document_title: America's Next Top Model (season 1)

question_text: america's next top model cycle 1 contestants

question_tokens: america 's next top model cycle 1 contestants

text: America's Next Top Model (season 1)

text: Contestants[edit]

text: (ages stated are at start of contest)

text:
Contestant

Age

Height

Hometown

Finish

Place

Tessa Carlson[6]

19

5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)

Chicago, Illinois

Episode 1

10

Katie Cleary[7]

21

5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)

Glenview, Illinois

Episode 2

9

Nicole Panattoni[8]

22

5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)

Murrieta, California

Episode 3

8

Ebony Haith[9]

24

5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)

Bronx, New York

Episode 4

7

Giselle Samson[10]

18

5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)

Corona, California

Episode 5

6

Kesse Wallace[11]

21

5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)

North Little Rock, Arkansas

Episode 6

5

Robin Manning[12]

26

5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)

Memphis, Tennessee

Episode 7

4

Elyse Sewell[13]

20

5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)

Albuquerque, New Mexico

Episode 9

3

Shannon Stewart[14]

18

5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)

Franklin, Ohio

2

Adrianne Curry[15]

20

5 ft 10.5 in (1.79 m)

Joliet, Illinois

1

text: Episode summaries[edit]

text: The Girl Who Wants It Bad[edit]

text: First aired May 20, 2003

text: Twenty semi-finalists, chosen from thousands of hopefuls, arrived in Los Angeles for the preliminary round of the competition. The contestants were told that only ten of them would make it to the finals, but after their meetings with Tyra Banks and the producers, only eight advanced. Two more contestants, Giselle and Tessa, were added to the final cast following a separate audition.

text: For the week's photo shoot, the ten finalists modeled J.Lo by Jennifer Lopez swimwear atop a Manhattan skyscraper. The judging session saw Tessa become the first model eliminated from the competition.

text: Featured photographer: Douglas Bizzaro & Elizabeth Moss

text: The Girl Is Here To Win, Not Make Friends[edit]

text: First aired May 27, 2003

text: For the week's challenge, the nine remaining finalists took part in a mock fashion show. The challenge winner was Giselle. For the photo shoot, the finalists posed for Stuff magazine. The judging session saw Katie become the second model eliminated from the competition.

text:
Featured photographer: Barry Hollywood
Special guests: Wyclef Jean

text: The Girl Who Gets Rushed To The Emergency Room[edit]

text: First aired June 3, 2003

text: The eight remaining finalists were given makeovers. They had a challenge on applying make-up, which was won by Elyse. For the week's photo shoot, the finalists had beauty shots taken with a snake. The judging session saw Nicole become the third model eliminated from the competition.

text:
Featured photographer: Troy Ward
Special guests: Kim Lepine, Jon Silverman, Max Tucci, Janice Combs, Constance White, Derek Kahn

text: The Girl Who Drives Everyone Crazy[edit]

text: First aired June 10, 2003

text: The seven remaining finalists were challenged to polish their acting skills. They were given a challenge on line-reading, which was won by Robin. Instead of a photo shoot, the finalists shot a commercial for Fresh Look contact lenses. The judging session saw Ebony become the fourth model eliminated from the competition.

text:
Featured commercial director: Loren Haynes
Special guests: Jon Silverman, Alice Spivak, Tracy Staus

text: The Girl Who Everyone Thinks Is Killing Herself[edit]

text: First aired June 17, 2003

text: For the week's challenge, the six remaining finalists gave interviews, with Elyse winning. The photo shoot was a campaign for Reebok with NFL Rookie of the Year Clinton Portis. The judging session saw Giselle become the fifth model eliminated from the competition.

text:
Featured photographer: Daniel Garriga
Special guests: Cindy Berger, Jon Silverman, Clinton Portis, Christine Curry, Martin Crandall, Derek Kahn, Steve Santagati

text: The Girl Who Deals With A Pervert[edit]

text: First aired June 24, 2003

text: The five remaining finalists were flown to Paris for the week's challenge and photo shoot. They did a lingerie shoot for Wonder Bra with male model Brad Pinkert, and for the challenge they attended go-sees. The judging session saw Kesse become the sixth model eliminated from the competition.

text:
Featured photographer: Michel Haddi
Special guests: Pink, Brad Pinkert, Emma Mackie, Marilyn Gauthier

text: The Girls Get Really Naked[edit]

text: First aired July 1, 2003

text: For the week’s challenge, the four remaining finalists went to a restaurant and met four men, who judged them on their ability to carry themselves in a couture situation. The challenge winner was Adrianne. The finalists did two photo shoots this week: a black-and-white beauty shoot shot by Tyra Banks, and a nude shoot for Merit Diamond jewelry, the latter of which Robin and Shannon refused to participate in. The finalists were flown back to New York City for the judging session, which saw Robin become the seventh model eliminated from the competition.

text:
Featured photographers: Tyra Banks, Patrick Katzman
Special guests: Pascal Millet, Derek Khan

text: How The Girls Got Here[edit]

text: First aired July 8, 2003

text: This episode was an overview of the past seven episodes of the cycle which featured previously unseen footage.

text: The Girl Who Becomes America's Next Top Model[edit]

text: First aired July 8, 2003

text: The final three contestants were Adrianne Curry, Elyse Sewell and Shannon Stewart. Elyse became the eighth model eliminated at the penultimate judging session.

text: Adrianne and Shannon competed in a Baby Phat fashion show. The final judging session saw Adrianne crowned America's Next Top Model.

text: Special guest: Drew Lineham

text: Summaries[edit]

text: Call-out order[edit]

text:
Order
Episodes

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9

1

Nicole
Ebony
Shannon
Shannon
Kesse
Adrianne
Elyse
Elyse
Shannon
Adrianne

2

Robin
Elyse
Nicole
Kesse
Elyse
Kesse
Shannon
Adrianne
Adrianne
Shannon

3

Kesse
Kesse
Giselle
Elyse
Adrianne
Shannon
Robin
Shannon
Elyse

4

Elyse
Adrianne
Robin
Giselle
Robin
Robin
Adrianne
Robin

5

Katie
Katie
Adrianne
Adrianne
Shannon
Elyse
Kesse

6

Ebony
Nicole
Ebony
Robin
Giselle
Giselle

7

Adrianne
Giselle
Elyse
Ebony
Ebony

8

Shannon
Robin
Kesse
Nicole

9

Shannon
Katie

10

Tessa

text:
In episode 1, the pool of 20 semi-finalists was reduced to 8. Later, two more contestants (Giselle and Tessa) were scouted and introduced to the cast.
In episode 7, Robin and Shannon did not participate in the photo shoot.
Episode 8 was the recap episode.

