mi)
 Libya: 1,055 km (656 mi)
 Niger: 1,175 km (730 mi)
 Nigeria: 87 km (54 mi)
 Sudan: 1,360 km (850 mi)

 Chile
6,171
3,834
4
3

Includes:
 Argentina (2): 5,300 km (3,300 mi)[13]
 Bolivia: 861 km (535 mi)
 Peru: 160 km (99 mi)

 People's Republic of China[28]
22,147
13,762
19
16

Includes:
 Afghanistan: 76 km (47 mi)
 Bhutan: 470 km (290 mi)
 Hong Kong[29] (PR China): 30 km (19 mi)
 India (3): 3,380 km (2,100 mi)
 Kazakhstan: 1,533 km (953 mi)
 North Korea: 1,416 km (880 mi)
 Kyrgyzstan: 858 km (533 mi)
 Laos: 423 km (263 mi)
 Macau[30] (PR China): 0.34 km (0.21 mi)
 Mongolia: 4,677 km (2,906 mi)
 Myanmar: 2,185 km (1,358 mi)
   Nepal: 1,236 km (768 mi)
 Pakistan:[31] 523 km (325 mi)
 Russia (2): 3,645 km (2,265 mi)
 Tajikistan: 414 km (257 mi)
 Vietnam: 1,281 km (796 mi)

 Christmas Island[16] (Australia)
0
0
0
0

 Clipperton Island[32] (France)
0
0
0
0

 Cocos (Keeling) Islands[16] (Australia)
0
0
0
0

 Colombia
6,004
3,731
5
5

Includes:
 Brazil: 1,643 km (1,021 mi)
 Ecuador: 590 km (370 mi)
 Panama: 225 km (140 mi)
 Peru: 1,496 km (930 mi)
 Venezuela: 2,050 km (1,270 mi)

 Comoros
0
0
0
0

 Democratic Republic of the Congo
10,730
6,670
10
9

Includes:
 Angola (2): 2,511 km (1,560 mi)[11]
 Burundi: 233 km (145 mi)
 Central African Republic: 1,577 km (980 mi)
 Republic of the Congo: 2,410 km (1,500 mi)
 Rwanda: 217 km (135 mi)
 South Sudan: 628 km (390 mi)
 Tanzania: 459 km (285 mi)
 Uganda: 765 km (475 mi)
 Zambia: 1,930 km (1,200 mi)

 Republic of the Congo
5,504
3,420
5
5

Includes:
 Angola: 201 km (125 mi)
 Cameroon: 523 km (325 mi)
 Central African Republic: 467 km (290 mi)
 Democratic Republic of the Congo: 2,410 km (1,500 mi)
 Gabon: 1,903 km (1,182 mi)

 Cook Islands[33]
0
0
0
0

 Costa Rica
639
397
2
2

Includes:
 Nicaragua: 309 km (192 mi)
 Panama: 330 km (210 mi)

 Côte d'Ivoire
3,110
1,930
5
5

Includes:
 Burkina Faso: 584 km (363 mi)
 Ghana: 668 km (415 mi)
 Guinea: 610 km (380 mi)
 Liberia: 716 km (445 mi)
 Mali: 532 km (331 mi)

 Croatia
2,197
1,365
6
5

Includes:
 Bosnia and Herzegovina (2): 932 km (579 mi)
 Hungary: 329 km (204 mi)
 Montenegro: 25 km (16 mi)
 Serbia: 241 km (150 mi)
 Slovenia: 670 km (420 mi)

 Crozet Islands[5] (France)
0
0
0
0

 Cuba
0
0[34]
0[34]
0[34]

 Curaçao[15] (Netherlands)
0
0
0
0

 Cyprus
152
94
6[7]
1

Includes:
 Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6] (United Kingdom) (5)[7]

 Northern Cyprus[35]
0
0
2
2

Includes:
 Akrotiri and Dhekelia[6][36] (United Kingdom)
 Cyprus

 Czech Republic
1,881
1,169
4
4

Includes:
 Austria: 362 km (225 mi)
 Germany: 815 km (506 mi)[37]
 Poland: 658 km (409 mi)
 Slovakia: 215 km (134 mi)

 Denmark
68
42
1
1

Includes:
 Germany: 68 km (42 mi)

 Djibouti
516
321
3
3

Includes:
 Eritrea: 109 km (68 mi)
 Ethiopia: 349 km (217 mi)
 Somalia: 58 km (36 mi)

 Dominica
0
0
0
0

 Dominican Republic
360
220
1
1

Includes:
 Haiti: 360 km (220 mi)

 East Timor
228
142
2
1

Includes:
 Indonesia (2): 228 km (142 mi)

 Ecuador
2,010
1,250
2
2

Includes:
 Colombia: 590 km (370 mi)
 Peru: 1,420 km (880 mi)

 Egypt
2,665
1,656
4
4

Includes:
 Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories):[38] 11 km (6.8 mi)
 Israel: 266 km (165 mi)
 Libya: 1,115 km (693 mi)
 Sudan: 1,273 km (791 mi)

 El Salvador
545
339
2
2

Includes:
 Guatemala: 203 km (126 mi)
 Honduras: 342 km (213 mi)

 England[39] (United Kingdom)
411
255
2
2

Includes:
 Scotland: 154 km (96 mi)
 Wales: 257 km (160 mi)

 Equatorial Guinea
539
335
2
2

Includes:
 Cameroon: 189 km (117 mi)
 Gabon: 350 km (220 mi)

 Eritrea
1,626
1,010
3
3

Includes:
 Djibouti: 109 km (68 mi)
 Ethiopia: 912 km (567 mi)
 Sudan: 605 km (376 mi)

 Estonia
633
393
2
2

Includes:
 Latvia: 339 km (211 mi)
 Russia: 294 km (183 mi)

 Ethiopia
5,328
3,311
6
6

Includes:
 Djibouti: 349 km (217 mi)
 Eritrea: 912 km (567 mi)
 Kenya: 861 km (535 mi)
 Somalia: 1,600 km (990 mi)
 South Sudan: 883 km (549 mi)
 Sudan: 723 km (449 mi)

 European Union
13,180
8,190
26
20

Includes:
 Albania: 282 km (175 mi)
 Andorra: 120.3 km (74.8 mi)
 Belarus: 1,050 km (650 mi)
 Bosnia and Herzegovina: 932 km (579 mi)
 Brazil:[40] 673 km (418 mi)
 Liechtenstein: 34.9 km (21.7 mi)
 Macedonia: 394 km (245 mi)
 Moldova: 450 km (280 mi)
 Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)
 Montenegro: 25 km (16 mi)
 Morocco (3): 16 km (9.9 mi)
 Norway: 2,348 km (1,459 mi)
 Russia (4): 2,257 km (1,402 mi)
 San Marino: 39 km (24 mi)
 Serbia: 1,186 km (737 mi)
 Suriname:[40] 510 km (320 mi)
  Switzerland: 1,811 km (1,125 mi)
 Turkey: 446 km (277 mi)
 Ukraine (2): 1,257 km (781 mi)
  Vatican City: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)

 Falkland Islands[6][41] (United Kingdom)
0
0
0
0

 Faroe Islands[42] (Denmark)
0
0
0
0

 Fiji
0
0
0
0

 Finland
2,690
1,670
7
3

Includes:
 Norway: 736 km (457 mi)
 Sweden (4): 614 km (382 mi)
 Russia (2): 1,340 km (830 mi)

 France[43]
2,889
1,795
10
8

Includes:
 Andorra: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)
 Belgium: 620 km (390 mi)
 Germany: 451 km (280 mi)
 Italy: 488 km (303 mi)
 Luxembourg: 73 km (45 mi)
 Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)
 Spain (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)
  Switzerland: 573 km (356 mi)

 France (including French overseas departments, collectivities, and territories)

→includes:
→ Clipperton Island
→ French Guiana
→ French Polynesia
→ French Southern and Antarctic Lands[45]
→ Guadeloupe
→ Martinique
→ Mayotte
→ New Caledonia
→ Réunion
→ Saint Barthélemy
→ Saint Martin
→ Saint Pierre and Miquelon
→ Wallis and Futuna

4,082
2,536
13
11

Includes:
 Andorra: 56.6 km (35.2 mi)
 Belgium: 620 km (390 mi)
 Brazil:[40] 673 km (418 mi)
 Germany: 451 km (280 mi)
 Italy: 488 km (303 mi)
 Luxembourg: 73 km (45 mi)
 Monaco: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)
 Sint Maarten[15][46] (Netherlands): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)
 Spain (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)
 Suriname:[40] 510 km (320 mi)
  Switzerland: 573 km (356 mi)

 French Guiana[26] (France)
1,183
735
2
2

Includes:
 Brazil: 673 km (418 mi)
 Suriname: 510 km (320 mi)

 French Polynesia[47] (France)
0
0
0
0

 French Southern and Antarctic Lands[45][48] (France)
0
0
0
0

 Gabon
2,551
1,585
3
3

Includes:
 Cameroon: 298 km (185 mi)
 Republic of the Congo: 1,903 km (1,182 mi)
 Equatorial Guinea: 350 km (220 mi)

 The Gambia
740
460
1
1

Includes:
 Senegal: 740 km (460 mi)

 Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories)[38]
62
39
2
2

Includes:
 Egypt: 11 km (6.8 mi)
 Israel: 51 km (32 mi)

 Georgia
1,461
908
4
4

Includes:
 Armenia: 164 km (102 mi)
 Azerbaijan: 322 km (200 mi)
 Russia: 723 km (449 mi)
 Turkey: 252 km (157 mi)

 Germany
3,621
2,250
15
9

Includes:
 Austria: 784 km (487 mi)
 Belgium (6):[22] 167 km (104 mi)
 Czech Republic: 815 km (506 mi)[37]
 Denmark: 68 km (42 mi)
 France: 451 km (280 mi)
 Luxembourg: 138 km (86 mi)
 Netherlands: 577 km (359 mi)
 Poland: 456 km (283 mi)
  Switzerland (2):[49] 334 km (208 mi)

 Ghana
2,094
1,301
3
3

Includes:
 Burkina Faso: 549 km (341 mi)
 Côte d'Ivoire: 668 km (415 mi)
 Togo: 877 km (545 mi)

 Gibraltar[6] (United Kingdom)
1.2
0.75
1
1

Includes:
 Spain: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)

 Glorioso Islands[5][50] (France)
0
0
0
0

 Greece
1,228
763
4
4

Includes:
 Albania: 282 km (175 mi)
 Bulgaria: 494 km (307 mi)
 Turkey: 206 km (128 mi)
 Macedonia: 246 km (153 mi)

 Greenland[42] (Denmark)
0
0
0
0

 Grenada
0
0
0
0

 Guadeloupe[26] (France)
0
0
0
0

 Guam[10] (United States)
0
0
0
0

 Guatemala
1,687
1,048
4
4

Includes:
 Belize: 266 km (165 mi)
 El Salvador: 203 km (126 mi)
 Honduras: 256 km (159 mi)
 Mexico: 962 km (598 mi)

 Guernsey[51] (United Kingdom)
0
0
0
0

 Guinea
3,399
2,112
6
6

Includes:
 Côte d'Ivoire: 610 km (380 mi)
 Guinea-Bissau: 386 km (240 mi)
 Liberia: 563 km (350 mi)
 Mali: 858 km (533 mi)
 Senegal: 330 km (210 mi)
 Sierra Leone: 652 km (405 mi)

