document_title: British and Irish Lions

question_text: when was the first lions tour in nz

question_tokens: when was the first lions tour in nz

text: British and Irish Lions

text: Naming and symbols[edit]

text: Team members[edit]

text: The multi-nation team that is today named the British and Irish Lions first came into existence in 1888 as the Shaw & Shrewsbury Team. It was then primarily English in composition but also contained players from Scotland and Wales. Later the name British Isles became associated with the team. On their 1950 tour of New Zealand and Australia they officially adopted the name British Lions, the nickname first used by British and South African journalists on the 1924 South African tour[6] after the lion emblem on their ties, the emblem on their jerseys having been dropped in favour of the four-quartered badge with the symbols of the four represented unions.

text: When the team first emerged in the 19th century, it represented the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, then one single state. The team continued to exist after the Irish war of independence and civil war and the subsequent division of Ireland in 1922 into the Irish Free State (later the state of Ireland) and Northern Ireland. To avoid ambiguity and possible offence to Irish players, it was later decided to define the team's identity as representing the two sovereign states – the United Kingdom and Ireland – with the team members being either "British" or "Irish". From the 2001 tour of Australia, the official name British and Irish Lions has been used. The team is often referred to simply as the Lions.

text: Team anthem[edit]

text: As the Lions represent two sovereign states, they do not have a national anthem. For the 2005 tour to New Zealand, the Lions management commissioned a song, "The Power of Four", although it was met with little support among Lions fans at the matches and has not been used since.

text: Team colours and strip[edit]

text: For more than half a century, the Lions have been synonymous with the red jersey that sports the amalgamated crests of the four unions. However, prior to 1950 the strip went through a number of significantly different formats.[8]

text: Unsanctioned tours[edit]

text: In 1888, the promoter of the first expedition to Australia and New Zealand, Arthur Shrewsbury, demanded "something that would be good material and yet take them by storm out here".[9] The result was a jersey in thick red, white and blue hoops, worn above white shorts and dark socks. The tours to South Africa in 1891 and 1896 retained the red, white and blue theme but this time as red and white hooped jerseys and dark blue shorts and socks.[9] The 1899 trip to Australia saw a reversion to red, white and blue jerseys, but with the blue used in thick hoops and the red and white in thin bands. The shorts remained blue, as did the socks although a white flash was added to the latter. The one-off test in 1999 between England and Australia that was played to commemorate Australia's first test against Reverend Matthew Mullineux's British side saw England wear an updated version of this jersey.[9] In 1903, the South Africa tour followed on from the 1896 tour, with red and white hooped jerseys. The slight differences were that the red hoops were slightly thicker than the white (the opposite was true in 1896), and the white flash on the socks introduced in 1899 was partially retained.[9] The Australia tour of 1904 saw exactly the same kit as in 1899, and it seemed that the British touring sides had settled on kits particular to the host destination. However, in 1908 with the Scottish and Irish unions refusing to be involved, the Anglo-Welsh side only sported red jerseys with a thick white band on their jerseys on tour to Australia and New Zealand.[8] Blue shorts were retained, but the socks were for the first time red, with a white flash.

text: Blue jerseys, the Lions named and the crest adopted[edit]

text: The Scots were once again involved in Dr Tom Smyth's 1910 team to South Africa. Thus, dark blue jerseys, were introduced with white shorts and the red socks of 1908.[9] The jerseys also had a single lion-rampant crest. The 1924 tour returned to South Africa, retaining the blue jerseys but now with shorts to match. It is the 1924 tour that is credited as being the first in which the team were referred to as "the Lions", the irony being that it was on this tour that the single lion-rampant crest was replaced with the forerunner of the four-quartered badge with the symbols of the four represented unions, that is still worn today. Although the lion had been dropped from the jersey, the players had worn the lion motif on their ties as they arrived in South Africa, which led the press and public referring to them as "the Lions".[10]

text: The unofficial 1927 Argentina tour used the same kit and badge.[8] So powerful was the attribution of "the Lions" nickname that three heraldic versions of the animal returned as the jersey badge in 1930.[8] This was the tour to New Zealand where the tourists' now standard blue jerseys caused some controversy. The convention in rugby is for the home side to accommodate its guests when there is a clash of kit. The New Zealand side, by then already synonymous with the appellation "All Blacks", had an all black kit that clashed with the Lions' blue. After much reluctance and debate New Zealand agreed to change for the Tests and the All Blacks became the All Whites for the first time. On the 1930 tour a delegation led by the Irish lock George Beamish expressed their displeasure at the fact that whilst the blue of Scotland, white of England and red of Wales were represented in the strip there was no green for Ireland. A green flash was added to the socks, which from 1938 became a green turnover (although on blue socks thus eliminating red from the kit), and that has remained a feature of the strip ever since.[11] In 1936, the four-quartered badge returned for the tour to Argentina and has remained on the kits ever since,[8] but other than that the strip remained the same.

text: Red jerseys[edit]

text: The adoption of the red jersey happened in the 1950 tour. A return to New Zealand was accompanied by a desire to avoid the controversy of 1930 and so red replaced blue for the jersey with the resultant kit being that which is still worn today, the combination of red jersey, white shorts and green and blue socks, representing the four unions.[12] The only additions to the strip since 1950 began appearing in 1993, with the addition of kit suppliers logos in prominent positions. Umbro had in 1989 asked for "maximum brand exposure whenever possible" but this did not affect the kit's appearance. Since then, Nike, Adidas and Canterbury have had more overt branding on the shirts, with sponsors Scottish Provident (1997), NTL (2001), Zurich (2005), HSBC (2009 and 2013)[13][11] and Standard Life Investments (2017).[14]

text: Jersey evolution[edit]

text:
1888, 1891

1899, 1904

1908

1910–1938

1950–present

text: History[edit]

text: The earliest tours date back to 1888, when a 21-man squad visited Australia and New Zealand. The squad drew players from England, Scotland and Wales, though English players predominated. The 35-match tour of two host nations included no tests, but the side played provincial, city and academic sides, winning 27 matches. They played 19 games of Australian rules football, against prominent clubs in Victoria and South Australia, winning six and drawing one of these (see Australian rules football in England).

text: The first tour, although unsanctioned by rugby bodies, established the concept of Northern Hemisphere sporting sides touring to the Southern Hemisphere. Three years after the first tour, the Western Province union invited rugby bodies in Britain to tour South Africa. Some saw the 1891 team – the first sanctioned by the Rugby Football Union – as the English national team, though others referred to it as "the British Isles". The tourists played a total of twenty matches, three of them tests. The team also played the regional side of South Africa (South Africa did not exist as a political unit in 1891), winning all three matches. In a notable event of the tour, the touring side presented the Currie Cup to Griqualand West, the province they thought produced the best performance on the tour.

text: Five years later a British Isles side returned to South Africa. They played one extra match on this tour, making the total of 21 games, including four tests against South Africa, with the British Isles winning three of them. The squad had a notable Irish orientation, with the Irish national team contributing six players to the 21-man squad.

text: In 1899 the British Isles touring side returned to Australia for the first time since the unofficial tour of 1888. The squad of 23 for the first time ever had players from each of the home nations. The team again participated in 21 matches, playing state teams as well as northern Queensland sides and Victorian teams. A four-test series took place against Australia, the tourists winning three out of the four. The team returned via Hawaii and Canada playing additional games on route.

text: Four years later, in 1903, the British Isles team returned to South Africa. The opening performance of the side proved disappointing from the tourists' point of view, with defeats in its opening three matches by Western Province sides in Cape Town. From then on the team experienced mixed results, though more wins than losses. The side lost the test series to South Africa, drawing twice, but with the South Africans winning the decider 8 to nil.

text: No more than twelve months passed before the British Isles team ventured to Australia and New Zealand in 1904. The tourists devastated the Australian teams, winning every single game. Australia also lost all three tests to the visitors, even getting held to a standstill in two of the three games. Though the New Zealand leg of the tour did not take long in comparison to the number of Australian games, the British Isles experienced considerable difficulty across the Tasman after whitewashing the Australians. The team managed two early wins before losing the test to New Zealand and only winning one more game as well as drawing once. Despite their difficulties in New Zealand, the tour proved a raging success on-field for the British Isles.