text: Photo shoot guide[edit]

text:
Episode 1 photo shoot: Swimwear on a rooftop
Episode 2 photo shoot: Swimwear for Stuff
Episode 3 photo shoot: Beauty shots with snakes
Episode 4 commercial: Fresh Look contact lenses
Episode 5 photo shoot: Reebok ad with Clinton Portis
Episode 6 photo shoot: Wonder Bra overlooking the Eiffel Tower
Episode 7 photo shoots: Black & white beauty shots, nude campaign for Merit Diamond

text: Makeovers[edit]

text:
Adrianne – Weave with bangs
Ebony – Tuft shaved off
Elyse – Pixie cut
Giselle – Dyed red and layered
Kesse – Hair weave with honey blonde highlights, à la Tyra Banks in 1992
Nicole – Weave trimmed and straightened
Robin – Weave removed and light brown weave added
Shannon – Straight hair weave and more blonde

text: Post-Top Model careers[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Tessa Carlson modeled for Noah Kalina and Joey Quintero.
Katie Cleary has worked with Deal or No Deal and has done print modeling. She has been an on-camera host for TV Guide Channel, E! News, and HDTV's Get Out. Her acting credits include How to Get Away with Murder, Chuck, The Break-Up, The Lake House, and Iron Man 2.[16]
Adrianne Curry collected her prizes and has modeled for several magazines, including Life & Style Weekly, Us Weekly, Star, OK!, Stuff, People, Maxim, made the Maxim Hot 100 list in 2005, Max (Spanish) Marie Claire, Spanish Marie Claire, Von Dutch, Von Dutch Watches, Salon City, Macy's, Famous Stars and Straps, Lucky, Ed Hardy, Kinis Bikinis, Beverly Hills Choppers, and Merit Diamonds. She has walked for Jaime Pressly and Pamela Anderson. She was signed with Wilhelmina Models and Avenue Modeller,[17] and is no longer a model. She was married to actor Christopher Knight from 2006 to 2012.
Ebony Haith was signed with Downtown Model Management.
Robin Manning is pursuing an acting career and has been in two movies, and has done church-related print work.
Nicole Panattoni modeled for various companies. She is married to BMX rider Cory Nastazio.
Giselle Samson now works as a hostess for Carnival Cruise.[18]
Elyse Sewell has done multiple print ads, and been signed by multiple agencies in Asia.
Shannon Stewart has done print work, and has been signed with Ford Models and Elite Model Management. She participated in the America's Next Top Model All Stars cycle alongside other former contestants,[19] finishing in sixth place.


document_title: The Sims 2

question_text: what is the name of the first sims 2 expansion pack (one word answer)

question_tokens: what is the name of the first sims 2 expansion pack ( one word answer )

root

text: The Sims 2

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: From the neighborhood view, the player selects one lot to play, as in The Sims.[9] There are both residential and community lots, but Sims can only live in residential lots. Sims can travel to Community lots in order to purchase things like clothing and magazines, and to interact with NPCs and townies.

tag: p

text: The player can choose between playing a pre-made inhabited lot, moving a household into an unoccupied pre-built lot, or constructing a building on an empty lot. One novelty from The Sims is foundations.

text: The player switches among the "live" mode (default) to control Sims, the "buy" mode to add, move or delete furniture, or the "build" mode to rebuild the house. Buy and build mode cannot be accessed when on a community lot, but can be opened by using the neighborhood view. It is also possible to import neighborhood terrains from SimCity 4.[10]

text: The game contains some time-bound social challenges that provide a reward if successful. Sims can throw parties to gain aspiration points or invite the headmaster over for dinner in order to enroll their children in private school.[9] Some expansion packs have new mini-games, like running a Greek house in University or dating in Nightlife. In Nightlife, each date is a challenge to keep both Sims as happy as possible while accumulating aspiration points. Various other expansion packs introduce supernatural characters which Sims can be turned into, such as Zombies, Vampires, Werewolves, Plantsims, and Witches.

text: Sims[edit]

text: The main part of the game is to lead a Sim from the start of life to death. A Sim will be born when a female Sim and a male Sim try for a baby. The mother will spend 3 Sim days (each day lasts 24 minutes though time can be sped-up) pregnant before giving birth to a baby.[9] During Pregnancy, the belly does not expand gradually. Instead, every day, it "pops" to a bigger size. Players can name the new Sim upon birth. The baby's appearance and personality will be based on the genetics of its parents (though the baby's appearance is hidden until it becomes a toddler). Babies can also be adopted by calling the social worker on the phone, even by single parents or same-gender couples. The baby will change into a toddler in 3 days, and 4 more days for the toddler to change into a child. After 8 days, the child grows into a teenager, and will live 15 days before changing into an adult. After 29 days, the Sim will become an elder. An elder will eventually die; the length of this final stage depends on the aspiration bar when they become an elder.

text: Babies, toddlers, children, teens, and adults can be advanced to their next life stage at any time during the 24 Sim hours before they will grow up automatically. For babies, this requires using the birthday cake. Toddlers, children, teens, and adults can use the "Grow Up" self-interaction. If the University expansion pack is installed, teens have the option to go to college, where they will be young adults for approximately 24 days. Aging can be disabled via cheats.

text: Players will need to build up talent badges, skills and relationships with other people, so that they can be successful in their career.[11] A player will also need to make sure a Sim is happy and well by fulfilling wants (including lifetime wants, avoiding fears, and fulfilling motives).

text: Pregnancy, toddlers, teens, and elders are new stages of life. Young adult is a unique age added with the University expansion. Teen Sims will become young adults once they are moved to a University, and will be adults once they leave campus, regardless of the reason.

text: Create-a-Sim[edit]

text: In The Sims 2, Create a Family is entered by clicking the "Families" button in the lower left-hand corner of the neighborhood view, then clicking the large "Create New Family" button. Clicking the button labeled "Create A Sim" will expand a tab which has the "Create a Sim" and "Make a Child" icons. "Make a Child" will be grayed out unless the family contains an adult male and adult female. Clicking the "Create a Sim" icon will generate a random adult Sim, who may be male or female which can be edited by the player.

text: As opposed to The Sims, any age besides baby or young adult (which must be made in the University Create a Student) may be created. Instead of having to choose from already finished faces which include hair, it is now possible to alter the facial structure (e.g. widening the nose, thinning the lips, elongating the chin, etc.) and choose any hairstyle to go with it. Different eye colors and an additional skin tone is available for the Sims as well. If Sims are older than a child, their aspiration and turn-ons/offs (Nightlife or later) may be determined. As in The Sims, there are five personality traits, and 25 personality points which can be assigned to those traits.[12] However, in The Sims 2, all personality points must be assigned. Additionally, there are twelve pre-set personalities, one for each of the zodiac signs. A zodiac sign will be set which matches the personality the player has selected for the Sim.

text: The Sims 2 also comes with The Sims 2 Body Shop, which enables users to create genetics, makeups, accessories, clothes, and Sims, with the help of third-party tools, such as MS Paint, Paint.NET, Adobe Photoshop, GIMP, Wings 3D, and SimPE.

text: Social interactions[edit]

text: There are several new social interactions introduced in The Sims 2. These new social interactions can create memories and can be related to certain age groups. Social interactions can come up in the Wants and Fears panel and can be dependent on the Sim's personality and aspiration. Sims with certain personalities may not want to complete certain social interactions.

text: Careers[edit]

text: There are careers that come with the game that require skills and a certain number of friends in order for promotion.[16] Success in these careers unlocks career rewards and higher salaries plus bonuses. Sims also receive chance cards. Correct answers to these chance cards creates rewards for Sims while incorrect answers could cause a Sim to lose its job. Nightlife and Apartment Life allow Sims to gain promotions through social interactions with other Sims.[17]

text: Comparison to The Sims[edit]

text: Graphically, The Sims 2 is more detailed than The Sims and lets players view its world in full 3D. This is a change from earlier Sim games, such as SimCity 2000, which used dimetric projection and fixed resolutions, as the camera was in The Sims. In The Sims, Sims are 3D meshes, but The Sims 2 introduces far more detail in mesh quality, texture quality, and animation capability. A Sim's facial features are customizable and unique, and Sims can smile, frown, and blink. The player can adjust a Sim's features in the in-game Create-a-Sim tool; for example, noses can be made to be very large or very small. Texturing is achieved through use of raster images, though it appears more lifelike.

text: The Sims 2 characters pass through seven life stages — babies, toddlers, children, teenagers, young adults (only with University), adults, and elders — with eventual death of old age, while babies in The Sims only become children before ceasing to continue aging. The aspiration system (described above) is also new to The Sims 2. Sims can become pregnant and produce babies that take on genetic characteristics of their parents, such as eye color, hair color, facial structure, and personality traits as opposed to Sims, in which the baby would take on random appearance and personality. Genetics play a major role in the game, and as such, dominant and recessive genes play a larger role than they did in the original game. A player can also aspire to have a Sim abducted by aliens. Males then have the chance to become impregnated and produce after three Sim days a half-alien child.