 Guinea-Bissau
724
450
2
2

Includes:
 Guinea: 386 km (240 mi)
 Senegal: 338 km (210 mi)

 Guyana
2,462
1,530
3
3

Includes:
 Brazil: 1,119 km (695 mi)
 Suriname: 600 km (370 mi)
 Venezuela: 743 km (462 mi)

 Haiti
360
220
1
1

Includes:
 Dominican Republic: 360 km (220 mi)

 Heard Island and McDonald Islands[16] (Australia)
0
0
0
0

 Honduras
1,520
940
3
3

Includes:
 Guatemala: 256 km (159 mi)
 El Salvador: 342 km (213 mi)
 Nicaragua: 922 km (573 mi)

 Hong Kong[29] (People's Republic of China)
30
19
1
1

Includes:
 People's Republic of China: 30 km (19 mi)

 Howland Island[10] and Baker Island[10] (United States)
0
0
0
0

 Hungary
2,171
1,349
7
7

Includes:
 Austria: 366 km (227 mi)
 Croatia: 329 km (204 mi)
 Romania: 443 km (275 mi)
 Serbia: 151 km (94 mi)
 Slovakia: 677 km (421 mi)
 Slovenia: 102 km (63 mi)
 Ukraine: 103 km (64 mi)

 Iceland
0
0
0
0

 Île Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Island[5] (France)
0
0
0
0

 India
14,103
8,763
10 (9)
6

Includes:
 Bangladesh (2), including Dahagram-Angarpota:[20] 4,053 km (2,518 mi)
 Bhutan: 605 km (376 mi)
 People's Republic of China (3):[31] 3,380 km (2,100 mi)
 Myanmar: 1,463 km (909 mi)
   Nepal: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)
 Pakistan : 2,912 km (1,809 mi)

 Indonesia
2,830
1,760
4
3

Includes:
 East Timor (2): 228 km (142 mi)
 Malaysia: 1,782 km (1,107 mi)
 Papua New Guinea: 820 km (510 mi)

 Iran
5,440
3,380
8
7

Includes:
 Afghanistan: 936 km (582 mi)
 Armenia: 35 km (22 mi)
 Azerbaijan (2):[17] 432 km (268 mi)
 Iraq: 1,458 km (906 mi)
 Pakistan: 909 km (565 mi)
 Turkey: 499 km (310 mi)
 Turkmenistan: 992 km (616 mi)

 Iraq
3,650
2,270
6
6

Includes:
 Iran: 1,458 km (906 mi)
 Jordan: 181 km (112 mi)
 Kuwait: 240 km (150 mi)
 Saudi Arabia: 814 km (506 mi)
 Syria: 605 km (376 mi)
 Turkey: 352 km (219 mi)

 Ireland
499
310
1
1

Includes:
 United Kingdom: 499 km (310 mi)

 Isle of Man[51] (United Kingdom)
0
0
0
0

 Israel
1,017
632
6[52]
5[53]

Includes:
 Egypt: 266 km (165 mi)
 Gaza Strip (Palestinian territories):[38] 51 km (32 mi)
 Jordan: 238 km (148 mi)
 Lebanon: 79 km (49 mi)
 Syria: 76 km (47 mi)
 West Bank (Palestinian territories):[38] 307 km (191 mi)

 Italy
1,932
1,200
7
6

Includes:
 Austria: 430 km (270 mi)
 France: 488 km (303 mi)
 San Marino: 39 km (24 mi)
 Slovenia: 232 km (144 mi)
  Switzerland (2):[54] 740 km (460 mi)
  Vatican City: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)

 Jamaica
0
0
0
0

 Japan
0
0
0
0

 Jarvis Island[10] (United States)
0
0
0
0

 Jersey[51]
0
0
0
0

 Johnston Atoll[10] (United States)
0
0
0
0

 Jordan
1,635
1,016
5
5

Includes:
 Iraq: 181 km (112 mi)
 Israel: 238 km (148 mi)
 Saudi Arabia: 744 km (462 mi)
 Syria: 375 km (233 mi)
 West Bank (Palestinian territories):[38] 97 km (60 mi)

 Juan de Nova Island,  Bassas da India, and  Europa Island[5][21] (France)
0
0
0
0

 Kazakhstan
12,012
7,464
5
5

Includes:
 People's Republic of China: 1,533 km (953 mi)
 Kyrgyzstan: 1,051 km (653 mi)
 Russia: 6,846 km (4,254 mi)
 Turkmenistan: 379 km (235 mi)
 Uzbekistan: 2,203 km (1,369 mi)

 Kenya
3,477
2,161
5
5

Includes:
 Ethiopia: 861 km (535 mi)
 Somalia: 682 km (424 mi)
 South Sudan: 232 km (144 mi)
 Tanzania: 769 km (478 mi)
 Uganda: 933 km (580 mi)

 Kerguelen Islands[5] (France)
0
0
0
0

 Kingman Reef[10] and Palmyra Atoll[10] (United States)
0
0
0
0

 Kiribati
0
0
0
0

 North Korea
1,673
1,040
3
3

Includes:
 People's Republic of China: 1,416 km (880 mi)
 South Korea: 238 km (148 mi)
 Russia: 19 km (12 mi)

 South Korea
238
148
1
1

Includes:
 North Korea: 238 km (148 mi)

 Kosovo[8]
701
436
4
4

Includes:
 Albania: 112 km (70 mi)
 Macedonia: 159 km (99 mi)
 Montenegro: 79 km (49 mi)
 Serbia: 352 km (219 mi)

 Kuwait
462
287
2
2

Includes:
 Iraq: 240 km (150 mi)
 Saudi Arabia: 222 km (138 mi)

 Kyrgyzstan
3,878
2,410
4
4

Includes:
 People's Republic of China: 858 km (533 mi)
 Kazakhstan: 1,051 km (653 mi)
 Tajikistan (3):[55] 870 km (540 mi)
 Uzbekistan (6):[56] 1,099 km (683 mi)

 Laos
5,083
3,158
5
5

Includes:
 Cambodia: 541 km (336 mi)
 People's Republic of China: 423 km (263 mi)
 Myanmar: 235 km (146 mi)
 Thailand: 1,754 km (1,090 mi)
 Vietnam: 2,130 km (1,320 mi)

 Latvia
1,150
710
4
4

Includes:
 Belarus: 141 km (88 mi)
 Estonia: 339 km (211 mi)
 Lithuania: 453 km (281 mi)
 Russia: 217 km (135 mi)

 Lebanon
454
282
2
2

Includes:
 Israel: 79 km (49 mi)
 Syria: 375 km (233 mi)

 Lesotho
909
565
1
1

Includes:
 South Africa: 909 km (565 mi)

 Liberia
1,585
985
3
3

Includes:
 Guinea: 563 km (350 mi)
 Côte d'Ivoire: 716 km (445 mi)
 Sierra Leone: 306 km (190 mi)

 Libya
4,348
2,702
6
6

Includes:
 Algeria: 982 km (610 mi)
 Chad: 1,055 km (656 mi)
 Egypt: 1,115 km (693 mi)
 Niger: 354 km (220 mi)
 Sudan: 383 km (238 mi)
 Tunisia: 459 km (285 mi)

 Liechtenstein
76
47
2
2

Includes:
 Austria: 34.9 km (21.7 mi)
  Switzerland: 41.1 km (25.5 mi)

 Lithuania
1,273
791
4
4

Includes:
 Belarus: 502 km (312 mi)
 Latvia: 453 km (281 mi)
 Poland: 91 km (57 mi)
 Russia:[57] 227 km (141 mi)

 Luxembourg
359
223
3
3

Includes:
 Belgium: 148 km (92 mi)
 France: 73 km (45 mi)
 Germany: 138 km (86 mi)

 Macau[30] (People's Republic of China)
0.34
0.21
1
1

Includes:
 People's Republic of China: 0.34 km (0.21 mi)

 Macedonia
7,666
4,763
5
5

Includes:
 Albania: 151 km (94 mi)
 Bulgaria: 148 km (92 mi)
 Greece: 246 km (153 mi)
 Kosovo:[8] 159 km (99 mi)
 Serbia: 62 km (39 mi)

 Macquarie Island[16] (Australia)
0
0
0
0

 Madagascar
0
0
0
0

 Madeira[19] (Portugal)
0
0
0
0

 Malawi
2,881
1,790
3
3

Includes:
 Mozambique: 1,569 km (975 mi)
 Tanzania: 475 km (295 mi)
 Zambia: 837 km (520 mi)

 Malaysia
3,147
1,955
4
3

Includes:
 Brunei (2): 381 km (237 mi)
 Indonesia: 1,782 km (1,107 mi)
 Thailand: 506 km (314 mi)

 Maldives
0
0
0
0

 Mali
7,243
4,501
7
7

Includes:
 Algeria: 1,376 km (855 mi)
 Burkina Faso: 1,000 km (620 mi)
 Côte d'Ivoire: 532 km (331 mi)
 Guinea: 858 km (533 mi)
 Mauritania: 2,237 km (1,390 mi)
 Niger: 821 km (510 mi)
 Senegal: 419 km (260 mi)

 Malta
0
0
0
0

 Marshall Islands
0
0
0
0

 Martinique[26] (France)
0
0
0
0

 Mauritania
5,074
3,153
4
4

Includes:
 Algeria: 463 km (288 mi)
 Mali: 2,237 km (1,390 mi)
 Senegal: 813 km (505 mi)
Western Sahara:[9] 1,561 km (970 mi)

 Mauritius
0
0
0
0

 Mayotte[47] (France)
0
0
0
0

 Mexico
4,353
2,705
3
3

Includes:
 Belize: 250 km (160 mi)
 Guatemala: 962 km (598 mi)
 United States: 3,141 km (1,952 mi)

 Federated States of Micronesia
0
0
0
0

 Midway Atoll[10] (United States)
0
0
0
0

 Moldova
1,389
863
2
2

Includes:
 Romania: 450 km (280 mi)
 Ukraine: 939 km (583 mi)

 Monaco
4.4
2.7
1
1

Includes:
 France: 4.4 km (2.7 mi)

 Mongolia
8,220
5,110
2
2

Includes:
 People's Republic of China: 4,677 km (2,906 mi)
 Russia: 3,485 km (2,165 mi)

 Montenegro
625
388
5
5

Includes:
 Albania: 172 km (107 mi)
 Bosnia and Herzegovina: 225 km (140 mi)
 Croatia: 25 km (16 mi)
 Kosovo:[8] 79 km (49 mi)
 Serbia: 124 km (77 mi)

 Montserrat[6] (United Kingdom)
0
0
0
0

 Morocco
2,018
1,254
5
3

Includes:
 Algeria: 1,559 km (969 mi)
Western Sahara:[9] 443 km (275 mi)
 Spain (3): 17 km (11 mi)[58]

 Mozambique
4,571
2,840
6
6

Includes:
 Malawi: 1,569 km (975 mi)
 South Africa (2): 491 km (305 mi)
 Swaziland: 105 km (65 mi)
 Tanzania: 756 km (470 mi)
 Zambia: 419 km (260 mi)
 Zimbabwe: 1,231 km (765 mi)

 Myanmar
5,876
3,651
5
5

Includes:
 Bangladesh: 193 km (120 mi)
 People's Republic of China: 2,185 km (1,358 mi)
 India: 1,463 km (909 mi)
 Laos: 235 km (146 mi)
 Thailand: 1,800 km (1,100 mi)

