document_title: List of Major League Baseball players from Japan

question_text: japanese baseball players in mlb hall of fame

text: Table key[edit]

text:
Key to symbols in player table

§

Signed with a Major League Baseball team without first playing for a Nippon Professional Baseball team

*

Signed with a Major League Baseball team via the posting system

Inducted into the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame

text: Current players[edit]

text:
Players from Japan that are currently on Major League Baseball rosters

Player

Position

Debut

Team(s)

Status

Notes

Yu Darvish*

P

April 9, 2012

Texas Rangers (2012–2017)Los Angeles Dodgers (2017)Chicago Cubs (2018–)

60-day DL

[13][14]

Masahiro Tanaka*

P

April 4, 2014

New York Yankees (2014–)

Active

[15][16]

Kenta Maeda*

P

April 6, 2016

Los Angeles Dodgers (2016–)

Active

[17]

Shohei Ohtani*

P/DH

March 29, 2018

Los Angeles Angels (2018–)

Active

[18]

Yoshihisa Hirano

P

March 29, 2018

Arizona Diamondbacks (2018–)

Active

[19]

Kazuhisa Makita*

P

March 30, 2018

San Diego Padres (2018–)

Active

[20]

text: Former players[edit]

text:
Players from Japan that formerly appeared on Major League Baseball rosters

Player

Position

MLB debut

Final MLB game

Former MLB Team(s)

Current league/status

Current team

Notes

Masanori Murakami

P

September 1, 1964

October 1, 1965

San Francisco Giants (1964–1965)

Retired

—

[21]

Hideo Nomo

P

May 2, 1995

April 18, 2008

Los Angeles Dodgers (1995–1998, 2002–2004)New York Mets (1998)Milwaukee Brewers (1999)Detroit Tigers (2000)Boston Red Sox (2001)Tampa Bay Devil Rays (2005)Kansas City Royals (2008)

Retired

—

[22]

Mac Suzuki§

P

July 7, 1996

June 28, 2002

Seattle Mariners (1996, 1998–1999)Kansas City Royals (1999–2001, 2002)Colorado Rockies (2001)Milwaukee Brewers (2001)

Retired

—

[23]

Shigetoshi Hasegawa

P

April 5, 1997

September 28, 2005

Anaheim Angels (1997–2001)Seattle Mariners (2002–2005)

Retired

—

[24]

Takashi Kashiwada

P

May 1, 1997

September 18, 1997

New York Mets (1997)

Retired

—

[25]

Hideki Irabu

P

July 10, 1997

July 12, 2002

New York Yankees (1997–1999)Montreal Expos (2000–2001)Texas Rangers (2002)

Deceased(July 24, 2011)

—

[26]

Masato Yoshii

P

April 5, 1998

September 11, 2002

New York Mets (1998–1999)Colorado Rockies (2000)Montreal Expos (2001–2002)

Retired

—

[27]

Masao Kida

P

April 5, 1999

August 3, 2005

Detroit Tigers (1999–2000)Los Angeles Dodgers (2003–2004)Seattle Mariners (2004–2005)

Retired

—

[28]

Tomokazu Ohka

P

July 19, 1999

October 4, 2009

Boston Red Sox (1999–2001)Montreal Expos/Washington Nationals (2001–2005)Milwaukee Brewers (2005–2006)Toronto Blue Jays (2007)Cleveland Indians (2009)

Retired

—

[29][30]

Kazuhiro Sasaki

P

April 5, 2000

September 28, 2003

Seattle Mariners (2000–2003)

Retired

—

[31]

Ichiro Suzuki*

OF

April 2, 2001

May 2, 2018

Seattle Mariners (2001–2012)New York Yankees (2012–2014)Miami Marlins (2015–2017)Seattle Mariners (2018)

Special Assistant to the Chairman

Seattle Mariners

[32][33]

Tsuyoshi Shinjo

OF

April 3, 2001

June 27, 2003

New York Mets (2001, 2003)San Francisco Giants (2002)

Retired

—

[34]

Takahito Nomura

P

April 3, 2002

May 15, 2002

Milwaukee Brewers (2002)

Retired

—

[35]

Satoru Komiyama

P

April 4, 2002

September 11, 2002

New York Mets (2002)

Retired

—

[36]

Kazuhisa Ishii*

P

April 6, 2002

September 28, 2005

Los Angeles Dodgers (2002–2004)New York Mets (2005)

Retired

—

[37]

So Taguchi

OF

June 10, 2002

October 4, 2009

St. Louis Cardinals (2002–2007)Philadelphia Phillies (2008)Chicago Cubs (2009)

Retired

—

[38]

Hideki Matsui

OF/DH

March 31, 2003

July 22, 2012

New York Yankees (2003–2009)Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim (2010)Oakland Athletics (2011)Tampa Bay Rays (2012)

Retired

—

[39]

Micheal Nakamura§

P

June 7, 2003

July 31, 2004

Minnesota Twins (2003)Toronto Blue Jays (2004)

Retired

—

[40]

Kazuo Matsui

2B/SS

April 6, 2004

May 18, 2010

New York Mets (2004–2006)Colorado Rockies (2006–2007)Houston Astros (2008–2010)

NPB

Seibu Lions(Player-coach)

[41][42]

Akinori Otsuka*

P

April 6, 2004

July 1, 2007

San Diego Padres (2004–2005)Texas Rangers (2006–2007)

Retired

—

[43]

Shingo Takatsu

P

April 9, 2004

October 2, 2005

Chicago White Sox (2004–2005)New York Mets (2005)

Retired

—

[44]

Kazuhito Tadano§

P

April 27, 2004

July 16, 2005

Cleveland Indians (2004–2005)

Retired

—

[45][46]

Tadahito Iguchi

2B

April 4, 2005

September 28, 2008

Chicago White Sox (2005–2007)Philadelphia Phillies (2007, 2008)San Diego Padres (2008)

Retired

—

[47][48]

Keiichi Yabu

P

April 9, 2005

September 27, 2008

Oakland Athletics (2005)San Francisco Giants (2008)

Retired

—

[49]

Norihiro Nakamura*

3B

April 10, 2005

May 6, 2005

Los Angeles Dodgers (2005)

Retired

—

[50]
[51]

Kenji Johjima

C

April 3, 2006

October 3, 2009

Seattle Mariners (2006–2009)

Retired

—

[52]

Takashi Saito

P

April 9, 2006

September 30, 2012

Los Angeles Dodgers (2006–2008)Boston Red Sox (2009)Atlanta Braves (2010)Milwaukee Brewers (2011)Arizona Diamondbacks (2012)

Retired

—

[53][54]

Akinori Iwamura*

2B/3B

April 2, 2007

September 26, 2010

Tampa Bay Devil Rays/Rays (2007–2009)Pittsburgh Pirates (2010)Oakland Athletics (2010)

Retired

—

[55][56]

Hideki Okajima

P

April 2, 2007

June 13, 2013

Boston Red Sox (2007–2011)Oakland Athletics (2013)

Retired

—

[57]

Daisuke Matsuzaka*

P

April 5, 2007

September 25, 2014

Boston Red Sox (2007–2012)New York Mets (2013–2014)

NPB

Chunichi Dragons

[58][59]

Kei Igawa*

P

April 7, 2007

June 27, 2008

New York Yankees (2007–2008)

Free agent

—

[60][61]

Masumi Kuwata

P

June 10, 2007

August 13, 2007

Pittsburgh Pirates (2007)

Retired

—

[62]

Kosuke Fukudome

OF

March 31, 2008

June 3, 2012

Chicago Cubs (2008–2011)Cleveland Indians (2011)Chicago White Sox (2012)

NPB

Hanshin Tigers

[63]

Kazuo Fukumori

P

March 31, 2008

April 24, 2008

Texas Rangers (2008)

Retired

—

[64]

Masahide Kobayashi

P

April 2, 2008

May 7, 2009

Cleveland Indians (2008–2009)

Retired

—

[65]

Hiroki Kuroda

P

April 4, 2008

September 25, 2014

Los Angeles Dodgers (2008–2011)New York Yankees (2012–2014)

Retired

—

[66][67]

Yasuhiko Yabuta

P

April 5, 2008

October 4, 2009

Kansas City Royals (2008–2009)

Retired

—

[68]

Koji Uehara

P

April 8, 2009

September 2, 2017

Baltimore Orioles (2009–2011)Texas Rangers (2011–2012)Boston Red Sox (2013–2016)Chicago Cubs (2017)

NPB

Yomiuri Giants

[69][70]

Kenshin Kawakami

P

April 11, 2009

September 9, 2010

Atlanta Braves (2009–2010)

Retired

—

[71][72]

Ken Takahashi

P

May 2, 2009

September 25, 2009

New York Mets (2009)

Retired

—

[73]

Junichi Tazawa§

P

August 7, 2009

May 17, 2018

Boston Red Sox (2009–2016)Miami Marlins (2017–2018)

MiLB

Salt Lake Bees

[74][75]

Hisanori Takahashi

P

April 7, 2010

April 11, 2013

New York Mets (2010)Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim (2011–2012)Pittsburgh Pirates (2012)Chicago Cubs (2013)

Retired

—

[76]

Ryota Igarashi

P

April 8, 2010

August 12, 2012

New York Mets (2010–2011)Toronto Blue Jays (2012)New York Yankees (2012)

NPB

SoftBank Hawks

[77]

Tsuyoshi Nishioka*

SS/2B

April 1, 2011

August 8, 2012

Minnesota Twins (2011–2012)

NPB

Hanshin Tigers

[78][79]

Yoshinori Tateyama

P

May 24, 2011

September 26, 2012

Texas Rangers (2011–2012)

Retired

—

[80]

Nori Aoki*

OF

April 6, 2012

October 1, 2017

Milwaukee Brewers (2012–2013)Kansas City Royals (2014)San Francisco Giants (2015)Seattle Mariners (2016)Houston Astros (2017)Toronto Blue Jays (2017)New York Mets (2017)

NPB

Yakult Swallows

[81][82]

Munenori Kawasaki

SS/2B

April 7, 2012

October 2, 2016

Seattle Mariners (2012)Toronto Blue Jays (2013–2015)Chicago Cubs (2016)

Free agent

—

[83][84]

Hisashi Iwakuma

P

April 20, 2012

May 3, 2017

Seattle Mariners (2012–2017)

MiLB

Tacoma Rainiers

[85][86]

Kyuji Fujikawa

P

April 1, 2013

May 15, 2015

Chicago Cubs (2013–2014)Texas Rangers (2015)

NPB

Hanshin Tigers

[87]

Kensuke Tanaka

LF

July 9, 2013

July 28, 2013

San Francisco Giants (2013)

NPB

Nippon-Ham Fighters

[88][89]

Tsuyoshi Wada

P

July 8, 2014

September 4, 2015

Chicago Cubs (2014–2015)

NPB

SoftBank Hawks

[90][91]

Toru Murata

P

June 28, 2015

June 28, 2015

Cleveland Indians (2015)

NPB

Nippon-Ham Fighters

[92]

text: Awards, records and notable accomplishments[edit]