text: In 1908, another tour took place to Australia and New Zealand. In a reversal of previous practice, the planners allocated more matches in New Zealand rather than in Australia: perhaps the strength of the New Zealand teams and the heavy defeats of all Australian teams on the previous tour influenced this decision. Some commentators thought that this tour hoped to reach out to rugby communities in Australia, as rugby league (infamously) started in Australia in 1908. The Anglo-Welsh side (Irish and Scottish unions did not participate) performed well in all the non-test matches, but drew a test against New Zealand and lost the other two.

text: Visits that took place before the 1910 South Africa tour (the first selected by a committee from the four Home Unions) had enjoyed a growing degree of support from the authorities, although only one of these included representatives of all four nations. The 1910 tour to South Africa marked the official beginning of British Isles rugby tours: the inaugural tour operating under all four unions. The team performed moderately against the non-test parties, claiming victories in just over half their matches. The test series, however, went to South Africa, who won two of the three games. A side managed by Oxford University — supposedly the England rugby team, but actually including three Scottish players — toured Argentina at the time: the people of Argentina termed it the "Combined British".

text: The next British Isles team tour did not take place until 1924, again in South Africa. The team, led by Ronald Cove-Smith, struggled with injuries and lost three of the four test matches, drawing the other 3–3. In total, 21 games were played, with the touring side winning 9, drawing 3 and losing 9.

text: In 1927 a short, nine-game series took place in Argentina, with the British isles winning all nine encounters; the tour did however become a financial success for Argentine rugby. After a seemingly long absence from New Zealand, the Lions returned in 1930 to some success. The Lions won all of their games that did not have test status except for the matches against Auckland, Wellington and Canterbury; they did however lose three of their four test matches against New Zealand, winning the first test 6–3. The side also visited Australia, losing a test but winning five out of the six non-test games.

text: In 1936 the British Isles visited Argentina for the second time, winning all ten of their matches and only conceding nine points in the whole tour. Two years later in 1938 the British Isles toured in South Africa, winning more than half of their normal matches. Despite having lost the test series to South Africa by game three, they won the final test. This is when they were named THE LIONS by their then Captain Sam Walker.

text: The first post-war tour went to New Zealand and Australia in 1950. The Lions, sporting newly redesigned jerseys and displaying a fresh style of play, managed to win 22 and draw one of 29 matches over the two nations. The Lions won the opening four fixtures before losing to Otago and Southland, but succeeded in holding the All Blacks to a 9–9 draw. The Lions performed well in the remaining All Black tests though they lost all three, the team did not lose another non-test in the New Zealand leg of the tour. The Lions won all their games in Australia except for their final fixture against a New South Wales XV in Newcastle. They won both tests against Australia, in Brisbane, Queensland and in Sydney.

text: In 1955 the Lions toured South Africa and left with another imposing record, one draw and 19 wins from the 25 fixtures. The four-test series against South Africa, a thrilling affair, ended in a drawn series.

text: The 1959 tour to Australia and New Zealand marked once again a very successful tour for the Lions, who only lost six of their 35 fixtures. The Lions easily won both tests against Australia and lost the first three tests against New Zealand, but did find victory (9–6) in the final test.

text: After the glittering decade of the 1950s, the first tour of the 1960s proved not nearly as successful as previous ones. The 1962 tour to South Africa saw the Lions still win 16 of their 25 games, but did not fare well against the Springboks, losing three of the four tests. For the 1966 tour to Australia and New Zealand John Robins became the first Lions Coach, and the trip started off very well for the Lions, who stormed through Australia, winning five non-tests and drawing one; and most notably defeating Australia in two tests as well. The Lions however experienced mixed results during the New Zealand leg of the tour, as well as losing all of the tests against the All Blacks. The Lions also played a test against Canada on their way home, winning 19 to 8 in Toronto. The 1968 tour of South Africa saw the Lions win 15 of their 16 provincial matches, but the team actually lost three tests against the Springboks and drew one.

text: The 1970s saw a renaissance for the Lions. The 1971 team, centred around the skilled Welsh half-back pairing of Gareth Edwards and Barry John, secured a series win over the All Blacks. The tour started with a loss to Queensland but proceeded to storm through the next provincial fixtures, winning 11 games in a row. The Lions then went on to defeat the All Blacks in Dunedin. The Lions would only lose a single match on the rest of the tour, and won the test series against New Zealand, winning and drawing the last two games, to take the series two wins to one.

text: One of the best-known and most successful Lions team toured South Africa in 1974 under the esteemed Irish forward Willie John McBride. It went through 22 games unbeaten, and triumphed 3–0 (with one drawn) in the test open series. The test series featured a lot of violence. The management of the Lions concluded that the Springboks dominated their opponents with physical aggression. At that time, test match referees came from the home nation, substitutions took place only if a doctor found a player unable to continue and there were no video cameras or sideline officials to prevent violent play. The Lions decided "to get their retaliation in first" with the infamous "99 call". The Lions postulated that a South African referee would probably not send off all of the Lions if they all retaliated against "blatant thuggery". Famous video footage of the 'battle of Boet Erasmus Stadium' shows JPR Williams running over half of the pitch and launching himself at Van Heerden after such a call.

text: The 1977 tour to New Zealand saw the Lions drop only one non-test out of 21 games, a loss to a Universities side. The team did not win the test series though, winning one game but losing the other three.

text: In August 1977 the British Lions made a stopover in Fiji on the way home from their tour of New Zealand. Fiji beat them 25–21 at Buckhurst Park, Suva.

text: The Lions toured South Africa in 1980, and completed a flawless non-test record, winning 14 out of 14 matches. The Lions however lost the first three tests to South Africa, winning the last one, with the series already won by the Springboks.

text: The 1983 tour to New Zealand saw the team successful in the non-test games, winning all but two games, but being whitewashed in the test series against the All Blacks.

text: A tour to South Africa by the Lions was anticipated in 1986. However, the invitation for the Lions to tour South Africa was never accepted because of controversy surrounding Apartheid, and the tour did not go ahead.[15] The Lions did not return to South Africa until 1997, after the Apartheid era. A Lions team was selected in April 1986 for the International Rugby Board centenary match against a 'The Rest'. The team was organised by the Four Home Unions Committee and the players were given the status of official British Lions.[16]

text: The Lions tour to Australia in 1989 was a short affair, being only 12 matches in total. The tour was very successful for the Lions, who won all eight non-test matches and won the test series against Australia, two to one.

text: The tour to New Zealand in 1993 was the last of the amateur era. The Lions won six and lost four non-test matches, and lost the test series 2–1. The tour to South Africa in 1997 was a success for the Lions, who completed the tour with only two losses, and won the test series 2–1.

text: In 2001, the ten-game tour to Australia saw the Wallabies win the test series 2–1. This series saw the first award of the Tom Richards Trophy. In the Lions' 2005 tour to New Zealand, coached by Clive Woodward, the Lions won seven games against provincial teams, were defeated by the New Zealand Maori team, and suffered heavy defeats in all three tests.

text: The Lions faced the World Cup winners South Africa, with Ian McGeechan leading a coaching team including Warren Gatland, Shaun Edwards and Rob Howley. The Lions were captained by Irish lock Paul O'Connell.[17] The initial Lions selection consisted of fourteen Irish players, thirteen Welsh, eight English and two Scots in the 37-man squad.

text: In the first Test on 20 June, they lost 26–21, and lost the series in the second 28–25 in a tightly-fought game at Loftus Versfeld on 27 June.[18] The Lions won the third Test 28–9 at Ellis Park, and the series finished 2–1 to South Africa.

text: During June 2013 the British and Irish Lions toured Australia.

text: Former Scotland and Lions full-back Andy Irvine was appointed as tour manager in 2010.[19] Wales head coach Warren Gatland was the Lions' head coach, and their tour captain was Sam Warburton.

text: The tour started in Hong Kong with a match against the Barbarians before moving on to Australia for the main tour featuring six provincial matches and three tests.[20]

text: The Lions won all but one non-test matches, losing to the Brumbies 14–12 on 18 June. The first test was followed shortly after this, which saw the Lions go 1-up over Australia winning 23–21. Australia did have a chance to take the win in the final moments of the game, but a missed penalty by Kurtley Beale saw the Lions take the win. The Wallabies drew the series in the second test winning 16–15, though the Lions had a chance to steal the win had it not been because of a missed penalty by Leigh Halfpenny. With tour captain Warburton out of the final test due to injury, Alun Wyn Jones took over the captaincy in the final test in Sydney. The final test was won by the Lions in what was a record win, winning 41–16 to earn their first series win since 1997 and their first over Australia since 1989.