 Nagorno-Karabakh Republic[59]
0
0
3
3

Includes:
 Armenia
 Azerbaijan
 Iran

 Namibia
3,936
2,446
4
4

Includes:
 Angola: 1,376 km (855 mi)
 Botswana: 1,360 km (850 mi)
 South Africa: 967 km (601 mi)
 Zambia: 233 km (145 mi)

 Nauru
0
0
0
0

 Navassa Island[10][60] (United States)
0
0
0
0

   Nepal
2,926
1,818
2
2

Includes:
 People's Republic of China: 1,236 km (768 mi)
 India: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)

 Netherlands[61]
1,027
638
32
2

Includes:
 Belgium (31):[23] 450 km (280 mi)
 Germany: 577 km (359 mi)

 Netherlands, Kingdom of the

→includes:
→ Aruba
→ Curaçao
→ Netherlands (including Caribbean Netherlands)
→ Sint Maarten

1,037
644
33
3

Includes:
 Belgium (31): 450 km (280 mi)
 Germany: 577 km (359 mi)
 Saint Martin[47] (France): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)

 New Caledonia[62] (France)
0
0
0
0

 New Zealand
0
0
0
0

 Nicaragua
1,231
765
2
2

Includes:
 Costa Rica: 309 km (192 mi)
 Honduras: 922 km (573 mi)

 Niger
5,697
3,540
7
7

Includes:
 Algeria: 956 km (594 mi)
 Benin: 266 km (165 mi)
 Burkina Faso: 628 km (390 mi)
 Chad: 1,175 km (730 mi)
 Libya: 354 km (220 mi)
 Mali: 821 km (510 mi)
 Nigeria: 1,497 km (930 mi)

 Nigeria
4,047
2,515
4
4

Includes:
 Benin: 773 km (480 mi)
 Cameroon: 1,690 km (1,050 mi)
 Chad: 87 km (54 mi)
 Niger: 1,497 km (930 mi)

 Niue[63]
0
0
0
0

 Norfolk Island[16] (Australia)
0
0
0
0

 Northern Ireland[39] (United Kingdom)
499
310
1
1

Includes:
 Ireland: 499 km (310 mi)

 Northern Mariana Islands[10] (United States)
0
0
0
0

 Norway
2,551
1,585
3
3

Includes:
 Finland: 736 km (457 mi)
 Sweden: 1,619 km (1,006 mi)
 Russia: 196 km (122 mi)

 Oman
1,374
854
6
3

Includes:
 Saudi Arabia: 676 km (420 mi)
 United Arab Emirates (4): 410 km (250 mi)
 Yemen: 288 km (179 mi)

 Pakistan
6,774
4,209
4 (3)
4 (3)

Includes:
 Afghanistan: 2,430 km (1,510 mi)
 People's Republic of China:[31] 523 km (325 mi)
 India: 2,912 km (1,809 mi)
 Iran: 909 km (565 mi)

 Palau
0
0
0
0

 Palestine[38]
466
290
4
3

Includes:
 Egypt: 11 km (6.8 mi)
 Israel (2): 358 km (222 mi)[64]
 Jordan: 97 km (60 mi)

 Palmyra Atoll[10] and Kingman Reef[10] (United States)
0
0
0
0

 Panama
555
345
2
2

Includes:
 Colombia: 225 km (140 mi)
 Costa Rica: 330 km (210 mi)

 Papua New Guinea
820
510
1
1

Includes:
 Indonesia: 820 km (510 mi)

 Paraguay
3,920
2,440
3
3

Includes:
 Argentina: 1,880 km (1,170 mi)
 Bolivia: 750 km (470 mi)
 Brazil: 1,290 km (800 mi)

 Peru
5,536
3,440
5
5

Includes:
 Bolivia: 900 km (560 mi)
 Brazil: 1,560 km (970 mi)
 Chile: 160 km (99 mi)
 Colombia: 1,496 km (930 mi)
 Ecuador: 1,420 km (880 mi)

 Peter I Island[4]
0
0
0
0

 Philippines
0
0
0
0

 Pitcairn Islands[6] (United Kingdom)
0
0
0
0

 Poland
2,788
1,732
7
7

Includes:
 Belarus: 407 km (253 mi)
 Czech Republic: 658 km (409 mi)
 Germany: 456 km (283 mi)
 Lithuania: 91 km (57 mi)
 Russia:[57] 206 km (128 mi)
 Slovakia: 444 km (276 mi)
 Ukraine: 526 km (327 mi)

 Portugal
1,214
754
1
1

Includes:
 Spain: 1,214 km (754 mi)

 Puerto Rico[10] (United States)
0
0
0
0

 Qatar
60
37
1 (2)
1 (2)

Includes:
 Saudi Arabia: 60 km (37 mi)

 Queen Maud Land[4] (Norway)
0
0
2
2

Includes:
 Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)
 British Antarctic Territory[4] (United Kingdom)

 Réunion[26] (France)
0
0
0
0

 Romania
2,508
1,558
6
5

Includes:
 Bulgaria: 608 km (378 mi)
 Hungary: 443 km (275 mi)
 Moldova: 450 km (280 mi)
 Serbia: 476 km (296 mi)
 Ukraine (2): 531 km (330 mi)[65]

 Ross Dependency[4] (New Zealand)
0
0
1
1

Includes:
 Australian Antarctic Territory[4] (Australia)

 Russia
20,017
12,438
16
14

Includes:
 Azerbaijan: 284 km (176 mi)
 Belarus: 959 km (596 mi)
 People's Republic of China (2): 3,645 km (2,265 mi)
 Estonia: 294 km (183 mi)
 Finland (2): 1,340 km (830 mi)
 Georgia: 723 km (449 mi)
 Kazakhstan: 6,846 km (4,254 mi)
 North Korea: 19 km (12 mi)
 Latvia: 217 km (135 mi)
 Lithuania:[57] 227 km (141 mi)
 Mongolia: 3,485 km (2,165 mi)
 Norway: 196 km (122 mi)
 Poland:[57] 206 km (128 mi)
 Ukraine: 1,576 km (979 mi)

 Rwanda
893
555
4
4

Includes:
 Burundi: 290 km (180 mi)
 Democratic Republic of the Congo: 217 km (135 mi)
 Tanzania: 217 km (135 mi)
 Uganda: 169 km (105 mi)

 Saint Barthélemy[47] (France)
0
0
0
0

 Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha[6] (United Kingdom)
0
0
0
0

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
0
0
0
0

 Saint Lucia
0
0
0
0

 Saint Martin[47]
10.2
6.3
1
1

Includes:
 Sint Maarten[15] (Netherlands): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)

 Saint Pierre and Miquelon[47] (France)
0.05
0.031
1
1
headerstyle=font-weight:normal; text-align:left;|Includes:| Canada: 0.05 km (0.031 mi)

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
0
0
0
0

 Samoa
0
0
0
0

 San Marino
39
24
1
1

Includes:
 Italy: 39 km (24 mi)

 São Tomé and Príncipe
0
0
0
0

 Saudi Arabia
4,431
2,753
7
7

Includes:
 Iraq: 814 km (506 mi)
 Jordan: 744 km (462 mi)
 Kuwait: 222 km (138 mi)
 Oman: 676 km (420 mi)
 Qatar: 60 km (37 mi)
 United Arab Emirates: 457 km (284 mi)
 Yemen: 1,458 km (906 mi)

 Scotland[39] (United Kingdom)
154
96
1
1

Includes:
 England: 154 km (96 mi)

 Senegal
2,640
1,640
5
5

Includes:
 The Gambia: 740 km (460 mi)
 Guinea: 330 km (210 mi)
 Guinea-Bissau: 338 km (210 mi)
 Mali: 419 km (260 mi)
 Mauritania: 813 km (505 mi)

 Serbia
2,027
1,260
8
8

Includes:
 Bosnia and Herzegovina (2):[24] 302 km (188 mi)
 Bulgaria: 318 km (198 mi)
 Croatia: 241 km (150 mi)
 Hungary: 151 km (94 mi)
 Kosovo:[8] 352 km (219 mi)
 Macedonia: 62 km (39 mi)
 Montenegro: 124 km (77 mi)
 Romania: 476 km (296 mi)

 Seychelles
0
0
0
0

 Sierra Leone
958
595
2
2

Includes:
 Guinea: 652 km (405 mi)
 Liberia: 306 km (190 mi)

 Singapore
0
0[66]
0[66]
0[66]

 Sint Maarten[15] (Netherlands)
10.2
6.3
1
1

Includes:
 Saint Martin[47] (France): 10.2 km (6.3 mi)

 Slovakia
1,524
947
5
5

Includes:
 Austria: 91 km (57 mi)
 Czech Republic: 215 km (134 mi)
 Hungary: 677 km (421 mi)
 Poland: 444 km (276 mi)
 Ukraine: 97 km (60 mi)

 Slovenia
1,334
829
4
4

Includes:
 Austria: 330 km (210 mi)
 Croatia: 670 km (420 mi)
 Italy: 232 km (144 mi)
 Hungary: 102 km (63 mi)

 Solomon Islands
0
0
0
0

 Somalia
2,340
1,450
3
3

Includes:
 Djibouti: 58 km (36 mi)
 Ethiopia: 1,600 km (990 mi)
 Kenya: 682 km (424 mi)

 Somaliland[67]
0
0
3
3

Includes:
 Djibouti: 58 km (36 mi)
 Ethiopia
 Somalia

 South Africa
4,862
3,021
6
6

Includes:
 Botswana: 1,840 km (1,140 mi)
 Lesotho: 909 km (565 mi)
 Mozambique (2): 491 km (305 mi)
 Namibia: 967 km (601 mi)
 Swaziland: 430 km (270 mi)
 Zimbabwe: 225 km (140 mi)

 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands[6] (United Kingdom)
0
0
0
0

 South Sudan
4,797
2,981
6
6

Includes:
 Central African Republic: 682 km (424 mi)
 Democratic Republic of the Congo: 628 km (390 mi)
 Ethiopia: 883 km (549 mi)
 Kenya: 232 km (144 mi)
 Sudan: 1,937 km (1,204 mi)
 Uganda: 435 km (270 mi)

 Spain
1,918
1,192
9
5

Includes:
 Andorra: 63.7 km (39.6 mi)
 France (3):[44] 623 km (387 mi)
 Gibraltar: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)
 Portugal: 1,214 km (754 mi)
 Morocco (3): 17 km (11 mi)[58]

 Sri Lanka
0
0
0
0

 Sudan
6,764
4,203
7
7

Includes:
 Central African Republic: 483 km (300 mi)
 Chad: 1,360 km (850 mi)
 Egypt: 1,273 km (791 mi)
 Eritrea: 605 km (376 mi)
 Ethiopia: 723 km (449 mi)
 Libya: 383 km (238 mi)
 South Sudan: 1,937 km (1,204 mi)

 Suriname
1,707
1,061
2
2

Includes:
 Brazil: 597 km (371 mi)
 French Guiana[26] (France): 510 km (320 mi)
 Guyana: 600 km (370 mi)

 Svalbard[68] (Norway)
0
0
0
0

 Swaziland
535
332
2
2

Includes:
 Mozambique: 105 km (65 mi)
 South Africa: 430 km (270 mi)

 Sweden
2,233
1,388
5
2

Includes:
 Finland (4): 614 km (382 mi) (including 0.5 km and 2 border segments with Åland Islands)
 Norway: 1,619 km (1,006 mi)

