document_title: Love It or List It

question_text: who wins more in love it or list it

question_tokens: who wins more in love it or list it

text: Love It or List It

text: Format[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Every episode of Love It or List It follows the same formula. A couple (usually, but not in all cases) presents their living situation in the current house that they own. In most episodes, the couple is split on whether or not they want to stay in the house.

text: Interior designer Hilary Farr and real estate agent David Visentin tour the couple's home before meeting with them. The tour usually consists of David finding mostly negative things to say about the residence while Hilary is convinced that she can work magic with whatever plans she is given.

text: At the meetup between the couple and the hosts of the show, both Hilary and David are briefed as to what the couple's desires are. Hilary is given a list of renovations the couple wants for the current house and her budget for the entire project. David, meanwhile, is tasked with searching for a new home for the couple that both meets their needs and stays within their desired budget.

text: Common challenges faced by Hilary are an inadequate budget to complete the entire request list from the homeowners, often due to discovery of unforeseen issues with the house that are uncovered during the renovation such as lack of compliance with modern building codes. Common issues for David, meanwhile, depend on the homeowners' desires; for instance, the couple has children enrolled in the neighborhood school and they do not desire to change, or the potential house is too distant from family members or a workplace.

text: After Hilary's renovation is complete, the homeowners are given a tour of their current home to see what she was able to accomplish. After the tour, David meets with them and hands them an evaluation of the home's current market value following the renovations. He will then remind the couple what they could have in one of the new homes they looked at and that they would not get that in their current home.

text: After a moment to deliberate, Hilary and David pose a question to the homeowners. They must choose to either Love It, meaning that they will continue to live in their current home with the renovations, or to List It, meaning that they will buy one of the homes David showed them and sell their current home. After they reveal their decision, the homeowners explain their reasoning to Hilary and David (who, if they decided to Love It, reacts with incredulity) before bidding them farewell.

text: Host and crew[edit]

text: Hosts

text:
Hilary Farr – Hilary Farr is a home designer from Toronto, Ontario. She has lived in Australia, England, California, and New York City. Farr honed her skills on properties in Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, New York and Toronto. When she first moved back to Toronto, she became the first designer to "stage" properties for sale. She continues to build and design homes in the downtown core where she herself owns properties.[3]
David Visentin – David Visentin is a real estate agent in Southern Ontario with Country Living Realty Limited. He has been practicing since 1987.[4]

text: Assistant Designer

text: Desta Ostapyk (Canadian episodes) – Desta is a Toronto-based designer who graduated in 2004 from the Toronto International Academy of Design and Technology in Interior Design, and has since focused on a career in the Television Industry. She first started working with Big Coat Productions during her last semester of school as an intern for HGTV's hit series My Parents House. She soon became the Design Stylist for the show.[5]

text: Contractors

text:
Eric Eremita (North Carolina episodes) – General contractor and designer Eric Eremita was selected to be the one and only general contractor on HGTV's "Love It or List It" U.S. version, after HGTV network took notice of him when he competed in its "Brother vs. Brother" reality show.
Eddie Richardson (Canadian episodes) – Eddie Richardson was a contractor on Love It or List It who started his own family business. Richardson has also been a pro-beach volleyball player and professional bass fisherman.
Fergus McLaren (Canadian episodes) – Fergus McLaren started up his own construction company, R-Mac Solutions, 10 years ago.

text: Behind the Scenes

text:
Architect: Simon West
Senior Production Coordinator: Linda Johnstone
Construction Coordinator: David Violante
Construction Assistants: Chris Blinn, Adam Dalgarno, Ahren Mrowietz, Dale George
Design Coordinator: Kaaveh Shoman

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Start date
End date
Episodes
Hilary wins
David wins

1
September 8, 2008
January 5, 2009
12
9
3

2
April 6, 2009
December 7, 2009
18
10
8

3
May 3, 2010
November 8, 2010
21
9
12

4
March 14, 2011
November 11, 2011
19
12
7

5
February 20, 2012
November 19, 2012
18
10
8

6
January 19, 2013
July 1, 2013
14
8
6

7
January 8, 2014
April 9, 2014
14
11
3

8
September 8, 2014
January 19, 2015
16
8
8

9
March 9, 2015
December 7, 2015
22
13
9

Total

154
90
64

text: Victories for Hilary are families or clients who decided to love their home and stay. Victories for David are families and clients who decided to list and move into a new or better home.

text: Franchise[edit]

text: Love It or List It has spawned five spinoffs. The first,[6] known as Love It or List It Vancouver (or Love it or List it Too in the US), was launched in winter 2012 and is hosted by Jillian Harris and Todd Talbot. The second spin-off, a British version known as Love It or List It UK, debuted in 2015,[7] is hosted by Kirstie Allsopp and Phil Spencer. The third spin off, Love It or List It Vacation Homes[8] debuted in spring 2016 and is hosted by Dan Vickery and Elisa Goldhawke. A fourth spin off, Vendre ou renover au Quebec debuted in January 2017 and is hosted by Maika Desnoyers and Daniel Corbin.[9] The fifth spin off, Love It Or List It Australia debuted in September 2017 and is hosted by Andrew Winter and Neale Whittaker.[10]

text: International syndication[edit]

text:
Country / Region
Name
Television Network
Dubbing / Subtitles

Australia
Love It or List It
Lifestyle Home
N/A

Canada
Love It or List It
W Network
N/A

USA
Love It or List It
HGTV[11]
N/A

Spain
Tu casa a juicio
Divinity
Spanish

Brazil
Ame-a ou Deixe-a
Discovery Home & Health
Portuguese

Norway
Bolighjelpen
TV 2 (Norway)
Norwegian

Bulgaria
Podnovi ili proday
Fox Life (Bulgaria)
Bulgarian

Italy
Prendere o lasciare
Cielo
dubbed in Italian

text: Reception[edit]

text: On August 31, 2010, Love It or List It was nominated for two Gemini Awards: Best Reality Program or Series and Best Direction in a Reality Program or Series. When HGTV premiered the show on the network, the company stated that Love It or List It has been the highest rating reality series since Candice Olson's Candice Tells All.[12]

text: In 2012, New York Times' columnist Gail Collins noted that it was US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton's favorite TV show.[13][14] According to Collins, Clinton finds the show "very calming"[15] after being interviewed about her departure from politics.[16][17][18]

text: In a 2013 interview with Las Vegas Magazine, Vanna White from Wheel of Fortune said it was one of her favourite HGTV programs.[19] Actress Julianne Moore also gave similar praise for the show in an interview with Katie Couric and the Daily Mail.[20][21]

text: According to the Wall Street Journal, the show and its Vancouver spinoff is one of Canada's beloved reality series.[22]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: In April 2016, homeowners Deanna Murphy and Tim Sullivan who had participated in a 2015 Love It or List It episode filed suit against production company Big Coat TV, as well as the North Carolina contractor (Aaron Fitz Construction)[23] who had been hired by the show to do the renovations on their home. The couple alleges that the renovation funds that they provided were not properly disbursed, and that the work on their home was done to a substandard quality.[24] Moreover, the lawsuit states that the television personalities on the show do not play an active role in the renovation process, and that they were not shown homes on the market by any licensed North Carolina real estate agent. Big Coat TV has commented that they "do intend to vigorously defend what [they] consider to be false allegations."[25]

text: The suit was settled in April 2017.[26] The plaintiffs had signed a confidentiality agreement; their lawyer would not comment on the settlement.[27] Big Coat had previously filed a countersuit for libel, slander and product disparagement; parts of that suit had been dismissed by the time of the settlement but that was under appeal by Big Coat. After the agreements had been concluded, both suits were dismissed.[28]


document_title: Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film)

question_text: where does gone in 60 seconds take place

root

text: Gone in 60 Seconds (2000 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Kip Raines (Giovanni Ribisi), an aspiring car thief in Los Angeles, is working with his gang to steal fifty expensive cars for Raymond Calitri (Christopher Eccleston), a British gangster, via Calitri's associate, Atley (Will Patton). On the last heist, their antics bring attention by the police, and they narrowly avoid capture, though are forced to abandon the warehouse and the bulk of cars they stole. Detectives Castleback (Delroy Lindo) and Drycoff (Timothy Olyphant) seize the cars and begin an investigation.

tag: p

text: Calitri kidnaps Kip and threatens to kill him for failing the job. Atley, sympathetic to Kip's plight, visit Kip's older brother, Randall "Memphis" Raines (Nicolas Cage), a former car thief having gone straight years before, and explains the situation. Memphis meets with Calitri to negotiate Kip's release, but in exchange, Calitri forces Memphis to agree to steal the fifty cars within 72 hours or else he will kill Kip. Memphis visits his mentor Otto Halliwell (Robert Duvall) and they assemble a crew, including Donny Astricky (Chi McBride), (Vinnie Jones), and Sara "Sway" Wayland (Angelina Jolie), Memphis' old flame. Kip and his crew also offer to help. Knowing the police will be watchful for the thefts, Memphis suggests to steal all the cars in a twelve hour period. The group starts to identify the target cars with Memphis giving each a woman's name. He plans on stealing a 1967 Ford Shelby GT500, dubbed "Eleanor", last, as he considers the car a curse, with all previous attempts to steal one gone awry. As they scout the car locations, Memphis is approached by Castleback and Drycoff. While they cannot charge him with any crime, they warn him that they are watching his activities closely. Later, the detectives discover that some of the previous heists were done by ordering electric keys for certain vehicles, and they set up stakeouts to watch those cars.