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Most Valuable Player Award: Ichiro Suzuki, 2001 AL[93]
World Series MVP: Hideki Matsui, 2009[94]
ALCS MVP: Koji Uehara, 2013[94]
All-Star Game MVP: Ichiro Suzuki, 2007[94]
Rookie of the Year: Hideo Nomo, 1995 NL; Kazuhiro Sasaki, 2000 AL; Ichiro Suzuki, 2001 AL[95]
Gold Glove Award: Ichiro Suzuki, 10 times, 2001–2010 AL OF[96]
Silver Slugger Award: Ichiro Suzuki, 3 times, 2001, 2007, 2009[97]
Player of the Month: Ichiro Suzuki, August 2004 AL; Hideki Matsui, July 2007 AL[98]
Pitcher of the Month: Hideo Nomo, twice, June 1995 & September 1996 NL; Hideki Irabu, twice, May 1998 & July 1999 AL; Masahiro Tanaka, May 2014 AL[99]
Rookie of the Month: Ichiro Suzuki, 5 times, April, May, June, August, September 2001 AL; Kazuhisa Ishii, April 2002 NL; Hideki Matsui, June 2003 AL; Hideki Okajima, April 2007 AL; Yu Darvish, April 2012 AL; Shohei Ohtani, April 2018 AL[100]
Player of the Week: Ichiro Suzuki, 5 times, August 2–8, 2004 AL, May 29-June 4, 2006 AL, September 20–26, 2010 AL, September 17–23, 2012 AL, August 1–7, 2016 NL; Hideki Matsui, 4 times, June 23–29, 2003, May 24–30, 2004, June 14–20, 2005, July 18–24, 2011 AL; Hisashi Iwakuma, August 10–16, 2015 AL; Shohei Ohtani, April 2-8, 2018 AL[101]
MLB Players Association Outstanding Player of the Year Award: Ichiro Suzuki, 2004 AL
MLB Players Association Outstanding Rookie of the Year Award: Ichiro Suzuki, 2001 AL
Sporting News Rookie of the Year Award: Ichiro Suzuki, 2001 AL
Sporting News Rookie Pitcher of the Year Award: Hideo Nomo, 1995 NL, Kazuhiro Sasaki, 2000 AL
MLB.com Defensive Player of the Year Award: Ichiro Suzuki, 2005
MLB.com Setup Man of the Year Award: Hideki Okajima, 2007

text: Hitting[edit]

text:
Most hits in a single season: Ichiro Suzuki, 262 (2004) MLB Record[102]
Most career Interleague hits: Ichiro Suzuki, 367 MLB Record
Most consecutive seasons of 200 or more hits: Ichiro Suzuki, 10 (2001–2010) MLB Record
Most seasons with 200 or more hits: Ichiro Suzuki, 10 (2001–2010) MLB Record (tie)
Most games with five or more hits in a season: Ichiro Suzuki, 4 (2004) MLB Record (tie)
Most pinch-hit plate appearances in a season: Ichiro Suzuki, 109 (2017) MLB Record
Most pinch-hit at-bats in a season: Ichiro Suzuki, 100 (2017) MLB Record
Batting titles: Ichiro Suzuki, 2001 (.350 Avg) and 2004 (.372 Avg)[103]
Only Inside-the-park home run in All-Star game history: Ichiro Suzuki, July 10, 2007, AT&T Park, hitting leadoff for the American League
Only MLB player to hit a home run in his first plate appearance of his first three seasons: Kazuo Matsui, 2004 (First pitch), 2005, 2006 (Inside-the-park home run)
First Japanese player to play in the World Series: Tsuyoshi Shinjo, October 19, 2002, Giants vs. Angels, Edison Field, hitting 9th in the lineup as the Designated hitter
First Japanese player to hit a home run: Hideo Nomo, April 28, 1998, Dodgers vs. Brewers, Dodger Stadium
First Japanese player to hit a grand slam: Tsuyoshi Shinjo, May 17, 2002, Giants vs. Marlins, AT&T Park
First Japanese player to hit a walk-off home run: Hideki Matsui, July 17, 2003, Yankees vs. Indians, Yankee Stadium
First Japanese player to hit a home run in the postseason: Hideki Matsui, October 4, 2003, Yankees vs. Twins, Metrodome
First Japanese player to hit a home run in the World Series: Hideki Matsui, October 19, 2003, Yankees vs. Marlins, Yankee Stadium
First Japanese player to hit cleanup in the lineup: Tsuyoshi Shinjo, August 3, 2001, Mets vs. Diamondbacks, Bank One Ballpark
3,000 hit club: Ichiro Suzuki; entered August 7, 2016

text: Baserunning[edit]

text:
Stolen base champion: Ichiro Suzuki, 2001 AL (56 Stolen Bases)[104]
Most consecutive stolen bases: Ichiro Suzuki, April 29, 2006 – May 16, 2007 (45) AL Record[105]

text: Pitching[edit]

text:
No-hitters
Hideo Nomo: September 17, 1996 at Coors Field in Denver. Pitching for the Los Angeles Dodgers against the Colorado Rockies. Still the only no-hitter at Coors Field, which opened in 1995. Highest paid attendance (50,066) among all the no-hitters in currently used ballparks.
Hideo Nomo: April 4, 2001 at Oriole Park at Camden Yards in Baltimore. Pitching for the Boston Red Sox against the Baltimore Orioles. Still the only no-hitter at Oriole Park, which opened in 1992. Earliest no-hitter in a season among all the no-hitters in currently used ballparks. Nomo is one of only five players that have ever pitched at least one no-hitter game in both the National League and American League in Major League Baseball history.
Hisashi Iwakuma: August 12, 2015 at Safeco Field in Seattle. Pitching for the Seattle Mariners against the Baltimore Orioles. It was the fourth no-hitter at Safeco Field, behind Philip Humber, Kevin Millwood, and Félix Hernández.
Strikeout champion: Hideo Nomo, 1995 NL (236 Strikeouts) & 2001 AL (220 Strikeouts); Yu Darvish, 2013 AL (277 Strikeouts, led both leagues)
Fastest to reach 1000 career strikeouts in MLB history: Yu Darvish, September 8, 2017 (812 innings)
Fastest to reach 500 career strikeouts in MLB history: Yu Darvish, April 6, 2014 (401 2/3 innings)
Most consecutive quality starts from debut: Masahiro Tanaka (16) MLB Record (tie)
Lowest single-season WHIP in MLB history (at least 50 innings): Koji Uehara, 2013 (0.565)
Most saves in the postseason: Koji Uehara, 2013 (7 saves) MLB Record (tie)[106]
Strikeouts in a single inning: Kazuhiro Sasaki, April 4, 2003 (4 strikeouts in the 9th Inning) MLB Record (tie)[107]

text: All-Star Game selections[edit]

text:
Players from Japan that have been selected to participate in a Major League Baseball All-Star Game

Player

League

Selections

Year(s)

Notes

Ichiro Suzuki

AL

10

2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010

Inside-the-park home run, All-Star Game MVP (2007)[32][108]

Yu Darvish

AL

4

2012, 2013, 2014, 2017

Selected as the winner of the Final Vote but did not play (2012)[13][109][110]Selected but did not play (2013)[111]Selected but did not play (2017)

Kazuhiro Sasaki

AL

2

2001, 2002

Closed and recorded a save (2001)[31][112]

Hideki Matsui

AL

2

2003, 2004

Selected as the winner of the Final Vote (2004)[39][113]

Hideo Nomo

NL

1

1995

Starting pitcher[22][114]

Shigetoshi Hasegawa

AL

1

2003

[24]

Hideki Okajima

AL

1

2007

Selected as the winner of the Final Vote, but did not play[57][108][115]

Takashi Saito

NL

1

2007

[53]

Kosuke Fukudome

NL

1

2008

[63]

Hisashi Iwakuma

AL

1

2013

Selected but did not play[85][116]

Masahiro Tanaka

AL

1

2014

Selected but did not play due to being on the disabled list[15]

Koji Uehara

AL

1

2014

Selected in place of the injured Masahiro Tanaka[69]

text: World Series appearances[edit]

text:
Players from Japan that have been a part of a Major League Baseball World Series

Player

World Serieschampionships

World Seriesappearances

Year(s)

Notes

So Taguchi

2

3

2004 Cardinals2006 Cardinals2008 Phillies

Did not play in the 2008 World Series, despite being on the Phillies' active roster[117][118][119]

Hideki Matsui

1

2

2003 Yankees2009 Yankees

World Series MVP (2009)[120][121]

Tadahito Iguchi

1

1

2005 White Sox

First Japanese player to win a World Series[122]

Hideki Okajima

1

1

2007 Red Sox

First Japanese pitcher to appear in a World Series. With Matsuzaka, first Japanese pitcher to win the World Series. The 2007 World Series was the first in which Japanese-born players appeared for both teams.[123]

Daisuke Matsuzaka

1

1

2007 Red Sox

First Japanese pitcher to both start and win a World Series game and first Japanese pitcher to win an MLB playoff game during the 2007 postseason. With Okajima, first Japanese pitcher to win the World Series. The 2007 World Series was the first in which Japanese-born players appeared for both teams.[123]

Junichi Tazawa

1

1

2013 Red Sox

[124]

Koji Uehara

1

1

2013 Red Sox

[124]

Tsuyoshi Shinjo

0

1

2002 Giants

First Japanese player to play in a World Series game[125]

Kazuo Matsui

0

1

2007 Rockies

The 2007 World Series was the first in which Japanese-born players appeared for both teams.[123]

Akinori Iwamura

0

1

2008 Rays

[126]

Nori Aoki

0

1

2014 Royals

[127]

Kenta Maeda

0

1

2017 Dodgers

[128]

Yu Darvish

0

1

2017 Dodgers

[129]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ This list does not include players that were born in Japan to American parents or players with Japanese ancestry who grew up in the United States (such as Dave Roberts).

Jump up ^ "Players by birthplace : Japan Baseball Stats and Info". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 9, 2014.

Jump up ^ Kleinberg, Alexander (December 24, 2001). "Where have you gone, Masanori Murakami?". Major League Baseball. Archived from the original on August 18, 2002. Retrieved November 13, 2008.

Jump up ^ Whiting 2004, pp. 75–80

Jump up ^ Singer, Tom (November 14, 2006). "Matsuzaka posting system's latest gem". Major League Baseball. Retrieved August 24, 2008.

Jump up ^ Whiting 2004, pp. 102–112

Jump up ^ Price, S.L. (July 8, 2002). "The Ichiro Paradox". Time. Retrieved April 9, 2008.

Jump up ^ "NPB, players to revise free-agency system". The Japan Times. Kyodo News. June 26, 2008. Retrieved September 6, 2009.

Jump up ^ Allen, Jim (September 12, 2008). "Amateur Tazawa bypassing Japan leagues for MLB". ESPN.com. Retrieved November 25, 2008.

Jump up ^ Schwarz, Alan (November 19, 2008). "Japanese Are Irked by U.S. Interest in Pitcher". The New York Times. Retrieved November 25, 2008.