  Switzerland
1,852
1,151
8
5

Includes:
 Austria (2): 164 km (102 mi)
 France: 573 km (356 mi)
 Italy (2):[54] 740 km (460 mi)
 Liechtenstein: 41 km (25 mi)
 Germany (2):[49] 334 km (208 mi)

 Syria
2,253
1,400
6
5

Includes:
 Iraq: 605 km (376 mi)
 Israel: 76 km (47 mi)
 Jordan: 375 km (233 mi)
 Lebanon: 375 km (233 mi)
 Turkey (2): 822 km (511 mi)

 Taiwan[69]
0
0
0
0

 Tajikistan
3,651
2,269
4
4

Includes:
 Afghanistan: 1,206 km (749 mi)
 People's Republic of China: 414 km (257 mi)
 Kyrgyzstan (3):[55] 870 km (540 mi)
 Uzbekistan (2):[70] 1,161 km (721 mi)

 Tanzania
3,861
2,399
8
8

Includes:
 Burundi: 451 km (280 mi)
 Democratic Republic of the Congo: 459 km (285 mi)
 Kenya: 769 km (478 mi)
 Malawi: 475 km (295 mi)
 Mozambique: 756 km (470 mi)
 Rwanda: 217 km (135 mi)
 Uganda: 396 km (246 mi)
 Zambia: 338 km (210 mi)

 Thailand
4,863
3,022
4
4

Includes:
 Cambodia: 803 km (499 mi)
 Laos: 1,754 km (1,090 mi)
 Malaysia: 506 km (314 mi)
 Myanmar: 1,800 km (1,100 mi)

 Togo
1,647
1,023
3
3

Includes:
 Benin: 644 km (400 mi)
 Burkina Faso: 126 km (78 mi)
 Ghana: 877 km (545 mi)

 Tokelau[71] (New Zealand)
0
0
0
0

 Tonga
0
0
0
0

 Transnistria[72]
0
0
2
2

Includes:
 Moldova
 Ukraine

 Tromelin Island[5][73] (France)
0
0
0
0

 Trinidad and Tobago
0
0
0
0

 Tunisia
1,424
885
2
2

Includes:
 Algeria: 965 km (600 mi)
 Libya: 459 km (285 mi)

 Turkey
2,648
1,645
9
8

Includes:
 Armenia: 268 km (167 mi)
 Azerbaijan:[18] 9 km (5.6 mi)
 Bulgaria: 240 km (150 mi)
 Georgia: 252 km (157 mi)
 Greece: 206 km (128 mi)
 Iran: 499 km (310 mi)
 Iraq: 352 km (219 mi)
 Syria (2): 822 km (511 mi)

 Turkmenistan
3,736
2,321
4
4

Includes:
 Afghanistan: 744 km (462 mi)
 Iran: 992 km (616 mi)
 Kazakhstan: 379 km (235 mi)
 Uzbekistan: 1,621 km (1,007 mi)

 Turks and Caicos Islands[6] (United Kingdom)
0
0
0
0

 Tuvalu
0
0
0
0

 Uganda
2,698
1,676
5
5

Includes:
 Democratic Republic of the Congo: 765 km (475 mi)
 Kenya: 933 km (580 mi)
 Rwanda: 169 km (105 mi)
 South Sudan: 435 km (270 mi)
 Tanzania: 396 km (246 mi)

 Ukraine
4,663
2,897
8
7

Includes:
 Belarus: 891 km (554 mi)
 Hungary: 103 km (64 mi)
 Moldova: 939 km (583 mi)
 Poland: 526 km (327 mi)
 Romania (2): 531 km (330 mi)[65]
 Russia: 1,576 km (979 mi)
 Slovakia: 97 km (60 mi)

 United Arab Emirates
867
539
5 (6)
2 (3)

Includes:
 Oman (4): 410 km (250 mi)
 Saudi Arabia: 457 km (284 mi)

 United Kingdom[74]
499
310
1
1

Includes:
 Ireland: 499 km (310 mi)

 United Kingdom (plus British overseas territories and Crown dependencies)

→including:
→ Akrotiri and Dhekelia
→ Anguilla
→ Bermuda
→ British Indian Ocean Territory
→ British Virgin Islands
→ Cayman Islands
→ Falkland Islands
→ Gibraltar
→ Guernsey
→ Isle of Man
→ Jersey
→ Montserrat
→ Pitcairn Islands
→ Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
→ South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
→ Turks and Caicos Islands

513
319
7
3

Includes:
 Cyprus (5):[7] 152 km (94 mi)
 Ireland: 360 km (220 mi)
 Spain: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)

 United States
12,034
7,478
5
2

Includes:
 Canada (4): 8,893 km (5,526 mi)[27]
 Mexico: 3,141 km (1,952 mi)

 United States Virgin Islands[10] (United States)
0
0
0
0

 Uruguay
1,564
972
2
2

Includes:
 Argentina: 579 km (360 mi)
 Brazil: 985 km (612 mi)

 Uzbekistan
6,221
3,866
5
5

Includes:
 Afghanistan: 137 km (85 mi)
 Kazakhstan: 2,203 km (1,369 mi)
 Kyrgyzstan (6):[56] 1,099 km (683 mi)
 Tajikistan (2):[70] 1,161 km (721 mi)
 Turkmenistan: 1,621 km (1,007 mi)

 Vanuatu
0
0
0
0

  Vatican City
3.2
2.0
1
1

Includes:
 Italy: 3.2 km (2.0 mi)

 Venezuela
4,993
3,103
3
3

Includes:
 Brazil: 2,200 km (1,400 mi)
 Colombia: 2,050 km (1,270 mi)
 Guyana: 743 km (462 mi)

 Vietnam
4,639
2,883
3
3

Includes:
 Cambodia: 1,228 km (763 mi)
 People's Republic of China: 1,281 km (796 mi)
 Laos: 2,130 km (1,320 mi)

 Wake Island[75] (United States)
0
0
0
0

 Wales[39] (United Kingdom)
257
160
1
1

Includes:
 England: 257 km (160 mi)

 Wallis and Futuna[47] (France)
0
0
0
0

 West Bank (Palestinian territories)[38]
404
251
2
2

Includes:
 Israel: 307 km (191 mi)
 Jordan: 97 km (60 mi)

 Western Sahara[9]
2,046
1,271
3
3

Includes:
 Algeria: 42 km (26 mi)
 Mauritania: 1,561 km (970 mi)
 Morocco: 443 km (275 mi)

 Yemen
1,746
1,085
2
2

Includes:
 Oman: 288 km (179 mi)
 Saudi Arabia: 1,458 km (906 mi)

 Zambia
5,667
3,521
8
8

Includes:
 Angola: 1,110 km (690 mi)
 Botswana: 0.15 km (0.093 mi)
 Democratic Republic of the Congo: 1,930 km (1,200 mi)
 Malawi: 837 km (520 mi)
 Mozambique: 419 km (260 mi)
 Namibia: 233 km (145 mi)
 Tanzania: 338 km (210 mi)
 Zimbabwe: 797 km (495 mi)

 Zimbabwe
3,066
1,905
4
4

Includes:
 Botswana: 813 km (505 mi)
 Mozambique: 1,231 km (765 mi)
 South Africa: 225 km (140 mi)
 Zambia: 797 km (495 mi)

text: Superlatives[edit]

text:
Longest land border:  China: 22,147 km (13,762 mi)
Longest land border between two countries:  Canada –  United States: 8,891 km (5,525 mi)[27] (Canada–United States border)
Longest single segments of land borders:

 Kazakhstan –  Russia: 6,846 km (4,254 mi)
 Canada –  United States:[76] 6,414 km (3,985 mi)
 Argentina –  Chile: 5,150 km (3,200 mi)

Shortest land borders between two countries:

 Canada –  Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France): 50 m (160 ft)
 Botswana –  Zambia: 155 m (509 ft) near Kazungula
 Gibraltar (UK) –  Spain: 1.2 km (0.75 mi)

Shortest single segments of land border:

 Canada –  Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France): 50 m (160 ft)
 Åland Islands,  Finland –  Sweden: 55 m (180 ft) at Märket
 Morocco –  Spain: 75 m (246 ft) at Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera
 Canada –  United States: 140 m (460 ft) at the southern tip of Dall Island
 Finland –  Russia: 140 m (460 ft) at Koiluoto
 Botswana –  Zambia: 155 m (509 ft)
 Belgium –  Netherlands: 210 m (690 ft) at Baarle-Nassau / Baarle-Hertog
 Belgium –  Netherlands: 215 m (705 ft) at Baarle-Nassau / Baarle-Hertog
 Belgium –  Netherlands: 250 m (820 ft) north of Baarle-Nassau / Baarle-Hertog
 Belgium –  Netherlands: 260 m (850 ft) at Baarle-Nassau / Baarle-Hertog

Most separate segments of land borders between any two countries or territories:

 Belgium –  Netherlands: 31 [23]
 Armenia –  Azerbaijan: 6
 Belgium –  Germany: 6
 Kyrgyzstan –  Uzbekistan: 6
 Cyprus –  Akrotiri and Dhekelia (UK): 6 [7]
 Finland -  Sweden: 4
 Oman –  United Arab Emirates: 4

Highest number of bordering countries:

 China: 14 (16 if  Hong Kong and  Macau are included)
 Russia: 14 (16 if  Abkhazia and  South Ossetia are included)


document_title: Fast Five

question_text: where was the train scene in fast five filmed

root

text: Fast Five

text: Plot[edit]

text: When Dominic "Dom" Toretto is being transported to Lompoc Prison by bus, his sister Mia Toretto and friend Brian O'Conner lead an assault on the bus, causing it to crash and freeing Dom. While the authorities search for them, the trio escapes to Rio de Janeiro. Awaiting Dom's arrival, Mia and Brian join their friend Vince and other participants on a job to steal three cars from a train. Brian and Mia discover that agents from the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) are also on the train and that the cars are seized property. When Dom arrives with the rest of the participants, he realizes that the lead participant, Zizi, is only interested in stealing one car - a Ford GT40. Dom has Mia steal the car herself before he and Brian fight Zizi and his henchmen, during which Zizi kills the DEA agents assigned to the vehicles. Dom and Brian are captured and brought to crime lord Hernan Reyes, the owner of the cars and Zizi's boss. Reyes orders the pair be interrogated to discover the location of the car, but they manage to escape and retreat to their safehouse.

tag: p

text: While Brian, Dom, and Mia examine the car to discover its importance, Vince arrives and is caught trying to remove a computer chip from it. He admits he was planning to sell the chip to Reyes on his own, and Dom forces him to leave. Brian investigates the chip and discovers it contains the complete financial details of Reyes' criminal empire, including the locations of US$100 million in cash.

text: Diplomatic Security Service agent Luke Hobbs and his team arrive in Rio to arrest Dom and Brian. With the help of local officer Elena Neves, they travel to Dom's safehouse, but find it under assault by Reyes' men. Brian, Dom and Mia escape; Dom suggests they split up and leave Rio, but Mia announces she is pregnant with Brian's child. Dom agrees to stick together and suggests they steal the money from Reyes to start a new life. They organize a team to perform the heist: Han, Roman, Tej, Gisele, Leo, and Santos. Vince later joins the team after saving Mia from being captured by Reyes' men.