text: On the night of the heists, most of the initial thefts go without problems, with the gang members delivering the cars to Calitri's dock. When Memphis and others prepare to steal those with the electric keys, he gets a sense of something amiss, and has the gang abandon those; instead, they successfully scheme a way to obtain those cars from the police impound. Castleback, furious that he could not catch Memphsis in the act, returns to the seized warehouse to search for any more clues. They discover pieces of a blacklight lamp, and shortly discover the list of fifty cars written in ultraviolet-sensitive paint on the wall. Aware they cannot watch all those cars, Castleback focuses on the Shelby, knowing Memphis' perchance for this car and its rarity. They quickly locate the few Shelbys in the city.

text: Just as Memphis is about to take the Shelby, the detectives arrive. Memphis leads them and their police escort on a dangerous chase through the city, eventually ditching them near the docks. He delivers the damaged car to Calitri, who refuses it since Memphis was twelve minutes late, and has the Shelby crushed. Memphis again pleads for Calitri's mercy as he prepares to kill Memphis instead with a gun, but Kip and a repentant Atley overcome their guards, and force Calitri to flee into his dockside warehouse; Memphis gives chase just as Castleback and Drycoff arrive. Memphis and Calitri engage in a game of cat-and-mouse, the noise drawing the detectives inside. Just as Calitri has Memphis cornered, Castleback appears, confusing Calitri and giving Memphis the opportunity to rush him and push him over a railing to his death. Memphis explains the situation to Castleback and where they can find the other stolen cars, and Castleback reluctantly lets Memphis and Kip go.

text: The gang celebrates with a barbecue, and as a way of showing thanks, Kip has sold off his motorcycle to buy Memphis the partially-wrecked, but still drive-able, Shelby.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Nicolas Cage as Randall "Memphis" Raines
Angelina Jolie as Sara "Sway" Wayland
Giovanni Ribisi as Kip Raines
Robert Duvall as Otto Halliwell
Delroy Lindo as Det. Roland Castlebeck
Timothy Olyphant as Det. Drycoff
Will Patton as Atley Jackson
Chi McBride as Donny Astricky
Vinnie Jones as "The Sphinx"
Christopher Eccleston as Raymond "The Carpenter" Calitri
Scott Caan as Timmy "Tumbler" Tummel
T.J. Cross as "Mirror Man" (credited TJ Cross)
William Lee Scott as Toby
James Duval as "Freb"
Frances Fisher as Junie Halliwell
Grace Zabriskie as Helen Raines
Master P. as Johnnie B. (uncredited)
Carmen Argenziano as Detective Mayhew
Bodhi Elfman as "Fuzzy" Frizzel
Arye Gross as James Lakewood
Dan Hildebrand as Saul
Michael Peña as Ignacio (credited Michael A. Pena)

tag: ul

text: Cars featured[edit]

text: The 50 cars, stolen in the film, are listed below. They are listed in the same order as seen in the film; by year and model, along with their respective codenames.

text:
#
Years
Automobiles
Codes
#
Years
Automobiles
Codes

1
1999
Aston Martin DB7
Mary
26
1999
Infiniti Q45
Rachel

2
1962
Aston Martin DB1
Barbara
27
1994
Jaguar XJ220
Bernadine

3
1999
Bentley Arnage
Lindsey
28
1999
Jaguar XK8 Coupe
Deborah

4
1999
Bentley Azure
Laura
29
1990
Lamborghini Diablo SE30
Gina

5
1964
Bentley Continental
Alma
30
1999
Lexus LS 400
Hillary

6
1959
Cadillac Eldorado
Madeline
31
1999
Lincoln Navigator
Kimberley

7
1958
Cadillac Eldorado Brougham
Patricia
32
1957
Mercedes-Benz 300SL/Gullwing
Dorothy

8
1999
Cadillac Escalade
Carol
33
1999
Mercedes-Benz CL500
Donna

9
2000
Cadillac Eldorado STS
Daniela
34
1999
Mercedes-Benz S600
Samantha

10
1957
Chevrolet Bel Air Convertible
Stefanie
35
1998
Mercedes Benz SL 600
Ellen

11
1969
Chevrolet Camaro Z28
Erin
36
1950
Mercury Custom
Gabriela

12
1953
Chevrolet Corvette
Pamela
37
1971
Plymouth Hemi ‘Cuda
Shannon

13
1967
Corvette Corvette Stingray L71
Stacey
38
1969
Plymouth Road Runner
Jessica

14
2000
Ford F-Series F-350 4×4 Pickup (Modified)
Ann
39
1965
Pontiac GTO
Sharon

15
1971
DeTomaso Pantera
Kate
40
1999
Porsche 996
Tina

16
1970
Plymouth Superbird
Vanessa
41
2000
Porsche Boxster
Marsha

17
1998
Dodge Viper Coupé GTS
Denise
42
1961
Porsche 356B Speedster
Natalie

18
1995
Ferrari F355 B
Diane
43
1988
Porsche 959
Virginia

19
1997
Ferrari F355 F1
Iris
44
1997
Porsche 911 Twin Turbo
Tanya

20
1967
Ferrari 275 GTB/4
Nadine
45
2000
Rolls-Royce Park Ward Stretch Limousine
Grace

21
1999
Ferrari 550 Maranello
Angelina
46
1966
Shelby AC Cobra
Ashley

22
1987
Ferrari Testarossa
Rose
47
1967
Shelby Mustang GT500
Eleanor

23
1956
Ford Thunderbird
Susan
48
2000
Toyota Land Cruiser
Katie

24
2000
GMC Yukon
Megan
49
1998
Toyota Supra Turbo
Lynn

25
1999
Hummer H1 (2 Door)
Tracy
50
2000
Volvo V70R
Lisa

tag: table

text: Release[edit]

text: In 1995, Denice Shakarian Halicki entered into a license contract to produce the remake with Disney and Jerry Bruckheimer. Filming began in 1999, with Halicki as Executive Producer. The movie premiered on June 9, 2000.

text: The film trailer was narrated by Melissa Disney and the film is widely credited as one of the first major movies to employ a female trailer voice.[3]

text: In its opening weekend, Gone in 60 Seconds grossed $25,336,048 from 3,006 US theaters, leading all films that weekend. By the end of the film's theatrical run, it had grossed $101,648,571 domestically and $135,553,728 internationally, comprising a total gross revenue for the film of $237,202,299 worldwide.[4]

text: Though the film earned a $237 million worldwide box office gross, Slate columnist Edward Epstein argued that, after overhead, it lost roughly $90 million after all expenses, including the $103.3 million it cost to make the film, were taken into account over the four years following the film's release.[5][6]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: A soundtrack containing a blend of rock, electronic, and hip hop music was released on June 6, 2000 by the Island Def Jam Music Group. It peaked at #69 on the Billboard 200.[7]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film garnered a mostly poor reaction from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 24% out of 135 reviews gave the film a positive review, with the site consensus being: "Even though Oscar-bearers Nicolas Cage, Angelina Jolie, and Robert Duvall came aboard for this project, the quality of Gone in 60 Seconds is disappointingly low. The plot line is nonsensical, and even the promised car-chase scenes are boring."[8] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[9]


document_title: List of highest-certified music artists in the United States

question_text: who is the first highest certified music artist in the us

text: Top 100 certified music artists (albums)[edit]

text:
List of artists with the highest-certified albums[3]

No.