text: Following his winning tour of Australia in 2013, Warren Gatland was reappointed as Lions head coach for the tour to New Zealand in June and July 2017. In April 2016, it was announced that the side would again be captained again by Sam Warburton. The touring schedule included 10 games: an opening game against the Provincial Barbarians, challenge matches against all five of New Zealand's Super Rugby sides, a match against the Māori All Blacks and three tests against New Zealand. The Lions defeated the Barbarians in the first game of the tour, before being beaten by the Blues three days later. The team recovered to beat the Crusaders but this was followed up with another midweek loss, this time against the Highlanders. The Lions then faced the Māori All Blacks, winning comfortably to restore optimism and followed up with their first midweek victory of the tour against the Chiefs.

text: On 24 June, the Lions, captained by Peter O'Mahony, faced New Zealand in Eden Park in the first test and were beaten 30–15. This was followed by the final midweek game of the tour, a draw against the Hurricanes. For the second test, Gatland recalled Warburton to his starting team, restoring his captaincy. In Wellington Regional Stadium, the Lions beat New Zealand 24–21 to tie the series going into the final game, ending the side's 47-game winning run at home. In the final test at Eden Park the following week, the team's played out a draw, ending the test match series in a tie for the first time in history of competition between the sides.

text: Overall[edit]

text: Overall test matches

text: Updated after the 2017 Tour

text:
Against
Played
Won
Lost
Drawn
For
Against
 % Won

 Argentina
7
6
0
1
236
31
86

 Australia
23
17
6
0
414
248
74

 New Zealand
41
7
30
4
399
700
17

 South Africa
46
17
23
6
470
546
37

Total
117
47
59
11
1,519
1,525
40

text: Overall tour results

text:
Against
Tours
Won
Lost
Drawn
 % Won

 Argentina
3
3
0
0
100%

 Australia
9
7
2
0
78%

 New Zealand
12
1
10
1
8%

 South Africa
13
4
8
1
31%

Total
37
15
20
2
41%

text: Tours[edit]

text: Format[edit]

text: The Lions currently[update] tour three Southern Hemisphere nations; Australia, South Africa and New Zealand. They also routinely toured in Argentina before the Second World War. Tours currently take place every four years. The most recent tour was to New Zealand in 2017, and before that the Lions toured visited Australia in June–July 2013.

text: In a break with tradition, a "home" fixture against Argentina took place at Millennium Stadium in Cardiff on 23 May 2005, before the Lions went to New Zealand. It finished in a draw, 25–25.

text: On tour, games take place against local provinces, clubs or representative sides as well as the full tests against the host's national team.

text: The Lions, and their predecessor teams, have often played games against other nearby countries on tour. For example, they played Rhodesia (the future Zimbabwe) in 1910, 1924, 1938, 1955, 1962, 1968 & 1974 during their tours to South Africa. They also were beaten by Fiji on their 1977 tour to New Zealand. In addition, they toured pre-independence Namibia (then South West Africa), in 1955, 1962, 1968, and 1974.

text: There have also been games in other countries on the way home. These include games in Canada in 1959 and 1966, East Africa (then mostly Kenya, and held in Nairobi), and an unofficial game against Ceylon (future Sri Lanka) in 1950.

text: Previous tours have seen some non-Test players become demotivated, but more recently this issue has reduced because of high injury rates, increased use of replacements and greater selection flexibility.

text: In recent tours a common issue has been weak opposition in many non-Test games, partly as opposition countries have their top players in national training camps, partly as sides protect top players for domestic games which are seen as more commercially important than Lions games, and possibly partly to prevent the Lions having high standard preparatory games.

text: Results[edit]

text: Tour Test matches[edit]

text:
Year
To
Captain
Head coach
Top scorer in Tests
Result
Tests record

1888
New Zealand
& Australia
 Robert Seddon
 Andrew Stoddart
 Alfred Shaw
 Arthur Shrewsbury
No Test matches played

1891
South Africa
 Bill Maclagan
 Edwin Ash
 Arthur Rotherham, 4
Won
3–0

1896
South Africa
 Johnny Hammond
Thomas Crean
 Roger Walker
 J. F. Byrne, 12
Won
3–1

1899
Australia
 Matthew Mullineux
 Frank Stout
 Matthew Mullineux
 Charlie Adamson, 17
Won
3–1

1903
South Africa
 Mark Morrison
 Johnny Hammond
 John Gillespie, 4
Lost
0–1

1904
Australia
& New Zealand
 David Bedell-Sivright
Teddy Morgan
 Arthur O'Brien
 Percy Bush, 20
Won
Lost
3–0 (Australia)
0–1 (New Zealand)

1908
New Zealand
& Australia
 Arthur 'Boxer' Harding
 George Harnett
 Reggie Gibbs, 3
 Jack Jones, 3
Lost
0–2–1 (NZ)
No tests against Australia

1910
South Africa
 Tommy Smyth
 Jack Jones
 William Cail
Walter E. Rees
 Jack Spoors, 9
Lost
1–2

1910
Argentina
 John Raphael
 R.V. Stanley
 Harold Monks, 10
(no test caps awarded)
Won
1–0

1924
South Africa
 Ronald Cove-Smith
 Harry Packer
 Tom Voyce, 6
Lost
0–3–1

1927
Argentina
 David MacMyn
 James Baxter
 Ernest Hammett, 40
(no test caps awarded)
Won
4–0

1930
New Zealand
& Australia
 Doug Prentice
 Carl Aarvold
 James Baxter
 Carl Aarvold, 9
Lost
Lost
1–3 (New Zealand)
0–1 (Australia)

1936
Argentina
 Bernard Gadney
 Doug Prentice
 John Brett, 7
(no test caps awarded)
Won
1–0

1938
South Africa
 Sam Walker
Major B.C. Hartley
Vivian Jenkins, 9
Lost
1–2

1950
New Zealand
& Australia
 Karl Mullen
Bleddyn Williams
 Leslie B. Osborne
 Lewis Jones, 26
Lost
Won
0–3–1 (NZ)
2–0 (Australia)

1955
South Africa
 Robin Thompson
Cliff Morgan
 Jack Siggins
 Jeff Butterfield, 12
Tied
2–2

1959
Australia
& New Zealand
 Ronnie Dawson
 O.B. Glasgow
 David Hewitt, 16
Won
Lost
2–0 (Australia)
1–3 (New Zealand)

1962
South Africa
 Arthur Smith
Dickie Jeeps
 Harry McKibbin
 John Willcox, 5
Lost
0–3–1

1966
Australia,
& New Zealand
 David Watkins
 Mike Campbell-Lamerton
 John Robins
 Stewart Wilson, 30
Won
Lost
2–0 (Australia)
0–4 (New Zealand)

1968
South Africa
 Tom Kiernan
 Ronnie Dawson
 Tom Kiernan, 35
Lost
0–3–1

1971
New Zealand
 John Dawes
 Carwyn James
 Barry John, 30
Won
2–1–1

1974
South Africa
 Willie John McBride
 Syd Millar
 Phil Bennett, 26
Won
3–0–1

1977
New Zealand
 Phil Bennett
 John Dawes
 Phil Bennett, 18
Lost
1–3

1980
South Africa
 Bill Beaumont
 Noel Murphy
 Tony Ward, 18
Lost
1–3

1983
New Zealand
 Ciaran Fitzgerald
 Jim Telfer
 Ollie Campbell, 15
Lost
0–4

1989
Australia
 Finlay Calder
 Ian McGeechan
 Gavin Hastings, 28
Won
2–1

1993
New Zealand
 Gavin Hastings
 Ian McGeechan
 Gavin Hastings, 38
Lost
1–2

1997
South Africa
 Martin Johnson
 Ian McGeechan
 Jim Telfer
 Neil Jenkins, 41
Won
2–1

2001
Australia
 Martin Johnson
 Graham Henry
 Jonny Wilkinson, 36
Lost
1–2

2005
New Zealand
 Brian O'Driscoll
 Martin Corry
 Gareth Thomas
 Sir Clive Woodward
 Stephen Jones, 14
Lost
0–3

2009
South Africa
 Paul O'Connell
 Ian McGeechan
 Stephen Jones, 39
Lost
1–2

2013
Australia
 Sam Warburton
 Alun Wyn Jones
 Warren Gatland
 Leigh Halfpenny, 49
Won
2–1

2017
New Zealand
 Sam Warburton
 Peter O'Mahony
 Warren Gatland
 Owen Farrell, 31
Tied
1–1–1

text: Other International matches[edit]

text:
Year
Against
Captain
Head coach
Top Scorer
Result
Related tour

1910
 Southern Rhodesia
 Jack Jones
 William Cail
 Walter E. Rees
 Reg Plummer, 6
Won
1910 British Lions tour to South Africa