text: Some of the other additions to gameplay are career rewards, a week cycle, the cleaning skill (which was a hidden skill in The Sims), a variety of meals (depending on time of day), exercise clothing, body shape affected by diet and exercise, and houses built on foundations.

text: Development[edit]

text: EA Games announced on May 5, 2003 that the Maxis studio had begun development on The Sims 2.[18] The game was first shown at E3 in Los Angeles, California on May 13, 2004.[18] Will Wright admits that while most of the content of The Sims 2 are original ideas, inspiration for its own expansions and constituents spawned from the successes of the first game. The community interest in the antecedent The Sims: Unleashed and The Sims: Hot Date expansions ensured the creation of The Sims 2: Pets and The Sims 2: Nightlife expansions, respectively.[19]

text:
After development concluded, designers from Maxis regarded The Sims 2 as very capricious during creation. Bugs would appear, and Sims would be "tweaked", or have anomalies not present in a previous run.[20]
A teaser trailer was provided on the Makin' Magic CD but was later uploaded to websites all over the Internet.

text: On December 15, 2012, Electronic Arts announced that the official website would be shut down on January 14, 2013. It is now no longer possible to download content from the official site, create exchanges, or participate in the official forum communities.[21]

text: On July 16, 2014, Electronic Arts announced the end of support for The Sims 2. As a response The Sims 2: Ultimate Collection was released at the same time as a limited time offer.  The game became available for free download from Origin exclusively following an announcement by EA that they would no longer be supporting the Game.[22] This offer ended at 10:00 PDT July 31, 2014.[23][24][25] EA stated that they were planning on releasing the compilation as a retail release. However, as of now, no further information has since been released or confirmed on its planned retail release date, and the game has since been removed entirely from Origin as of the end of 2017.

text: On August 7, 2014, Aspyr Media released The Sims 2: Super Collection as digital download exclusively available at the Mac App Store; the game was updated for OS X Mavericks, 4K and Retina. This compilation only includes the first six expansion packs and the first three stuff packs. Aspyr stated they were unable to include the remaining packs for the game due to licensing conflicts with EA. Like the Ultimate Collection, no new updates on when the remaining packs will be released separately or as a single add-on to the Super Collection have emerged.

text: Music[edit]

text: The game features music performed by Paramore, Ryan Ferguson, Trivium, Chiodos and more recording artists (all songs recorded in the Sims language "Simlish").[26] The Humble Brothers contributed heavily to the game.

text: Reception and legacy[edit]

text: ReceptionAggregate scoresAggregatorScoreGameRankings91%[16]Metacritic90[7]Review scoresPublicationScore1UP.comA[12]Eurogamer8 of 10[27]GamePro[28]Game RevolutionB+[11]GameSpot8.9 of 10 [29]GameSpy[9]GamesRadar+9 of 10[30]GameZone9.4 of 10[31]IGN9.4 of 10[32]PC Gamer (US)85% [7]AwardsPublicationAwardBlimp Award (UK Kids' Choice Awards)Best Video GameApple Design Award (Apple Design Awards)Best Mac OS X Game

tag: table

text: The Sims 2 had a successful E3.[33][34] The game also received the Editor's Choice Award from IGN and GameSpy upon final review of the finished product.[35][36] From 71 online reviews, the average score was 90 out of 100. Seven of those sources awarded the game a 100 out of 100 score.[37] X-Play gave the game a 4/5. Computer Gaming World awarded the game as their 2004 "Strategy Game of the Year (General)", beating out RollerCoaster Tycoon 3, The Political Machine, and Silent Storm.[38] However, critics noted some serious bugs in the game.[citation needed]

text: The Sims creator, Will Wright, was recognized by being nominated at the Billboard Digital Entertainment Awards for Visionary and Game Developer.[39] The game was also nominated for two international awards in 2005.[40][41] The Mac version of the game won an Apple Design Award in 2006.[42] Computer Games Magazine named The Sims 2 the sixth-best computer game of 2004. The editors wrote that it is "more of a game and less of a dollhouse [than The Sims], but it remains a celebration of the beauty of the mundane." It also won the magazine's "Best Voice Acting" award.[43]

text: The Sims 2 was an instant commercial success, selling a then-record one million copies in its first ten days.[4] The game sold 4.5 million units within its first year, and 7 million by October 2006.[44][45] It received a "Double Platinum" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA),[46] indicating sales of at least 600,000 copies in the United Kingdom.[47]

text:
As of March 2012, The Sims 2 had sold 13 million across all platforms and six million on PC, making it one of the best-selling PC games of all-time.[8]
During April 2008, The Sims 2 website announced that 100 million copies of The Sims series had been sold.[5]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: The Sims 2's malleable content and open-ended customization have led to controversy on the subject of pay sites. Custom content is distributed through independent websites, some of which charge for downloading materials. Charging money for custom content is a violation of the game's EULA,[48] which prohibits the commercial use of Electronic Art's intellectual property.

text: On July 22, 2005, former Florida attorney Jack Thompson alleged that Electronic Arts and The Sims 2 promoted nudity through the use of a mod or a cheat code. The claim was made that pubic hair, labia and other genital details were visible once the "blur" (the pixelation that occurs when a Sim is using the toilet or is naked in the game) was removed.[49] Electronic Arts executive Jeff Brown said in an interview with GameSpot:[50]

text: This is nonsense. We've reviewed 100 percent of the content. There is no content inappropriate for a teen audience. Players never see a nude Sim. If someone with an extreme amount of expertise and time were to remove the pixels, they would see that the sims have no genitals. They appear like Ken and Barbie.

text: Prior to Thompson's statement, there was an enterable code which allowed to modify the size (including to zero) of pixelation accessible from the console menu. Shortly after the statement, subsequent patches and expansion packs removed the "intProp censorGridSize" code; this code had been left over from the beta testing stage of the original game and had not been intended for a public audience.

text: Editions, compilations, and add-ons[edit]

text: Many Sims games have been ported to OS X by Aspyr. The Sims 2 has also been released for a number of video game consoles including the PlayStation 2, the Xbox, Nintendo DS and the Nintendo GameCube.

text: OS X version[edit]

text: OS X ports of the base game, six expansion packs, and three Stuff Packs have been released by Aspyr Media. The port for the base game was announced on October 19, 2004.[51] The Sims 2 had reached beta status on March 1, 2005, and was released on June 17 the same year.[52] It was, at release, compatible with Mac OS X Panther and above. The Sims 2 Bodyshop was also available for OS X. The game is now available for purchase with all ported expansions and Stuff Packs on the Mac App Store for OS X Mavericks.

text: Console versions[edit]

text: The console versions of The Sims 2 featured local splitscreen multiplayer, a story mode and an option to control game characters directly, as opposed to queuing options as is traditional Sims gameplay.

text: Handheld versions[edit]

text: Game Boy Advance version[edit]

text: The Game Boy Advance version of The Sims 2 takes place in Strangetown, and shares a similar GUI to its predecessors (The Sims Bustin' Out and The Urbz). Players are guided through a goal-oriented game based on the reality television concept in which partitions of the game are divided into "episodes". Characters from the previous handheld sims games also appeared.

text: Nintendo DS version[edit]

text: The Nintendo DS version of The Sims 2 (commonly referred to as "The Sims 2 Hotel") begins with the player's car breaking down in Strangetown. Upon arriving, an anonymous donor grants the player the deed to a hotel which can be operated and customized at the player's discretion. The player's job is to bring life back into Strangetown by encouraging people to come to the hotel, which players can do by upgrading it and making the guests happy. There are several ways in which a player can make Strangetown a nicer place, but is up to the player to find them. Unlike most games in the Sim series, this one takes place in real-time.