Name

Nationality

Decades active

Certified unitsin millions

1

The Beatles

UK

1960s–70s

178

2

Garth Brooks

United States

1980s–2010s

148

3

Elvis Presley

US

1950s–70s

146.5

4

Led Zeppelin

UK

1960s–80s

111.5

5

Eagles

US

1970s–2010s

101

6

Billy Joel

US

1970s-2010s

82.5

7

Michael Jackson

US

1960s–2000s

81

8

Elton John

UK

1960s–2010s

78

9

Pink Floyd

UK

1960s–2010s

75

10

AC/DC

Australia

1970s–2010s

72

11

George Strait

US

1980s–2010s

69

12

Barbra Streisand

US

1960s–2010s

68.5

13

Aerosmith

US

1970s–2010s

66.5

The Rolling Stones

UK

1960s–2010s

66.5

15

Bruce Springsteen

US

1970s–2010s

65.5

16

Madonna

US

1980s–2010s

64.5

17

Mariah Carey

US

1990s–2010s

64

18

Metallica

US

1980s–2010s

63

19

Whitney Houston

US

1980s–2010s

58.5

20

Van Halen

US

1970s–2010s

56.5

21

U2

Ireland

1970s–2010s

52

22

Celine Dion

Canada

1980s–2010s

50

23

Fleetwood Mac

UK

1960s–2010s

49.5

Neil Diamond

US

1960s–2010s

49.5

25

Shania Twain

Canada

1990s–2010s

48

Kenny G

US

1980s–2010s

48

Journey

US

1970s–2010s

48

28

Kenny Rogers

US

1950s–2000s

47.5

29

Alabama

US

1970s–2010s

46.5

30

Guns N' Roses

US

1980s–2010s

44.5

Bob Seger and the Silver Bullet Band

US

1960s–2010s

44.5

Eminem

US

1990s–2010s

44.5

33

Santana

US

1960s–2010s

43.5

Alan Jackson

US

1980s–2010s

43.5

35

Taylor Swift

US

2000s-2010s

43

36

Reba McEntire

US

1970s–2010s

41

37

Eric Clapton

UK

1960s–2010s

40

38

Chicago

US

1960s–2010s

38.5

Simon and Garfunkel

US

1960s–70s

38.5

40

Rod Stewart

UK

1960s–2010s

38

41

Tim McGraw

US

1990s–2010s

37.5

Foreigner

US

1970s–2010s

37.5

43

Backstreet Boys

US

1990s–2010s

37

44

Tupac Shakur

US

1990s

36.5

45

Bob Dylan

US

1960s–2010s

36

46

Willie Nelson

US

1950s-2010s

35.5

47

Def Leppard

UK

1970s–2010s

35

48

Queen

UK

1970s–2000s

34.5

Bon Jovi

US

1980s–2010s

34.5

Britney Spears

US

1990s–2010s

34.5

51

Phil Collins

UK

1970s–2010s

33.5

Dave Matthews Band

US

1990s–2010s

33.5

John Denver

US

1960s–90s

33.5

54

James Taylor

US

1960s–2010s

33

The Doors

US

1960s–70s

33

56

R. Kelly

US

1990s–2010s

32

57

Pearl Jam

US

1990s–2010s

31.5

Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers

US

1970s-2017

31.5

59

Boston

US

1970s–2010s

31

60

Dixie Chicks

US

1980s–2000s

30.5

61

Linda Ronstadt

US

1960s–2000s

30

62

Lynyrd Skynyrd

US

1960s–2000s

28.5

63

Mannheim Steamroller

US

1970s–2010s

28

'N Sync

US

1990s–2000s

28

Michael Bolton

US

1980s–2010s

28

Adele

UK

2000s-2010s

28

Creedence Clearwater Revival

US

1960s–70s

28

68

Jay Z

US

1990s–2010s

27.5

John Mellencamp

US

1970s–2010s

27.5

Brooks & Dunn

US

1990s–2000s

27.5

Barry Manilow

US

1970s–2010s

27.5

Kenny Chesney

US

1990s–2010s

27.5

73

Ozzy Osbourne

UK

1960s–2010s

27.25

74

Boyz II Men

US

1990s–2000s

27

Frank Sinatra

US

1930s–90s

27

Bee Gees

UK

1960s–2000s

27

77

Enya

Ireland

1980s–2010s

26.5

78

Linkin Park

US

1990s–2010s

26

Janet Jackson

US

1980s–2010s

26

80

Faith Hill

US

1990s–2010s

25.5

Luther Vandross

US

1960s–2000s

25.5

Steve Miller Band

US

1960s–2010s

25.5

83

Rush

Canada

1970s–2010s

25

Mötley Crüe

US

1980s–2010s

25

Nirvana

US

1980s–90s

25

ZZ Top

US

1970s–2010s

25

Creed

US

1990s–2000s

25

Toby Keith

US

1990s–2010s

25

Red Hot Chili Peppers

US

1980s–2010s

25

90

The Carpenters

US

1960s–80s

24.5

REO Speedwagon

US

1970s–2010s

24.5

92

Vince Gill

US

1970s–2010s

24

Green Day

US

1980s–2010s

24

Nickelback

Canada

1990s–2010s

24

95

Johnny Cash

US

1970s–2000s

23.5

Sade

UK

1980s–2010s

23.5

Kid Rock

US

1990s–2010s

23.5

Earth, Wind & Fire

US

1970s–2010s

23.5

The Cars

US

1970s–2010s

23.5

100

Jimmy Buffett

US

1960s–2010s

23

Jimi Hendrix

US

1960s–70s

23

Beastie Boys

US

1980s–2010s

23

text: Top 50 certified music artists (digital singles)[edit]

text:
List of artists with the highest-certified digital singles[4]

No.

Name

Nationality

Years active

Certified unitsin millions

1

Drake

Canada

2000s-

142

2

Rihanna

BAR

2000s-

124

3

Taylor Swift

United States

2000s-

120

4

Eminem

US

2000s-

107.5

5

Katy Perry

US

2000s-

98

6

Justin Bieber

CAN

2010s-

68.5

7

Kanye West

US

2000s-

63

8

Lady Gaga

US

2000s-

61

9

Bruno Mars

US

2000s-

54.5

10

Chris Brown

US

2000s-

50

11

Ed Sheeran

UK

2010s-

45.5

12

Luke Bryan

US

2000s-

43.5

13

Flo Rida

US

2000s-

43

14

The Weeknd

CAN

2010s-

42

15

Kendrick Lamar

US

2010s-

41

16

Florida Georgia Line

US

2010s-

34

17

Post Malone

US

2010s-

33

18

Lil Wayne

US

2000s-

32

19

Adele

UK

2000s-

31.5

Twenty One Pilots

US

2010s-

31.5

21

Ariana Grande

US

2010s-

30.5

Carrie Underwood

US

2000s-

30.5

23

Linkin Park

US

2000s-2010s

29.5

24

Wiz Khalifa

US

2010s-

29

25

Nicki Minaj

US

2000s-

28.5

Jason Aldean

US

2000s-

28.5

27

Jason Derulo

US

2010s-

27

28

Meghan Trainor

US

2010s-

26.5

29

Beyonce

US

2000s-

26

30

Maroon 5

US

2000s-

25.5

Blake Shelton

US

2000s-

25.5

32

Miley Cyrus

US

2000s-

25

Imagine Dragons

US

2010s-

25

34

Fall Out Boy

US

2000s-

24.5

35

The Black Eyed Peas

US

2000s-

24

36

Jay-Z

US

1990s-

23

37

Future

US

2010s-

22.5

Macklemore & Ryan Lewis

US

2010s-

22.5

39

Zac Brown Band

US

2000s-

22

40

Queen

UK

1970s-1990s

21.5

41

Tim McGraw

US

1990s–

21

LMFAO

US

2010s

21

43

DJ Khaled

US

2000s-

20.5

44

Big Sean

US

2010s-

20

45

The Chainsmokers

US

2010s-

19

46

Fetty Wap

US

2010s-

18.5

Demi Lovato

US

2000s-

18.5

Sam Smith

UK

2010s-

18.5

49

Sam Hunt

US

2000s-

18

50

Fergie

US

2000s-

17.5


document_title: Abundance of the chemical elements

question_text: what is the most common element in our air

text: Abundance of the chemical elements

text: Universe[edit]

text:
Ten most common elements in the Milky Way Galaxy estimated spectroscopically[3]

Z
Element
Mass fraction (ppm)

1
Hydrogen
739,000

2
Helium
240,000

8
Oxygen
10,400

6
Carbon
4,600

10
Neon
1,340

26
Iron
1,090

7
Nitrogen
960

14
Silicon
650

12
Magnesium
580

16
Sulfur
440

text: The elements – that is, ordinary (baryonic) matter made of protons, neutrons, and electrons, are only a small part of the content of the Universe. Cosmological observations suggest that only 4.6% of the universe's energy (including the mass contributed by energy, E = mc² ↔ m = E / c²) comprises the visible baryonic matter that constitutes stars, planets, and living beings. The rest is thought to be made up of dark energy (68%) and dark matter (27%).[4] These are forms of matter and energy believed to exist on the basis of scientific theory and observational deductions, but they have not been directly observed and their nature is not well understood.

text: Most standard (baryonic) matter is found in intergalactic gas, stars, and interstellar clouds, in the form of atoms or ions (plasma), although it can be found in degenerate forms in extreme astrophysical settings, such as the high densities inside white dwarfs and neutron stars.

text: Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the Universe; helium is second. However, after this, the rank of abundance does not continue to correspond to the atomic number; oxygen has abundance rank 3, but atomic number 8. All others are substantially less common.

text: The abundance of the lightest elements is well predicted by the standard cosmological model, since they were mostly produced shortly (i.e., within a few hundred seconds) after the Big Bang, in a process known as Big Bang nucleosynthesis. Heavier elements were mostly produced much later, inside of stars.

text: Hydrogen and helium are estimated to make up roughly 74% and 24% of all baryonic matter in the universe respectively. Despite comprising only a very small fraction of the universe, the remaining "heavy elements" can greatly influence astronomical phenomena. Only about 2% (by mass) of the Milky Way galaxy's disk is composed of heavy elements.

text: These other elements are generated by stellar processes.[5][6][7] In astronomy, a "metal" is any element other than hydrogen or helium. This distinction is significant because hydrogen and helium are the only elements that were produced in significant quantities in the Big Bang. Thus, the metallicity of a galaxy or other object is an indication of stellar activity, after the Big Bang.

text: In general, elements up to iron are made in large stars in the process of becoming supernovae. Iron-56 is particularly common, since it is the most stable element that can easily be made from alpha particles (being a product of decay of radioactive nickel-56, ultimately made from 14 helium nuclei). Elements heavier than iron are made in energy-absorbing processes in large stars, and their abundance in the universe (and on Earth) generally decreases with increasing atomic number.

text: Solar system[edit]

text:
Most abundant nuclides
in the Solar System[8]

Nuclide
A
Mass fraction in parts per million
Atom fraction in parts per million

Hydrogen-1
1
705,700
909,964

Helium-4
4
275,200
88,714

Oxygen-16
16
9,592
477

Carbon-12
12
3,032
326

Nitrogen-14
14
1,105
102

Neon-20
20
1,548
100

Other nuclides:
3,879
149

Silicon-28
28
653
30

Magnesium-24
24
513
28

Iron-56
56
1,169
27

Sulfur-32
32
396
16

Helium-3
3
35
15

Hydrogen-2
2
23
15

Neon-22
22
208
12

Magnesium-26
26
79
4

Carbon-13
13
37
4

Magnesium-25
25
69
4

Aluminium-27
27
58
3

Argon-36
36
77
3

Calcium-40
40
60
2

Sodium-23
23
33
2

Iron-54
54
72
2

Silicon-29
29
34
2

Nickel-58
58
49
1

Silicon-30
30
23
1

Iron-57
57
28
1

text: The following graph (note log scale) shows abundance of elements in the Solar System. The table shows the twelve most common elements in our galaxy (estimated spectroscopically), as measured in parts per million, by mass.[3] Nearby galaxies that have evolved along similar lines have a corresponding enrichment of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium. The more distant galaxies are being viewed as they appeared in the past, so their abundances of elements appear closer to the primordial mixture. Since physical laws and processes are uniform throughout the universe, however, it is expected that these galaxies will likewise have evolved similar abundances of elements.