text: Hobbs and his team eventually find and arrest Dom, Mia, Brian, and Vince. While transporting them to the airport for extradition to the United States, the convoy is attacked by Reyes' men, who kill Hobbs' team. Hobbs and Elena are saved by Dom, Brian, Mia, and Vince as they fight back and escape, but Vince is shot in the process and dies. Wanting to avenge his murdered team, Hobbs and Elena agree to help with the heist. The gang break into the police station and tear the vault holding Reyes' money from the building using their cars, dragging it through the city. After an extensive police chase, Dom makes Brian continue without him while he attacks the police and the pursuing Reyes, using the vault attached to his car to smash their vehicles. Brian returns and kills Zizi while Reyes is badly injured by Dom's assault. Hobbs arrives on the scene and executes Reyes to avenge his team. Though Hobbs refuses to let Dom and Brian go free, he gives them a 24-hour head start to escape on the condition they leave the vault as it is. However, the vault is empty as it had been switched during the chase. After splitting the cash (Vince's share is given to his family), they go their separate ways.

text: On a tropical beach, Brian and a visibly pregnant Mia relax. They are met by Dom and Elena. Brian challenges Dom to a final, no-stakes race to prove who is the better driver.

text: In a mid-credits scene, Hobbs is given a file by Monica Fuentes concerning the hijack of a military convoy in Berlin, where he discovers a recent photo of Dom's former girlfriend Letty, who had been presumed dead.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Vin Diesel as Dominic Toretto

tag: ul

text: Paul Walker as Brian O'Conner

text: Jordana Brewster as Mia Toretto[12]

text: Tyrese Gibson as Roman Pearce

text: Chris "Ludacris" Bridges as Tej Parker

text: Matt Schulze as Vince

text: Sung Kang as Han Seoul-Oh[17]

text: Dwayne Johnson as Luke Hobbs

text: Gal Gadot as Gisele Yashar

text: Joaquim de Almeida as Hernan Reyes

text: Elsa Pataky as Elena Neves

text: The central cast is rounded out by Puerto Rican singers Tego Calderón and Don Omar as Leo and Santos respectively, members of the heist team. Michael Irby plays Reyes' right-hand man Zizi.[23] Alimi Ballard, Fernando Chien, Yorgo Constantine, and Geoff Meedy portray Hobbs' team members Fusco, Wilkes, Chato, and Macroy. Michelle Rodriguez appears in photographs as Letty Ortiz, Dominic's girlfriend who is presumed dead following the events of Fast & Furious.[24][25] Eva Mendes appears in an uncredited cameo as Agent Monica Fuentes, reprising her role from 2 Fast 2 Furious.[24]

text: Production [edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: By February 3, 2010, it was confirmed that a fifth film, referred to as Fast Five, was going into production in the Fast and Furious series, and that a sixth film was being planned. It was also confirmed that Diesel, Walker, writer Chris Morgan and producer Neal H. Moritz would all return to their roles for the new installment.[26][27] Moritz said that, following the success of Fast & Furious (2009), which had reunited Diesel, Brewster, Walker and Rodriguez from the original film, the production wanted to bring them back again for the next one. Diesel felt that the story between the characters portrayed by himself and Walker should continue, envisioning it as three chapters, of which Fast Five would be the last. Diesel also wanted to bring back a variety of characters that had been in previous films without interacting, put them together and "have a lot of fun".[28]

text: The production had originally intended to film on location in Rio de Janeiro. However, the Puerto Rican government offered tax incentives totaling nearly $11 million, influencing the decision to film there, using Puerto Rico to represent Rio de Janeiro.[19][29]

text: Universal intended to transform the series from street-racing action into a series of heist films with car chases in the vein of The Italian Job (1969) and The French Connection (1971), with Fast Five as the transitional movie.[30] In April 2011, Universal chairman Adam Fogelson said:[30]

text: The question putting Fast Five and Fast Six together for us was: Can we take it out of being a pure car culture movie and into being a true action franchise in the spirit of those great heist films made 10 or 15 years ago?

text: Fogelson said that the racing aspect had put a "ceiling" on the number of people willing to see films in the series, and that, by turning it into a series where car driving ability is just one aspect of the film, he hoped to increase the series' audience.[30]

text: Writing[edit]

text:
"For me, each chapter in this franchise is an extension of the first one, and they each get bigger. It is always a privilege to be able to revisit a good character-driven story. This franchise is more than street racing and tuner cars; it really is about this larger family and community of racers."
— Morgan on his approach to writing the film[28]

tag: div

text: Lin wanted to explore the elements of "freedom and family" in the film and collaborated with Morgan towards that ideal, both having worked together on previous installments of the franchise. Morgan worked with Diesel to produce a story arc that would further explore and develop Diesel's character.[31] An idea involving heisting a large safe had been conceived by Morgan during the production of Fast & Furious, but that film's premise did not work with how Morgan envisioned it.  He later incorporated it into Fast Five.[32]

text: Filming[edit]

text: On a budget of $125 million,[2] the shooting of Fast Five was scheduled for July and August 2010.[33] Shooting had started by July 14, 2010,[34] but it took longer than forecast: the film was still being shot in early November 2010.[35]

text: Three film units worked simultaneously. The main cast were required to travel to Rio at the behest of Lin, who felt it important to understand the area and its culture to give the film a good sense of place.[36] Diesel agreed that it was important to shoot key scenes in Brazil, commenting "we were able to shoot where other productions might not be able to shoot because our franchise has such good street cred."[37]

text: The Rio film unit captured aerial shots of the city including Sugarloaf Mountain, Fort Copacabana, Ipanema Beach, the Dona Marta lookout point and the Christ the Redeemer statue. Establishing shots of the heist team members were taken as each arrived in Rio. Gibson was filmed arriving in character at Galeão International Airport but, when it became publicly known that a scene was being shot at the airport, the cast and crew were mobbed. A similar situation occurred while Ludacris was shooting a scene in which his character buys a car to drive around the city.[36] A scene where the completed heist team walk down a beach was filmed in Copacabana.[36]

text: The rooftop chase across favelas was filmed in Puerto Rico, where the production could have more control over the area. The main and second filming units began filming in and around the capital, San Juan. The island's mixture of tropical greenery and wide streets allowed the production to re-create the densely populated favelas of Rio while completing the larger action and external scenes without incident. Production designer Peter Wenham had the task of transforming Puerto Rico and Atlanta into the previously scouted Rio locations in four weeks, as the production deemed Rio unsuitable for filming many of the larger scenes. Wenham had to reinforce buildings to support the heavy camera equipment, and to alter the colors of more than 30 buildings in the city to make them suitable for filming. His team needed to alter the buildings and strew debris to make the area look disheveled and appear as a Rio shantytown. Wenham remarked that, though the development was difficult, in part due to the heat, it was "a walk in the park" compared with filming in the Rio favelas themselves.[11] Wenham aimed to maintain a monochromatic color scheme for the film, with muted blacks and grays, including his choice of colors for the cars used. He only chose to add a multitude of colors in the favela set.[38] The Teodoro Moscosco bridge connecting San Juan to neighboring Isla Verde was used to film the final showdown between Dom and Reyes, while a U.S. Navy base pier 60 miles outside San Juan stood in for the bridge for scenes involving the vault smashing cars.[39][29] Action scenes were also filmed in the Hato Rey and Río Piedras districts of San Juan.[39]

text: A foot pursuit in which Diesel, Brewster and Walker are chased across favela rooftops by Johnson and his team was filmed over the course of a week in the small hillside town of Naranjito, Puerto Rico. The scene was considered difficult to shoot, as pathways were slippery from moist tropical heat and the scene involved actors and stunt doubles running while avoiding dogs, chickens and other stray animals loose in the area. To capture the scene, a 420-foot cable-camera rig was used to allow for a fast moving, birds-eye view of the action, and cameras on cranes were set up on rooftops and in alleyways.[40] Walker and Brewster made multiple takes of the conclusion of the scene, requiring them to jump nearly 30 feet from a building onto a waiting safety mat.[11] In total the production employed 236 technicians, 13,145 extras, and generated 16,824 room nights at hotels, contributing $27 million to the Puerto Rican community.[29]

text: Filming moved to Atlanta, Georgia for the final phase.[38] Wenham and his team transformed a defunct train yard into an abandoned auto plant used by the protagonists as their headquarters.[41] Redesigning the train yard took place over several months. It was required to allow enough space for stunt drivers to drive into the building, and it had to include an integrated lighting system. The design team removed walls, hauled out old railway cars, suspended rusted car parts and auto-plant car rails, and constructed smaller buildings within the main building to transform the site. With twenty-five pages of script to shoot in a limited time, cinematographer Stephen Windon and his team spent three weeks setting up a series of high-powered, motorized lights in the rafters of the building, that could be controlled remotely to allow lighting to be altered quickly while fully illuminating the set.[42] An exterior scene involving Diesel and Walker attending a car party, involving several high-performance cars, was filmed near the Georgia Dome.[42] The train heist scene was filmed in Rice, California over three weeks.[43]

text: A brawl scene between Johnson's and Diesel's characters was considered difficult to choreograph. The characters were written to be equally formidable, so the fight was punctuated with moments of character development, as Moritz felt this made the fight more exciting. The scene required several weeks of rehearsal and more than a week of filming by the actors and their stunt doubles, who incurred several minor injuries.[44]

text: Vehicle stunts[edit]

text: The climactic vault heist required four weeks of preparation with every scene and camera angle determined in advance.[45] The filmmakers hired stunt director Spiro Razatos and stunt coordinator Jack Gill to direct the second-unit action filming.[46] The pair initially began research for the stunt by testing the capabilities of the prop vaults and the Dodge Chargers driven by Diesel and Walker. Filmed on the streets of Hato Rey,[47] the chaotic scene demanded specific timing that had to be synchronized with the various character interactions also occurring during the scene. Razatos chose to use a series of camera cars including a crane-mounted camera atop a Porsche Cayenne, which allowed him to film from a variety of angles and heights while the vehicles were in motion, and a Subaru Impreza with a steel cage built around it that allowed for tracking shots.[46] The Subaru's driver Allen Padelford would occasionally accidentally collide with the vault, creating a shower of sparks that inadvertently became useful footage. Padelford also developed a top-mount dual-drive system for the Chargers that allowed a stunt driver to control the vehicle from the roof, while the actor focused on their performance inside the car.[46]

text: Six versions of the 8-foot high vault were built, each with specific uses. One of the vaults was a façade built onto the front of a semitruck and was used for filming close shots of the vault destroying street cars. Another vault was a reinforced, four-wheel self-drive vehicle that was connected to 30-foot cables and dragged through the streets of San Juan by the two stunt Dodge Chargers.[48] The four-ton vault was driven by stunt driver Henry Kingi, who had to wear a temperature controlled suit to compensate for the temperatures within that could exceed 100 degrees.[39] A scene where the vault tumbled as the cars rounded a corner was a practical effect, and the result was more violent than the filmmakers had anticipated.[45] Over 200 vehicles were destroyed by the vault during filming.[47] Several stunts had to be cut including a final scene that would have seen the vault hanging over the edge of the Teodoro Moscoso Bridge. This stunt was abandoned when it was determined that even the powerful Chargers would not be able to support the vault's weight.[45]

text: The train heist presented several challenges. The filmmakers were required to effectively purchase a length of working railroad for filming and the trains necessary to ride the tracks. Then trucks had to be built that could race the train and meet the needs of the heist itself. Lin also required that the cars being carried on the train be able to jump out of the train at full speed. The scene took precise execution.[47] The filmmakers chose to use cars they could cheaply replicate for the train heist—a 1972 De Tomaso Pantera, a 2007 Chevrolet Corvette GS Roadster, and a Ford GT40—to avoid the expense of replacing a genuine $2 million Ford GT40.[47]