1924
 Rhodesia
 Neil MacPherson
 Harry Packer
 Ian Smith, 6
Won
1924 British Lions tour to South Africa

1930
 Ceylon
 James Leo Farrell
 James Baxter

Won
1930 British Lions tour to New Zealand and Australia

1938
 Rhodesia
 Sam Walker
 Bernard Charles Hartley
 Viv Jenkins, 7
Won
1938 British Lions tour to South Africa

1938
 Rhodesia
 Sam Walker
 Bernard Charles Hartley
 Elvet Jones, 9
Won
1938 British Lions tour to South Africa

1950
 Ceylon

 Leslie B. Osborne

Won
1950 British Lions tour to New Zealand and Australia

1955
 South-West Africa
 Angus Cameron
 Jack Siggins
 Tony O'Reilly, 3
 Frank Sykes, 3
 Haydn Morris, 3
Won
1955 British Lions tour to South Africa

1955
 Rhodesia
 Cliff Morgan
 Jack Siggins
 Frank Sykes, 9
Won
1955 British Lions tour to South Africa

1955
 Rhodesia
 Cliff Morgan
 Jack Siggins
 Doug Baker, 6
Won
1955 British Lions tour to South Africa

1955
 East Africa
(Kenya, Uganda, Tanganyika)
 Robin Thompson
 Jack Siggins
 Arthur Smith, 15
Won
1955 British Lions tour to South Africa

1962
 Rhodesia
 Arthur Smith
 Harry McKibbin
 Mike Weston, 12
Won
1962 British Lions tour to South Africa

1962
 South-West Africa
 Dickie Jeeps
 Harry McKibbin
 Mike Weston, 3
 Keith Rowlands, 3
 Raymond Hunter, 3
Won
1962 British Lions tour to South Africa

1962
 East Africa
 Mike Campbell-Lamerton
 Harry McKibbin
 Richard Sharp, 14
Won
1962 British Lions tour to South Africa

1966
 Canada
 Mike Campbell-Lamerton
 John Robins
 Noel Murphy, 6
Won
1966 British Lions tour to Australia and New Zealand

1968
 Rhodesia
 Tom Kiernan
 Ronnie Dawson
 Keith Jarrett, 10
Won
1968 British Lions tour to South Africa

1968
 South-West Africa
 Jim Telfer
 Ronnie Dawson
 Bob Hiller, 11
Won
1968 British Lions tour to South Africa

1974
 South-West Africa
 Gareth Edwards
 Syd Millar
 Andy Irvine, 8
Won
1974 British Lions tour to South Africa

1974
 Rhodesia
 Gareth Edwards
 Syd Millar
 Andy Irvine, 22
Won
1974 British Lions tour to South Africa

1977
 Fiji
 Phil Bennett
 John Dawes
 Phil Bennett, 13
Lost
1977 British Lions tour to New Zealand

1977
Barbarian F.C.
 Phil Bennett
 John Dawes
 Phil Bennett, 8
Won
Home match as part of Queen Elizabeth II's Silver Jubilee celebrations after returning from New Zealand

1986
The Rest
 Colin Deans
 Mick Doyle
 John Beattie, 4
Lost
Home match as part of IRB centenary celebrations

1989
 France
 Rob Andrew
 Ian McGeechan
 Gavin Hastings, 22
Won
One-off match as part of French bi-centennial celebrations

1990
Rest of Europe
 David Sole
 Roger Uttley
 Gavin Hastings, 19
Won
Charity match in aid of Romania. Not billed as Lions, but as Four Home Unions

2005
 Argentina
 Michael Owen
 Clive Woodward
 Jonny Wilkinson, 20
Draw
2005 New Zealand tour warm-up – Home match

2013
Barbarians F.C.
 Paul O'Connell
 Warren Gatland
 Owen Farrell, 15
Won
2013 Australia tour warm-up – Away match

text: Lions non-tour and home matches[edit]

text: The Lions have played a number of "home matches" against international opposition. With the exception of the 2005 home match against Argentina (which was played as a warm-up to the 2005 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand), these matches have been one-offs to mark special occasions:

text:
The Lions played an unofficial international match in 1955 at Cardiff Arms Park against a Welsh XV to mark the 75th anniversary of the Welsh Rugby Union. The Lions won 20–17 but did not include all the big names of the 1955 tour, such as Tony O'Reilly, Jeff Butterfield, Phil Davies, Dickie Jeeps, Bryn Meredith and Jim Greenwood, for example.[21][22]
In 1977, the Lions played their first official home game, against the Barbarians as a charity fund-raiser held as part of the Queen's silver jubilee celebrations. The Baa-Baas line-up featured JPR Williams, Gerald Davies, Gareth Edwards, Jean-Pierre Rives and Jean-Claude Skrela. The Lions included 13 of the team which played in the fourth test vs New Zealand three weeks before, and won 23–14.[23]
In 1986, a match was organised against The Rest as both a warm-up to the 1986 South Africa tour, which was subsequently cancelled, and as a celebration match to mark the International Rugby Board's centenary. The Lions lost 15–7, but never toured that year.
In 1989, Rob Andrew captained the Lions in their victory against France in Paris. The game formed part of the celebrations of the bi-centennial of the French Revolution. The Lions won 29–27.
In 1990, a team titled the "Four Home Unions" was put together to play the "Rest of Europe XV". This was a match to raise money for the rebuilding of Romania following the overthrow of Nicolae Ceaușescu in December 1989. The team's logo was that used by the Lions, i.e. the crests of the four home unions united in a shield. The Rest of Europe played under the symbol of the Federația Română de Rugby.

text: Records[edit]

text: Players in bold are still active at club level.

text: Most capped players[edit]

text: Updated 03 July 2017 [3]

text:
#
Name
Tours
Caps
Position

1
 Willie John McBride
1962–1974
17
Lock

2
 Dickie Jeeps
1955–1962
13
Scrum-half

3
 Mike Gibson
1966–1971
12
Centre

 Graham Price
1977–1983
12
Prop

5
 Tony O'Reilly
1955–1959
10
Wing

 Rhys Williams
1955–1959
10
Lock

 Gareth Edwards
1968–1974
10
Scrum-half

8
 Syd Millar
1955–1959
9
Prop

 Andy Irvine
1974–1980
9
Full-back

 Alun Wyn Jones
2009–2017
9
Lock

text: Top point scorers[edit]

text: Updated 03 July 2017 [3]

text:
#
Name
Career
Points
Caps
Position

1
 Jonny Wilkinson
2001–2005
67
6
Fly-half

2
 Gavin Hastings
1989–1993
66
6
Full-back

3
 Stephen Jones
2005–2009
53
6
Fly-half

4
 Leigh Halfpenny
2013–2017
49
4
Full-back

5
 Phil Bennett
1974–1977
44
8
Fly-half

6
 Neil Jenkins
1997–2001
41
4
Fly-half

7
 Tom Kiernan
1962–1968
35
5
Full-back

8
 Owen Farrell
2013–2017
31
4
Fly-half

9
 Stewart Wilson
1966-1966
30
5
Full-back

 Barry John
1968–1971
30
5
Fly-half

text: Top try scorers[edit]

text: Updated 03 July 2017 [3]

text:
#
Name
Career
Tries
Caps
Position

1
 Tony O'Reilly
1955–1959
6
10
Wing

2
 J. J. Williams
1974–1977
5
7
Wing

3
 Willie Llewellyn
1904-1904
4
4
Wing

 Malcolm Price
1959-1959
4
5
Centre

5
 Alf Bucher
1899-1899
3
3
Wing

 Jack Spoors
1910-1910
3
3
Full-back

 Carl Aarvold
1930-1930
3
5
Centre

 Jeff Butterfield
1955-1955
3
4
Centre

 Ken Jones
1962–1966
3
6
Centre

 Gerald Davies
1968–1971
3
5
Wing


document_title: Row, Row, Row Your Boat

question_text: where did row your boat song come from

question_tokens: where did row your boat song come from

root

text: Row, Row, Row Your Boat

text: Lyrics[edit]

text: The most common modern version is often sung as a round for four voice parts ( play (help·info)). A possible arrangement for SATB is as follows:

tag: p

text:
Soprano
Contralto
Tenor
Bass

Row, row, row your boat,

Gently down the stream.
Row, row, row your boat,

Merrily, merrily, merrily, merrily,
Gently down the stream.
Row, row, row your boat,

Life is such a dream.
Merrily, merrily, merrily, merrily,
Gently down the stream.
Row, row, row your boat,

Life is such a dream.
Merrily, merrily, merrily, merrily,
Gently down the stream.