text: The abundance of elements is in keeping with their origin from the Big Bang and nucleosynthesis in a number of progenitor supernova stars. Very abundant hydrogen and helium are products of the Big Bang, while the next three elements are rare since they had little time to form in the Big Bang and are not made in stars (they are, however, produced in small quantities by breakup of heavier elements in interstellar dust, as a result of impact by cosmic rays).

text: Beginning with carbon, elements have been produced in stars by buildup from alpha particles (helium nuclei), resulting in an alternatingly larger abundance of elements with even atomic numbers (these are also more stable). The effect of odd-numbered chemical elements generally being more rare in the universe was empirically noticed in 1914, and is known as the Oddo-Harkins rule.

text: Relation to nuclear binding energy[edit]

text: Loose correlations have been observed between estimated elemental abundances in the universe and the nuclear binding energy curve. Roughly speaking, the relative stability of various atomic nuclides has exerted a strong influence on the relative abundance of elements formed in the Big Bang, and during the development of the universe thereafter. [9] See the article about nucleosynthesis for the explanation on how certain nuclear fusion processes in stars (such as carbon burning, etc.) create the elements heavier than hydrogen and helium.

text: A further observed peculiarity is the jagged alternation between relative abundance and scarcity of adjacent atomic numbers in the elemental abundance curve, and a similar pattern of energy levels in the nuclear binding energy curve. This alternation is caused by the higher relative binding energy (corresponding to relative stability) of even atomic numbers compared with odd atomic numbers and is explained by the Pauli Exclusion Principle.[10] The semi-empirical mass formula (SEMF), also called Weizsäcker's formula or the Bethe-Weizsäcker mass formula, gives a theoretical explanation of the overall shape of the curve of nuclear binding energy.[11]

text: Earth[edit]

text: The Earth formed from the same cloud of matter that formed the Sun, but the planets acquired different compositions during the formation and evolution of the solar system. In turn, the natural history of the Earth caused parts of this planet to have differing concentrations of the elements.

text: The mass of the Earth is approximately 5.98×1024 kg. In bulk, by mass, it is composed mostly of iron (32.1%), oxygen (30.1%), silicon (15.1%), magnesium (13.9%), sulfur (2.9%), nickel (1.8%), calcium (1.5%), and aluminium (1.4%); with the remaining 1.2% consisting of trace amounts of other elements.[12]

text: The bulk composition of the Earth by elemental-mass is roughly similar to the gross composition of the solar system, with the major differences being that Earth is missing a great deal of the volatile elements hydrogen, helium, neon, and nitrogen, as well as carbon which has been lost as volatile hydrocarbons. The remaining elemental composition is roughly typical of the "rocky" inner planets, which formed in the thermal zone where solar heat drove volatile compounds into space. The Earth retains oxygen as the second-largest component of its mass (and largest atomic-fraction), mainly from this element being retained in silicate minerals which have a very high melting point and low vapor pressure.

text:
Estimated abundances of chemical elements in the Earth.[13] The right two columns give the fraction of the mass in parts per million (ppm) and the fraction by number of atoms in parts per billion (ppb).show

Atomic Number
Name
Symbol
Mass fraction (ppm)
Atomic fraction (ppb)[13]

8
oxygen
O
297000
482,000,000

12
magnesium
Mg
154000
164,000,000

14
silicon
Si
161000
150,000,000

26
iron
Fe
319000
148,000,000

13
aluminum
Al
15900
15,300,000

20
calcium
Ca
17100
11,100,000

28
nickel
Ni
18220
8,010,000

1
hydrogen
H
260
6,700,000

16
sulfur
S
6350
5,150,000

24
chromium
Cr
4700
2,300,000

11
sodium
Na
1800
2,000,000

6
carbon
C
730
1,600,000

15
phosphorus
P
1210
1,020,000

25
manganese
Mn
1700
800,000

22
titanium
Ti
810
440,000

27
cobalt
Co
880
390,000

19
potassium
K
160
110,000

17
chlorine
Cl
76
56,000

23
vanadium
V
105
53,600

7
nitrogen
N
25
46,000

29
copper
Cu
60
25,000

30
zinc
Zn
40
16,000

9
fluorine
F
10
14,000

21
scandium
Sc
11
6,300

3
lithium
Li
1.10
4,100

38
strontium
Sr
13
3,900

32
germanium
Ge
7.00
2,500

40
zirconium
Zr
7.10
2,000

31
gallium
Ga
3.00
1,000

34
selenium
Se
2.70
890

56
barium
Ba
4.50
850

39
yttrium
Y
2.90
850

33
arsenic
As
1.70
590

5
boron
B
0.20
480

42
molybdenum
Mo
1.70
460

44
ruthenium
Ru
1.30
330

78
platinum
Pt
1.90
250

46
palladium
Pd
1.00
240

58
cerium
Ce
1.13
210

60
neodymium
Nd
0.84
150

4
beryllium
Be
0.05
140

41
niobium
Nb
0.44
120

76
osmium
Os
0.90
120

77
iridium
Ir
0.90
120

37
rubidium
Rb
0.40
120

35
bromine
Br
0.30
97

57
lanthanum
La
0.44
82

66
dysprosium
Dy
0.46
74

64
gadolinium
Gd
0.37
61

52
tellurium
Te
0.30
61

45
rhodium
Rh
0.24
61

50
tin
Sn
0.25
55

62
samarium
Sm
0.27
47

68
erbium
Er
0.30
47

70
ytterbium
Yb
0.30
45

59
praseodymium
Pr
0.17
31

82
lead
Pb
0.23
29

72
hafnium
Hf
0.19
28

74
tungsten
W
0.17
24

79
gold
Au
0.16
21

48
cadmium
Cd
0.08
18

63
europium
Eu
0.10
17

67
holmium
Ho
0.10
16

47
silver
Ag
0.05
12

65
terbium
Tb
0.07
11

51
antimony
Sb
0.05
11

75
rhenium
Re
0.08
10

53
iodine
I
0.05
10

69
thulium
Tm
0.05
7

55
cesium
Cs
0.04
7

71
lutetium
Lu
0.05
7

90
thorium
Th
0.06
6

73
tantalum
Ta
0.03
4

80
mercury
Hg
0.02
3

92
uranium
U
0.02
2

49
indium
In
0.01
2

81
thallium
Tl
0.01
2

83
bismuth
Bi
0.01
1

text: Crust[edit]

text: The mass-abundance of the nine most abundant elements in the Earth's crust is approximately: oxygen 46%, silicon 28%, aluminum 8.2%, iron 5.6%, calcium 4.2%, sodium 2.5%, magnesium 2.4%, potassium 2.0%, and titanium 0.61%. Other elements occur at less than 0.15%. For a complete list, see abundance of elements in Earth's crust.

text: The graph at right illustrates the relative atomic-abundance of the chemical elements in Earth's upper continental crust— the part that is relatively accessible for measurements and estimation.

text: Many of the elements shown in the graph are classified into (partially overlapping) categories:

text:
rock-forming elements (major elements in green field, and minor elements in light green field);
rare earth elements (lanthanides, La-Lu, and Y; labeled in blue);
major industrial metals (global production >~3×107 kg/year; labeled in red);
precious metals (labeled in purple);
the nine rarest "metals" — the six platinum group elements plus Au, Re, and Te (a metalloid) — in the yellow field. These are rare in the crust from being soluble in iron and thus concentrated in the Earth's core.

tag: ol

text: Note that there are two breaks where the unstable (radioactive) elements technetium (atomic number: 43) and promethium (atomic number: 61) would be. These elements are surrounded by stable elements, yet both have relatively short half lives (~ 4 million years and ~ 18 years respectively). These are thus extremely rare, since any primordial initial fractions of these in pre-Solar System materials have long since decayed and disappeared. These two elements are now only produced naturally through the spontaneous fission of very heavy radioactive elements (for example, uranium, thorium, or the trace amounts of plutonium that exist in uranium ores), or by the interaction of certain other elements with cosmic rays. Both technetium and promethium have been identified spectroscopically in the atmospheres of stars, where they are produced by ongoing nucleosynthetic processes.

text: There are also breaks in the abundance graph where the six noble gases would be, since they are not chemically bound in the Earth's crust, and they are only generated by decay chains from radioactive elements in the crust, and are therefore extremely rare there.

text: The eight naturally occurring very rare, highly radioactive elements (polonium, astatine, francium, radium, actinium, protactinium, neptunium, and plutonium) are not included, since any of these elements that were present at the formation of the Earth have decayed away eons ago, and their quantity today is negligible and is only produced from the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium.

text: Oxygen and silicon are notably the most common elements in the crust. On Earth and in rocky planets in general, silicon and oxygen are far more common than their cosmic abundance. The reason is that they combine with each other to form silicate minerals. In this way, they are the lightest of all of the two-percent "astronomical metals" (i.e., non-hydrogen and helium elements) to form a solid that is refractory to the Sun's heat, and thus cannot boil away into space. All elements lighter than oxygen have been removed from the crust in this way.

text: Rare-earth elements[edit]

text: "Rare" earth elements is a historical misnomer. The persistence of the term reflects unfamiliarity rather than true rarity. The more abundant rare earth elements are similarly concentrated in the crust compared to commonplace industrial metals such as chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, or lead. The two least abundant rare earth elements (thulium and lutetium) are nearly 200 times more common than gold. However, in contrast to the ordinary base and precious metals, rare earth elements have very little tendency to become concentrated in exploitable ore deposits. Consequently, most of the world's supply of rare earth elements comes from only a handful of sources. Furthermore, the rare earth metals are all quite chemically similar to each other, and they are thus quite difficult to separate into quantities of the pure elements.