text: Music[edit]

text: Fast Five (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) was released on iTunes on April 25, 2011, and on CD on May 3, 2011, by ABKCO Records.  It features many reggaeton and rhythmic Latin tracks, including songs by Don Omar, Busta Rhymes and many others, with three pieces from Tyler's original score for the film: "Assembling the Team", "Mad Skills" and "Fast Five Suite".[49]  Music guide AllMusic awarded the album 3 stars out of 5, commenting that "The goal here is to accompany a picture that, as usual, is packed with driving sequences involving flashy cars, beautiful, scantily clad women, and muscled men. That goal is accomplished with this beat-heavy music and the gruff, aggressive Latin rapping."[49]  Ludacris collaborated with Slaughterhouse and Claret Jai for the soundtrack's lead single, "Furiously Dangerous".[50]

text: The film score was released on May 3, 2011, by Varèse Sarabande.  The release has 25 tracks and plays for 78 minutes.[51]  The score spent four weeks on the Billboard 200, peaking as high as number 60 and reaching number 24 on the digital albums chart and number 5 on the soundtrack-only chart.[51]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The first trailer for Fast Five was released on Diesel's Facebook page on December 14, 2010, in what was believed to be the first ever use of this marketing approach.[52][53]  At the time, Diesel's page had over 20 million subscribers (one of the top five personal sites of celebrities), providing a wide audience for the trailer.  Following this debut, other members of the cast with personal social media platforms released the teaser trailer to their own fans.[52][53]

text: The Facebook game Car Town by Cie Games and the theater chain Regal Entertainment Group (REG) collaborated with Universal in a cross-media marketing promotion.  Car Town allowed players to view the trailer for the film in an REG-branded, in-game drive-in theater and race around a virtual Rio de Janeiro.  The game also featured missions and locations based on the plot of the film, while allowing players to race against Fast Five characters and take part in a bank heist.  REG offered players of Car Town the ability to purchase tickets in-game via Fandango for films at REG theaters.  By buying these tickets in-game, players were given promotional codes which in turn allowed them to unlock a virtual 1970s Dodge Charger, used by Diesel's character in the original film.  REG promoted the partnership between the film and the game in their theaters across 37 states, online and through social media, while Universal promoted it via their own Facebook, Twitter and YouTube sites.[54][55] In October 2011, it was claimed that over 200 million races had taken place within the virtual Rio de Janeiro environment in the six months since the campaign's April launch.[56]

text: Automobile manufacturer Dodge collaborated with Universal in marketing the film, supplying several Dodge Chargers to use in it.[57]  The partnership with Dodge included the "Fast Five" Dodge Charger driven by Robby Gordon in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series throughout April 2011 – the opening month of Fast Five. Dodge also sponsored the world premiere of the film in Rio de Janeiro.[57]

text: Release[edit]

text: The premiere of Fast Five took place on April 15, 2011, at the Cinépolis Lagoon theater in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.[58] It was hosted by actress Susie Castillo and sponsored by car manufacturer Dodge.[57][59]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Fast Five grossed $209.8 million (33.5%) in the United States and Canada and $416.3 million (66.5%) in other territories for a total of $626.1 million.[3] Worldwide, it is the seventy-first highest-grossing film,[60] the seventh highest-grossing 2011 film,[61] the fourth highest-grossing film in the Fast & Furious series (behind Fast & Furious 6, The Fate of the Furious, and Furious 7),[62] and the fifth highest-grossing Universal film.[63] It achieved a worldwide opening weekend of $109.6 million.[64] The film reached a peak of number 55 on the list of all-time highest-grossing films worldwide in October 2011.[60] It became the highest-grossing film of the series in worldwide grosses (as well as separately in the US and Canada, and outside the US and Canada)[65] but was out-grossed in all three cases by Fast & Furious 6.[66]

text: Fast Five is the ninth highest-grossing 2011 film,[67] the third highest-grossing film of the Fast and Furious franchise (behind Fast 6 and Furious 7)[62] and the fifth highest-grossing Universal film.[68] It was initially released in Australia on Wednesday, April 20, 2011 – nine days before the release date in North America – followed by releases in the UK, South Korea and New Zealand. The earlier start in these countries was timed to coincide with their Easter holidays[69] and avoided competition from forthcoming summer films,[70] although this placed it in direct competition with Thor in some countries. By the end of its opening weekend, the film had accrued a total of $23.4 million from these countries.[71][72] On its second weekend, Fast Five earned $46.3 million across 3,139 theaters in 14 countries, ranking first at the box office in each of its ten new markets. For the overall weekend, it ranked second behind Thor.[73] In the third weekend of release, Fast Five topped the box office in a further 44 countries, playing in a total of 6,979 theaters across 58 countries. It ranked first during the weekend with $85.8 million.[74][75] It set an opening-weekend record in the United Arab Emirates ($1.65 million), holding this record for two weeks before being out-grossed by Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides ($2.24 million).[76]

text: Across all markets, the film scored Universal's highest-grossing opening weekend in Russia, Spain, Turkey,[77] Argentina, Brazil,[78] Chile, France,[78] India, Italy,[78] Malaysia, Mexico,[78] the Netherlands, Thailand, the United Arab Emirates and Vietnam.[74]

text: Fast Five is the third highest-grossing film in the Fast and Furious franchise (behind Fast 6 and Furious 7),[62] the sixteenth highest-grossing Universal film,[79] the sixth highest-grossing 2011 film,[80] the second highest-grossing heist/caper film, behind Inception,[81] and the second highest-grossing car-racing film, behind Cars.[82] According to Box Office Mojo, Fast Five is one of the most successful sequels of 2011, when taking into account that it is one of few to have outperformed the immediately-preceding instalment of its franchise in the US and Canada.[83]

text: Fast Five opened on April 29, 2011, in 3,644 theaters,[3] It took $3.8 million in midnight showings, setting new records for the Fast and the Furious series and Universal[84] (both records overtaken by Fast 6).[85] By the end of its opening day, it had accrued a total of $34.4 million (including midnight earnings), setting an April opening-day record, replacing Fast & Furious ($30.1 million),[86] and marking the third largest Friday outside of the summer and holiday period, behind The Hunger Games and Alice in Wonderland.[87][88] In total, Fast Five earned $86.2 million during its opening weekend, an average of $23,655 per theater,[2] with IMAX showings contributing over $8 million.[89] It thus set an opening-weekend record for the Fast and Furious series, for Universal,[90] (both records overtaken by Fast 6)[91] and for films released in April[90] (the record was surpassed in 2014 by Captain America: The Winter Soldier[92]). It also achieved the third-largest spring opening, behind The Hunger Games and Alice in Wonderland.[93][94] The film also set an opening-weekend record among films starring Diesel, Walker, Brewster, Johnson, Moritz and Lin,[90] records overtaken in all cases by Fast 6.[91]

text: The film opened dropped 62% on its second weekend, earning $32.4 million,[95] and ranking second behind Thor.[96] This result was partially attributed to the reduction in IMAX and large-format screens showing the film (reduced from 244[89] to 20[97]), since IMAX only contributed $510,000 to the film's second-weekend gross.[74] On June 4, 2011, 37 days after release in the US, the film became the first of 2011 to accrue more than $200 million.[98] The film received a one-week re-release in IMAX theaters on September 30, 2011.[99]

text:
Release date(s)

Budget

Box office revenue

Box office ranking (current/peak)

US & Canada

International

Worldwide

Release year

All time US

All time  worldwide

April 20, 2011 (2011-04-20) (Australia)
April 29, 2011 (2011-04-29) (United States)

$125,000,000[2]

$209,837,675[3]

$416,300,000[3]

$626,137,675[3]

#7 / #1[100][101]

#116 / #103[3][102]

#66 / #55[3][60]

Note(s)

Box office ranking accurate as of February 2013.

tag: table

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Fast Five received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 77%, based on 193 reviews, with an average rating of 6.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Sleek, loud, and over the top, Fast Five proudly embraces its brainless action thrills and injects new life into the franchise."[103] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 67 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[104]

text: Roger Ebert gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, praising it as "a skillfully assembled 130 minutes at the movies, with actors capable of doing absurd things with straight faces, and action sequences that toy idly with the laws of physics",[5] while Richard Corliss of Time considered it "maybe the first great film of the post-human era".[105] The New York Times said it deftly combined action and humor, stating "The only time you won't be watching the screen is when your eyes have squeezed shut because you're laughing so hard."[106] The Telegraph appreciated the presence of Johnson and Diesel together, calling it a "cosmic event", and added that director Lin had revitalized the series, saying "the start and finish here, defying every imaginable law of physics, are series highs."[107] Empire also heaped praise on Johnson, saying "How to re-ignite an ageing franchise? Drop [Johnson] on it. The best thing, by far, in Fast Five ... Dwayne Johnson hulks through the movie leaving testosterone trails in his wake."  However, Empire took the view that the film itself was "not, by any normal criteria, a good film", arguing that it was too long, although conceding that the action scenes, in particular the final car chase, made the film "the most entertaining in the series."[7]  Anna Smith of Time Out London also commented that the film was too long and criticized the simplistic characters and dialog, but she called the film "slick" and stated that these criticisms could be overlooked because "it doesn't take itself too seriously."[108] Variety focused on the roles of Johnson and Diesel, lamenting the current lack of 1980s-style "brawny" leading men and of the "manly men" typical of the 1950s and 1960s, and calling their pairing "a welcome injection of tough-guy vigor". Variety commented that, based on Fast Five, a "sixth entry could be something worth waiting for".[109] The New Yorker called the action scenes "spectacular", praising director Lin by saying his "direction and the sharp editing never confuse or lose momentum", but also found the film too long and criticized the dialog, labeling it "subpar  Ocean's Eleven-style banter".[110]  On the characters, The New Yorker considered Walker and Diesel "serviceable", but singled out Johnson for praise for bringing a "hip, comic knowingness to his role ... his enjoyment is infectious and keeps the movie speeding along."[110]

text: Total Film welcomed the return of Ludacris and Tyrese Gibson to "[inject] the film with much-needed laughs" and felt that Johnson fit into the established cast with ease, though it believed the film itself was "no mould-breaker."[111] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone, who disliked the previous movies, gave the film 2.5 stars out of 4, praising the transformation of the series into a heist film ("Damn it, it works"), commenting favorably on scenes between Johnson and Diesel, and judging that "Fast Five will push all your action buttons, and some you haven't thought of."[112]  The Los Angeles Times felt that scenes shared by Diesel and Johnson were the "best moments" and appreciated the humor, but considered the pacing a "strange mix", switching between exposition, comedy scenes and then sudden action.[6]  The reviewer echoed other critics' sentiments concerning the running time of the film, but concluded that "the sheer audacity of "Fast Five" is kind of breathtaking in a metal-twisting, death-defying, mission-implausible, B-movie-on-steroids kind of way", labeling it the "best" of the series.[6]

text: Both Empire and Variety noted that the final chase scene of Fast Five contained allusions to Bad Boys II (2003): Variety stated that the scene "seems inspired in part by a similarly spectacular scene in Bad Boys II";[109] Empire said that it "nearly out-Bad-Boys-2s Bad Boys 2".[7]

text: Not all reviews were positive, however. Film4 criticized both the film's long running time and its treatment of female characters, remarking "[Females] cameo strikingly in buttock form. Others actually have first names". But Film4 praised Johnson's role as DSS agent Luke Hobbs, saying he "provides a more credible anti-antagonist to our anti-heroes than the straight up villains can manage".[8]  The Boston Herald gave a more mixed reaction: it derided the lack of realism as removing any sense of threat to the protagonists, but conceded that "these films may be robustly anti-intellectual and deplorably commercialized, but they are the envy of the rest of the world."[113]  Despite giving the film a positive review and praising the action, The Hollywood Reporter was critical of its stars, saying "it's clear the budget wasn't used on acting lessons for the cast."[114]  The New York Post's Kyle Smith gave the film a negative review, criticizing the shortage of car-related action before the finale and calling it less a "vroomer" and more a "knucklehead Ocean's Eleven".[115]  Smith went on to call the film's villain Reyes (Almeida) "unforgivably dull" and considered the long running time a result of taking "that long to read every item in the cliché dictionary."[115] Time Out New York stated that "The Fast and the Furious movies haven't exactly gotten better as they've gone along" but gave the director a backhanded compliment, saying "Justin Lin, taking his third turn behind the franchise's wheel, is at least a competent hack."[116]  Ebert was more complimentary, saying "Justin Lin is emerging as a first-rate director in this second-rate genre"[5] and Rolling Stone managed "Justin Lin, who misdirected the last two sequels, finds his pace this time, staging dynamite action."