Life is such a dream.
Merrily, merrily, merrily, merrily,

Life is but a dream.

tag: table

text: Origins[edit]

text: It has been suggested that the song may have originally arisen out of American minstrelsy. The earliest printing of the song is from 1852, when the lyrics were published with similar lyrics to those used today, but with a very different tune. It was reprinted again two years later with the same lyrics and another tune. The modern tune was first recorded with the lyrics in 1881, mentioning Eliphalet Oram Lyte in The Franklin Square Song Collection but not making it clear whether he was the composer or adapter.[1]

text: Additional or alternative verses[edit]

text: People often add additional verses, a form of children's street culture, with the intent of either extending the song or (especially in the case of more irreverent versions) to make it funny, parody it, or substitute another sensibility for the perceived innocent one of the original. In Bean, where Rowan Atkinson (Mr.Bean) and Peter MacNicol (David Langley) also used this parody singing in the film. [2] Versions include:

text:
Row, row, row your boat,
Gently down the stream.
If you see a crocodile,
Don't forget to scream.

text: And:

text:
Row, row, row your boat,
Gently down the stream.
Throw your teacher overboard
And listen to her scream.[3]


document_title: List of FA Community Shield matches

question_text: how many times has arsenal won the community shield

text: List of FA Community Shield matches

text: Results[edit]

text:
Key

(R)
Replay

§
Title was shared after match finished in a draw

Match decided by a penalty shootout after full time[C]

Team was established for this match only

text:
FA Community Shield winners

Year
Winner(s)
Score
Runner-up
Venue
Attendance
Ref(s)

1908
Manchester United
1–1
Queens Park Rangers
Stamford Bridge
6,000
[24]

1908 (R)
Manchester United
4–0
Queens Park Rangers
Stamford Bridge
50,000
[25]