text: Differences in abundances of individual rare earth elements in the upper continental crust of the Earth represent the superposition of two effects, one nuclear and one geochemical. First, the rare earth elements with even atomic numbers (58Ce, 60Nd, ...) have greater cosmic and terrestrial abundances than the adjacent rare earth elements with odd atomic numbers (57La, 59Pr, ...). Second, the lighter rare earth elements are more incompatible (because they have larger ionic radii) and therefore more strongly concentrated in the continental crust than the heavier rare earth elements. In most rare earth ore deposits, the first four rare earth elements – lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, and neodymium – constitute 80% to 99% of the total amount of rare earth metal that can be found in the ore.

text: Mantle[edit]

text: The mass-abundance of the eight most abundant elements in the Earth's mantle (see main article above) is approximately: oxygen 45%, magnesium 23%, silicon 22%, iron 5.8%, calcium 2.3%, aluminum 2.2%, sodium 0.3%, potassium 0.3%.

text: The mantle differs in elemental composition from the crust in having a great deal more magnesium and significantly more iron, while having much less aluminum and sodium.

text: Core[edit]

text: Due to mass segregation, the core of the Earth is believed to be primarily composed of iron (88.8%), with smaller amounts of nickel (5.8%), sulfur (4.5%), and less than 1% trace elements.[12]

text: Ocean[edit]

text: The most abundant elements in the ocean by proportion of mass in percent are oxygen (85.84), hydrogen (10.82), chlorine (1.94), sodium (1.08), magnesium (0.1292), sulfur (0.091), calcium (0.04), potassium (0.04), bromine (0.0067), carbon (0.0028), and boron (0.00043).

text: Atmosphere[edit]

text: The order of elements by volume-fraction (which is approximately molecular mole-fraction) in the atmosphere is nitrogen (78.1%), oxygen (20.9%),[14] argon (0.96%), followed by (in uncertain order) carbon and hydrogen because water vapor and carbon dioxide, which represent most of these two elements in the air, are variable components. Sulfur, phosphorus, and all other elements are present in significantly lower proportions.

text: According to the abundance curve graph (above right), argon, a significant if not major component of the atmosphere, does not appear in the crust at all. This is because the atmosphere has a far smaller mass than the crust, so argon remaining in the crust contributes little to mass-fraction there, while at the same time buildup of argon in the atmosphere has become large enough to be significant.

text: Urban soils[edit]

text: For a complete list of the abundance of elements in urban soils, see Abundances of the elements (data page)#Urban soils.

text: Human body[edit]

text:
Elemental abundance in the human bodyshow

Element
Proportion (by mass)

Oxygen
65

Carbon
18

Hydrogen
10

Nitrogen
3

Calcium
1.5

Phosphorus
1.2

Potassium
0.2

Sulfur
0.2

Chlorine
0.2

Sodium
0.1

Magnesium
0.05

Iron
< 0.05

Cobalt
< 0.05

Copper
< 0.05

Zinc
< 0.05

Iodine
< 0.05

Selenium
< 0.01

text: By mass, human cells consist of 65–90% water (H2O), and a significant portion of the remainder is composed of carbon-containing organic molecules. Oxygen therefore contributes a majority of a human body's mass, followed by carbon. Almost 99% of the mass of the human body is made up of six elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. The next 0.75% is made up of the next five elements: potassium, sulfur, chlorine, sodium, and magnesium. Only 17 elements are known for certain to be necessary to human life, with one additional element (fluorine) thought to be helpful for tooth enamel strength. A few more trace elements may play some role in the health of mammals. Boron and silicon are notably necessary for plants but have uncertain roles in animals. The elements aluminium and silicon, although very common in the earth's crust, are conspicuously rare in the human body.[15]

text: Below is a periodic table highlighting nutritional elements.[16]

text:
Nutritional elements in the periodic table

H

He

Li
Be

B
C
N
O
F
Ne

Na
Mg

Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar

K
Ca
Sc

Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr

Rb
Sr
Y

Zr
Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
Xe

Cs
Ba
La
*
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn

Fr
Ra
Ac
**
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
Cn
Nh
Fl
Mc
Lv
Ts
Og

*
Ce
Pr
Nd
Pm
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu

**
Th
Pa
U
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
Lr

text:
The four basic organic elements

  Quantity elements

  Essential trace elements

  Deemed essential trace element by U.S., not by European Union

  Suggested function from deprivation effects or active metabolic handling, but no clearly-identified biochemical function in humans

  Limited circumstantial evidence for trace benefits or biological action in mammals

  No evidence for biological action in mammals, but essential in some lower organisms.
(In the case of lanthanum, the definition of an essential nutrient as being indispensable and irreplaceable is not completely applicable due to the extreme similarity of the lanthanides. Thus Ce, Pr, and Nd may be substituted for La without ill effects for organisms using La, and the smaller Sm, Eu, and Gd may also be similarly substituted but cause slower growth.)


document_title: List of longest novels

question_text: a la recherche du temps perdu word count

text: List of longest novels

text: Comparison of methods[edit]

text: Three possible ways to determine length exist and each has its own method for determining length. Character counts are at best estimations of spaces, written characters and punctuation; Guinness World Records uses this criterion.[2] Word counts is another method that counts each word and omits punctuation, but still considered an estimation for length. Using computer software to count words is the currently preferred method for academia and publications.[3] An arbitrary way is to assume that a standard formatted page with 12 pt Courier font and double-spaced lines is 250 words.[4] Due to formatting, page counts are subject to change from font, style, formatting or paper size of the published work and cannot be considered a measure of length despite it being the easiest physical indicator of length. For the purposes of this list, word counts are ideal. Page counts are a relative indicator of length; for proper comparison the page size will be included.

text: Some difficulty is created when comparing word counts across different writing systems. The logographic Chinese characters used to write East Asian languages each represent one morpheme and are not separated by spaces. The same character may at times stand for one word, and other times form part of a larger word. For instance the characters zhong 中 and guo 囯 can be used independently to mean "middle" and "kingdom", respectively, but can also be combined into Zhongguo 中囯, "China" (i.e. "The Middle Kingdom"). One could theoretically construct a noun phrase Zhongguo zhong guo 中囯中囯 meaning "kingdoms in the middle of China". The absence of any formal marking of word boundaries means that it would be difficult to mechanically determine if such a phrase consists of two, three, or four words without knowing Chinese. East Asian bibliographies therefore generally give only the character count without attempting any word count.

text: While a rough approximation might seemingly be gotten from citing the word count of a translation into a Latin alphabet language like English, this is hazardous as the great grammatical and stylistic differences between the languages might cause one to require more words to convey the same meaning as the other. Citing a translation only indicates how many words are required to convey the same meaning in the target text, not how many words the source text actually consists of.

text: Definitions[edit]

text: What counts as a novel is another variable. For the purposes of the list, a "novel" is defined as a "single work" in print or electronic form that has been published through a mainstream publisher, one that has acquired publishing rights from authors. A "single work" includes works thought of as one novel by the author, but published in multiple volumes for reasons of convenience.

text: Excluded are self-published, printed-on-demand, vanity works, unpublished novels like Henry Darger's, novel sequences like the Chronicles of Barsetshire, novel cycles such as those set in the James Bond universe, and record-grabbing stunts.[clarification needed]

text: List[edit]

text:
Book title
Author
Edition/publisher
Page count
Page size
Word count
Language
Notes
−

Men of Good Will
Jules Romains
Calmann Lévy (Paris), 1932-46
7003789200000000000♠7,892 pages,[5] 27 volumes in original edition

7006207000000000000♠2,070,000
French
Twenty-seven volumes. Explicitly considered a "roman" (novel) by its author and not a "cycle".[6]

Artamène ou le Grand Cyrus
ScuderyGeorges and/or[7] Madeleine de Scudéry
Augustin Courbé, 1649–53
7004130950000000000♠13,095 pages, ten volumes[8]

7006195430000000000♠1,954,300[9]
French

Het Bureau
J. J. Voskuil
Van Oorschot, 1996-2000
7003505800000000000♠5,058 pages, seven volumes
7.85 inches (19.9 cm) x 4.95 inches (12.6 cm)
7006159000000000000♠1,590,000[10]
Dutch

Venmurasu
Jeyamohan
Narrinai/Kizhakku
7003924700000000000♠9,247 pages, Eleven volumes[11]
[12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21]

8.25 inches (21.0 cm) x 5.85 inches (14.9 cm)
7006155602800000000♠1,556,028 (as of August 9, 2016)
Tamil
Ongoing version of Mahabaratham in novel form - written so far 12 volumes and published as books.

Gordana
Marija Jurić Zagorka
Školska knjiga, 2007
7003876800000000000♠8,768 pages, twelve volumes[22][23][24]

7006140000000000000♠1,400,000 (estimated)
Croatian
The longest Croatian novel.