text: Brazilian critics[edit]

text: Brazilian reviewers criticized the use of Rio de Janeiro in the film, claiming it was stereotyped as "dominated by heavily armed drug traffickers, corrupt police, and sexy women".[9] O Globo accused the producers of using "aerial shots and quick editing" to "deceive the viewer" into believing that the criminal acts take place in Rio.  Globo also reacted negatively to the use of "foreigners" to represent Brazilians, "speaking Portuguese with laughable accents".[9] Veja agreed with O Globo, saying, "The city of Rio and the Rio Film Commission supported the production. But the image that will spread across the world is exactly what the city doesn't want."[117]

text: Accolades and recognition[edit]

text: Tyler's score for Fast Five earned him an award at the 2011 BMI Film Music Awards.[118]  The marketing components of Fast Five were nominated for three Golden Trailer Awards, winning one for Best Summer Blockbuster 2011 TV Spot.[119] For the 2011 Teen Choice Awards, Fast Five received five nominations, including Choice Action Movie and Choice Action Movie Actress.[120] Three of the five available nomination slots for Choice Action Movie Actor were taken by actors from Fast Five: Vin Diesel, Dwayne Johnson and Paul Walker.[120]  The film ultimately received one Teen Choice Award, for Choice Action Movie.[121] The film received two nominations for the 2011 People's Choice Awards for Favorite Action Movie, and Favorite Action Movie Star for Diesel.[122] Diesel was nominated for an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture.[123] The film's sound and music editing was nominated for a Golden Reel Award for Sound Effects and Foley in a Feature Film by the Motion Picture Sound Editors society.[124] The film also received two Saturn Award nominations from the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films for Best Action/Adventure Film and Best Editing for Kelly Matsumoto, Fred Raskin, and Christian Watner.[125]

text: In December, 2011, Richard Corliss ranked the film number 10 on his list of the Top 10 Best Movies of 2011, saying, "A carnival of roguish heroes and pretty girls, car chases and cliffhangers, Fast Five is as much a tribute as The Artist or Hugo to the cinema's primal thrills."[126] Empire placed the film number 20 on its list of the Top 20 Films of 2011,[127] while IGN named it the "Best Action Movie" of 2011.[128] Fast Five was listed as the number 1 most illegally downloaded film of 2011 on BitTorrent with approximately 9.3 million downloads.[129][130]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient
Result
Ref.

2011

BMI Film Music Award

Film Music

Brian Tyler

Won

[118][131]

Golden Trailer Awards

Best Action TV Spot

"Fast Women" – Universal Pictures, AV Squad

Nominated

[119]

Best Summer 2011 Blockbuster Poster

"Fast Five" – Universal Pictures, Cold Open

Nominated

Best Summer Blockbuster 2011 TV Spot

"Super Bowl" – Universal Pictures, AV Squad

Won

Teen Choice Awards

Choice Movie – Action

Fast Five

Won

[120][121]

Choice Movie Actor – Action

Vin Diesel

Nominated

[120]

Dwayne Johnson

Nominated

Paul Walker

Nominated

Choice Movie Actress – Action

Jordana Brewster

Nominated

2012

People's Choice Awards

Favorite Action Movie

Fast Five

Nominated

[122][132]

Favorite Action Movie Star

Vin Diesel

Nominated

Critic's Choice Awards

Best Action Movie

Fast Five

Nominated

[133]

NAACP Image Award

Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture

Vin Diesel

Nominated

[123]

Golden Reel Awards

Sound Effects and Foley in a Feature Film

Fast Five

Nominated

[124]

Saturn Awards

Best Action/Adventure Film

Fast Five

Nominated

[125]

Best Editing

Kelly Matsumoto, Fred Raskin, and Christian Watner

Nominated

text: Home media[edit]

text: On August 2, 2011, USA Network purchased the rights to the United States network premiere of Fast Five.[134]  The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the United Kingdom on September 5, 2011,[135] and in the United States on October 4, 2011,[136] in 2.35:1 aspect ratio with DTS HD Master Audio 5.1 sound. A triple pack was also released containing a Blu-ray, DVD, and digital copy of the film in either Blu-ray or DVD packaging.[137][138]  The Blu-ray versions contains several exclusive additional features, including behind-the-scenes footage, cast and crew interviews, a "virtual car garage" that provides further details on the vehicles used in the production, and music tracks from the film.  Both the DVD and the Blu-ray contain a theatrical and extended cut of the film,[136] director commentary, deleted scenes, a gag reel and features on the three central characters.[138] Commenting on the extended cut, Lin said "this is the version that I prefer."[136] During first week sales in the United States the DVD was the number 1 selling DVD, the number 1 rental DVD,[139] and the number 2 selling Blu-ray disc behind the Blu-ray re-release of The Lion King.[140] 57% of the total first week disc sales of Fast Five were the Blu-ray disc version.[140]

text: To promote the release of the DVD and Blu-ray, Universal Studios Home Entertainment sponsored the first race of the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series, at the Chicagoland Speedway.  The event, renamed as the "Fast Five 225", took place on September 16, 2011, with Gibson and Brewster as Grand Marshals; Gibson sang the American national anthem for the event and Brewster acted as honorary starter.  The event served as the kickoff for the first weekend of the Chase for the Sprint Cup and was won by Austin Dillon.[141]  The deal marked the first time that a film promotion had been allowed to take over a NASCAR race as a title sponsor.[142]  Continuing the partnership with Car Town, the game was used as the exclusive means of pre-ordering the Blu-ray/DVD combo release at Walmart, via players clicking on a Walmart-themed truck, which in turn provided the player with Fast Five branded in-game rewards.[56]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: A sixth film in The Fast and The Furious series was planned in February 2010 as development on Fast Five began, and in April 2011, it was confirmed that Morgan had begun work on a script for the potential sixth film.[27][30]  Diesel and Moritz returned as producers for the film and Lin would return to direct. Fast & Furious 6 was released on May 24, 2013.[143]


document_title: United States twenty-dollar bill

question_text: who appeared on the 20 dollar bill in 1865

text: United States twenty-dollar bill

text: Pre–Federal Reserve history[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
1861: A demand note with Lady Liberty holding a sword and shield on the front, and an abstract design on the back. The back is printed green.
1862: A note that is very similar, the first $20 United States note. The back is different, with several small variations extant.
1863: A gold certificate $20 note with an Eagle vignette on the face. The reverse has a $20 gold coin and various abstract elements. The back is orange.
1865: A national bank note with "The Battle of Lexington" and Pocahontas's marriage to John Rolfe in black, and a green border.
1869: A new United States note design, with Alexander Hamilton on the left side of the front and Victory holding a shield and sword. The back design is green.
1875: As above, except with a different reverse.
1878: A silver certificate $20 note with a portrait of Stephen Decatur on the right side of the face. The back design is black.
1882: A new gold certificate, with a portrait of James Garfield on the right of the face. The back is orange and features an eagle.
1882: A new national bank note. The front is similar, but the back is different and printed in brown.
1886: A new silver certificate $20 note, with Daniel Manning on the center of the face.
1890: A treasury (coin) note with John Marshall on the left of the face. Two different backs exist both with abstract designs.
1902: A new national bank note. The front features Hugh McCulloch, and the back has a vignette of an allegorical America.
1905: A new gold certificate $20 note, with George Washington on the center of the face. The back design is orange.

text: Federal Reserve history[edit]

text: Andrew Jackson first appeared on the $20 bill in 1928. Although 1928 coincides with the 100th anniversary of Jackson's election as president, it is not clear why the portrait on the bill was switched from Grover Cleveland to Jackson. (Cleveland's portrait was moved to the new $1000 bill the same year). According to the U.S. Treasury, "Treasury Department records do not reveal the reason that portraits of these particular statesmen were chosen in preference to those of other persons of equal importance and prominence."[4]

text: The placement of Jackson on the $20 bill may be a historical irony; as president, he vehemently opposed both the National Bank and paper money and made the goal of his administration the destruction of the National Bank.[5][6] In his farewell address to the nation, he cautioned the public about paper money.[7]

text:
1914: Began as a large-sized note, a portrait of Grover Cleveland on the face, and, on the back, a steam locomotive and an automobile approaching from the left, and a steamship approaching from the right.
1918: A federal reserve banknote with Grover Cleveland on the front, and a back design similar to the 1914 Federal Reserve Note.
1928: Switched to a small-sized note with a portrait of Andrew Jackson on the face and the south view of the White House on the reverse. The banknote is redeemable in gold or silver (at the bearer's discretion) at any Federal Reserve Bank.
1933: With the U.S. having abandoned the gold standard, the bill is no longer redeemable in gold, but rather in "lawful money", meaning silver.
1942: A special emergency series, with brown serial numbers and "HAWAII" overprinted on both the front and the back, is issued. These notes are designed to circulate on the islands and be deemed invalid in the event of a Japanese invasion.
1948: The White House picture was updated to reflect renovations to the building itself, including the addition of the Truman Balcony, as well as the passage of time. Most notably, the trees are larger.
1950: Design elements like the serial numbers are reduced in size and moved around subtly, presumably for aesthetic reasons.
1963: "Will Pay To The Bearer On Demand" is removed from the front of the bill below the portrait, and the legal tender designation is shortened to "This note is legal tender for all debts, public and private" (eliminating "and is redeemable in lawful money at the United States Treasury, or at any Federal Reserve Bank.") Also, "In God We Trust" is added above the White House on the reverse. These two acts (one taking U.S. currency off the silver backing, and the other authorizing the national motto) are coincidental, even if their combined result is implemented in one redesign. Also, several design elements are rearranged, less perceptibly than the change in 1950, mostly to make room for the slightly rearranged obligations.
1969: The new treasury seal appears on all denominations, including the $20.
1977: A new type of serial-number press results in a slightly different font. The old presses are gradually retired, and old-style serial numbers appear as late as 1981 for this denomination.
1992: Anti-counterfeiting features are added: microprinting around the portrait, and a plastic strip embedded in the paper. Even though the bills read Series 1990, the first bills were printed in April 1992.[8]
September 24, 1998: Received a completely new appearance to further deter counterfeiting; the picture of the White House was changed to the north side view. A larger, off-center portrait of Jackson was used on the front, and several anti-counterfeiting features were added, including color-shifting ink, microprinting, and a watermark. The plastic strip now reads "USA 20" and glows green under a black light.[9] The bills were first printed in June 1998.[10]
October 9, 2003:[11] The current series of 20 dollar bills is released with light background shading in green and yellow, and no oval around Andrew Jackson's portrait (background images of eagles, etc. were also added to the front); the back is the same view of the White House, but without the oval around it. Ninety faint "20"s are scattered on the back in yellow as a "EURion constellation" to prevent photocopying. The first issue's series date is 2004 with Marin-Snow signatures. The bills were first printed in April 2003.[12]