1909
Newcastle United
2–0
Northampton Town
Stamford Bridge
7,000
[26]

1910
Brighton and Hove Albion
1–0
Aston Villa
Stamford Bridge
13,000
[27]

1911
Manchester United
8–4
Swindon Town
Stamford Bridge
10,000
[28]

1912
Blackburn Rovers
2–1
Queens Park Rangers
White Hart Lane
7,100
[29]

1913
English Professionals XI
7–2
English Amateurs XI
The Den (original)
15,000[D]
[8]

1920
West Bromwich Albion
2–0
Tottenham Hotspur
White Hart Lane
38,168
[9]

1921
Tottenham Hotspur
2–0
Burnley
White Hart Lane
18,000
[10]

1922
Huddersfield Town
1–0
Liverpool
Old Trafford
20,000
[30]

1923
English Professionals XI
2–0
English Amateurs XI
Stamford Bridge
11,000
[31]

1924
English Professionals XI
3–1
English Amateurs XI
Highbury Stadium
10,000
[32]

1925
English Amateurs XI
6–1
English Professionals XI
White Hart Lane
5,000[D]
[33]

1926
English Amateurs XI
6–3
English Professionals XI
Maine Road
1,500
[34]

1927
Cardiff City
2–1
Corinthian
Stamford Bridge
16,500
[35]

1928
Everton
2–1
Blackburn Rovers
Old Trafford
4,000
[36][37]

1929
English Professionals XI
3–0
English Amateurs XI
The Den (original)
6,000
[38]

1930
Arsenal
2–1
Sheffield Wednesday
Stamford Bridge
18,000
[39]

1931
Arsenal
1–0
West Bromwich Albion
Villa Park
21,276
[40]

1932
Everton
5–3
Newcastle United
St James' Park
10,000
[41]

1933
Arsenal
3–0
Everton
Goodison Park
20,000
[42]

1934
Arsenal
4–0
Manchester City
Highbury Stadium
10,888
[43]

1935
Sheffield Wednesday
1–0
Arsenal
Highbury Stadium
15,000[D]
[44]

1936
Sunderland
2–1
Arsenal
Roker Park
15,000
[45]

1937
Manchester City
2–0
Sunderland
Maine Road
14,000
[46]

1938
Arsenal
2–1
Preston North End
Highbury Stadium
7,233
[47]

1948
Arsenal
4–3
Manchester United
Highbury Stadium
31,000
[48]

1949
Portsmouth
Wolverhampton Wanderers
1–1§
—
Highbury Stadium
35,140
[49]

1950
England World Cup XI
4–2
FA Canadian Touring Team
Stamford Bridge
38,468
[50]

1951
Tottenham Hotspur
2–1
Newcastle United
White Hart Lane
27,760
[51]

1952
Manchester United
4–2
Newcastle United
Old Trafford
11,381
[52]

1953
Arsenal
3–1
Blackpool
Highbury Stadium
39,853
[53]

1954
West Bromwich Albion
Wolverhampton Wanderers
4–4§
—
Molineux Stadium
45,035
[54]

1955
Chelsea
3–0
Newcastle United
Stamford Bridge
12,802
[55]

1956
Manchester United
1–0
Manchester City
Maine Road
30,495
[56]

1957
Manchester United
4–0
Aston Villa
Old Trafford
27,923
[57]

1958
Bolton Wanderers
4–1
Wolverhampton Wanderers
Burnden Park
36,029
[58]

1959
Wolverhampton Wanderers
3–1
Nottingham Forest
Molineux Stadium
32,329
[59]

1960
Burnley
Wolverhampton Wanderers
2–2§
—
Turf Moor
19,873
[60]

1961
Tottenham Hotspur
3–2
FA Select XI
White Hart Lane
36,593
[13]

1962
Tottenham Hotspur
5–1
Ipswich Town
Portman Road
20,067
[61]

1963
Everton
4–0
Manchester United
Goodison Park
54,844
[62]

1964
Liverpool
West Ham United
2–2§
—
Anfield
38,858
[63]

1965
Liverpool
Manchester United
2–2§
—
Old Trafford
48,502
[64]

1966
Liverpool
1–0
Everton
Goodison Park
63,329
[65]

1967
Manchester United
Tottenham Hotspur
3–3§
—
Old Trafford
54,106
[66]

1968
Manchester City
6–1
West Bromwich Albion
Maine Road
35,510
[67]

1969
Leeds United
2–1
Manchester City
Elland Road
39,835
[68]

1970
Everton
2–1
Chelsea
Stamford Bridge
43,547
[69]

1971
Leicester City
1–0
Liverpool
Filbert Street
25,104
[70]

1972
Manchester City
1–0
Aston Villa
Villa Park
34,859
[71]

1973
Burnley
1–0
Manchester City
Maine Road
23,988
[72]

1974
Liverpool
1–1[E]
Leeds United
Wembley Stadium (original)
67,000
[73]

1975
Derby County
2–0
West Ham United
Wembley Stadium (original)
59,000
[74]

1976
Liverpool
1–0
Southampton
Wembley Stadium (original)
76,500
[75]

1977
Liverpool
Manchester United
0–0§
—
Wembley Stadium (original)
82,000
[76]

1978
Nottingham Forest
5–0
Ipswich Town
Wembley Stadium (original)
68,000
[77]

1979
Liverpool
3–1
Arsenal
Wembley Stadium (original)
92,800
[78]

1980
Liverpool
1–0
West Ham United
Wembley Stadium (original)
90,000
[79]

1981
Aston Villa
Tottenham Hotspur
2–2§
—
Wembley Stadium (original)
92,500
[80]

1982
Liverpool
1–0
Tottenham Hotspur
Wembley Stadium (original)
82,500
[81]

1983
Manchester United
2–0
Liverpool
Wembley Stadium (original)
92,000
[82]

1984
Everton
1–0
Liverpool
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000
[83]

1985
Everton
2–0
Manchester United
Wembley Stadium (original)
82,000
[84]

1986
Everton
Liverpool
1–1§
—
Wembley Stadium (original)
88,231
[85]

1987
Everton
1–0
Coventry City
Wembley Stadium (original)
88,000
[86]

1988
Liverpool
2–1
Wimbledon
Wembley Stadium (original)
54,887
[87]

1989
Liverpool
1–0
Arsenal
Wembley Stadium (original)
63,149
[88]

1990
Liverpool
Manchester United
1–1§
—
Wembley Stadium (original)
66,558
[89]

1991
Arsenal
Tottenham Hotspur
0–0§
—
Wembley Stadium (original)
65,483
[90]

1992
Leeds United
4–3
Liverpool
Wembley Stadium (original)
61,291
[91]

1993
Manchester United
1–1[F]
Arsenal
Wembley Stadium (original)
66,519
[92]

1994
Manchester United
2–0
Blackburn Rovers
Wembley Stadium (original)
60,402
[93]

1995
Everton
1–0
Blackburn Rovers
Wembley Stadium (original)
40,149
[94]

1996
Manchester United
4–0
Newcastle United
Wembley Stadium (original)
73,214
[95]

1997
Manchester United
1–1[G]
Chelsea
Wembley Stadium (original)
73,636
[96]

1998
Arsenal
3–0
Manchester United
Wembley Stadium (original)
67,342
[97]

1999
Arsenal
2–1
Manchester United
Wembley Stadium (original)
70,185
[98][99]

2000
Chelsea
2–0
Manchester United
Wembley Stadium (original)
65,148
[100][101]

2001
Liverpool
2–1
Manchester United
Millennium Stadium
70,227
[102][103]

2002
Arsenal
1–0
Liverpool
Millennium Stadium
67,337
[104]

2003
Manchester United
1–1[H]
Arsenal
Millennium Stadium
59,923
[105][106]

2004
Arsenal
3–1
Manchester United
Millennium Stadium
63,317
[107]

2005
Chelsea
2–1
Arsenal
Millennium Stadium
58,014
[108]

2006
Liverpool
2–1
Chelsea
Millennium Stadium
56,275
[109]

2007
Manchester United
1–1[I]
Chelsea
Wembley Stadium (new)
80,731
[110]

2008
Manchester United
0–0[J]
Portsmouth
Wembley Stadium (new)
84,808
[111]

2009
Chelsea
2–2[K]
Manchester United
Wembley Stadium (new)
85,896
[112]

2010
Manchester United
3–1
Chelsea
Wembley Stadium (new)
84,623
[113]

2011
Manchester United
3–2
Manchester City
Wembley Stadium (new)
77,169
[114]

2012
Manchester City
3–2
Chelsea
Villa Park[L]
36,394
[115]

2013
Manchester United
2–0
Wigan Athletic
Wembley Stadium (new)
80,235
[116]

2014
Arsenal
3–0
Manchester City
Wembley Stadium (new)
71,523
[117]

2015
Arsenal
1–0
Chelsea
Wembley Stadium (new)
85,437
[118]

2016
Manchester United
2–1
Leicester City
Wembley Stadium (new)
85,437
[15]

2017
Arsenal
1–1[M]
Chelsea
Wembley Stadium (new)
83,325
[21]

text: Results by club[edit]

text: Teams shown in italics are no longer in existence, or were established only for the purpose of playing in these matches.

text:
FA Community Shield winners by club

Club
Wins
Last final won
Runners-up
Last final lost
Total appearances

Manchester United
21
2016
9
2009
30

Arsenal
15
2017
7
2005
22

Liverpool
15
2006
6
2002
21

Everton
9
1995
2
1966
11

Tottenham Hotspur
7
1991
2
1982
9

Chelsea
4
2009
8
2017
12

Manchester City
4
2012
6
2014
10

English Professionals XI
4
1929
2
1926
6

Wolverhampton Wanderers
4
1960
1
1958
5

English Amateurs XI
2
1926
4
1929
6

West Bromwich Albion
2
1954
2
1968
4

Burnley
2
1973
1
1921
3

Leeds United
2
1992
1
1974
3

Newcastle United
1
1909
5
1996
6

Aston Villa
1
1981
3
1972
4

Blackburn Rovers
1
1912
3
1995
4

West Ham United
1
1964
2
1980
3

Leicester City
1
1971
1
2016
2

Nottingham Forest
1
1978
1
1959
2

Portsmouth
1
1949
1
2008
2

Sheffield Wednesday
1
1935
1
1930
2

Sunderland
1
1936
1
1937
2

Bolton Wanderers
1
1958
0
&
—

1

Brighton and Hove Albion
1
1910
0
&
—

1

Cardiff City
1
1927
0
&
—

1

Derby County
1
1975
0
&
—

1

English World Cup XI
1
1950
0
&
—

1

Huddersfield Town
1
1922
0
&
—

1

Ipswich Town
0
&
—

2
1978
2

Queens Park Rangers
0
&
—

2
1912
2

Blackpool
0
&
—

1
1953
1

Corinthian
0
&
—

1
1927
1

Coventry City
0
&
—

1
1987
1

English FA Canadian Touring XI
0
&
—

1
1950
1

FA Select XI
0
&
—

1
1961
1

Northampton Town
0
&
—

1
1909
1

Preston North End
0
&
—

1
1938
1

Southampton
0
&
—

1
1976
1

Swindon Town
0
&
—

1
1911
1

Wigan Athletic
0
&
—

1
2013
1

Wimbledon
0
&
—

1
1988
1

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ From 2001–2006, the Millennium Stadium was the venue for Shield matches while the new Wembley Stadium was being constructed.[4] In 2012, the match was held at Villa Park because Wembley was hosting the Olympic football tournament.[5]
Jump up ^ Manchester United won 17 titles outright and shared 4 titles.[15]
Jump up ^ If the match finishes in a draw after 90 minutes, no extra time is played and the teams proceed directly to a penalty shootout.[22][23]
^ Jump up to: a b c This attendance figure is not exact and is only an approximation.
Jump up ^ Liverpool won the 1974 match 6–5 in a penalty shootout.
Jump up ^ Manchester United won the 1993 match 5–4 in a penalty shootout.
Jump up ^ Manchester United won the 1997 match 4–2 in a penalty shootout.
Jump up ^ Manchester United won the 2003 match 4–3 in a penalty shootout.
Jump up ^ Manchester United won the 2007 match 3–0 in a penalty shootout.
Jump up ^ Manchester United won the 2008 match 3–1 in a penalty shootout.
Jump up ^ Chelsea won the 2009 match 4–1 in a penalty shootout.
Jump up ^ Villa Park replaced Wembley Stadium as the venue for the 2012 Community Shield match due to the latter's hosting of the Olympic football tournament at the time.[5]
Jump up ^ Arsenal won the 2017 match 4–1 in a penalty shootout.

tag: ol


document_title: Cashew

question_text: which part of a cashew flower becomes its fruits

text: Cashew

text: Etymology[edit]

text: Its English name derives from the Portuguese name for the fruit of the cashew tree cajú (Portuguese pronunciation: [kaˈʒu]), which itself is derived from the Tupian word acajú, literally meaning "nut that produces itself".[1]

text: The generic name Anacardium, derived from Greek ἀνά (aná or above) and καρδία (kardía or heart), refers to the unusual location of the seed above the core or heart of the fruit.

text: A mid-seventeenth century ethnographic painting by Albert Eckhout, who accompanied Dutch governor-general Johan Maurits, shows a woman under a fruiting cashew tree.

text: Habitat and growth[edit]

text: The cashew tree is large and evergreen, growing to 14 m (46 ft) tall, with a short, often irregularly shaped trunk. The leaves are spirally arranged, leathery textured, elliptic to obovate, 4–22 cm (1.6–8.7 in) long and 2–15 cm (0.79–5.91 in) broad, with smooth margins. The flowers are produced in a panicle or corymb up to 26 cm (10 in) long; each flower is small, pale green at first, then turning reddish, with five slender, acute petals 7–15 mm (0.28–0.59 in) long. The largest cashew tree in the world covers an area around 7,500 m2 (81,000 sq ft); it is located in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.

text: The fruit of the cashew tree is an accessory fruit (sometimes called a pseudocarp or false fruit).[1] What appears to be the fruit is an oval or pear-shaped structure, a hypocarpium, that develops from the pedicel and the receptacle of the cashew flower.[5] Called the cashew apple, better known in Central America as marañón, it ripens into a yellow and/or red structure about 5–11 cm (2.0–4.3 in) long. It is edible and has a strong "sweet" smell and a sweet taste. The pulp of the cashew apple is very juicy, but the skin is fragile, making it unsuitable for transport. In Latin America, a fruit drink is made from the cashew apple pulp which has a very refreshing taste and tropical flavor that can be described as having notes of mango, raw green pepper, and just a little hint of grapefruit-like citrus.