A La Recherche À la recherche du temps perdu
ProustMarcel Proust
Gallimard (Collection Folio edition, 1988–1990)
7003303100000000000♠3,031 pages, seven volumes[25]
7 inches (17.8 cm) x 5 inches (12.7 cm)[26]
7006126706900000000♠1,267,069[27]
French
Guinness World Record holder for longest novel. Uses estimated character count of 9,609,000 characters.[28]

Zettels Traum
SchmidtArno Schmidt
Suhrkamp Verlag (2010 edition)
7003153600000000000♠1,536 pages
14.1 inches (35.8 cm) x 10.8 inches (27.4 cm)[29]
7006110000000000000♠1,100,000 (estimated)
German
6,800,000 characters;[30] longest novel published in one volume

Min Kamp
Karl Ove Knausgård
Forlaget Oktober
7003360000000000000♠3,600 pages, six volumes

7006100000000000000♠1,000,000
Norwegian

Ponniyin Selvan
Kalki Krishnamurthy
(1950 edition)
7003240000000000000♠2,400 pages, five volumes

7005900000000000000♠900,000
Tamil
Released in five volumes, this historical novel, originally written in Tamil, tells the story of Arulmozhivarman (Raja Raja Chola I), one of the kings of the Chola Dynasty

Clarissa, or, the History of a Young Lady
RichardsonSamuel Richardson
Penguin Classics (1986)
7003153400000000000♠1,534 pages, seven volumes
9.2 inches (23.4 cm) x 5.8 inches (14.7 cm)[31]
7005943000000000000♠943,000 and 984,870
English
Word count obtained through Project Guttenberg digitization and 1964 estimate by The New York Times[32]

Kelidar
Mahmoud Dowlatabadi
Farhang Moaaser
7003283600000000000♠2,836 pages, ten volumes [33]

7005950000000000000♠950,000 [33]
Persian
The longest Persian novel

Poor Fellow My Country
HerbertXavier Herbert
HarperCollins Publishers (Australia)
7003146600000000000♠1,466 pages, hardcover
8.1 inches (20.6 cm) x 5.6 inches (14.2 cm)[34]
7005852000000000000♠852,000[35]
English
1975 winner of the Miles Franklin Award[36]

Women and Men
McelroyJoseph McElroy
Knopf (1987)
7003119200000000000♠1,192 pages, hardcover
9 inches (22.9 cm) x 6 inches (15.2 cm)[37]
7005850000000000000♠850,000 (estimated[38])
700,000 (estimated[39])

English

Story Of The Stone紅樓夢 (The Story of the Stone)
Cao Xueqin
Penguin Classics
7003233900000000000♠2,339
7.75 inches (19.7 cm) x 5 inches (13 cm)
7005845000000000000♠845,000 (estimated)
Chinese to English translation
(see this page's "Talk" tab for the detailed calculation)

Sironia, Texas
CooperMadison Cooper
Houghton Mifflin (1952)
7003173100000000000♠1,731 pages, two volumes[40]

7005840000000000000♠840,000 (estimated[41][42])
English

Romancxe三國演義 (Romance of the Three Kingdoms)
GuanzhongLuo Guanzhong
Foreign Languages Press (1995)
7003234000000000000♠2,340 pages, four volumes
7.2 inches (18.3 cm) x 4.5 inches (11.4 cm)[43]
7005800000000000000♠800,000 (estimate[44])
Chinese to English translation

Miss MacIntosh, My Darling
YoungMarguerite Young
Scribners (1965)
7003119800000000000♠1,198 pages

7005750000000000000♠750,000 (estimated[45]) 576,000 (estimated[46])
English

Sir Charles Grandison
Samuel Richardson
Oxford World's Classics (1986)
7003164700000000000♠1,647 pages
7.2 inches (18.3 cm) x 4.6 inches (11.7 cm)
7005750000000000000♠750,000 (estimated)
English

Les Misérables
HugoVictor Hugo
Gutenberg ebook edition

7005655478000000000♠655,478[47]
French

Varney the Vampire
RymerJames Malcolm Rymer and Thomas Peckett Prest
Edward Lloyd (1845–47)
7002866000000000000♠866 pages

7005667000000000000♠667,000[48]
English
Originally published anonymously, in serial "penny dreadful" pamphlets. Present-day opinions are divided regarding its authorship.

Atlas Shrugged
RandAyn Rand
Signet Books (1996 edition)
7003108800000000000♠1,088 pages, paperback
6.9 inches (17.5 cm) x 4.1 inches (10.4 cm)[49]
7005645000000000000♠645,000 (estimate by the publisher and by The New York Times[50] and by the author herself quoting printer's word count[51])
English

Jean-Christophe
RollandRomain Rolland
Henry Holt (1910,1911,1913)
7003166600000000000♠1,666 pages, three volumes

7005610000000000000♠610,000 (estimated)
French to English translation
Author received the 1915 Nobel Prize for Literature.

Jerusalem
Moore Alan Moore
Knockabout (2016)
7003126600000000000♠1,266 pages
9.6 inches (24.4 cm) x 6.6 inches (16.8 cm)
7005600000000000000♠600,000 (estimated[52])
English

And ladies"...And Ladies of the Club"
SantmyerHelen Hooven Santmyer
Ohio State University Press (1982)
7003134400000000000♠1,344 pages

7005600000000000000♠600,000 (newspaper estimate)[53]
English
1984 surprise bestseller

Suitable A Suitable Boy
SethVikram Seth
Penguin Books
7003136800000000000♠1,368 pages, paperback
8 inches (20.3 cm) x 5.5 inches (14 cm)[54]
7005593674000000000♠593,674[54]
English
Word count obtained from Amazon digitization (eBook) word count.

F. L. Věk
JirasekAlois Jirásek
CeskoslovenskyČeskoslovenský spisovatel (last printed edition, 1976–1977)
7003187000000000000♠1,870 pages (1972 ed.)

7005571350000000000♠571,350
Czech
Word count obtained from 2011 eBook.[55]

War And PeaceВойна и мир (War and Peace)
TolstoyLeo Tolstoy
Oxford World's Classics
7003144000000000000♠1,440 pages, paperback
7.6 inches (19.3 cm) x 5.1 inches (13.0 cm)[56]
7005587287000000000♠587,287 New American Library Version[57] and 561,093 Oxford World's Classics[58]
Russian to English translation
Edition and translation largely account for differences in word count.

MulinoIl mulino del Po
BacchelliRiccardo Bacchelli
Arnoldo Mondadori Editore
7003211300000000000♠2,113 pages, paperback
8 inches (20.3 cm) x 5.4 inches (13.7 cm)[59]
7005559830000000000♠559,830[citation needed]
Italian

Infinite Jest
WallaceDavid Foster Wallace
Back Bay Books
7003110400000000000♠1,104 pages, paperback
9.2 inches (23.4 cm) x 6 inches (15.2 cm)[60]
7005543709000000000♠543,709
English

Remembrance Rock
SandburgCarl Sandburg
Mariner Books
7003108800000000000♠1,088 pages, paperback
9 inches (22.9 cm) x 6 inches (15.2 cm)[61]
7005532030000000000♠532,030[61] and 673,000[62]
English
Word counts obtained from Amazon digitization (eBook) word count, and author's own count.

To Green Angel Tower
WilliamsTad Williams
DAW Books
7003108300000000000♠1,083 pages, hardcover

7005520000000000000♠520,000[63]
English
Word counts obtained from Amazon digitization (eBook) word count.

Horcynus Orca
DarrigoStefano D'Arrigo
Arnoldo Mondadori Editore
7003125700000000000♠1,257 pages, hardcover
8.2 inches (20.8 cm) x 5.6 inches (14.2 cm)[64]
7005508751000000000♠508,751[65][citation needed]
Italian


document_title: Philippines–United States relations

question_text: when did the us pullout of the philippines

text: Philippines–United States relations

text: Country comparison[edit]

text:
Official Name
 Republic of the Philippines
[show] United States of America

Coat of Arms

Flag

National Motto
Maka-Diyos, Maka-Tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa
In God We Trust

National Anthem
Lupang Hinirang
The Star-Spangled Banner

Population
100,981,437
324,733,000

Area
300,000 km2 (120,000 sq mi)
9,820,630 km2 (3,791,770 sq mi)

Population Density
202/km2 (520/sq mi)
35/km2 (91/sq mi)

Time zones
1
9

Capital
Manila
Washington, D.C.

Largest City
Quezon City – 2,936,116
New York City – 8,600,710

Government
Unitary presidential constitutional republic
Federal presidential constitutional republic

Party System
Multi-party system
Two-party system

Established
12 June 1898
4 July 1946 (Fully Recognized)
4 July 1776
3 September 1783 (Fully Recognized)

Predecessor States
Spanish Colonial Period (1521–1898)
 Spanish East Indies (1565–1898)
 British Manila (1762–1764)
 Sovereign Tagalog Nation (1896–1897)
 Republic of the Philippines (1897)

American Colonial Period (1898–1946)
 Military Government (1898–1902)
 Philippine Republic (1899–1902)
 Insular Government (1901–1935)
 Tagalog Republic (1902–1906)
 Commonwealth of the Philippines (1935–1946)
 Republic of the Philippines (1943–1945)

Post–Colonial Period (1946–present)
 Republic of the Philippines

 Third Republic (1946–1972)
 Martial Law Period (1972–1981)
 Fourth Republic (1981–1986)
 Fifth Republic (1986–present)

European Colonial Period (1607–1783)
 British America (1607–1783)
 New Spain (1521–1821)
 New France (1534–1763)
 New Netherland (1614–1674)
 New Sweden (1638–1655)

Post–Colonial Period (1776–present)
 United States of America

 Revolutionary & Critical Period (1776–1789)
 Expansion & Reform Period (1789–1849)
 Industrialization & Civil-war Period (1849–1865)
 Reconstruction & Progressive Period (1865–1918)
 Inter-war & WWII Period (1918–1945)
 Early Cold-war Period (1945–1964)
 Middle Cold-war Period (1964–1980)
 Late Cold-war Period (1980–1991)
 Post–Cold-war Period (1991–2008)
 Contemporary Period (2008–present)

First Leader
Emilio Aguinaldo
George Washington

Current Leader
 President: Rodrigo Duterte
(PDP-Laban)
 President: Donald Trump
(Republican)

Current Deputy
 Vice President: Leni Robredo
(Liberal)
 Vice President: Mike Pence
(Republican)

Legislature
Congress
Congress

Upper house
 Senate:
Senate President: Aquilino Pimentel III
(PDP-Laban)
Senate President pro tempore: Ralph Recto
(Liberal)
Majority Leader: Vicente Sotto III
(NPC)
Minority Leader: Franklin Drilon
(Liberal)
 Senate:
Senate President: Mike Pence
(Republican)
Senate President pro tempore: Orrin Hatch
(Republican)
Majority Leader: Mitch McConnell
(Republican)
Minority Leader: Chuck Schumer
(Democrat)