text: Proposal for a woman's portrait[edit]

text: In a campaign called "Women on 20s", selected voters were asked to choose three of 15 female candidates to have a portrait on the $20 bill. The goal was to have a woman on the $20 bill by 2020, the centennial of the 19th Amendment which gave women the right to vote.[13] Among the candidates on the petition were Harriet Tubman, Eleanor Roosevelt, Rosa Parks, and Wilma Mankiller, the first female chief of the Cherokee Nation.[14][15][16]

text: On May 12, 2015, Tubman was announced as the winning candidate of that "grassroots" poll with more than 600,000 people surveyed and more than 118,000 choosing Tubman, followed by Roosevelt, Parks and Mankiller.[17]

text: On June 17, 2015, then-Treasury Secretary Jack Lew announced that a woman's portrait would be featured on a redesigned $10 bill by 2020, replacing Alexander Hamilton.[18] However, that decision was reversed, at least in part due to Hamilton's surging popularity following the hit Broadway musical Hamilton.[19]

text: On April 20, 2016, Lew officially announced that Alexander Hamilton would remain on the $10 bill, while Andrew Jackson would be replaced by Tubman on the front of the $20 bill, with Jackson appearing on the reverse.[20][21][22] Lew simultaneously announced that the five- and ten-dollar bills would also be redesigned in the coming years and put into production in the next decade.[20][22]

text: On August 31, 2017, Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin said that he would not commit to putting Tubman on the twenty-dollar bill, explaining "People have been on the bills for a long period of time. This is something we’ll consider; right now we have a lot more important issues to focus on."[23]


document_title: Cochlear implant

question_text: who developed and commercialised the modern multichannel cochlear implant (bionic ear)

question_tokens: who developed and commercialised the modern multichannel cochlear implant ( bionic ear )

text: Cochlear implant

text: History[edit]

text: André Djourno and Charles Eyriès invented the original cochlear implant in 1957. This original design distributed stimulation using a single channel. Two years later they went their separate ways due to personal and professional differences (Svirsky M, 2017).

text: The first cochlear implant was invented by Dr. William House, in 1961.[8]   In 1964, Blair Simmons and Robert J. White implanted a six channel electrode in a patient's cochlea at Stanford University.[9]

text: The modern multichannel cochlear implant was independently developed and commercialized by Graeme Clark from Australia and Ingeborg Hochmair and her future husband, Erwin Hochmair, with the Hochmairs' first implanted in a person in December 1977 and Clark's in August 1978.[10]

text: Parts[edit]

text: Cochlear implants bypass most of the peripheral auditory system which receives sound and converts that sound into movements of hair cells in the cochlea; the inside-portion of these hair cells release potassium ions in response to the movement of the hairs, and the potassium in turn stimulates other cells to release the neurotransmitter, glutamate, which makes the cochlear nerve send signals to the brain, which creates the experience of sound. Instead, the devices pick up sound and digitize it, convert that digitized sound into electrical signals, and transmit those signals to electrodes embedded in the cochlea. The electrodes electrically stimulate the cochlear nerve, causing it to send signals to the brain.[11][12][13]

text: There are several systems available, but generally they have the following components:[11][13]

text:
one or more microphones that pick up sound from the environment
a speech processor which selectively filters sound to prioritize audible speech
a transmitter that sends power and the processed sound signals across the skin to the internal device by radio frequency transmission

text:
a receiver/stimulator, which receives signals from the speech processor and converts them into electric impulses.
an electrode array embedded in the cochlea

text: Surgical procedure[edit]

text: The surgical procedure most often used to implant the device is called mastoidectomy with facial recess approach (MFRA).[13] If a person's individual anatomy prevents MFRA, other approaches, such as through the suprameatal triangle are used. A systematic literature review published in 2016 found that studies comparing the two approaches were generally small, not randomized, and retrospective so were not useful for making generalizations; it is not known which approach is safer or more effective.[14]

text: The procedure is usually done under general anesthesia. Risks of the procedures include mastoiditis, otitis media (acute or with effusion), shifting of the implanted device requiring a second procedure, damage to the facial nerve, damage to the chorda tympani, and wound infections.[14]

text: The rate of complications is about 12% for minor complications and 3% for major complications; major complications include infections, facial paralysis, and device failure. To avoid the risk of bacterial meningitis, which while low is about thirty times as high compared to people who don't undergo CI procedures, the FDA recommends vaccination prior to the procedure. The rate of transient facial nerve palsy is estimated to be approximately 1%. Device failure requiring reimplantation is estimated to occur in 2.5-6% of the time. Up to one-third of people experience disequilibrium, vertigo, or vestibular weakness lasting more than 1 week after the procedure; in people under 70 these symptoms generally resolve over weeks to months, but in people over 70 the problems tend to persist.[13]

text: Cochlear implants are only approved for people who are deaf in both ears; as of 2014 a cochlear implant had been used experimentally in some people who had acquired deafness in one ear after they had learned how to speak, and none who were deaf in one ear from birth; clinical studies as of 2014 had been too small to draw generalizations from.[15]

text: Efficacy[edit]

text: A 2011 AHRQ review of the evidence of the effectiveness of CI in people with bilateral hearing loss - the device's primary use - found low to moderate quality data that showed speech perception in noisy conditions was much better for people who had implants in both ears done at the same time compared to people who had only one. The data also showed that no conclusions could be drawn about changes in speech perception in quiet conditions and health-related quality-of-life. There was only one good study comparing implanting implants in both ears at the same time to implanting them sequentially; this study found that in the sequential approach, the second implantation made no change, or made things worse.[16]

text: A 2012 review found that the ability to communicate in spoken language was better the earlier the implantation was done. This review also found that, overall, the efficacy of cochlear implants is highly variable, and that it was not possible to accurately predict which children will and will not acquire spoken language successfully.[17]

text: A 2015 review examined whether CI implantation to treat people with bilateral hearing loss had any effect on tinnitus. This review found the quality of evidence to be poor and the results variable: overall total tinnitus suppression rates varied from 8% to 45% of people who received CI; decrease of tinnitus was seen in 25% to 72%, of people; for 0% to 36% of the people there was no change; increase of tinnitus occurred in between 0% to 25% of patients; and, in between 0 and 10% of cases, people who did not have tinnitus before the procedure, got it.[18]

text: A 2016 systematic review of CI for people with unilateral hearing loss (UHL) found that of the studies conducted and published, none were randomized, only one evaluated a control group, and no study was blinded. After eliminating multiple uses of the same subjects, the authors found that 137 people with UHL had received a CI.[19] While acknowledging the weakness of the data, the authors found that CI in people with UHL improves sound localization compared with other treatments in people who lost hearing after they learned to speak; in the one study that examined this, CI did improve sound localization in people with UHL who lost hearing before learning to speak.[19] It appeared to improve speech perception and to reduce tinnitus.[19]

text: A 2015 literature review on the use of CI for people with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder found that, as of that date, description and diagnosis of the condition was too heterogeneous to make clear claims about whether CI is a safe and effective way to manage it.[20]

text: Society and culture[edit]

text: Usage[edit]

text: As of December 2012, approximately 324,000 cochlear implant devices had been surgically implanted. In the U.S., roughly 58,000 devices were implanted in adults and 38,000 in children.[12]

text: Cost[edit]

text: In the United States, the overall cost of getting cochlear implants was about $100,000 as of 2017.[21] Some or all of this may be covered by health insurance. In the United Kingdom, the NHS covers cochlear implants in full, as does Medicare in Australia, and the Department of Health[22] in Ireland, Seguridad Social in Spain and Israel, and the Ministry of Health or ACC (depending on the cause of deafness) in New Zealand. According to the US National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, the estimated total cost is $60,000 per person implanted.[citation needed]

text: A study by Johns Hopkins University determined that for a three-year-old child who receives them, cochlear implants can save $30,000 to $50,000 in special-education costs for elementary and secondary schools as the child is more likely to be mainstreamed in school and thus use fewer support services than similarly deaf children.[23]

text: Manufacturers[edit]

text: As of 2013, the three cochlear implant devices approved for use in the U.S. were manufactured by Cochlear Limited (Australia), Advanced Bionics (a division of Sonova) and MED-EL (Austria). In Europe, Africa, Asia, South America, and Canada, an additional device manufactured by Neurelec (France, a division of William Demant) was available. A device made by Nurotron (China) was also available in some parts of the world. Each manufacturer has adapted some of the successful innovations of the other companies to its own devices. There is no consensus that any one of these implants is superior to the others. Users of all devices report a wide range of performance after implantation.[citation needed]

text: Criticism and controversy[edit]

text: Much of the strongest objection to cochlear implants has come from within the deaf community, some of whom are pre-lingually deaf people whose first language is a sign language. For some in the deaf community, cochlear implants are an affront to their culture, which, as they view it, is a minority threatened by the hearing majority.[7] This is an old problem for the deaf community, going back as far as the 18th century with the argument of manualism vs. oralism. This is consistent with medicalisation and the standardisation of the "normal" body in the 19th century, when differences between normal and abnormal began to be debated.[24] It is important to consider the sociocultural context, particularly in regards to the deaf community, which considers itself to possess its own unique language and culture.[25] This accounts for the cochlear implant being seen as an affront to their culture, as many do not believe that deafness is something that needs to be cured. However, it has also been argued that this does not necessarily have to be the case: the cochlear implant can act as a tool deaf people can use to access the "hearing world" without losing their deaf identity.[25]

text: Cochlear implants for congenitally deaf children are considered to be most effective when implanted at a young age, during the critical period in which the brain is still learning to interpret sound.[26] Hence they are implanted before the recipients can decide for themselves, on the assumption that deafness is a disability. Deaf culture critics argue that the cochlear implant and the subsequent therapy often become the focus of the child's identity at the expense of a possible future deaf identity and ease of communication in sign language, and claim that measuring the child's success only by their mastery of hearing and speech will lead to a poor self-image as "disabled" (because the implants do not produce normal hearing) rather than having the healthy self-concept of a proudly deaf person.[27]

text: Children with cochlear implants are more likely to be educated orally, in the standard fashion, and without access to sign language and are often isolated from other deaf children and from sign language.[28] Cochlear implants have been one of the technological and social factors implicated in the decline of sign languages in the developed world.[29] Some of the more extreme responses from deaf activists have labeled the widespread implantation of children as "cultural genocide".[30]

text: As the trend for cochlear implants in children grows, deaf-community advocates have tried to counter the "either or" formulation of oralism vs manualism with a "both and" approach; some schools are now successfully integrating cochlear implants with sign language in their educational programs.[31]