text: PlayStation Portable version[edit]

text: The PlayStation Portable version of the game is played in first person.  There is more of a solid storyline the player is required to navigate through in order to unlock most of the things available in the other versions.  The option to build your own home is replaced by a pre-built home where you can customize the furniture and decor.  Conversation is carried out via a mini-game function.  The player'a character does not age, nor are they able to marry or have children. Relationships are mainly used for the point of solving goals, though a close friend may "move in" with the player after progressing in the game.

text: The game begins with the player's character driving through the Strangetown desert, presumably 'Road to Nowhere' in their car, when suddenly a flying green diamond (Also known as the Plumbob, the marker and logo of the Sims game) flies towards the player and causes them to lose control of, and damage, their car. Fortunately, the player finds a gas station. The player takes their car into the garage. At that point the player takes control. The player is introduced to a vehicle mechanic named Oscar who, after a brief tutorial in teaching the player how to talk to NPC Sims, informs the player their car will only take a short while to fix.

text: The player is then free to roam around the gas station, and after being introduced to some more NPCs, including Bella Goth, who claims to be abducted by aliens, completing tasks and being taught the basic objective of the game which is 'Secret Hunting' for the store clerk. The player then exits the shop only to find the garage around the back has completely disappeared along with Oscar and their car, with only the foundation of the garage remaining. The only thing left from the disappearance is a cell phone, which the player answers and a man named Doctor Dominic Newlow offers the player a job, requiring him or her to get a ride into town and find a place to stay.

text: The player informs Police Deputy Duncan about the situation who replies that he can do nothing about it and suggests the player find a place to stay. After having bought Bella's house for pocket change and getting donuts for Deputy Duncan (which happen to have been found in the trash), the player finally gets a lift into Strangetown's Paradise Place, only to find more tasks and mysteries.

text: Expansion packs[edit]

text: The Sims 2 expansion packs provide additional game features and items. Eight expansion packs were released throughout the game's lifecycle. The Sims 2: Apartment Life is the final expansion pack for The Sims 2.

text:
Name

Release date

Major Additions

Neighborhoods

New NPCs

New Lifestate/Creature

New Careers

University

Windows:NA: March 1, 2005 EU: March 2, 2005 Mac OS X:December 12, 2005

Universities, Young Adult age group, Influence system

Campus:La Fiesta Tech,Sim State University,Académie Le Tour

Barista, Bartender,Cafeteria Worker,Cheerleader,Coach, Evil Mascot, Mascot,Professors, Streaker

Zombies (Also in FreeTime and Apartment Life)

Natural Scientist,  Paranormal,Show Business,  Artist

Nightlife

Windows:NA: September 13, 2005 EU: September 13, 2005 Mac OS X:March 27, 2006

Dates, Groups system, Outings, Pleasure and Grilled Cheese aspiration, New relationship states, ownable cars, Attraction system

Downtown:Downtown

Gypsy Matchmaker,Waiter, Chef,Bartender, DJ,Mrs. Crumplebottom,Vampires (Counts/Countesses)

Vampires

None

Open for Business

Windows:NA: March 2, 2006 EU: March 2, 2006 Mac OS X:September 4, 2006

Businesses, talent badges

Shopping District:Bluewater Village

Reporters,Barbers

Servos (Robots)

Shop Employees

Pets

Windows:NA: October 17, 2006 EU: October 20, 2006 Mac OS X:November 6, 2006

Ownable Pets

None

Animal Control Officers,Obedience Trainer,Wolves, Skunks

Werewolves

Pet careers:Security,Showbiz,Service

Seasons

Windows:NA: March 1, 2007 EU: March 2, 2007 Mac OS X:June 11, 2007

Weather system, Seasons, fishing, new talent badges,gardening

Main:Riverblossom Hills

Garden Club Members,Penguins

PlantSims

Adventurer,Education,Gamer,Journalism,Law, Music

Bon Voyage

Windows:NA: September 4, 2007 EU: September 7, 2007 Mac OS X:December 17, 2007

Vacations in different cultural areas

Vacation:Twikkii Island,Three Lakes,Takemizu Village

Fire Dancers,Hotel Maids,Bellboys, Masseurs,Wise Old Man,Pirate, Tour Guides,Unsavory charlatan,Witch Doctor, Ninjas

Bigfoot

None

FreeTime

Windows:NA: February 26, 2008 EU: February 22, 2008

Hobby system, lifetime aspiration system, new talent badges.

Main: Desiderata Valley Secret:Hobby

Hobby Members,Rod Humble,Hobby Leaders,Food Judge,Genie

Genie (Only NPC)

Oceanography,Intelligence,Entertainment,Dance,Architecture

Apartment Life

Windows:NA: August 27, 2008EU: August 29, 2008

Rentable apartments, reputation system, witchcraft system

Main:Belladonna Cove[53]Secret:The Magical World

Butler, Landlord,Roomies,Breakdancers,Street Performers,Social Group Sims,High Witch of Light/Darkness,Spectral assistant (played by cats), Human statues[53]

Witches, Warlocks

None

text: Stuff packs[edit]

text: Stuff packs are add-ons that intend to add only new items (usually in the amount of 60) to the base game. However, some releases include certain gameplay elements introduced in previous expansion packs. There are ten total stuff packs. However, The Sims 2: Holiday Party Pack served as the pilot release for this line of products, which were called "booster packs". After the success of the pilot release, EA named the releases "stuff packs" and launched the line with The Sims 2: Family Fun Stuff. The Sims 2: Mansion & Garden Stuff is the final stuff pack for The Sims 2.

text:
Name

Release date

Includes

Holiday Party Pack

Windows:NA: November 17, 2005

Christmas, Halloween, Thanksgiving, Hanukkah, Kwanzaa and New Year themed stuff, plus new NPCs: Santa Claus, Father Time, and Baby New Year

Family Fun Stuff

Windows:NA: April 13, 2006 Mac OS X:April 30, 2007

Family-oriented Fairy tale, outer space and nautical themed items mainly for children's bedrooms

Glamour Life Stuff

Windows: NA: August 31, 2006 Mac OS X:June 1, 2007

Luxury, couture and glamour themed objects, floors and walls

Happy Holiday Stuff

Windows:NA: November 7, 2006 Mac OS X:September 4, 2007

All items from Holiday Party Pack plus added Asian and European holiday themed stuff

Celebration! Stuff

Windows:NA: April 3, 2007

Wedding themed hairstyles, fashions and accessories, furniture, and other party enhancers

H&M Fashion Stuff

Windows:NA: June 5, 2007

Fashion collections from H&M and H&M branded build objects

Teen Style Stuff

Windows:NA: November 5, 2007

Goth, Thrasher and Socialite themed stuff for teenagers' bedrooms, teenage haircuts and new teenage clothes

Kitchen & Bath Interior Design Stuff

Windows:NA: April 15, 2008

Kitchen and bathroom objects, floors, walls and clothing items

IKEA Home Stuff

Windows:NA: June 24, 2008

Fashionable furniture, floors and walls from the styles of IKEA

Mansion & Garden Stuff

Windows:NA: November 17, 2008

Items featuring three new decorative themes (Moroccan, Art Deco and Second Empire)

text: Core game editions[edit]

text:
Name

Release date

Includes

The Sims 2[54]

Windows:NA: September 14, 2004 EU: September 16, 2004 Mac OS X:June 13, 2005

The first release of the core game on four CDs.

The Sims 2 Special DVD Edition

Windows:NA: September 17, 2004

The core game on one DVD, plus a bonus DVD with exclusive content.