Lower house
 House of Representatives:
Speaker: Pantaleon Alvarez
(PDP-Laban)
Majority Floor Leader: Rodolfo Fariñas
(Nacionalista)
Minority Floor Leader: Danilo E. Suarez
(Lakas)
 House of Representatives:
Speaker: Paul Ryan
(Republican)
Majority Leader: Kevin McCarthy
(Republican)
Minority Leader: Nancy Pelosi
(Democrat)

Judiciary
Supreme Court
Chief Justice: Maria Lourdes Sereno
Supreme Court
Chief Justice: John Roberts

National language
Filipino (de jure)
English (de facto)

GDP (nominal)
US$311.687 billion ($7,846 per capita)
US$16.245 trillion ($51,704 per capita)

text: Leaders of the two states

text: Military agreements[edit]

text: Bases era (1947–91)[edit]

text: Pursuant to the 1947 Military Bases Agreement, the United States maintained and operated major facilities at Clark Air Base until November 1991,[11] and at Subic Bay Naval Complex and several small subsidiary installations in the Philippines until November 1992. In July 1991, negotiators from the two countries reached agreement on a draft treaty providing for the clean-up and turn over of Clark to the Philippine government in 1992, and for the lease of Subic Bay Naval Base by the U.S. for ten years.[12] By 1991, operations at Clark had already been scaled back because of the end of the Cold War, with the last combat aircraft leaving in 1990, before the base was heavily damaged by the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo.[13]

text: On September 16, 1991, the Philippine Senate rejected the bases treaty by a slim margin, and despite further efforts to salvage the situation, the two sides could not reach an agreement. As a result, the Philippine Government informed the U.S. on December 6, 1991, that it would have one year to complete withdrawal. That withdrawal went smoothly and was completed ahead of schedule, with the last U.S. forces departing on November 24, 1992. On departure, the U.S. Government turned over assets worth more than $1.3 billion to the Philippines, including an airport and ship-repair facility. Agencies formed by the Philippine Government have converted the former military bases for civilian commercial use, with Subic Bay serving as a flagship for that effort. The Philippine government on July 16, 2015 announced that it will revive a US-built deep-water naval base in Subic Bay [14] The vote resulted in 11 senators in favor of extending the treaty, and 12 senators in favor of suppressing it. The list of senators who voted for the bases treaty are as follows:

text:
Voted to extend
Voted against extending

Heherson "Sonny" Alvarez
Edgardo "Ed" Angara
Neptali Gonzales
Ernesto "Boy" Herrera
Jose "Joey" Lina, Jr.
John Henry "Sonny" Osmena
Vicente Paterno
Santanina Rasul
Alberto Romulo
Leticia "Letty" Ramos Shahani
Mamintal Tamano

Agapito "Butz" Aquino
Juan Ponce Enrile
Joseph "Erap" Estrada
Teofisto "Tito" Guingona, Jr.
Sotero Laurel
Ernesto "Ernie" Maceda, Sr.
Orlando "Orly" Mercado
Aquilino "Nene" Pimentel Jr.
Rene Saguisag
Jovito "Jovy" Salonga
Wigberto "Bobby" Tanada
Victor Ziga

text: Visiting Forces Agreement[edit]

text: The post-U.S. bases era has seen U.S.-Philippine relations improved and broadened, with a prominent focus on economic and commercial ties while maintaining the importance of the security dimension. U.S. investment continues to play an important role in the Philippine economy, while a strong security relationship rests on the Mutual Defense Treaty of 1951. In February 1998, U.S. and Philippine negotiators concluded the Visiting Forces Agreement (VFA), paving the way for increased military cooperation under the MDT. The agreement was approved by the Philippine Senate in May 1999 and entered into force on June 1, 1999. Under the VFA, the U.S. has conducted ship visits to Philippine ports and has resumed large combined military exercises with Philippine forces. Key events in the bilateral relationship include the July 4, 1996 declaration by President Ramos of Philippine-American Friendship Day in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of Philippine independence. Ramos visited the U.S. in April 1998, and then-President Estrada visited in July 2000. President Arroyo met with President Bush in an official working visit in November 2001 and made a state visit in Washington on May 19, 2003. President Bush made a state visit to the Philippines on October 18, 2003, during which he addressed a joint session of the Philippine Congress—the first American President to do so since Dwight D. Eisenhower. There are regular U.S. cabinet-level and congressional visits to the Philippines as well.

text: President Arroyo repeatedly stressed the close friendship between the Philippines and the U.S. and her desire to expand bilateral ties further. Both governments tried to revitalize and strengthen their partnership by working toward greater security, prosperity, and service to Filipinos and Americans alike. Inaugurated into office on the same day as President Bush, President Arroyo lent strong support to the Global War on Terrorism. In October 2003, the U.S. designated the Philippines as a Major non-NATO ally. That same month, the Philippines joined the select group of countries to have ratified all 12 UN counterterrorism conventions.

text: Annual military exercises[edit]

text: The annual Balikatan (Shoulder-to-Shoulder) bilateral military exercises contribute directly to the Philippine armed forces' efforts to root out Abu Sayyaf and Jemaah Islamiyah terrorists and bring development to formerly terrorist-plagued areas, notably Basilan and Jolo. They include not only combined military training but also civil-military affairs and humanitarian projects. The International Military Education and Training (IMET) program is the largest in the Pacific and the third-largest in the world, and a Mutual Logistics Support Agreement (MLSA) was signed in November 2002. Similarly, law enforcement cooperation has reached new levels: U.S. and Philippine agencies have cooperated to bring charges against numerous terrorists, to implement the countries' extradition treaty, and to train thousands of Filipino law enforcement officers. There is a Senior Law Enforcement Advisor helping the Philippine National Police with its Transformation Program.

text: The U.S. works closely with the Philippines to reduce poverty and increase prosperity.[citation needed] The U.S. fully supports Philippine efforts to root out corruption, to open economic opportunity, and to invest in health and education. USAID programs support the 'Philippines' war on poverty as well as the government's reform agenda in critical areas, including anti-money laundering, rule of law, tax collection, and trade and investment. Other USAID programs have bolstered the government's efforts to heal divisions in Philippine society through a focus on conflict resolution, livelihood enhancement for former combatants, and economic development in Mindanao and the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, among the poorest areas in the country. Meanwhile, important programs continue in modern family planning, infectious disease control, environmental protection, rural electrification, and provision of basic services—as well as PL 480 food aid programs and others, which together totaled $211.3 million. In 2006, the Millennium Challenge Corporation granted $21 million to the Philippines for a threshold program addressing corruption in revenue administration.

text: Nearly 400,000 Americans visit the Philippines each year. Providing government services to U.S. and other citizens, therefore, constitutes an important aspect of the bilateral relationship. Those services include veterans' affairs, social security, and consular operations. Benefits to Filipinos from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and the Social Security Administration totaled $297,389,415 in 2006. Many people-to-people programs exist between the U.S. and the Philippines, including Fulbright, International Visitors, and Aquino Fellowship exchange programs, as well as the U.S. Peace Corps.

text: Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement[edit]

text: The Agreement on Enhanced Defense Cooperation is a ten-page document containing a preamble and 12 articles, that was signed on April 28, 2014. It is a framework agreement that raises the scope of the 1951 Mutual Defense Treaty (MDT).

text: The Preamble to the EDCA refers to the obligations of the Philippines and the United States, under both the Charter of the United Nations and the MDT, to settle international disputes by peaceful means, not to endanger international peace and security, and to refrain from the threat or use of force “in any manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations.”

text: Importantly, the Preamble notes that both parties “share an understanding for the United States not to establish a permanent military presence or base in the territory of the Philippines.” The Preamble later concludes, “all United States access to and use of facilities and areas will be at the invitation of the Philippines and with full respect for the Philippines Constitution and Philippine laws.[15]

text: Trade and investment[edit]

text: Two-way U.S. merchandise trade with the Philippines amounted to $17.3 billion in 2006 (U.S. Department of Commerce data). According to Philippine Government data, 16% of the Philippines' imports in 2006 came from the U.S., and about 18% of its exports were bound for America. The Philippines ranks as the 26th-largest export market and the 30th-largest supplier of the United States. Key exports to the U.S. are semiconductor devices and computer peripherals, automobile parts, electric machinery, textiles and garments, wheat and animal feeds, and coconut oil. In addition to other goods, the Philippines imports raw and semi-processed materials for the manufacture of semiconductors, electronics and electrical machinery, transport equipment, and cereals and cereal preparations.

text: The U.S. traditionally has been the Philippines' largest foreign investor, with about $6.6 billion in estimated investment as of end-2005 (U.S. Department of Commerce data). Since the late 1980s, the Philippines has committed itself to reforms that encourage foreign investment as a basis for economic development, subject to certain guidelines and restrictions in specified areas. Under President Ramos, the Philippines expanded reforms, opening the power generation and telecommunications sectors to foreign investment, as well as securing ratification of the Uruguay Round agreement and membership in the World Trade Organization. As noted earlier, President Arroyo's administration has generally continued such reforms despite opposition from vested interests and "nationalist" blocs. A major obstacle has been and will continue to be constitutional restrictions on, among others, foreign ownership of land and public utilities, which limits maximum ownership to 40%.

text: Over the last two decades, the relatively closed Philippine economy has been opened significantly by foreign exchange deregulation, foreign investment and banking liberalization, tariff and market barrier reduction, and foreign entry into the retail trade sector. The Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001 opened opportunities for U.S. firms to participate in the power industry in the Philippines. Information and communications technologies, backroom operations such as call centers, and regional facilities or shared-service centers are likewise leading investment opportunities.