Jump up ^ Browne, Ian (December 4, 2008). "Tazawa officially in fold for Red Sox". Major League Baseball. Archived from the original on December 7, 2008. Retrieved March 19, 2009.

Jump up ^ "Micheal Nakamura". Australian Baseball League. Retrieved June 22, 2015.

^ Jump up to: a b "Yu Darvish Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 18, 2012.

Jump up ^ "Yu Darvish Stats, Video Highlights, Photos, Bio". MLB.com. Retrieved July 9, 2014.

^ Jump up to: a b "Masahiro Tanaka Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 9, 2014.

Jump up ^ "Masahiro Tanaka Stats, Video Highlights, Photos, Bio". MLB.com. Retrieved July 9, 2014.

Jump up ^ "Maeda, Dodgers hope for extended success". MLB.com. Retrieved January 8, 2016.

Jump up ^ "Shohei Ohtani batting eighth, DHing in opener". MLB.com. Retrieved March 29, 2018.

Jump up ^ "Yoshihisa Hirano, D-backs reach two-year deal". MLB.com. Retrieved December 25, 2017.

Jump up ^ "Padres sign Japanese right-hander Makita". MLB.com. Retrieved January 8, 2018.

Jump up ^ "Masanori Murakami Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

^ Jump up to: a b "Hideo Nomo Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

Jump up ^ "Mac Suzuki Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

^ Jump up to: a b "Shigetoshi Hasegawa Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

Jump up ^ "Takashi Kashiwada Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

Jump up ^ "Hideki Irabu Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

Jump up ^ "Masato Yoshii Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

Jump up ^ "Masao Kida Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

Jump up ^ "Tomo Ohka Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

Jump up ^ "選手紹介 – 投手" [Player Profiles – Pitchers]. Toyama Thunderbirds. Retrieved June 22, 2015.

^ Jump up to: a b "Kazuhiro Sasaki Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

^ Jump up to: a b "Ichiro Suzuki Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

Jump up ^ "Ichiro Suzuki Stats, Video Highlights, Photos, Bio". MLB.com. Retrieved July 9, 2014.

Jump up ^ "Tsuyoshi Shinjo Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

Jump up ^ "Takahito Nomura Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

Jump up ^ "Satoru Komiyama Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

Jump up ^ "Kazuhisa Ishii Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

Jump up ^ "So Taguchi Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

^ Jump up to: a b "Hideki Matsui Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

Jump up ^ "Micheal Nakamura Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

Jump up ^ "Kazuo Matsui Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

Jump up ^ "Kazuo Matsui Japanese League Statistics & History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2014.

Jump up ^ "Akinori Otsuka Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

Jump up ^ "Shingo Takatsu Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

Jump up ^ "Kazuhito Tadano Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

Jump up ^ "石川ミリオンスターズ 選手一覧" [Ishikawa Million Stars Player List]. Route Inn BCL. Retrieved June 22, 2015.

Jump up ^ "Tadahito Iguchi Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

Jump up ^ "Tadahito Iguchi Japanese League Statistics & History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2014.

Jump up ^ "Keiichi Yabu Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

Jump up ^ "Norihiro Nakamura Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

Jump up ^ "Norihiro Nakamura Japanese League Statistics & History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 13, 2014.

Jump up ^ "Kenji Johjima Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

^ Jump up to: a b "Takashi Saito Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

Jump up ^ "Takashi Saito Japanese League Statistics & History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved June 22, 2015.

Jump up ^ "Akinori Iwamura Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

Jump up ^ "選手情報" [Player Info]. Fukushima Hopes. Retrieved June 22, 2015.

^ Jump up to: a b "Hideki Okajima Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

Jump up ^ "Daisuke Matsuzaka Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

Jump up ^ "Daisuke Matsuzaka Stats, Video Highlights, Photos, Bio". MLB.com. Retrieved July 9, 2014.

Jump up ^ "Kei Igawa Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

Jump up ^ "Igawa, Kei". Nippon Professional Baseball. Retrieved December 21, 2012.

Jump up ^ "Masumi Kuwata Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

^ Jump up to: a b "Kosuke Fukudome Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

Jump up ^ "Kazuo Fukumori Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

Jump up ^ "Masahide Kobayashi Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

Jump up ^ "Hiroki Kuroda Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

Jump up ^  "Hiroki Kuroda Stats, Video Highlights, Photos, Bio". MLB.com. Retrieved July 9, 2014.

Jump up ^ "Yasuhiko Yabuta Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

^ Jump up to: a b "Koji Uehara Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

Jump up ^ "Koji Uehara Stats, Video Highlights, Photos, Bio". MLB.com. Retrieved July 9, 2014.

Jump up ^ "Kenshin Kawakami Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

Jump up ^ "Kawakami, Kenshin". Nippon Professional Baseball. Retrieved December 21, 2012.

Jump up ^ "Ken Takahashi Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

Jump up ^ "Junichi Tazawa Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 25, 2009.

Jump up ^ "Junichi Tazawa Stats, Video Highlights, Photos, Bio". MLB.com. Retrieved July 9, 2014.

Jump up ^ "Hisanori Takahashi Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 21, 2012.

Jump up ^ "Ryota Igarashi Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 21, 2012.

Jump up ^ "Tsuyoshi Nishioka Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 21, 2012.

Jump up ^ "Tsuyoshi Nishioka Japanese League Statistics & History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved June 22, 2015.

Jump up ^ "Yoshinori Tateyama Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 21, 2012.

Jump up ^ "Nori Aoki Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 18, 2012.

Jump up ^ "Nori Aoki Stats, Video Highlights, Photos, Bio". MLB.com. Retrieved July 9, 2014.

Jump up ^ "Munenori Kawasaki Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved April 14, 2013.

Jump up ^ "Munenori Kawasaki Stats, Video Highlights, Photos, Bio". MLB.com. Retrieved July 9, 2014.

^ Jump up to: a b "Hisashi Iwakuma Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 18, 2012.

Jump up ^ "Hisashi Iwakuma Stats, Video Highlights, Photos, Bio". MLB.com. Retrieved July 9, 2014.

Jump up ^ "Kyuji Fujikawa Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved January 24, 2014.

Jump up ^ "Kensuke Tanaka Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 4, 2013.

Jump up ^ "Kensuke Tanaka Japanese League Statistics & History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved June 22, 2015.

Jump up ^ "Tsuyoshi Wada Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 9, 2014.

Jump up ^ "Tsuyoshi Wada Stats, Video Highlights, Photos, Bio". MLB.com. Retrieved July 9, 2014.

Jump up ^ "Cleveland Indians spring surprise starter on Baltimore Orioles --- RHP Toru Murata". Cleveland.com. Cleveland.com. Retrieved June 28, 2015.

Jump up ^ "Most Valuable Player MVP Awards & Cy Young Awards Winners". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved June 22, 2015.

^ Jump up to: a b c "MLB Postseason World Series MVP Awards & All-Star Game MVP Award Winners". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved June 22, 2015.

Jump up ^ "Rookie of the Year Awards, Mariano Rivera, Trevor Hoffman, & Rolaids Relief Award Winners". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved June 22, 2015.

Jump up ^ "MLB American League Gold Glove Award Winners". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved June 22, 2015.

Jump up ^ "MLB Silver Slugger Award Winners – American League". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved June 22, 2015.

Jump up ^ "MLB Major League Baseball Players of the Month". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved June 22, 2015.

Jump up ^ "MLB Major League Baseball Pitchers of the Month". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved June 22, 2015.

Jump up ^ "MLB Major League Baseball Rookies of the Month". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved June 22, 2015.

Jump up ^ "MLB Major League Baseball Players of the Week". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved June 22, 2015.

Jump up ^ "Single-Season Hits". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 16, 2015.

Jump up ^ "Yearly League Batting average". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 16, 2015.

Jump up ^ "Yearly League Stolen Bases". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 16, 2015.

Jump up ^ "Stolen Bases Records". Baseball-Almanac.com. Baseball Almanac. Retrieved August 16, 2015.

Jump up ^ "All-time and Single-Season Postseason Pitching Leaders". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 16, 2015.

Jump up ^ "Four Strikeouts in One Inning". Baseball-Almanac.com. Baseball Almanac. Retrieved August 16, 2015.

^ Jump up to: a b "Jul 10, 2007, AL All-Stars at NL All-Stars Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 12, 2014.

Jump up ^ "Jul 10, 2012, NL All-Stars at AL All-Stars Box Score and Play by Play". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 12, 2014.

Jump up ^ Newman, Mark (July 5, 2012). "Darvish and Freese win, going to All-Star Game". MLB.com. Retrieved July 14, 2014.

Jump up ^ "Jul 16, 2013, AL All-Stars at NL All-Stars Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 12, 2014.

Jump up ^ "Jul 10, 2001, NL All-Stars at AL All-Stars Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 12, 2014.

Jump up ^ Newman, Mark (July 7, 2004). "Matsui, Abreu win Final Vote". MLB.com. Archived from the original on March 21, 2008. Retrieved July 14, 2014.

Jump up ^ "Jul 11, 1995, NL All-Stars at AL All-Stars Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 12, 2014.

Jump up ^ "Okajima edges Bonderman, Halladay, others for All-Star spot". ESPN.com. Associated Press. July 6, 2007. Retrieved July 14, 2014.

Jump up ^ "Jul 16, 2013, AL All-Stars at NL All-Stars Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 12, 2014.

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Jump up ^ "2006 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 15, 2015.

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Jump up ^ "2009 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 15, 2015.

Jump up ^ "2005 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 15, 2015.

^ Jump up to: a b c "2007 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 15, 2015.

^ Jump up to: a b "2013 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 15, 2015.

Jump up ^ "2002 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 15, 2015.

Jump up ^ "2008 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 15, 2015.

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Jump up ^ "2014 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved October 27, 2017.