The Sims 2 Holiday Edition (2005)

Windows:NA: November 15, 2005

The core game and The Sims 2 Holiday Party Pack.

The Sims 2 Holiday Edition (2006)[55]

Windows:NA: November 7, 2006

The core game and The Sims 2 Happy Holiday Stuff.

The Sims 2 Deluxe[56]

Windows:NA: May 8, 2007

The core game and The Sims 2 Nightlife, and a new bonus DVD that is different from the one included in the Special DVD Edition.

The Sims 2 Double Deluxe[57]

Windows:NA: April 15, 2008

The Sims 2 Deluxe and The Sims 2 Celebration! Stuff

The Sims 2 Ultimate Collection

Windows:WW: July 16, 2014 - July 31, 2014 (exclusive to existing Origin customers that proved they owned the original Sims 2 game from July 16 until July 31, 2014, retail release not confirmed)

The Sims 2 Double Deluxe, The Sims 2 University Life Collection, The Sims 2 Best of Business Collection, The Sims 2 Fun with Pets Collection, The Sims 2 Seasons, The Sims 2 Bon Voyage, The Sims 2 FreeTime, The Sims 2 Apartment Life, The Sims 2 Glamour Life Stuff, and The Sims 2 Happy Holiday Stuff

The Sims 2 Super Collection

Mac OS X:NA: August 7, 2014

The core game, The Sims 2 University, The Sims 2 Nightlife, The Sims 2 Open for Business, The Sims 2 Pets, The Sims 2 Seasons, The Sims 2 Bon Voyage, The Sims 2 Family Fun Stuff, The Sims 2 Glamour Life Stuff, and The Sims 2 Happy Holiday Stuff (The Sims 2 FreeTime and The Sims 2 Apartment Life along with the remaining stuff packs have not been included due to their unavailability for Mac at the time of its release)

text: Expansion-only compilations[edit]

text: Compilations of expansion packs and stuff packs without the core game have also been released.

text:
Name

Release date

Includes

University Life Collection[58]

Windows:NA: August 24, 2009

The Sims 2: University, The Sims 2: IKEA Home Stuff, and The Sims 2 Teen Style Stuff.

Best of Business Collection[59]

Windows:NA: October 6, 2009

The Sims 2: Open for Business, The Sims 2: H&M Fashion Stuff, and The Sims 2: Kitchen & Bath Interior Design Stuff.

Fun with Pets Collection[60]

Windows:NA: January 12, 2010

The Sims 2: Pets, The Sims 2: Family Fun Stuff, and The Sims 2: Mansion & Garden Stuff.

text: Downloadable content[edit]

text: Pre-order content[edit]

text: Most of expansion packs and stuff packs were released with pre-order items. This game content was redeemable at the official site using a code supplied by the retailer from which the player purchased, each retailer was often associated with an exclusive download. A total of 60 pre-order items were released.

text: The Sims 2 Store[edit]

text: The Sims 2 Store was an online store where players of The Sims 2 for PC could purchase and download content for their game online for additional fees. It offered objects, clothing, skins, and hairstyles that are both exclusive to the store and also come from earlier expansion and stuff packs.

text: It also had featured seven exclusive item collections that could only be found in the store. The store used a point system that players can purchase. It was opened from July 2008 to March 31, 2011 as a beta version limited to the United States and Canada. To download, players must install The Sims 2 Store Edition and the EA Download Manager. The exclusive collections were "Cubic", "Art Deco", "Spooky", "Castle", "Asian Fusion", "Art Nouveaulicious" and "Oh Baby", including a total of 471 items.

text: The Sims 2: Store Edition and the savegame can't be used with The Sims 2: Ultimate Collection.

text: Third-party tools[edit]

text: SimPE is an open-source utility for The Sims 2 that allows editing of Sims' characteristics, relationships and careers. It also allows the creation of objects. As the tool is intended for use by experienced modders, the SimPE interface is not considered intuitive[61] and users risk corrupting the game files.[62] TS2 Enhancer, developed by Rick Halle, is a commercial utility for editing characters and neighborhoods, but has since fallen into disuse.[63]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Aspyr published the OS X version

tag: ol


document_title: Penny (United States coin)

question_text: when was the last year copper pennies were made

text: Penny (United States coin)

text: History of composition[edit]

text:
Years
Material
Weight(grains)
Weight(grams)

1793–1795
~100% copper
208 grains
13.48

1795–1857
~100% copper
168 grains
10.89

1856–1864
88% copper, 12% nickel (also known as NS-12)
72 grains
4.67

1864–1942
bronze (95% copper, 5% tin and zinc)
48 grains
3.11

1943
zinc-coated steel (also known as 1943 steel cent)
42 grains
2.72

1944–1946
brass (shell case copper) (95% copper, 5% zinc)
48 grains
3.11

1947–1962
bronze (95% copper, 5% tin and zinc)
48 grains
3.11

1962–1981
brass (95% copper, 5% zinc)
48 grains
3.11

1982[7]
brass (95% copper, 5% zinc)
48 grains
3.11

copper-plated zinc (97.5% zinc, 2.5% copper)
38.6 grains
2.5

1983–present
copper-plated zinc (97.5% zinc, 2.5% copper)
38.6 grains
2.5

text: In honor of Lincoln's 200th anniversary, special 2009 cents were minted for collectors in the same composition as the 1909 coins.[8]

text: The isotope composition of early coins spanning the period 1828 to 1843 reflects that of copper from Cornish ores from England, while coins after 1850 that reflects that of Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan ores, a finding consistent with historical records.[9]

text: In 1943, at the peak of World War II, zinc-coated steel cents were made for a short time because of war demands for copper. A few copper cents from 1943 were produced from the 1942 planchets remaining in the bins. Similarly, some 1944 steel cents have been confirmed. From 1944 to 1946, salvaged ammunition shells made their way into the minting process, and it was not uncommon to see coins featuring streaks of brass or having a considerably darker finish than other issues.

text: During the early 1970s, the price of copper rose to the point where the cent contained almost one cent's worth of copper. This led the Mint to test alternative metals, including aluminum and bronze-clad steel. Aluminum was chosen, and over 1.5 million of these pennies were struck and ready for public release before ultimately being rejected. The proposed aluminum pennies were rejected for two reasons: vending machine owners complained the coins would cause mechanical problems; and pediatricians and pediatric radiologists pointed out that the radiodensity of the metal inside the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts was close to that of soft tissue, and the coins would therefore be difficult to detect in X-ray imaging.[10] One aluminum cent was donated to the Smithsonian Institution.

text: The cent's composition was changed in 1982 because the value of the copper in the coin started to rise above one cent.[11] Some 1982 pennies used the 97.5% zinc composition, while others used the 95% copper composition. With the exception of 2009 bicentennial cents minted specifically for collectors, United States cents minted after 1982 have been zinc with copper plating. In Fiscal Year (FY) 2013, the average one-cent piece minted cost the U.S. Mint 1.83 cents, down from 2.41 cents apiece in FY 2011.[12]

text: The bronze and copper cents can be distinguished from the newer zinc cents by dropping the coins on a solid surface. The predominantly copper coins produce a higher-pitched ringing sound, while the zinc coins make a lower-pitched "clunk".[13] In addition, a full 50-cent roll of pre-1982/3 coins weighs 5.4 oz compared to a post-1982–83 roll which weighs 4.4 oz.

text: Mintage figures for the Lincoln cent can be found at Lincoln cent mintage figures.

text: Designs[edit]

text: The coin has gone through several designs over its two-hundred-year time frame. Until 1857 it was about the size of the current U.S. dollar coins (Susan B. Anthony through present dollars).