text: During the visit by President Benigno Aquino III to Washington DC, on July 7, 2012, the US-Philippine Society was launched. It is a non-profit independent organisation tasked for generating awareness about the Philippines in the US. The last board meeting was conducted by the society on January 24, 2013.[16]

text: In its 2013 Special 301 Report, the Office of the United States Trade Representatives wrote "The United States looks to the Philippines to take important steps to address piracy over the internet, in particular with respect to notorious online markets".[17] It is speculated that pressure from the United States contributed to the complaint filed by Philippine Association of the Record Industry against the torrent website KickassTorrents, resulting in its seizure by Philippine authorities on June 13, 2013.[18]

text: Security[edit]

text: U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs Kurt M. Campbell said in January 2011 that the United States will help boost the capacity of the Philippines to patrol their own waters, including the Spratly islands.[19]

text: The 1951 mutual-defense treaty was reaffirmed with the November 2011 Manila Declaration.[20][21] United States Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Jonathan Greenert suggested that LCS or surveillance aircraft may be deployed to the Philippines.[22] And the Philippines is considering the proposal.[23] These "rotational deployments" will help replace some of the American presence in the area that was given up when the permanent American bases in the Philippines were closed under President Bush.[24]

text: In 2012 the Philippines and the United States conducted joint military exercises.[25] As of 2012, a U.S. military contingent of 600, including Navy Seals and Seabees are stationed "indefinitely" in the Southern Philippines, in a declared non-combatant role to assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines in operations against the al-Quaida-linked Abu Sayyaf terrorist group primarily on the island of Basilan in western Mindanao and the Sulu islands, in particular Jolo, a long-time stronghold of Abu Sayyaf.[26]

text: The Scarborough Shoal standoff with China and the ongoing Spratly islands dispute has caused the Philippines to consider stronger military ties with the United States. In 2012, a senior Philippine defense official said that as long as they have prior clearance from the Philippine government, American troops, warships and aircraft could once again use their former naval and air facilities of Subic Bay Naval Base and Clark Air Base.[27] In 2013, Foreign Secretary, Albert del Rosario clarified that, due to constitutional constraints, establishment of a US military facility could only be allowed if it would be under the control of the Philippine military.[28] The deal will reportedly include shared access to Philippines military but not civilian facilities.[29]

text: During a 2013 visit to the Philippines, Defense Secretary, Ashton Carter said that the main security issues that the USA was working with the Philippines were:

text:
Maritime domain awareness,
building up the capacities of the Armed Forces of the Philippines,
and counter terrorism.[30]

text: In April 2014, a ten-year pact (EDCA – Enhanced Defence Co-operation Agreement)[31] was signed between the U.S. President, Barack Obama and the Philippine President, Benigno Aquino III, allowing United States to increase military presence in the Philippines.[32][33][34][35]

text: The Joint US Military Assistance Group (JUSMAG) handed over weapons to the Philippine Marine Corps.The equipment includes 300 M4 carbines, 200 Glock 21 pistols, 4 M134D Gatling-style machine guns, and 100 M203 grenade launchers, the US embassy in Manila said in a 5 June statement. The JUSMAG also delivered 25 new Combat Rubber Raiding Craft with outboard motors to PMC headquarters in Taguig, where PMC commandant Major General Emmanuel Salamat formally accepted delivery of the weapons during a transfer ceremony on 5 June.The equipment was delivered amidst the Marawi Crisis.[36]

text: Diplomatic relations[edit]

text: The U.S. maintains an embassy in Manila and a consulate in Cebu. The American Business Center, which houses the Foreign Commercial Service and the Foreign Agricultural Service, is located in Makati City. The Philippine government maintains an embassy in Washington, D.C. as well as several consulates throughout the United States.

text: Relations under Duterte's Administration[edit]

text: After President Rodrigo Duterte formally assumed the office on June 30, 2016, the US-Philippine relations began to sour. The drift between the Duterte and Obama relationship began when the U.S. President expressed his concern over human rights issues on President Duterte’s “War on Criminality and Drugs”. According to a statement issued by the White House, Obama commended the country for its "vibrant democracy." But he also highlighted "enduring values" that underpinned their "longstanding ties," including "shared commitments to democracy, human rights and rule of law."[37] This intervention and President Duterte’s choice of words while speaking about President Obama during a press conference, where he infamously called him “a son of a whore” resulted in a canceled meeting between the two leaders during the 2016 ASEAN summit held in Laos.[38]

text: A few weeks after, Duterte suggested American special forces to cease its operations and leave Mindanao. He cited the killings of Muslim Filipinos during a U.S. pacification campaign in the early 1900s, which he said were at the root of the long restiveness by minority Muslims in the largely Catholic nation’s south.[39] It was only during his official visit to Vietnam last September 28, 2016 when he explicitly expressed that he wants an end to the Philippines' joint military exercises with the United States, saying the upcoming scheduled war games will be the last under his term, while adding that he will continue to uphold the Philippines' treaties with the US.[40]

text: As of October 2016[update], despite Duterte's shift of foreign policy to China from US, Filipinos still had low approval and trust rate in China compared to the US which continued to hold high trust and approval ratings.[41] On former president's Fidel Ramos' resignation as special envoy to China, he stated that he didn't like Duterte's treatment of US president Obama.[42]

text: Duterte later said following the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election that he will stop quarrels with the US following President-elect Donald Trump's victory.[43]


document_title: Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh

question_text: nerve root of lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh

text: Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh

text: Structure[edit]

text: The lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh is a nerve of the lumbar plexus. It arises from the dorsal divisions of the second and third lumbar nerves (L2-L3). It emerges from the lateral border of the psoas major at about its middle, and crosses the iliacus muscle obliquely, toward the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS). It then passes under the inguinal ligament, through the lacuna musculorum and then over the sartorius muscle into the thigh, where it divides into an anterior and a posterior branch.

text: The anterior branch becomes superficial about 10 cm below the inguinal ligament, and divides into branches which are distributed to the skin of the anterior and lateral parts of the thigh, as far as the knee. The terminal filaments of this nerve frequently communicate with the anterior cutaneous branches of the femoral nerve, and with the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve, forming with them the peripatellar plexus.

text: The posterior branch pierces the fascia lata, and subdivides into filaments which pass backward across the lateral and posterior surfaces of the thigh, supplying the skin from the level of the greater trochanter to the middle of the thigh.

text: Entrapment is caused by compression of the nerve near the ASIS and inguinal ligament and is commonly known as Meralgia paraesthetica or Bernhardt-Roth syndrome.

text: Additional images[edit]

text: This gallery of anatomic features needs cleanup to abide by the medical manual of style. Galleries containing indiscriminate images of the article subject are discouraged; please improve or remove the gallery accordingly. (June 2015)

text:
Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh and other structures passing behind the inguinal ligament

The great saphenous vein and its tributaries at the fossa ovalis.

The lumbar plexus and its branches.

Deep and superficial dissection of the lumbar plexus.

Diagram of segmental distribution of the lateral cutaneous nerve (shaded) and other nerves of the right leg. Front view.

Cutaneous nerves of the right lower extremity. Front and posterior views.


document_title: Not Too Young To Run

question_text: when was the not too young to run bill signed into law

text: Not Too Young To Run

text: History of Not Too Young To Run bill[edit]

text: The Age Reduction Bill popularly known as Not Too Young To Run bill is a constitutional amendment movement led by young Nigerians. The bill was conceived by a civil society group known as YIAGA Africa in May 2016. The group is headed by Samson Itodo, a human right activist and good governance campaigner who is the Executive Director of YIAGA Africa. The bill was sponsored in Nigeria's House of Representatives by Tony Nwulu and in the Nigeria's Senate by AbdulAziz Nyako. The bill seeks alteration in sections 65, 106, 131, 177 of the Constitution of Nigeria, which is reduce the age of running for elective positions for House of Assembly and House of Representatives from 30 year old to 25 year old, Senate and Governorship from 35 year old to 30 year old and office of the president from 40 to 30 and independent candidature in Nigeria.[14]

text: Advocacies[edit]

text: On April 20, 2018, the campaigners of the bill met with Nigeria's Vice President Yemi Osinbajo to advocate for the Presidency to assent the bill.

text: Passage of Not Too Young To Run bill at Nigeria Parliaments[edit]

text: The bill was first read at Nigeria's House of Representatives and was passed with votes of (86-10) in Senate on July 26, 2017 and 261-23 in House of Representatives on July 27, 2017.[15] The bill passed first and second reading in Nigeria's Parliament and was presented to Committee on Constitutional Review. For any constitutional amendments to become a law in Nigeria, the amendments needed to be presented to all the House of Assemblies of 36 states of federation and not less than 24 states are expected to vote Yes to the amendments. It was reported by 33 house of assemblies in Nigeria voted Yes, except Zamfara, Lagos and Kano. The bill was rejected by Taraba State of Assembly initially, but, was reversed after the group made a press release inaugurating the Taraba House of Assembly into the Hall of Shame.[16][17] On February 16, 2018, the conveners gave the Nigeria Parliaments and their president 30days ultimatum to conclude the processes of passage and signing of the bill into law.[18]

text: Assent of Not Too Young To Run bill by Nigeria's President[edit]

text: In April, 2018, the Nigeria's Senate resolved to transmit the Not Too Young To Run bill to the President of Nigeria.[19] On May 21, 2018, 55 youth-led organizations gave President Buhari an 8day ultimatum to assent on the bill.[20][21] On  29 May 2018, Nigeria's President Buhari announced in his 'democracy day' national address that he planned to sign the bill into law. He subsequently signed the bill on the 31st of May 2018.[22] On May 31, 2018, Muhammadu Buhari signed the Not Too Young To Run bill into law.[23][24][25][26]

text: Political Controversy[edit]

text: There was a controversy that the Not Too Young To Run bill was removed from the constitutional review report during the Nigeria's constitutional review meeting.[27]