Jump up ^ "2014 World Series". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved October 27, 2017.

tag: ol


document_title: Interstate 40 in Tennessee

question_text: where does the time change in tennessee on interstate 40

root

text: Interstate 40 in Tennessee

text: Route description[edit]

text: West Tennessee[edit]

text: I-40 enters Tennessee from Arkansas via the six lane Hernando de Soto Bridge, which spans the Mississippi River at river mile 736. Immediately within the city of Memphis, the interstate passes across the southern half of Mud Island before crossing the Wolf River Harbor into downtown Memphis. Throughout Memphis, the highway contains a minimum of six through lanes, except through major interchanges. About one mile from the state line is an interchange with the western terminus of Interstate 240, where I-40 abruptly turns north, following a route formerly designated as part of I-240. About one mile later, the highway has an interchange with State Route 300, a connector to US 51 and the future Interstate 69. At this interchange, the interstate turns east and enters a stretch designated as the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Expressway. I-40 crosses the Wolf River three times in Memphis as the road passes near the neighborhoods of Frayser and Raleigh and turns southeast. A few miles later, I-40 has an interchange with I-240 southbound and Sam Cooper Boulevard eastbound, and turns sharp northeast, leaving Memphis. For the next several miles the highway is known as the Isaac Hayes Memorial Highway and is eight lanes, the left lanes functioning as HOV lanes during rush hour, passing through several major suburbs of Memphis, including Bartlett, Cordova, and Lakeland. At exit 18, which is with US 64, the highway narrows to six lanes, and to four lanes a short distance beyond. Several miles later, near Arlington, is a cloverleaf interchange with I-269.

tag: p

text: West of Arlington, I-40 crosses the Loosahatchie River and leaves the Memphis area, traversing through the Gulf Coastal Plain in a very flat and straight stretch of mostly farmland with some rural woodlands, bypassing most cities and communities. South of Brownsville, about 40 miles east of Memphis, the highway turns north and enters the Hatchie National Wildlife Refuge and crosses the Hatchie River. Upon exiting the refuge, I-40 turns east and passes just southeast of Brownsville. The interstate continues for the next 20 miles though further agricultural terrain, and at mile marker 78, the crosses the South Fork of the Forked Deer River into Jackson. Passing through the northern half of the city, I-40 has a total of six exits in Jackson. From Jackson, I-40 continues east northeast through a sparsely populated area of farmland and woodlands, and near the community of Parkers Crossroads, has an interchange with SR 22, a major north-south connector route in west Tennessee. Several miles later, I-40 proceeds for several miles through the northern half of the Natchez Trace State Park, and has an interchange with US 641/SR 69, another major north-south corridor, at milepost 126. The route then descends about 400 feet (120 m) on a steep grade over the course of a mile before crossing the Tennessee River into Middle Tennessee on the Jimmy Mann Evans Memorial Bridge.

text: Middle Tennessee[edit]

text: East of the Tennessee River, I-40 traverses through mostly vast woodlands in the rugged hills of the Western Highland Rim for a considerable distance. This section is characterized by several noticeable upgrades and downgrades, with mostly minor curves. About 35 miles later, the highway passes southeast of Dickson, now within the Nashville metropolitan area. A few miles later, approximately 35 miles west of Nashville, is the western terminus of Interstate 840, the outer southern beltway around Nashville. The highway continues through mostly woodlands and descends into the Nashville Basin between mile markers 186 and 188. Around Bellevue, the route widens to six lanes, entering the urban outskirts of Nashville.

text: About ten miles later, I-40 has an interchange with the western terminus of State Route 155 (Briley Parkway), the northern controlled-access beltway around Nashville. About two miles later is the western terminus of I-440, the southern loop around central Nashville. Two miles later, I-40 enters Downtown Nashville, and has interchanges with several major highways and surface roads. In Nashville, I-40 shares brief concurrences first with I-65 and then I-24, before splitting off. The eastern terminus of I-440 is directly accessible from the easternmost interchange with I-24. About 1.5 miles later, I-40 has an interchange with SR 155 (Briley Parkway) near the Nashville International Airport. The route continues east for the next 20 miles through a still-developing area with eight lanes, the left lanes functioning as HOV lanes during rush hour, passing near the suburbs of Mount Juliet and Gallatin. At mile 219, I-40 crosses the Stones River just downstream from the Percy Priest Dam. About 25 miles east of Nashville, the route narrows back to four lanes and has an interchange with the eastern terminus of I-840 a few miles east of Lebanon. The interstate continues for roughly 50 miles (80 km) across mostly open farmland, passing near mostly small communities.

text: In Smith County between mileposts 263 and 266, I-40 crosses the meandering Caney Fork River five times before ascending the Eastern Highland Rim, reaching 1,000 feet (300 m) for the first time in the state near Silver Point. The interstate remains relatively flat across the plateau, beginning at the edge of the table-top rim at mile marker 272 near Baxter. The highway continues for about 15 miles through a mix of farmland and woodlands, before reaching Cookeville, where it has interchanges with several highways including SR 111, a major north-south connector to Chattanooga. For the next 20 miles, I-40 passes through a predominantly wooded area, ascending the western escarpment of the Cumberland Plateau and reaching elevations above 2,000 feet (610 m), before reaching Crossville. At mile 308, I-40 crosses the Tennessee Divide, where the Cumberland and Tennessee River watersheds meet. The divide is marked in the eastbound lanes with a sign reading "Entering Emory River watershed." In the westbound counterparts is a sign noting the beginning of the Caney Fork watershed.

text: East Tennessee[edit]

text: I-40 remains relatively flat and straight as it continues across the Cumberland Plateau and passes through the northern part of Crossville. East of Crossville, the Crab Orchard Mountains, the southern fringe of the Cumberland Mountains, come into view as the road descends several hundred feet. At mile 329, the interstate enters Crab Orchard Gap and proceeds through a narrow valley once prone to rockslides. At mile 340, the Interstate crosses into Roane County entering the Eastern Time Zone, and shortly thereafter the road begins its descent of the Cumberland Plateau into the Tennessee Valley. I-40 hugs the slopes of the plateau's Walden Ridge escarpment for several miles, containing what some describe as dramatic views of the Tennessee Valley below to the south, before reaching the base of the plateau at mile 347 between Harriman and Rockwood. As it enters the Ridge-and-Valley province of the Appalachians, of which the Tennessee Valley is a part, I-40 crosses a series of ridges and valleys characteristic of the region's topography. At mile 351, the road crosses the Clinch River, with the Kingston Fossil Plant and its 1,000-foot (300 m) twin smokestacks dominating the view to the north.

text: At exit 368, about 20 miles west southwest of downtown Knoxville, I-40 merges with I-75, which continues to the southwest to Chattanooga, and widens to six lanes. The two highways pass through several of the suburbs of Knoxville, and exits are numbered according to I-40 mileage along this stretch. At exit 374 (SR 131/Lovell Road), the highway widens to eight lanes, and at the next exit, has an interchange with the Pellissippi Parkway (SR 162 westbound, Interstate 140 eastbound), which connects to Oak Ridge and Maryville, respectively. At exit 385 is an interchange with the western terminus of Interstate 640, a beltway which passes northwest of downtown Knoxville. Also at this exit, I-75 splits off from I-40 onto a concurrency with I-640, splitting off a few miles later and heading towards Lexington, Kentucky. The route then enters downtown Knoxville, passing near the main campus of the University of Tennessee, as well as several residential neighborhoods, and has interchanges with US 129, I-275, US 441, and SR 158. I-40 is a minimum of six through lanes through the entirety of central Knoxville, containing several short segments of auxiliary lanes between exits. The highway then enters a predominantly residential area, passing next to the Knoxville Zoo, before coming to an interchange with the eastern terminus of I-640 and leaving Knoxville.

text: For approximately the next thirty miles beyond Knoxville, I-40 is six lanes, traveling through a predominately rural and agricultural area and passing near several cities and communities. Exit 407, reportedly one of the busiest and most congested non-interstate exits in the state, is the primary means of access to tourist attractions in the cities of Pigeon Forge, Sevierville, and Gatlinburg, as well as the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. At exit 422 is the beginning of Interstate 81, which runs into Northeast Tennessee to the so called "Tri-Cities" of Bristol, Kingsport, and Johnson City. At this interchange, the route narrows to four lanes and turns sharp south, crossing the Douglas Dam impoundment of the French Broad River, and passing Newport along the northern base of English Mountain for several miles. At mile 440, the road turns south through the gap between English Mountain and Stone Mountain, revealing a dramatic view of the 4,928-foot (1,502 m) Mount Cammerer at the northeastern end of the Great Smokies range, and the road proceeds into the Pigeon River Gorge through the Blue Ridge Mountains, closely following the north bank of the river. This section is extremely curvy and contains a 55 mph speed limit due to its susceptibility to accidents. This stretch is also prone to rockslides, and contains mesh nets along some of the cliff slopes as preventative measures. I-40 enters North Carolina about 4 miles (6.4 km) east of the unincorporated community of Hartford, Tennessee.

text: Music Highway[edit]

text: The term Music Highway refers to a section of I-40 between Memphis and Nashville. I-40 was designated as such by an act of the Tennessee Legislature in 1997 "from the eastern boundary of Davidson County to the Mississippi River in Shelby County," a distance of about 222 miles (357 km). I-40 is designated as such because of the rich music history in Memphis, Nashville, and the areas in between. Memphis is known as "the Home of the Blues and the Birthplace of Rock and Roll." Nashville is known as "Music City USA" for its influence on numerous types of music, especially country. Several cities and towns between the two, such as Jackson, Brownsville, Nutbush, Waverly and others were birthplaces or homes of numerous singers and songwriters. Signs that display the words "Music Highway" along with music notes are erected in both directions along I-40, especially at the borders of Shelby County and Davidson County.[1]

text: History[edit]

text: Construction and early history[edit]

text: The Tennessee leg of I-40 was part of the original 1,047 miles (1,685 km) of Interstate Highways authorized for Tennessee by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956. The first section of Interstate 40, Nonconnah Creek to Hindman Ferry Road in Shelby County (originally I-240), was contracted in 1956, and within a year contracts had been awarded for sections in Davidson, Knox, Roane, Haywood, Madison, Jefferson, and Cocke counties. By 1958, sections in Loudon, Smith, Putnam, Cumberland, Humphreys, Hickman, and Sevier counties had been contracted.[2]

text: I-40 was complete between Memphis and Nashville in 1966,[3] between Nashville and Crossville in late 1967,[4] and between Crossville and Knoxville in late 1968, completing most of the route in Tennessee.[3]

text: The section along the Pigeon River Gorge in Cocke County, as well as into North Carolina, was initially believed by many to be impossible to construct. Construction of this segment was very labrous, requiring thousands of tons of earth and rock to be moved. This was done in the mid to latter 1960s, and construction began on this section in 1968, and was completed in late 1971. The final segment of I-40, located between just east of what is now the eastern terminus of I-640 and exit 415 in Jefferson County was delayed multiple times, primarily due to protests and lawsuits from residents in the area, and extremely heavy traffic that had developed as a result of the tourist attractions in Sevier County. As a result, TDOT was forced to take extensive measures to protect the residential areas nearby, and chose to construct this section with six lanes, making it one of the first rural six lane sections of interstate in the country. The section between I-640 and the Midway Road exit was completed in 1972, and the section between Midway Road and US 25W/US 70 was completed in 1974, completing what is now the entirety of I-40 in Tennessee.

text: In Memphis, I-40 was originally slated to pass through the city's Overton Park, a 342-acre (138 ha) wooded refuge that had become an important stopover for migratory birds. Fearing that the interstate's construction would upset the park's fragile ecological balance, environmentalists, backed by the organization Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, waged a 12-year legal battle to prevent highway construction in the park, culminating in the United States Supreme Court decision, Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe. The Supreme Court remanded the case to the District Court for further review, and it ruled that the highway commission had not adequately explored alternative routes. In 1981, the highway commission abandoned plans to route I-40 through Overton Park, and instead redesignated the northern portion of I-240 as I-40.[5] For over 20 years, I-40 signage existed on the dead-end route toward Overton Park. Several miles of a limited-access road were actually built within the I-240 loop; this portion of highway still exists and is in regular use as Sam Cooper Boulevard, reaching the eastern end of Chickasaw Country Club and the Binghampton neighborhood, and then East Parkway.

text: Later developments and improvements[edit]

text: Since its initial completion, much of I-40 in Tennessee has been reconstructed or widened.