text: The true fruit of the cashew tree is a kidney or boxing-glove shaped drupe that grows at the end of the cashew apple. The drupe develops first on the tree, and then the pedicel expands to become the cashew apple.[1] Within the true fruit is a single seed, which is often considered a nut, in the culinary sense. The seed is surrounded by a double shell containing an allergenic phenolic resin, anacardic acid, a potent skin irritant chemically related to the better-known allergenic oil urushiol which is also a toxin found in the related poison ivy. Properly roasting cashews destroys the toxin, but it must be done outdoors as the smoke (not unlike that from burning poison ivy) contains urushiol droplets which can cause severe, sometimes life-threatening, reactions by irritating the lungs. People who are allergic to cashew (or poison ivy) urushiols may cross-react to mango or pistachio which are also in the Anacardiaceae family. Some people are allergic to cashews, but cashews are a less frequent allergen than tree nuts or peanuts.[6]

text: While the cashew plant is native to northeast Brazil, the Portuguese took it to Goa, India, between 1560 and 1565. From there it spread throughout Southeast Asia and eventually Africa.

text: Cashew nut and shell[edit]

text: Culinary uses for cashew seeds in snacking and cooking are similar to those for all tree seeds called nuts.

text: Cashew nuts are commonly used in Indian cuisine, whole for garnishing sweets or curries, or ground into a paste that forms a base of sauces for curries (e.g., korma), or some sweets (e.g., kaju barfi). It is also used in powdered form in the preparation of several Indian sweets and desserts. In Goan cuisine, both roasted and raw kernels are used whole for making curries and sweets. Cashew nuts are also used in Thai and Chinese cuisines, generally in whole form. In the Philippines, cashew is a known product of Antipolo, and is eaten with suman. Pampanga also has a sweet dessert called turrones de casuy, which is cashew marzipan wrapped in white wafers. In Indonesia, roasted and salted cashew nut is called kacang mete or kacang mede, while the cashew apple is called jambu monyet (translates in English to monkey rose apple).

text: In Mozambique, bolo polana is a cake prepared using powdered cashews and mashed potatoes as the main ingredients. This dessert is popular in South Africa.[7]

text: In Brazil, the cashew fruit juice is popular. Brazilians prefer the fruit to the nut.[8] In Panama, the cashew fruit is cooked with water and sugar for a prolonged time to make a sweet, brown, paste-like dessert called dulce de marañón, with marañón as a Spanish name for cashew.

text: In the 21st century, cashew cultivation increased in several African countries to meet the demands for manufacturing cashew milk, a plant milk alternative to dairy milk.[9]

text: The shell of the cashew nut contains oil compounds which may cause contact dermatitis similar in severity to that of poison ivy, primarily resulting from the phenolic lipids, anacardic acid, and cardanol.[10] Due to the possible dermatitis, cashews are typically not sold in the shell to consumers.[11] Readily and inexpensively extracted from the waste shells, cardanol is under research for its potential applications in nanomaterials and biotechnology.[12]

text: Production[edit]

text:
Cashew Nut Production (as Kernels) - 2015

Country

Production
(tonnes)

 India

172,719

 Côte d'Ivoire

171,111

 Vietnam

113,059

 Brazil

33,000

World

738,861

Source: Nuts and Dried Fruits, Global Statistical Review, 2015[13]

text: In 2015, global production of cashew nuts (as the kernel) was 738,861 tonnes, led by India and Côte d'Ivoire each with 23% of the world total (table). Vietnam and Brazil also had significant production of cashew kernels.

text: In 2014, rapid growth of cashew cultivation in Côte d'Ivoire made this country the top African exporter.[14] Fluctuations in world market prices, poor working conditions, and low pay for local harvesting have caused discontent in the cashew nut industry.[15][16][17]

text: The cashew tree is cultivated in the tropics between 25°N and 25°S, and is supremely adapted to hot lowland areas with a pronounced dry season, where also the mango and tamarind trees thrive.[18] The traditional cashew tree is tall (up to 14 m) and takes three years from planting before it starts production, and eight years before economic harvests can begin. More recent breeds, such as the dwarf cashew trees, are up to 6 m tall, and start producing after the first year, with economic yields after three years. The cashew nut yields for the traditional tree are about 0.25 metric tons per hectare, in contrast to over a ton per hectare for the dwarf variety. Grafting and other modern tree management technologies are used to further improve and sustain cashew nut yields in commercial orchards.

text: Nutrition[edit]

text:
Cashews, raw

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)

Energy
553 kcal (2,310 kJ)

Carbohydrates

30.19 g

Starch
0.74 g

Sugars
lactose

5.91 g
0.00 g

Dietary fiber
3.3 g

Fat

43.85 g

Saturated
7.783 g

Monounsaturated
23.797 g

Polyunsaturated
7.845 g

Protein

18.22 g

Vitamins

Vitamin A
0 IU

Thiamine (B1)

(37%)
0.423 mg

Riboflavin (B2)

(5%)
0.058 mg

Niacin (B3)

(7%)
1.062 mg

Pantothenic acid (B5)

(17%)
0.86 mg

Vitamin B6

(32%)
0.417 mg

Folate (B9)

(6%)
25 μg

Vitamin B12

(0%)
0 μg

Vitamin C

(1%)
0.5 mg

Vitamin D

(0%)
0 μg

Vitamin E

(6%)
0.90 mg

Vitamin K

(32%)
34.1 μg

Minerals

Calcium

(4%)
37 mg

Copper

(110%)
2.2 mg

Iron

(51%)
6.68 mg

Magnesium

(82%)
292 mg

Manganese

(79%)
1.66 mg

Phosphorus

(85%)
593 mg

Potassium

(14%)
660 mg

Selenium

(28%)
19.9 μg

Sodium

(1%)
12 mg

Zinc

(61%)
5.78 mg

Other constituents

Water
5.20 g

Link to USDA Database entry

Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units

Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database

text: In a 100-gram serving, raw cashews provide 553 Calories, 67% of the Daily Value (DV) in total fats, 36% DV of protein, 13% DV of dietary fiber and 11% DV of carbohydrates (table).[19] Cashews are rich sources (> 19% DV) of dietary minerals, including particularly copper, manganese, phosphorus, and magnesium (79-110% DV), and of thiamin, vitamin B6 and vitamin K (32-37% DV) (table).[19] Iron, potassium, zinc, and selenium are present in significant content (14-61% DV) (table).[19] Cashews (100 grams, raw) contain 113 milligrams (1.74 gr) of beta-sitosterol.[19]

text: Allergy[edit]

text: For some 6% of people, cashews can lead to complications or allergic reactions[20][21][22] which may be life-threatening.[21] These allergies are triggered by the proteins found in tree nuts, and cooking often does not remove or change these proteins. Reactions to cashew and tree nuts can also occur as a consequence of hidden nut ingredients or traces of nuts that may inadvertently be introduced during food processing, handling, or manufacturing, particularly in Europe.[20][21]

text: Cashew oil[edit]

text: Cashew oil is a dark yellow oil for cooking or salad dressing pressed from cashew nuts (typically broken chunks created during processing). This may be produced from a single cold pressing.[23]

text: Cashew shell oil[edit]

text: Cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) or cashew shell oil (CAS registry number 8007-24-7) is a natural resin with a yellowish sheen found in the honeycomb structure of the cashew nutshell, and is a byproduct of processing cashew nuts. It is a raw material of multiple uses in developing drugs, antioxidants, fungicides, and biomaterials.[12] It is used in tropical folk medicine and for antitermite treatment of timber.[24] Its composition varies depending on how it is processed.

text:
Cold, solvent-extracted CNSL is mostly composed of anacardic acids (70%),[25] cardol (18%) and cardanol (5%).[12][26]
Heating CNSL decarboxylates the anacardic acids, producing a technical grade of CNSL that is rich in cardanol. Distillation of this material gives distilled, technical CNSL containing 78% cardanol and 8% cardol (cardol has one more hydroxyl group than cardanol).[26] This process also reduces the degree of thermal polymerization of the unsaturated alkyl-phenols present in CNSL.
Anacardic acid is also used in the chemical industry for the production of cardanol, which is used for resins, coatings, and frictional materials.[25][26]

tag: ul

text: These substances are skin allergens, like the oils of poison ivy, and present danger during manual cashew processing.[24]

text: This natural oil phenol has been found to have interesting chemical structural features which enable a range of chemical modifications to create a wide spectrum of biobased monomers capitalizing on the chemically versatile construct, containing three different functional groups: the aromatic ring, the hydroxyl group, and the double bonds in the flanking alkyl chain. These can be split into key groups, used as polyols, which have recently seen a dramatic increase in demand for their biobased origin and key chemical attributes such as high reactivity, range of functionalities, reduction in blowing agents, and naturally occurring fire retardant properties in the field of ridged polyurethanes aided by their inherent phenolic structure and larger number of reactive units per unit mass.[12]

text: CNSL may be used as a resin for carbon composite products.[27] CNSL-based Novolac is another versatile industrial monomer deriving from cardanol typically used as a reticulating agent for epoxy matrices in composite applications providing good thermal and mechanical properties to the final composite material.