text: The following types of cents have been produced:

text: Large cents:

text:
Flowing Hair Chain 1793
Flowing Hair Wreath 1793
Liberty Cap 1793–1796
Draped bust 1796–1807
Classic Head 1808–1814
Coronet 1816–1839
Braided Hair 1839–1857, 1868 (not a regular issue)

tag: ul

text: Small cents:

text:
Flying Eagle cent (1856–1858)
Indian Head cent (1859–1909)
Lincoln cent (1909–present)
Lincoln Wheat (1909–1958)
Lincoln Memorial (1959–2008)
Lincoln Bicentennial 4 reverse designs (2009)
Lincoln Union Shield[14] (2010–present)

text:
Throughout its history, the Lincoln cent has featured several typefaces for the date, but most of the digits have been old-style numerals, except with the 4 and 8 neither ascending nor descending. The only significant divergence is that the small 3 was non-descending (the same size as a 0, 1, or 2) in the early history, before switching to a descending, large 3 for just one year in 1934 and then permanently (as of  2014[update]) in 1943. Similarly, the digit 5 was small and non-descending up to 1945, then from 1950 and on, it became a large descending 5.
From 1959 until 2008, the Lincoln Memorial was shown on the reverse of the United States cent. Because the Lincoln Memorial was shown in sufficient detail to discern the statue of Lincoln on the reverse of cent, Abraham Lincoln was at that time the only person to be depicted on both the obverse and reverse of the same United States coin. In 1999, the New Jersey state quarter was released, which depicts George Washington on both sides, crossing the Delaware River on the reverse side and in profile on the obverse. (The state quarter for South Dakota, released in 2006, also features Washington on both sides: the typical profile on the obverse, and Washington within Mount Rushmore on the reverse.) Some of the 2009 reverse design series no longer showed Abraham Lincoln, and the 2010 Lincoln Union Shield has removed the president from the coin reverse for the foreseeable future.

text: An additional design detail that is not readily visible to the naked eye is found on the obverse side of the 1918 onward United States cent. The letters "VDB" stamped on the bottom sleeve of Abraham Lincoln represent the initials of Victor David Brenner, the primary designer of the Wheat cent.

text: Lincoln cent[edit]

text: The Lincoln cent is the current one-cent coin of the U.S. It was adopted in 1909 (which would have been Lincoln's 100th birthday), replacing the Indian Head cent. Its reverse was changed in 1959 from a wheat-stalks design to a design which includes the Lincoln Memorial (to commemorate Lincoln's sesquicentennial) and was replaced again in 2009 with four new designs to commemorate Lincoln's bicentennial. There are more one-cent coins produced than any other denomination, which makes the Lincoln cent a familiar item. In its lifespan, this coin has weathered both world wars, one of which temporarily changed its composition as part of the war effort. The obverse is the longest design used for any circulating American currency.

text: History[edit]

text: When the Lincoln one-cent coin made its initial appearance in 1909, it marked a radical departure from the accepted styling of United States coinage, as it was the first regular coin to bear a portrait other than the mythical Liberty which appeared on most pre-1909 regular coins. Previously, a strong feeling had prevailed against using portraits on coins in the United States, but public sentiment stemming from the 100th anniversary celebration of Abraham Lincoln's birth proved stronger than the long-standing tradition.

text: A variety of privately minted tokens bearing Lincoln's image circulated as one-cent pieces during Lincoln's presidency; legitimate coinage had become scarce during the Civil War. These early tokens undoubtedly influenced the denomination, appearance, size, and composition of Lincoln cents.

text: Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th U.S. President, thought American coins were so common and uninspiring that he attempted to get the motto "In God We Trust" removed as offending religion. Roosevelt had the opportunity to pose for a young Lithuanian-born Jew, Victor David Brenner, who, since arriving nineteen years earlier in the United States had become one of the nation's premier medalists. Roosevelt had learned of Brenner's talents in a settlement house on New York City's Lower East Side and was immediately impressed with a bas-relief that Brenner had made of Lincoln, based on a Mathew Brady photograph. Roosevelt, who considered Lincoln the savior of the Union and the greatest Republican President, and who also considered himself Lincoln's political heir, ordered the new Lincoln cent to be based on Brenner's work and to be released just in time to commemorate Lincoln's 100th birthday in 1909. The likeness of President Lincoln on the obverse of the coin is an adaptation of a plaque Brenner created several years earlier which had come to the attention of President Roosevelt in New York.[15]

text: In addition to the prescribed elements on U.S. coins—LIBERTY and the date—the motto In God We Trust appeared for the first time on a coin of this denomination. The United States Congress passed the Act of March 3, 1865, authorizing the use of this motto on U.S. coins,[16] during Lincoln's tenure in office.

text: Even though no legislation was required for the new design, approval of the Secretary of the Treasury was necessary to make the change. Franklin MacVeagh gave his approval on July 14, 1909, and not quite three weeks later, on August 2, the new coin was released to the public.

text: In 1918, after the controversy over Brenner's name and initials on the reverse had died down, his initials were placed on the obverse with no further controversy. They are to be found in minute form on the rim of the bust, just under the shoulder of Lincoln.

text: In 1969, the design was revised to make Lincoln look more like Brenner's original sculptures.[citation needed]

text: Reverse design[edit]

text:
Reverses of theLincoln cent

 Wheat (1909–1958)

 Lincoln Memorial (1959–2008)

 Birth and early childhood in Kentucky (Lincoln Bicentennial, 2009)

 Formative Years in Indiana (Lincoln Bicentennial, 2009)

 Professional life in Illinois (Lincoln Bicentennial, 2009)

 Presidency in DC (Lincoln Bicentennial, 2009)

 Union shield (2010–present)

text: Wheat cent (1909–1958)[edit]

text: A study of three potential reverses resulted in the approval of a very simple design bearing two wheatheads in memorial style. Between these, in the center of the coin, are the denomination and UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, while curving around the upper border is the national motto, E Pluribus Unum, Latin for "From Many, One."

text: The original model bore Brenner's name on the reverse, curving along the rim below UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Before the coins were issued, however, the initials "VDB" were substituted because officials at the United States Mint felt the name was too prominent. After the coin was released, many protested that even the initials were conspicuous and detracted from the design. Because the coin was in great demand, and because to make a change would have required halting production, the decision was made to eliminate the initials entirely.

text: Thus in 1909 the U.S. had six different cents: the 1909 and 1909-S Indian Head cents, and four Lincoln coins: 1909 VDB, 1909-S VDB, 1909 and 1909-S. In all cases the Philadelphia mintages far exceeded the San Francisco issues. While the smallest mintage is the '09-S Indian, the '09-S VDB is the key Lincoln date, and hence is most valuable. Its mintage of 484,000 is only 1.7% of the plain V.D.B.

text: Lincoln Memorial cent (1959–2008)[edit]

text: On February 12, 1959, a revised reverse design was introduced as part of the 150th anniversary of Lincoln's birth. No formal competition was held. Frank Gasparro, then Assistant Engraver at the Philadelphia Mint, prepared the winning entry, selected from a group of 23 models that the engraving staff at the Mint had been asked to present for consideration. Again, only the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury was necessary to make the change because the design had been in use for more than the required 25 years. The imposing marble Lincoln Memorial provides the central motif, with the legends E Pluribus Unum and UNITED STATES OF AMERICA completing the design, together with the denomination. The initials "FG" appear on the right, near the shrubbery.

text: Lincoln Bicentennial cents (2009)[edit]

text: The Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005 required that the cent's reverse be redesigned in 2009. This resulted in the mintage of four different coins showing scenes from Abraham Lincoln's life in honor of the bicentennial of his birth.