text: Until June 12, 2009,[6] a section of I-40 through downtown Knoxville between James White Parkway and Hall of Fame Drive was completely closed to all traffic for about 18 months for reconstruction. Through traffic was required to use I-640 or to use surface streets. The four-lane section, which was quite substandard, congested, and accident-prone, was widened to six lanes to improve traffic flow and safety. Several interchanges along that stretch were also reconstructed.[7]

text: Geological difficulties[edit]

text: The rugged terrain of East Tennessee presented numerous challenges for I-40 construction crews and engineers. Rockslides, especially along the eastern Cumberland Plateau and in the Pigeon River Gorge, have been a persistent problem since the road's construction.

text: Crab Orchard[edit]

text: In December 1986, a truck driver was killed when his truck skidded across some rocks that had spilled across the road just east of Crab Orchard (between miles 331 and 333). In response, the Tennessee Department of Transportation (TDOT) flattened the cutslopes along this stretch of Interstate and moved the road 60 feet (18 m) away from the problematic cliffside.[8]

text: Twenty rockslides occurred along the Walden Ridge section (miles 341–346) of the eastern plateau in 1968 alone, prompting various remedial measures throughout the 1970s, including the employment of rock buttresses, gabion walls,[clarification needed] and horizontal drains. A minor rockslide shut down the right lane of westbound I-40 at mile 343 on May 6, 2013.[9]

text: Pigeon River Gorge[edit]

text: An area very prone to rockslides is the Pigeon River Gorge, especially in the vicinity of the Tennessee–North Carolina state line. Throughout the 1970s, this stretch of I-40 was repeatedly shut down by rockslides, sometimes for several weeks at a time. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, TDOT dug over 24,000 feet (7,300 m) of horizontal drains, blasted out large volumes of unstable rocks, and installed massive mesh catchment fences.[8] Nevertheless, rockslides in 1985 and 1997 again forced the closure of I-40 in the Pigeon River Gorge for several weeks.[10] Additional stabilization measures were implemented, including the blasting of loose rock, the installation of rock bolts, and the construction of a better drainage system.[11] In spite of these measures, another massive rock slide occurred in the Pigeon River Gorge on October 26, 2009, blocking all lanes just across the border at North Carolina mile 3. The section was closed to traffic in both directions until April 25, 2010.[12] On January 31, 2012, the westbound lanes of I-40 were closed because of a rockslide near the North Carolina border. Traffic was detoured along I-26 and I-81 and reopened a few months later.[13]

text: Sinkholes[edit]

text: Sinkholes are a consistent issue along highways in East Tennessee. One particularly problematic stretch is a section of I-40 between miles 365 and 367 in Loudon County, which is underlain by cavernous rock strata. In the 1970s and 1980s, TDOT employed numerous stabilization measures in this area, including backfilling existing sinkholes with limestone, collapsing potential sinkholes, and paving roadside ditches to prevent surface water from seeping into the volatile soil.[8]

text: Future[edit]

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2016)

tag: table

text: TDOT officially announced the I-40/I-81 Corridor Feasibility Study on July 27, 2007.[14] The intent of this study is to assess deficiencies along I-40 and I-81 in Tennessee and to develop upgrade proposals for the existing corridor.[15] This study was completed in 2008.

text: On January 18, 2008, the Federal Highway Administration authorized the states of Mississippi and Tennessee to extend I-69 from the I-40/SR 300 interchange in north Memphis to the I-55/I-69 interchange in Hernando, Mississippi; however, Tennessee has not yet[update] signed the extension of the route, although Mississippi has already done so.[16]

text: Construction was recently completed on the I-40/I-240 interchange in East Memphis. This reconfiguration was needed since the original configuration was designed as if I-40 were to go through the center of the city along what is now Sam Cooper Boulevard. The first phase of the project replaced a one-lane loop ramp from I-40 westbound to I-240 southbound with a two-lane flyover. Portions of both Interstates were also widened slightly. This phase was completed in 2003. The second phase was stalled due to funding and redesign. It included the installation of the remaining flyover from the north loop of I-40 to I-40 eastbound. It replaced a one-lane ramp with a slow design speed that has been the site of several accidents over the years. Other parts of this phase included the widening of I-40 between Sycamore View Road and Covington Pike (requiring the replacement of the Wolf River Bridge with a 14-lane bridge), widening of I-240, addition of through lanes on Sam Cooper Boulevard, and reconfiguration of the Covington Pike interchange. The project cost $109 million (the highest bid project in TDOT history), began late 2013, and was completed by the late fall of 2016.

text: A fifth interchange is being added along the stretch of interstate around Cookeville, and a road will be built leading to nearby U.S. Route 70N to help ease traffic along SR 56 (exit 280), SR 135 (exit 286), and SR 136 (exit 287). The initial route will be 2 lanes with a modified diamond interchange, with the right-of-way for future expansion.[17]

text: Exit list[edit]

text: This section contains a table that is missing mileposts for one or more junctions. Please help by adding the missing mileposts.

text:
County
Location
mi
km
Exit
Destinations
Notes

Mississippi River
0.00
0.00

 I-40 west
Continuation into Arkansas

Hernando de Soto Bridge

Shelby
Memphis

1
Riverside Drive / Front Street – Downtown Memphis
Western end of Music Highway designation

1A
2nd Street / 3rd Street (SR 3 / SR 14)
Westbound exit and eastbound entrance

1B
 US 51 (Danny Thomas Boulevard, SR 1)
Signed as exits 1C (south) and 1D (north) westbound

1E
 I-240 south / Madison Avenue – Jackson Miss.
Western end of future I-69 overlap; I-240 exit 31

1F
 SR 14 (Jackson Avenue)
Westbound exit and eastbound entrance

2
Chelsea Avenue / Smith Avenue

2A
 To US 51 (SR 3) – Millington
Access via SR 300 west; eastern end of future I-69 overlap

3
Watkins Street

5
Hollywood Street

6
Warford Street

8
 SR 14 (Jackson Avenue / Austin Peay Highway)
Signed as exits 8A (north) and 8B (south) westbound

10
 SR 204 (Covington Pike)

12A
 US 64 / US 70 / US 79 (Summer Avenue, SR 1) / White Station Road
Eastbound exit only; westbound access via exit 12B

10A
 I-240 west – Jackson, Miss.
Westbound exit follows Sam Cooper Blvd. numbering; no exit number eastbound

12B
Sam Cooper Boulevard
Westbound left exit and eastbound left entrance

12
Sycamore View Road – Bartlett

14
Whitten Road

15
Appling Road
Signed as exits 15A (south) and 15B (north) eastbound

16
 SR 177 – Germantown
Signed as exits 16A (south) and 16B (north) westbound

Memphis–Bartlett line

18
 US 64 (SR 15) – Somerville, Bolivar, Bartlett

Lakeland

20
Canada Road – Lakeland

Arlington

24
 SR 385 – Millington, Collierville
Signed as exits 24A (west) and 24B (east); future I-269 exit 19

25
 SR 205 – Arlington, Collierville

Fayette

35
 SR 59 – Covington, Somerville

42
 SR 222 – Stanton, Somerville

Haywood

47
 SR 179 (Stanton-Dancyville Road)

52
 SR 179 / SR 76 – Whiteville

Brownsville

56
 SR 76 – Brownsville, Somerville

60
 SR 19 (Mercer Road)

66
 US 70 (SR 1) – Brownsville, Ripley

Madison

68
 SR 138 (Providence Road)

74
Lower Brownsville Road

Jackson

76
 SR 223 south – McKellar-Sipes Regional Airport

79
 US 412 (SR 20) / Vann Drive – Jackson, Alamo, Dyersburg

80

 US 45 Byp. (SR 186) – Jackson, Humboldt
Signed as exits 80A (south) and 80B (north)

82
 US 45 (SR 5) – Jackson, Milan
Signed as exits 82A (south) and 82B (north)

83
Campbell Street

85
Christmasville Road, Dr. F.E. Wright Drive – Jackson

87
 US 70 (SR 1) / US 412 east (SR 20) – Huntingdon, McKenzie, Jackson

93
 SR 152 (Law Road) – Lexington

Henderson

101
 SR 104

Parkers Crossroads

108
 SR 22 – Parkers Crossroads, Lexington, Huntingdon

Henderson–Carroll
county line

116
 SR 114 – Natchez Trace State Park

Decatur

126
 US 641 / SR 69 – Camden, Paris, Parsons

Benton

133
 SR 191 (Birdsong Road)

Tennessee River

Bridge over the Tennessee River

Humphreys

137
Cuba Landing

143
 SR 13 – Linden, Waverly

Hickman

148
 SR 50 to SR 229 – Centerville

152
 SR 230 – Bucksnort

Dickson

163
 SR 48 – Centerville, Dickson

Dickson

172
 SR 46 – Centerville, Dickson

176
 I-840 east – Franklin
I-840 exit 0; half-clover interchange.

Williamson

182
 SR 96 – Franklin, Fairview, Dickson

Cheatham
Kingston Springs

188
 SR 249 – Kingston Springs, Ashland City

Davidson
Nashville

192
McCrory Lane – Pegram

196
 US 70S (SR 1) – Bellevue, Newsom Station

199
 SR 251 (Old Hickory Boulevard)

201
 US 70 (Charlotte Pike, SR 24)
Signed as exits 201A (east) and 201B (west) eastbound

204
 SR 155 (Briley Parkway, White Bridge Road) / Robertson Avenue
Signed as exits 204A (north) and 204B (south) westbound; SR 155 exit 6

205
51st Avenue, 46th Avenue – West Nashville

206
 I-440 east – Knoxville
Left exit westbound

207
28th Avenue
Westbound exit and eastbound entrance

Jefferson Street
Eastbound exit and westbound entrance

208
 I-65 north to I-24 west – Louisville, Clarksville
Western end of I-65 overlap, south exit 84B; signed as exit 208B eastbound

209
 US 70 (Charlotte Avenue, SR 24)
Eastbound exit and westbound entrance

209A
Church Street, Charlotte Avenue
Signed as exit 209 westbound

 US 70 / US 70S / US 431 (Broadway, SR 1, SR 24) / Demonbreun Street
Signed as exit 209B eastbound

209B
Demonbreun Street
Westbound exit and eastbound entrance

210
 I-65 south – Huntsville
Eastern end of I-65 overlap, north exit 82B; signed as exit 210B westbound

210C
 US 31A south / US 41A south (4th Avenue, SR 11 south) / 2nd Avenue

211B
 I-24 west to I-65 north – Clarksville, Louisville
Western end of I-24 overlap, east exit 50B; formerly the point where I-24, I-40, and I-65 met

212
Hermitage Avenue (US 70, SR 24)
Westbound exit and eastbound entrance

Fesslers Lane
Eastbound exit and westbound entrance

213A
 I-24 east / I-440 west – Chattanooga, Memphis
Eastern end of I-24 overlap, west exit 52B

213
 To US 41 (Murfreesboro Road, US 70S, SR 1) / Spence Lane
Eastbound exit is via 213A

215
 SR 155 (Briley Parkway)
Signed as exits 215A (south) and 215B (north); SR 155 south exit 27; north no number signed

216A
 Nashville International Airport
Eastbound exit and westbound entrance

216B
 SR 255 south (Donelson Pike) – Nashville International Airport, Air Freight