text: These four designs, unveiled September 22, 2008 at a ceremony held at the Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., are:

text:
Birth and early childhood in Kentucky: this design features a log cabin and Lincoln's birth year 1809. It was designed by Richard Masters and sculpted by Jim Licaretz. This cent was released into circulation on Lincoln's 200th birthday, February 12, 2009, at a special ceremony at LaRue County High School in Hodgenville, Kentucky, Lincoln's birthplace.[17] The mintage was extremely low compared to prior years (see Lincoln cent mintage figures). It has been nicknamed the "Log Cabin Penny".
Formative years in Indiana: this design features a young Lincoln reading while taking a break from rail splitting. It was designed and sculpted by Charles Vickers. Nicknamed the "Indiana Penny", it was released on May 14, 2009.[18]
Professional life in Illinois: this design features a young professional Lincoln standing before the Springfield Illinois State Capitol. It was designed by Joel Iskowitz and sculpted by Don Everhart. Nicknamed the "Illinois Penny", it was released on August 13, 2009.[18]
Presidency in Washington, D.C.: this design features the half-completed Capitol dome. It was designed by Susan Gamble and sculpted by Joseph Menna. This fourth cent was released to the public on November 12, 2009.[18] U.S. Mint released collector's sets containing this design in copper prior to the public launch of this design in zinc.

text: Special 2009 cents struck for sale in sets to collectors had the metallic copper content of cents minted in 1909 (95% copper, 5% tin and zinc). Those struck for circulation retained the normal composition of a zinc core coated with copper.

text: Union shield cent (2010–present)[edit]

text: The 2005 act that authorized the redesign for the Bicentennial stated that another redesigned reverse for the Lincoln cent will be minted which "shall bear an image emblematic of President Lincoln's preservation of the United States of America as a single and united country".[19] Eighteen designs were proposed for the reverse of the 2010 cent.[20] On April 16, 2009 the Commission of Fine Arts (CFA) met and selected a design that showed 13 wheat sheaves bound together with a ring symbolizing American unity as one nation.[21] Later this design was withdrawn because it was similar to coinage issued in Germany in the 1920s.[22] The Citizens Coinage Advisory Committee later met and chose a design showing a Union shield with ONE CENT superimposed in a scroll; E Pluribus Unum was also depicted in the upper portion of the shield.[22][23] In June 2009 the CFA met again and chose a design featuring a modern rendition of the American flag.[24] As a part of the release ceremony for the last of the 2009 cents on November 12, the design for the 2010 cent was announced.[25] The design chosen was the one that was chosen earlier by the CCAC.[25] According to the Mint, the 13 stripes on the shield "represent the states joined in one compact union to support the Federal government, represented by the horizontal bar above."[26] The Mint also noted that a shield was commonly used in paintings in the Capitol hallways painted by Constantino Brumidi, an artist in the Capitol active during the Lincoln Presidency.[26] The obverse of the cent was also changed to a modern rendition of Brenner's design.[27][25] The new Union Shield design replaces the Lincoln memorial in use since 1959.[25] The coin was designed by artist Lyndall Bass and sculpted by U.S. Mint sculptor-engraver Joseph Menna.[28] In January 2010, the coins were released early in Puerto Rico;[29] this was caused by a shortage of 2009-dated pennies on the island.[27] The new design was released at a ceremony at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library in Springfield, Illinois on February 11, 2010.[30] In 2017, cents minted in Philadelphia were struck with a "P" mintmark to celebrate the 225th anniversary of the U.S. Mint. 2017 is the only year that Philadelphia cents have had a mintmark.[31]

text: "Capped cents"[edit]

text:
To commemorate the Fire at the SS Morro Castle, local coin dealer Louis Werner made copper caps depicting the Morro Castle surrounded by the legend "The Morro Castle Fire" These would then be encased over one side of a Lincoln cent.
According to "Mrs. Astor's Horse" by Stanley Walker:

text: Concessionaires inside the hall carried on a lively business. A man at a stamping machine put copper caps on pennies with the head of Lincoln on one side and the inscription ff Morro Castle Fire, September, 1934, Asbury Park" on the other. Postcard sellers in the hall disposed of 150,000 pictures of the burning ship during the first few days after the disaster. As soon as they came off the press, heart-rending poems and ballads about the fire were hawked about.[32]

text: Later, to commemorate the trial of Bruno Richard Hauptmann, Werner made another design depicting the Hunterdon County Courthouse, where the trial was held, and surrounded by the legend "HAUPTMANN TRIAL, Flemington, NJ."[33] Another part of the text in "Mrs. Astor's Horse" states:

text: A man with a metal press did a fair sort of business. He set up for business on the porch of the hotel. He had constructed a die depicting the Hunterdon County courthouse, surrounded by the legend, Hauptmann Trial, Flemington, N.J. On the stand beside the press lay several hundred bright new pennies and several fine strips of copper. By running the copper strips through the press, together with the pennies, he turned out Lincoln heads backed by the courthouse and the legend. The pieces sold for five cents each, three for a dime.[32]

text: Also, from 1935 to 1938, during the Christmas season, Werner made a design depicting Santa Claus. By donating 10 cents, shoppers in Manhattan would receive these. Additionally, if they donated an extra 5 cents, their cent would come in a greeting card holder.[34] Other capped cents by Werner include commemoratives for Admiral Richard E. Byrd's expedition to the South Pole and Joe Louis. There was also a design featuring the Lord's prayer.

text: Composition[edit]

text: Bronze, 1909–1942. Initially the alloy of the Lincoln cent followed that established for this denomination with the Indian Head design in 1864, 95% copper and 2.5% tin and 2.5% zinc.

text: Wartime zinc-plated steel, 1943. The composition of the Lincoln cent was changed in 1943.

text: Production of the war-time cent was provided for in an Act of Congress approved on December 18, 1942, which also set as the expiration date of the authority December 31, 1946. Low-grade carbon steel formed the base of these coins, to which a zinc coating 0.0005-inch (0.013 mm) thick was deposited on each side electrolytically as a rust preventive. This coating was applied to the steel before the blanks were made, leaving the rims of these coins extremely susceptible to rust. The same size was maintained, but the weight was reduced from the standard 48 grains (3.1 g) to 42 grains (2.7 g), by using a lighter alloy. Production commenced on February 27, 1943, and by December 31 of that year, the three Mint facilities had produced 1,093,838,670 of the one-cent coins. The copper released for the war effort was enough to meet the combined needs of two cruisers, two destroyers, 1,243 Flying Fortresses, 120 field guns and 120 howitzers, or enough for 1,250,000 shells for large field guns.[35][36]

text: Wartime brass, 1944–1946. Numerous complaints about the gray color of the 1943 cents, especially that they could be mistaken for dimes, led to a change in composition of the wartime cent. On January 1, 1944, the Mint was able to adopt a modified alloy, the supply being derived from expended shell casings which, when melted, furnished a composition similar to the original, but with a much smaller trace of tin.[citation needed] The original weight of 48 grains (3.1 g) was also restored.

text: Bronze, 1947–1962. Shell casings were no longer used after 1946 and the original copper-tin-zinc "bronze" composition was again used.

text: Brass, 1962–1982. The composition of the coin was changed again slightly in 1962. Mint officials felt that deletion of the tin content would have no adverse effect on the wearing qualities of the coin, whereas the manufacturing advantages to be gained with the alloy stabilized at 95% copper and 5% zinc would be of much benefit. Congressional authority for this modification is contained in an Act of Congress approved on September 5, 1962.