216C
 SR 255 north (Donelson Pike)

219
Stewarts Ferry Pike – J. Percy Priest Dam

221A
 SR 45 north (Old Hickory Boulevard) – The Hermitage
Eastern end of Music Highway designation

221B
Old Hickory Boulevard

Wilson
Mount Juliet

226
 SR 171 – Mount Juliet
Belinda Parkway, Providence Way
Signed as exits 226A (south), 226B (north) eastbound; eastbound exit only to Belinda Parkway / Providence Way (signed as 226C)

229
Beckwith Road
Signed as exits 229A (south) and 229B (north) eastbound

Lebanon

232
 SR 109 – Gallatin
Signed as exits 232A (south) and 232B (north) eastbound

235
 I-840 west – Murfreesboro
I-840 exit 76; trumpet interchange.

236
South Hartmann Drive

238
 US 231 (SR 10) – Lebanon, Hartsville

239
 US 70 (SR 26) – Watertown, Lebanon
Signed as exits 239A (east) and 239B (west) eastbound

245
Linwood Road

Smith

254
 SR 141 – Alexandria

Gordonsville

258
 SR 53 – Carthage, Gordonsville

Putnam

268
 SR 96 (Buffalo Valley Road) – Center Hill Dam

273
 SR 56 south / SR 141 west – Smithville, McMinnville
Western end of SR 56 overlap

276
Old Baxter Road

Baxter

280
 SR 56 north – Baxter, Gainesboro
Eastern end of SR 56 overlap

Cookeville

Mine Lick Creek Road
Future interchange[17]

286
 SR 135 (South Willow Avenue) – Cookeville

287
 SR 136 – Cookeville, Sparta

288
 SR 111 – Livingston, Sparta

290
 US 70N – Cookeville

Monterey

300
 US 70N (SR 24) / SR 84 – Monterey, Livingston

301
 US 70N (SR 24) / SR 84 – Monterey, Jamestown, Livingston

Cumberland

311
Plateau Road

Crossville

317
 US 127 (SR 28) – Crossville, Jamestown

320
 SR 298 (Genesis Road) – Crossville

322
 SR 101 (Peavine Road) – Crossville, Fairfield Glade

Crab Orchard

329
 To US 70 (SR 1) – Crab Orchard

338
 SR 299 south (Westel Road) – Rockwood
Western end of SR 299 overlap

Roane

340
 SR 299 north (Airport Road)
Eastern end of SR 299 overlap

Harriman

347
 US 27 (South Roane Street) – Harriman, Rockwood

350
 SR 29 – Harriman, Midtown

Clinch River

Bridge over the Clinch River

Kingston

352
 SR 58 south – Kingston
Western end of SR 58 overlap

355
Lawnville Road

356
 SR 58 north (Gallaher Road) – Oak Ridge
Eastern end of SR 58 overlap; signed as exits 356A (north) and 356B (south) westbound

360
Buttermilk Road

362
Industrial Park Road – Roane Regional Business and Technology Park
Opened in 2008.[18]

Loudon
Lenoir City

364
 US 321 (SR 73) / SR 95 – Lenoir City, Oak Ridge

368
 I-75 south – Chattanooga
Western end of I-75 overlap

Knox

369
Watt Road

Farragut

373
Campbell Station Road – Farragut

Knoxville

374
 SR 131 (Lovell Road)

376
 I-140 east / SR 162 north – Oak Ridge, Maryville
Signed as exits 376A (north) and 376B (east); I-140 west exits 1C-D

378
Cedar Bluff Road
Signed as exits 378A (south) and 378B (north) westbound

379
Bridgewater Road, Walker Springs Road

379A
Gallaher View Road
Eastbound access is via exit 379

380
 US 11 (SR 1) / US 70 – West Hills

383
 SR 332 (Northshore Drive) / Papermill Drive, Weisgarber Road
Westbound slip ramp has entrances and exits to/from Papermill Drive and Weisgarber Road

385
 I-75 north / I-640 east – Lexington
Eastern end of I-75 overlap

386A
University Avenue, Middlebrook Pike (SR 169)
Westbound exit is part of exit 386B

386B
 US 129 (Alcoa Highway, SR 115) – Alcoa, Maryville, McGhee Tyson Airport, Great Smoky Mountains National Park

387
 SR 62 (Western Avenue) / 17th Street

387A
 I-275 north – Lexington
I-275 exit 0

388
 US 441 south (Henley Street, SR 33 south) – Downtown Knoxville
No westbound exit, US 441 exit 0

388A
 SR 158 west to US 441 south (SR 33 south) / James White Parkway – Downtown Knoxville, University of Tennessee
Western end of SR 158 overlap (unsigned)

389
 To US 441 north (Hall of Fame Drive, SR 158 east to SR 33 north) / Broadway
Eastern end of SR 158 overlap (unsigned)

390
Cherry Street

392
 US 11W (Rutledge Pike, SR 1) / Knoxville Zoo Drive
Signed as exits 392A (south) and 392B (north)

393
 I-640 west / US 25W north (SR 9 north) to I-75 north – Lexington
Western end of US 25W/SR 9 overlap

394
 US 11E / US 25W south / US 70 (Asheville Highway, SR 9 south, SR 168)
Eastern end of US 25W/SR 9 overlap

Holston River

Bridge over the Holston River

Knoxville

398
Strawberry Plains Pike – Strawberry Plains

402
Midway Road – Seven Islands State Birding Park

Sevier
Sevierville

407
 SR 66 south – Gatlinburg, Sevierville, Pigeon Forge
Western end of SR 66 overlap

Jefferson

412
Deep Springs Road – Douglas Dam

415
 US 25W (SR 9, SR 66 north) / US 70 – Dandridge
Eastern end of SR 66 overlap

Dandridge

417
 SR 92 – Dandridge, Jefferson City

421
 I-81 north – Bristol
I-81 exit 1

424
 SR 113 – Dandridge, White Pine

French Broad River

Bridge over the French Broad River

Cocke
Newport

432A
 US 411 south / US 25W north / US 70 west / SR 9 north – Sevierville

432B
 US 25W south (SR 9 south) / US 70 east – Newport

435
 US 321 / SR 32 – Newport, Gatlinburg

440
 SR 73 to US 321 (Wilton Springs Road) – Gatlinburg, Cosby

443
Foothills Parkway – Gatlinburg, Cosby, Great Smoky Mountains National Park

447
Hartford Road – Hartford

451
Waterville Road

 I-40 east – Asheville
Continuation into North Carolina

1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

      Concurrency terminus
      Incomplete access
      Unopened

text: Auxiliary routes[edit]

text:
I-140 spur off I-40/I-75 to Alcoa
 I-240 Memphis Inner Beltway; future overlap with I-69
 I-440 inner bypass around Nashville
 I-640 bypass around Knoxville
 I-840 outer bypass around Nashville. Replaced SR 840

tag: ul


question_text: keeper with the highest clean sheet in epl

text: Players[edit]

text:
List of Premier League goalkeepers with 100 or more clean sheets

Rank
Player
Apps
Clean
sheets
Average
Club(s)
Ref.

1
 Čech, PetrPetr Čech
413
194
0.47
Chelsea (162), Arsenal (32)
[3][4][1]

2
 James, DavidDavid James
572
169
0.30
Liverpool (72), Aston Villa (21), West Ham United (18), Manchester City (19), Portsmouth (39)
[5]

3
 Schwarzer, MarkMark Schwarzer
514
152
0.30
Middlesbrough (93), Fulham (56), Chelsea (2), Leicester City (1)
[6]

4
 Seaman, DavidDavid Seaman
344
142
0.41
Arsenal (138), Manchester City (4)
[7]

5
 Martyn, NigelNigel Martyn
372
138
0.37
Crystal Palace (25), Leeds United (82), Everton (31)
[8]

6
 Reina, PepePepe Reina
285
134
0.47
Liverpool (134)
[9]

=
 van der Sar, EdwinEdwin van der Sar
313
134
0.43
Fulham (42), Manchester United (92)
[10]

8
 Howard, TimTim Howard
399
132
0.33
Manchester United (16), Everton (116)
[11][12]

=
 Friedel, BradBrad Friedel
450
132
0.29
Liverpool (6), Blackburn Rovers (77), Aston Villa (35), Tottenham Hotspur (14)
[13]

10
 Schmeichel, PeterPeter Schmeichel
310
129
0.42
Manchester United (113), Aston Villa (7), Manchester City (9)
[14]

11
 Hart, JoeJoe Hart
313
122
0.39
Manchester City (109), Birmingham City (10), West Ham United (3)
[15]

12
 Given, ShayShay Given
451
116
0.26
Blackburn Rovers (1), Newcastle United (91), Manchester City (15), Aston Villa (9)
[16]

13
 Sørensen, ThomasThomas Sørensen
364
109
0.30
Sunderland (36), Aston Villa (46), Stoke City (27)
[17]

=
 Jääskeläinen, JussiJussi Jääskeläinen
436
109
0.25
Bolton Wanderers (89), West Ham United (20)
[18]

(Bold denotes goalkeeper currently playing in Premier League)
(Italics denote goalkeeper currently playing outside the Premier League)
Statistics correct as of 5 November 2017.

text: Milestones[edit]

text:
Milestone
Player
Match
Date

1st clean sheet
 Tim Flowers
Southampton 0–0 Tottenham Hotspur
15 August 1992

 Erik Thorstvedt
Southampton 0–0 Tottenham Hotspur
15 August 1992

50th clean sheet
 Peter Schmeichel
Manchester United 3–0 Arsenal
22 March 1995

100th clean sheet
 Peter Schmeichel
Crystal Palace 0–3 Manchester United
27 April 1998

150th clean sheet
 David James
Portsmouth 0–0 Everton
1 December 2007

text: Consecutives[edit]

text:
Games
Player
Club
Dates
Season(s)

14
 Edwin van der Sar
Manchester United
22 November 2008 – 18 February 2009
2008–09

10
 Petr Čech
Chelsea
18 December 2004 – 15 March 2005
2004–05

8
 Pepe Reina
Liverpool
29 October 2005 – 28 December 2005
2005–06

8
 Petr Čech
Chelsea
31 January 2007 – 7 April 2007
2006–07

7
 Neville Southall
Everton
1 November 1994 – 17 December 1994
1994–95

7
 Peter Schmeichel
Manchester United
8 May 1997 – 30 August 1998
1996–97 and 1997–98

7
 Paul Jones
Southampton
13 January 2001 – 17 March 2001
2000–01

6
 Alex Manninger
Arsenal
31 January 1998 – 14 March 1998
1997–98

6
 Petr Čech
Chelsea
30 April 2005 – 17 September 2005
2004–05 and 2005–06

6
 David de Gea
Manchester United
2 February 2013 – 30 March 2013
2012–13

6
 Joe Hart
Manchester City
24 May 2015 – 19 September 2015
2014–15 and 2015–16

6
 Fraser Forster
Southampton
13 January 2016 – 13 February 2016
2015–16

6
 Thibaut Courtois
Chelsea
1 October 2016 – 26 November 2016
2016–17


document_title: List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom by tenure

question_text: who was the longest serving prime minister of britain

text:
20 years and 314 days
Robert Walpole (1721–1742)

18 years and 343 days
William Pitt the Younger (1783–1801 and 1804–1806)

14 years and 305 days
Lord Liverpool (1812–1827)

211 days
Bonar Law (1922–1923)

130 days
Lord Goderich (1827–1828)

119 days
George Canning (1827)

text: This article lists each Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in order of term length. This is based on the difference between dates; if counted by number of calendar days all the figures would be one greater.

text: Of the 54 Prime Ministers, 9 served more than 10 years while 7 served less than 1 year.

text: Robert Walpole is the only person to have served as Prime Minister for more than two decades. George Canning served for less than four months before his death.

text: Ordered by tenure[edit]

text:
Rank
Prime Minister
Length by time served
Premierships
Party
Start year

1
Walpole !Sir Robert Walpole
20 years, 314 days
1
Whig
1721

2
Pitt !William Pitt the Younger
18 years, 343 days
2
Tory (Pittite)
1783

3
Liverpool !The Earl of Liverpool
14 years, 305 days
1
Tory (Pittite)
1812

4
Salisbury !The Marquess of Salisbury
13 years, 252 days
3
Conservative
1885

5
Gladstone !William Ewart Gladstone
12 years, 126 days
4
Liberal
1868

6
North !Lord North
12 years, 58 days
1
Tory (Northite)
1770

7
Thatcher !Margaret Thatcher
11 years, 209 days
1
Conservative
1979

8
Pelham !Henry Pelham
10 years, 191 days
1
Whig
1743

9
Blair !Tony Blair
10 years, 56 days
1
Labour
1997

10
Palmerston !The Viscount Palmerston
9 years, 141 days
2
Whig / Liberal
1855

11
Asquith !H. H. Asquith
8 years, 244 days
1
Liberal
1908

12
Churchill !Sir Winston Churchill
8 years, 239 days
2
Conservative
1940

13
Wilson !Harold Wilson
7 years, 279 days
2
Labour
1964

14
Newcastle !The Duke of Newcastle
7 years, 205 days
2
Whig
1754

15
Baldwin !Stanley Baldwin
7 years, 82 days
3
Conservative
1923

16
Disraeli !Benjamin Disraeli
6 years, 339 days
2
Conservative
1868

17
Macdonald !Ramsay MacDonald
6 years, 289 days
3
Labour / National Labour
1924

18
Macmillan !Harold Macmillan
6 years, 281 days
1
Conservative
1957

19
Melbourne !The Viscount Melbourne
6 years, 255 days
2
Whig
1834

20
Major !John Major
6 years, 154 days
1
Conservative
1990

21
Attlee !Clement Attlee
6 years, 92 days
1
Labour
1945

22
Cameron !David Cameron
6 years, 63 days
1
Conservative
2010

23
Russell !Lord John Russell
6 years, 11 days
2
Whig / Liberal
1864

24
George !David Lloyd George
5 years, 317 days
1
Liberal
1916

25
Peel !Sir Robert Peel
5 years, 57 days
2
Conservative
1834

26
Derby !The Earl of Derby
3 years, 280 days
3
Conservative
1852

27
Heath !Edward Heath
3 years, 259 days
1
Conservative
1970

28
Grey !The Earl Grey
3 years, 229 days
1
Whig
1830

29
Balfour !Arthur Balfour
3 years, 145 days
1
Conservative
1902

30
Portland !The Duke of Portland
3 years, 82 days
2
Whig / Tory (Pittite)
1783

31
Addington !Henry Addington
3 years, 54 days
1
Tory (Pittite)
1801

32
Callaghan !James Callaghan
3 years, 29 days
1
Labour
1976

33
Chamberlain !Neville Chamberlain
2 years, 348 days
1
Conservative
1937

34
Wellington !The Duke of Wellington
2 years, 320 days
2
Tory
1828

35
Brown !Gordon Brown
2 years, 319 days
1
Labour
2007

36
Perceval !Spencer Perceval
2 years, 221 days
1
Tory (Pittite)
1809

37
Bannerman !Henry Campbell-Bannerman
2 years, 122 days
1
Liberal
1905

38
Grenville, George !George Grenville
2 years, 85 days
1
Whig (Grenvillite)
1763

39
Chatham !The Earl of Chatham
2 years, 76 days
1
Whig (Chathamite)
1766

40
Aberdeen !The Earl of Aberdeen
2 years, 42 days
1
Peelite
1852

41
Eden !Sir Anthony Eden
1 year, 279 days
1
Conservative
1955

42
May !Theresa May
7002596000000000000♠1 year, 231 days (Incumbent)
1
Conservative
2016

43
Wilmington !The Earl of Wilmington
1 year, 119 days
1
Whig
1742

44
Rockingham !The Marquess of Rockingham
1 year, 113 days
2
Whig (Rockinghamite)
1765

45
Rosebery !The Earl of Rosebery
1 year, 109 days
1
Liberal
1894

46
Grafton !The Duke of Grafton
1 year, 106 days
1
Whig (Chathamite)
1768

47
Grenville, William !The Lord Grenville
1 year, 42 days
1
Whig
1806

48
Home !Sir Alec Douglas-Home
362 days
1
Conservative (Scot. Unionist)
1963

49
Bute !The Earl of Bute
317 days
1
Tory
1762

50
Shelburne !The Earl of Shelburne
266 days
1
Whig (Chathamite)
1782

51
Devonshire !The Duke of Devonshire
225 days
1
Whig
1756

52
Law !Bonar Law
211 days
1
Conservative (Scot. Unionist)
1922

53
Goderich !The Viscount Goderich
130 days
1
Tory (Canningite)
1827

54
Canning !George Canning
119 days
1
Tory (Canningite)
1827


document_title: Daylight saving time in the United States

question_text: when did arizona stop doing daylight savings time

text: History of DST in the United States[edit]

text: Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. His essay, “An Economical Project for Diminishing the Cost of Light”, written to the editor of The Journal of Paris, observed that Parisians could save on candles by getting out of bed earlier in the morning, making use of the natural morning light instead. Franklin's suggestion seems to have been more of a joke than a real proposal, and nothing came of it.[3]

text: 1916–1966: Early, inconsistent use[edit]

text: During World War I, in an effort to conserve fuel, Germany began observing DST on May 1, 1916. The rest of Europe soon followed. The plan was not adopted in the United States until the Standard Time Act of March 19, 1918, which confirmed the existing standard time zone system and set summer DST to begin on March 31, 1918 (reverting October 27).[4] The idea was unpopular and Congress abolished DST after the war, overriding President Woodrow Wilson's veto.[5] DST became a local option and was observed in some states until World War II, when President Franklin Roosevelt instituted year-round DST, called "War Time", on February 9, 1942.[6] It lasted until the last Sunday (the 30th) in September 1945. After 1945 many states and cities east of the Mississippi River (and mostly north of the Ohio and Potomac rivers) adopted summer DST.[7]

text: From 1945 to 1966 there was no federal law on daylight saving time, so localities could choose when it began and ended or drop it entirely. As of 1954, only California and Nevada had statewide DST west of the Mississippi, and only a few cities between Nevada and St. Louis. In the 1964 Official Railway Guide, 21 of the 48 contiguous states had no DST anywhere.

text: 1966–1972: Federal standard established[edit]

text: By 1962, the transportation industry found the lack of consistency confusing enough to push for federal regulation. The result was the Uniform Time Act of 1966 (P.L. 89-387). Beginning in 1967, the act mandated standard time within the established time zones and provided for advanced time: clocks would be advanced one hour beginning at 2:00 a.m. on the last Sunday in April and turned back one hour at 2:00 a.m. on the last Sunday in October. States were allowed to exempt themselves from DST as long as the entire state did so. If a state chose to observe DST, the time changes were required to begin and end on the established dates. In 1967, Arizona and Michigan became the first states to exempt themselves from DST (Michigan would begin observing DST in 1972). In 1972, the act was amended (P.L. 92-267), allowing those states split between time zones to exempt either the entire state or that part of the state lying within a different time zone. The newly created Department of Transportation (DOT) was given power to enforce the law. As of 2014, the following states and territories are not observing DST: Arizona, Hawaii, American Samoa, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.[7]

text: 1973–1975: Year-round experiment[edit]

text: During the 1973 oil embargo by the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC), in an effort to conserve fuel, Congress enacted a trial period of year-round DST (P.L. 93-182), beginning January 6, 1974, and ending April 27, 1975.[8] The trial was hotly debated. Those in favor pointed to increased daylight hours in the summer evening: more time for recreation, reduced lighting and heating demands, reduced crime, and reduced automobile accidents. The opposition was concerned about children leaving for school in the dark. The act was amended in October 1974 (P.L. 93-434) to return to standard time for the period beginning October 27, 1974, and ending February 23, 1975, when DST resumed. When the trial ended in 1975, the country returned to observing summer DST (with the aforementioned exceptions).[7]

text: 1975–1986: Extension of daylight saving time[edit]

text: The DOT, evaluating the plan of extending DST into March, reported in 1975 that "modest overall benefits might be realized by a shift from the historic six-month DST (May through October) in areas of energy conservation, overall traffic safety and reduced violent crime." However, DOT also reported that these benefits were minimal and difficult to distinguish from seasonal variations and fluctuations in energy prices.[7]

text: Congress then asked the National Bureau of Standards (NBS, today NIST) to evaluate the DOT report. Its report, "Review and Technical Evaluation of the DOT Daylight Saving Time Study" (April 1976), found no significant energy savings or differences in traffic fatalities.[9] It did find statistically significant evidence of increased fatalities among school-age children in the mornings during the four-month period January–April 1974 as compared with the same period (non-DST) of 1973. NBS stated that it was impossible to determine, what, if any, of this increase was due to DST. When this data was compared between 1973 and 1974 for the months of March and April, no significant difference was found in fatalities among school-age children in the mornings.[7]

text: In 1986 Congress enacted P.L. 99-359, amending the Uniform Time Act by changing the beginning of DST to the first Sunday in April and having the end remain the last Sunday in October.[7] These start and end dates were in effect from 1987 to 2006. The time was adjusted at 2:00 a.m. local time.