text: Experimental aluminum cents, 1974. During the early 1970s, the price of copper rose to a point where the cent almost contained one cent's worth of copper. This led the Mint to test alternate metals, including aluminum and bronze-clad steel. Aluminum was chosen, and in 1973, a total of 1,579,324 such coins were struck (dated 1974) and ready for public release. A few were distributed to members of the U.S. Congress, but aluminum was ultimately rejected for a variety of reasons. About a dozen aluminum cents are believed to still be in the hands of collectors, although they are now considered illegal to own.[37] One aluminum cent was donated to the Smithsonian Institution. Another is in the hands of the family of a deceased U.S. Capitol police officer, known as the Toven Specimen, and was certified as authentic in 2005.[38]

text: Copper-plated zinc, 1982–present. In mid-1982, the coin's composition was changed again, this time to copper-plated zinc. The last mostly-copper cents (95% copper metal composition) were produced by the Denver Mint on October 22, 1982. The copper-plated zinc cent coins are still being produced today. They are composed of an inner core alloy of 99.2% zinc and 0.8% copper with an outer plating of pure copper, for an overall composition of 97.5% zinc and 2.5% copper, and are minted on blanks produced for the Mint by an outside manufacturer (Jarden Zinc Products). Except for the new lighter total coin weight of 2.5 grams each, these newer coins are identical in diameter and thickness, and nearly in appearance, to the mostly copper (95%) cents issued before mid-1982, which weighed 3.11 grams each. A few pennies were struck by error in brass dated 1983 and are extremely rare.[39]

text: Matte Proof Lincolns 1909 to 1916[edit]

text: When the Lincoln Cent was introduced in 1909, it was discovered that the coining dies and their curved fields were unable to be polished to proof coining condition by existing Mint equipment. To produce Proof coinage for collectors, the U.S. Mint adopted the French technique of the Matte Proof, which was thought to highlight the design, while leaving the details of the coin as the designer intended. This was done by a sandblasting of the dies prior to use. When struck by the high pressure hydraulic press of the Philadelphia Mint Medal Room, the result was a semi-rough surface, a gentle luster and strongly defined wide square rims. These coins were produced in very small numbers, and the dies quickly developed small marks, known as diagnostics. These marks are used today by Third Party Graders and Collectors to authenticate the coin. Sold for mere pennies over face during the years of production, they were not popular with collectors. When new, the coins were wrapped in a tarnish-proof tissue, which over time proved to be anything but. Since many of these coins sat for decades unsold, vivid colors and toning developed. It is not unusual to see vivid blues, greens, lavender, coppery orange, deep reds and purple hues on these coins. Eagerly collected by numismatists today, they are among the most valuable Lincoln cents. Unencapsulated coins are easily identified by wide, square outer rims, quite unlike the rounded edges of business strikes.

text: Mint errors specific to Lincoln cents[edit]

text: Through mint errors, a number of rare and valuable Lincoln Cents have been produced. Some random errors, such as an off-center strike, slightly increase the value of the coin, and are sought after by niche collectors. However some errors were systemic, and produced a number of coins with exactly the same problem in the same year. These have become recognized varieties that are often extremely valuable and sought after by mainstream collectors.

text: The first Doubled Die error occurred during the production of the 1909 VDB. Not identified until the 1970s, it shows the RTY in Liberty and the 190 of the date slightly doubled. This coin is extremely rare in high grades.

text: In 1922, no one-cent coins were produced by the Philadelphia Mint. However, three of the four pairs of Denver Mint worn and overly polished dies then produced the Weak D and No D varieties, making them appear as if they had been produced in Philadelphia. These varieties are known as the 1922 plain cents or 1922 no "D" cents. Collectors must be wary of removed mint marks.

text: There are a few 1943 cents that were produced in bronze, as opposed to the steel/zinc composition used that year. There are 10 to 12 known to exist.[40] Likewise, a few 1944 cents were produced in steel/zinc.

text: In 1955, a hubbing error caused some cents to get struck with an obverse die which showed doubling in all of the obverse devices, producing a prominent doubling of the date, and to a less noticeable degree, the rest of the obverse. This is known as the 1955 doubled die cent. A similar die error occurred in 1969 on dies used at the San Francisco Mint. While the 1955 doubled die cent is well-known and widely collected, the 1969-S doubled die is far rarer, with an uncirculated specimen selling for as much as $126,500 in a 2008 Heritage auction.[41] The same mechanism produced 1972, 1983, 1984, and 1995 Doubled die cents. Doubled Dies are known for practically every date in the Lincoln cent series, but most are minor, and less impressive compared to the 1955 and the other Doubled Die varieties mentioned here.

text: In 1990, 3,055 proof cents were struck at the San Francisco Mint without the "S" mint mark, making them appear as if they had been struck at the Philadelphia Mint. However, as no proof cents were struck in Philadelphia that year, they are easily distinguishable as errors, and highly valuable.

text: The reverse of some Lincoln cents minted in 1992 at the Philadelphia and Denver mints and some of those minted in 1998 and 1999 at the San Francisco mint feature a smaller-than-normal gap between the first two letters of AMERICA. These coins, known as the Close AM variety are valued at $20,000 and $5,000 for the 1992 specimens in gem uncirculated condition and $3,000 and $1,000 for the San Francisco specimens in gem proof condition.

text: The reverse of some Lincoln cents minted in 1998, 1999, and 2000 in Philadelphia feature a larger-than-normal gap between the first two letters of AMERICA. These coins, known as the Wide AM variety are valued at $10, $500, and $5, respectively, in gem uncirculated condition. These reverse die errors are technically "mule" errors, as the reverse error dies were the same as normal proof coins of the same date.

text: Toxicity[edit]

text: Zinc, a major component of U.S. cents minted after mid-1982, is toxic in large quantities. Swallowing such a coin, which is 97.5% zinc, can cause damage to the stomach lining because of the high solubility of the zinc ion in the acidic stomach.[42] Coins are the most commonly ingested foreign body in children but generally are allowed to pass spontaneously unless the patient is symptomatic.[43] Zinc toxicity, mostly in the form of the ingestion of U.S. pennies minted after 1982, is commonly fatal in dogs where it causes a severe hemolytic anemia.[44] It is also highly toxic in pet parrots and can often be fatal.[45]

text: Numismatics and regulations[edit]

text: It has been suggested that the cent should be eliminated as a unit of currency for several reasons including that many Americans do not actually spend them, but rather only receive them in change at stores and proceed to return them to a bank for higher denomination currencies, or cash them in at coin counting kiosks. Most modern vending machines do not accept pennies, further diminishing their utility, and the production cost (figured in U.S. Dollars) now exceeds the face value of the coin, caused by increasing inflation.[46] In 2001 and 2006, for example, United States Representative Jim Kolbe (R) of Arizona introduced bills which would have stopped production of pennies (in 2001, the Legal Tender Modernization Act, and in 2006, the Currency Overhaul for an Industrious Nation [COIN] Act).[47]

text: In anticipation of the business of melting down U.S. pennies and U.S. nickels for profit, the U.S. Mint, which is a part of the US Department of the Treasury, implemented new regulations[48] on December 14, 2006, which criminalize the melting of pennies and nickels and place limits on export of the coins. Violators can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000 USD and/or imprisoned for a maximum of five years.[49]

text: Metal content and manufacturing costs[edit]

text: The U.S. Mint reported that in fiscal year 2010 the unit cost of producing and shipping one-cent coins was 1.79 cents, which is more than the face value of the coin.[50] After reaching a peak cost of 2.41 cents in 2011 due to the significant rise in global metal demand and prices, recently the cost has declined to 1.83 cents for 2013.[6] In the 2014 fiscal year, the cost to produce a penny declined even further to 1.70 cents.[51]

text: When copper reached a record high in February 2011,[52] the melt value of a 95% copper penny was more than three times its face value. As of January 21, 2014, a pre-1982 penny contained 2.20325 cents' worth of copper and zinc, making it an attractive target for melting by people wanting to sell the metals for profit. In comparison, post-1982 copper-plated zinc cents have a metallurgical value of only 0.55152 cents.[53]

text: The Secretary of the Treasury has authority to alter the percentage of copper and zinc in the one-cent coin if needed due to cost fluctuations.[50]