text: 2005–2009: Second extension[edit]

text: By the Energy Policy Act of 2005, daylight saving time (DST) was extended in the United States beginning in 2007.[10] As from that year, DST begins on the second Sunday of March and ends on the first Sunday of November. In years when April 1 falls on Monday through Wednesday, these changes result in a DST period that is five weeks longer; in all other years the DST period is instead four weeks longer.[11] In 2008 daylight saving time ended at 2:00 a.m. DST (0200) (1:00 a.m. ST) on Sunday, November 2, and in 2009 it began at 2:00 a.m. (3:00 a.m. DST) on Sunday, March 8.[12]

text: Under Section 110 of the Act, the U.S. Department of Energy was required to study the impact of the 2007 DST extension no later than nine months after the change took effect. The report, released in October 2008, reported a nationwide electricity savings of 0.03% for the year of 2007.[13]

text: An October 2008 study conducted by the University of California at Santa Barbara for the National Bureau of Economic Research found that the 2006 DST adoption in Indiana increased energy consumption in Indiana by an average of 1%. Although consumption for lighting dropped as a result of the DST adoption, consumption for heating and cooling increased by 2% to 4%. The cost to the average Indiana household of the DST adoption was determined to be $3.29 per year, for an aggregate cost of $1.7 million to $5.5 million per year.[14]

text: The United States Chamber of Commerce has praised the extension of daylight's saving under the 2005 law, which increased the amount of shopping and commerce from after work in evenings. In the golf industry, the group has noted exceptional increase in revenue of "$200 million in additional sales of golf clubs and greens fees".[15] The extension of Daylight's Saving has also had a notable impact on Halloween and candy sales.[16] Wyoming Senator Michael Enzi and Michigan Representative Fred Upton advocated the extension from October into November especially to allow children to go trick-or-treating in more daylight.[17] In some areas, the extension of daylight saving time in March and November has pushed back sunrise to as late as 8:30 am.[16]

text: Procedure for modifications[edit]

text: Changing an area's time zone[edit]

text: Under the Standard Time Act of 1918, as amended by the Uniform Time Act of 1966, moving a state or an area within a state from one time zone to another requires a regulation issued by DOT. The governor or state legislature may initiate a request for the state or any part of the state; the highest elected officials in the county may make a request for that county. The standard in the statute for such decisions is the convenience of commerce in that area. The convenience of commerce is defined broadly to consider such circumstances as the shipment of goods within the community; the origin of television and radio broadcasts; the areas where most residents work, attend school, worship, or receive health care; the location of airports, railway, and bus stations; and the major elements of the community's economy.[7]

text: After receiving a request for altering a time zone, DOT determines whether it meets the requirement of minimum statutory criteria before issuing a notice of proposed rulemaking, soliciting public comment and scheduling a public hearing. Usually the hearing is held in the area requesting the change so that all affected parties can be represented. After the close of the comment period, the comments are reviewed and appropriate final action taken. If the Secretary agrees that the statutory requirement has been met, the change is instituted, usually at the next changeover to or from DST.[7]

text: Moving an area on or off DST[edit]

text: Under the Uniform Time Act, moving an area on or off DST is accomplished through legal action at the state level. Some states require legislation while others require executive action such as a governor's executive order. Information on procedures required in a specific state may be obtained from that state's legislature or governor's office. Although it may exempt itself, if a state decides to observe DST, the dates of observance must comply with federal legislation.[7]

text: Local DST observance[edit]

text: Alaska[edit]

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2017)

text: Alaska observes DST. Due to its high latitude, Alaska has nearly round-the-clock daylight during summer, and DST is seen by some Alaskans as unnecessary and a nuisance. Another issue is that the Alaskan mainland's single time zone, which approximates solar time in the capital, Juneau, leads to a large disparity between civil time and solar time for much of the state, with solar noon occurring as late as 2:10 p.m. in the population centers of Anchorage and Fairbanks, and as late as 3:23 p.m. in places such as Nome. In Fairbanks, for example, sunset occurs well after civil midnight in the summer. Others argue that ending daylight saving time will place Alaska as much as five hours from Eastern Daylight Time, making coordination of travel and phone conversations more difficult.

text: In March 2015 the Alaska Senate passed a bill, introduced by state senator Anna MacKinnon, to end daylight saving time. The Alaska House formed a sub-committee that was due to look into the issue during the 2016 legislative session.[18]

text: Arizona[edit]

text: Arizona observed DST in 1967 under the Uniform Time Act because the state legislature did not enact an exemption statute that year. In March 1968 the DST exemption statute was enacted and the state of Arizona has not observed DST since 1967. This is in large part due to an effort to conserve energy. Phoenix and Tucson are among the hottest U.S. metropolitan areas during the summer, resulting in more power usage from air conditioning units and evaporative coolers in homes and businesses. An extra hour of sunlight while people are active would cause people to run their cooling systems longer, thereby using more energy.[19]

text: Reservations in Arizona[edit]

text: The Navajo Indian Reservation extends into Utah and New Mexico and does observe daylight saving time.[20] The Hopi Reservation is entirely within the state of Arizona and is an enclave within the Navajo Indian Reservation, but does not observe DST.[21]

text: California[edit]

text: California voters passed Proposition 12[22] in 1949, approving DST in the state.[23] In February 2017, California Assembly member Kansen Chu introduced A.B. 807,[24] proposing to enable the legislature to eliminate DST in the state, or, if federal law allows, to adopt DST for the entire year.[25] However, Chu later shelved his bill in September 2017.[26]

text: Florida[edit]

text: Daylight saving time is less useful in Florida compared to other states because its southern location leads to less variations in day length between winter and summer. Without DST, Miami, for instance, would experience similar sunrise and sunset times throughout the year to cities including Honolulu or Hong Kong, which have both abandoned DST for decades. There is opposition to DST in Florida.[27] State senator Bill Posey introduced a bill in March 2008 to abolish daylight time in the state and keep Florida on year-round standard time.[28] Because Florida straddles two time zones, the Florida legislature has the option of returning all or part of the state to standard time along time zone boundaries (i.e. placing the portion of the state in the Eastern time zone on standard time, while leaving the portion in the Central time zone on DST, so that the whole state had a common time). There are currently no states that keep daylight saving time year round.

text: On March 6, 2018, the Florida Senate approved the “Sunshine Protection Act” which would put Florida on permanent Daylight Saving Time year round, and Governor Rick Scott signed it March 23. Congress would need to amend the existing 1966 federal law to allow the change.[15][29]

text: Hawaii[edit]

text: Hawaii has never observed daylight saving time under the Uniform Time Act, having opted out of the Act's provisions in 1967.[30]

text: Because of Hawaii's tropical latitude, there is not a large variation in daylight length between winter and summer. Advancing the clock in Hawaii would make sunrise times close to 7:00 a.m. even in June.[31] Most of the inhabited islands are located close to the west end of the Hawaii-Aleutian time zone, but Oahu, Kauai, and Niihau are located more than 7 degrees west of the Hawaii-Aleutian time zone's meridian and should, theoretically, be located in the next time zone to the west. (Until about 1946 Hawaiian standard time was based on longitude 157.5 degrees west rather than 150 degrees.)

text: On April 26, 1933, the Territorial Legislature enacted a bill placing Hawaii on daylight saving time from the last Sunday in April (April 30 in that year) to the last Sunday in September, but the law was repealed three weeks later on May 21, 1933.[32] During World War II between February 9, 1942 and September 30, 1945, Hawaiian Standard Time was advanced one hour to so-called "Hawaiian War Time," effectively placing the territory on year-round daylight saving time.[33]

text: Indiana[edit]

text: From 1970 until 2006, most of Indiana in the Eastern Time Zone did not observe daylight saving time, but the entire state started to do so in April 2006 after eight counties in western Indiana were shifted from the Central Time Zone to the Eastern Time Zone.[34] One goal for observing DST was to get more Indiana counties observing the same time zone; formerly, 77 counties observed EST, 5 observed EST/EDT (the EDT usage being unofficial only), and 10 observed CST/CDT. As of 2016[update], Indiana has 12 counties observing Central Daylight Time while the remaining 80 counties observe Eastern Daylight Time. Those counties observing CST are in two groups: one near or in the Chicago metropolitan area, and the other around Evansville in the southwest corner of the state.

text: Michigan[edit]

text: In 1967, the Michigan Legislature adopted a statute, Act 6 of the Public Acts of 1967, exempting the state from the observance of DST. The exemption statute was suspended on June 14, 1967, however, when the referendum was invoked. From June 14, 1967 until the last Sunday in October 1967, Michigan observed DST, and did so in 1968 as well. The exemption statute was submitted to the voters at the General Election held in November 1968, and, in a close vote, the exemption statute was sustained. As a result, Michigan did not observe DST in 1969, 1970, 1971, or 1972. (Radio station CKLW in Windsor, Ontario, just across the river from Detroit, was popular on both sides of the border and would often give both times on the air, e.g. "It's 4:30 in Detroit and 5:30 in Windsor!") In November 1972, an initiative measure, repealing the exemption statute, was approved by the voters. Michigan again observed DST in 1973, and has continued to do so since then.

text: The vast majority of Michigan is in the Eastern Time Zone. Only the Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin (Gogebic, Iron, Dickinson, and Menominee) are in the Central Time Zone.

text: Nevada[edit]

text: In 2015, the Nevada Senate passed Nevada Assembly Joint Resolution 4[35], which urged Congress to enact legislation allowing individual states to establish daylight saving time as the standard time in their respective states throughout the calendar year. This would mean that Nevada is on the same time as Arizona all year, but would be an hour ahead of California in the winter.[36] The United States Congress has not yet enacted any enabling legislation in this regard.

text: Washington[edit]

text: In 2015, Rep. Elizabeth Scott (R-Monroe) filed a House bill to end DST in Washington, and a companion bill was filed in the Senate.[37] She told a House committee that the semiannual time switches are not only inconvenient but lead to health problems and accidents due to lost sleep.[38] She added that the bill to drop daylight saving time would reduce heart attacks, car wrecks, and work accidents found to increase with the sleep-schedule disruptions.[37] A different Senate Bill would petition the federal government for year-round DST.[37] The bills were defeated.[39]

text: Other U.S. locations[edit]

text: All U.S. insular territories with civilian government (American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands) lie in the tropics and do not observe DST.

text: While neighboring Samoa began observing DST in September 2010, the smaller American Samoa cannot legally follow because of the DST observation period mandated by the Uniform Time Act. This period is actually wintertime in this Southern Hemisphere territory.

text: Time zones[edit]

text: Many computer operating systems (such as Microsoft Windows, Linux, UNIX, and macOS) and programming languages (such as Java, perl, and most shell languages) allow a local time zone setting in the format of (standard time zone abbreviation)(UTC hour difference)(daylight saving time zone abbreviation). This allows programs and programming languages that must do calculations based on local time to more easily calculate differences between local time and UTC, as well as knowing whether calculations should be changed during daylight saving time. For example, a time zone setting of EST5EDT indicates that local time on the computer is 5 hours behind UTC and should be adjusted for daylight saving time.

text:
Time Zone
Standard Time
Daylight Saving Time
TZ

Atlantic Time Zone
AST (UTC-4)
ADT (UTC-3)
AST4ADT

Eastern Time Zone
EST (UTC-5)
EDT (UTC-4)
EST5EDT

Central Time Zone
CST (UTC-6)
CDT (UTC-5)
CST6CDT

Mountain Time Zone
MST (UTC-7)
MDT (UTC-6)
MST7MDT

Pacific Time Zone
PST (UTC-8)
PDT (UTC-7)
PST8PDT

Alaska Time Zone
AKST (UTC-9)
AKDT (UTC-8)
AKST9AKDT

Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone
HAST (UTC-10)
HADT (UTC-9)
Aleutian Islands only
HAST10HADT