text: Cashew apple[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The cashew apple, also called cashew fruit, is the fleshy part of the cashew fruit attached to the cashew nut.[1] The top end of the cashew apple is attached to the stem that comes off the tree. The bottom end of the cashew apple attaches to the cashew nut, which is encased in a shell. In botanical terms, the cashew apple is an accessory fruit that grows on the cashew seed (which is the nut).

text: The cashew apple can be eaten fresh, cooked in curries, or fermented into vinegar, as well as an alcoholic drink. It is also used to make preserves, chutneys, and jams in some countries such as India and Brazil. In many countries, particularly in South America, the cashew apple is used to flavor drinks, both alcoholic and nonalcoholic.[1]

text: Cashew nuts are more widely traded than cashew apples, because the apple, unlike the nut, is easily bruised and has very limited shelf life.[28] Cashew apple juice, however, may be used for manufacturing blended juices.[28]

text: Cashew apples have a sweet but astringent taste traced to the waxy layer on the skin that contains a chemical, urushiol, which can cause minor skin irritation to areas that have had contact with it.[citation needed] In cultures that consume cashew apples, this astringency is sometimes removed by steaming the fruit for five minutes before washing it in cold water; alternatively, boiling the fruit in salt water for five minutes or soaking it in gelatin solution also reduces the astringency.[29]

text: Alcohol[edit]

text: In Goa, the cashew apple is mashed and the juice extracted and kept for fermentation for a few days. Fermented juice then undergoes a double distillation process. The resulting beverage is called feni or fenny. Feni is about 40–42% alcohol. The single-distilled version is called urrac, which is about 15% alcohol.

text: In the southern region of Mtwara, Tanzania, the cashew apple (bibo in Swahili) is dried and saved. Later, it is reconstituted with water and fermented, then distilled to make a strong liquor often referred to by the generic name, gongo.

text: In Mozambique, cashew farmers commonly make a strong liquor from the cashew apple. It is known under various names in the local languages of Mozambique (muchekele in Emakua spoken in the North, xicadju in Changana spoken in the South). In contrast to the above-mentioned Feni of Goa, the cashew liquor made in Mozambique does not involve the extraction of the juice from the cashew apples. Following harvest and the removal of the nuts, the apples are spread on the ground under trees and courtyards and allowed to lose water and ferment. The shrivelled fruits are then used for distillation.

text: According to one source,[30] an alcohol had been distilled in the early 20th century from the juice of the fruit, and was manufactured in the West Indies.

text: Animal feed[edit]

text: Discarded cashew nuts unfit for human consumption, alongside the residues of oil extraction from cashew kernels, can be used to feed livestock. Animals can also eat the leaves of cashew trees.[31]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Young cashew fruits

Cashew sprouts are eaten raw or cooked

Distilling cashew apple liquor or "muchekele" in Mozambique

Shriveled, fermented cashew apples ready for distillation, Mozambique

'Anacardium occidentale', from Koehler's 'Medicinal-Plants' (1887)


question_text: who plays the ninja turtles in the new movie 2016

text: Plot[edit]

text: Two years after their battle with Shredder and Eric Sacks,  the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Leonardo, Donatello, Raphael, and Michelangelo, still live beneath the sewers of New York City, having allowed Vern Fenwick to take the credit for Shredder's defeat. At Grand Central Station, April O'Neil discovers and informs the turtles that scientist Baxter Stockman is working for Shredder and plans to bust him out of prison. As Shredder is transferred between prisons alongside criminals Bebop and Rocksteady by corrections officer Casey Jones, the Foot Clan attack the convoy transporting them. Despite the turtles' interference, Shredder escapes when Stockman uses a teleportation device. Shredder is hijacked mid-teleport, winds up in another dimension, and meets the alien warlord Krang, who reveals his plans to invade Earth. He gives Shredder a purple mutagenic compound in exchange for his promise to find three components of a machine that Krang sent to Earth long ago which will open a portal to his dimension when united, knowing that Shredder and Stockman have the first piece. Casey tells NYPD chief Rebecca Vincent what happened to Shredder but is met with disbelief, and decides to go out on his own.

text: Shredder returns to NY, recruits Bebop and Rocksteady, who also escaped, and has Stockman use Krang's mutagen to transform them into powerful animal mutants—a humanoid warthog and rhinoceros. April witnesses their transformation and is able to steal the remaining mutagen vial. Pursued by the Foot, she is rescued by Casey, who uses hockey gear, but the vial is taken into police custody. April then introduces Casey to the turtles, and Raphael and Michelangelo make fun of and pull pranks on him. In the lair, Donatello deduces that the mutagen could be used to turn the turtles into humans, enabling them to live normal lives above ground, but Leonardo refuses and insists on keeping it a secret from the others. However, Michelangelo overhears their conversation and tells Raphael, which enrages Raphael and leads to a fierce argument between the brothers. Leonardo benches Raphael and takes Michelangelo off the mission. In the Natural History Museum, Shredder, Bebop, and Rocksteady find the second piece and steal it before Leonardo and Donatello arrive. Still furious, Raphael recruits Michelangelo, April, Casey, and Vern to break into the NYPD headquarters and retrieve the mutagen. Vern distracts the police while April and Casey retrieve the mutagen, but the Foot arrive ahead of them. In the ensuing battle, the turtles' existence is revealed to the police, who react with fear and hatred, and April and Casey are arrested while helping the brothers escape with the mutagen. Vincent also sees on TCRI's cameras that April stole the mutagen, but Stockman had edited the tape so  only April is seen.

text: The turtles track Bebop and Rocksteady as they recover the final piece of the device in the rainforests of Manaus, Brazil, and board Rocksteady and Bebop's jet in midair. In the resulting battle, the jet is critically damaged after Rocksteady fires a tank-mounted machine gun in the cargo hold, and crashes into a river. As the Turtles fight Bebop in the river for control of the piece, Rocksteady emerges in the tank and helps Bebop escape with the piece. The turtles return to NY as Shredder and Stockman complete the device and open a portal to Krang's dimension through which his modular war machine, the Technodrome, begins to emerge. Shredder betrays Stockman and his men take him to their headquarters in Tokyo. When entering the Technodrome, Krang likewise betrays Shredder, freezing him and locking him with his collection of other defeated foes.

text: Seeing no way to reach the Technodrome as the police pursue them, the turtles debate over taking the mutagen to become human and fight openly. While Leonardo agrees, Raphael shatters the vial, realizing they must accept who they are. Upon April's request, Vern recovers the security footage from a hidden TCRI camera disguised as a clock that proves Stockman and Shredder's collaboration and secures April and Casey's release. April arranges a meeting between the turtles and Vincent, and convinces her that they are not enemies and were the ones who defeated Shredder in the first place. With the help of the police, the turtles are able to jump from the Chrysler Building and confront Krang aboard the still-assembling Technodrome. Although Krang is able to overpower all four turtles easily, they defeat him when Donatello short circuits Krang's robotics body. April, Casey and Vern raid the Foot Clan facility, defeat Bebop, Rocksteady and Shredder's lieutenant Karai and take control of the device. The turtles are able to hurl the ship's beacon back through the portal, taking Krang and the rest of the Technodrome with it, as April, Casey, and Vern shut the portal down. As he disappears, Krang vows to return stronger for revenge.

text: A week later, Bebop and Rocksteady are back in custody, while Stockman remains at large. At night, the turtles are honored by Vincent and the NYPD along with April, Casey, and Vern, and given golden keys to the city. Vincent offers to introduce the turtles to the public, allowing them to lead normal lives, but the turtles opt to keep their existence a secret while still helping as they always have. On top of the Statue of Liberty, the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles celebrate their victory over the vanquished Krang.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Voice actors and motion-capture[edit]

text:
Pete Ploszek as Leonardo: The leader of the turtles who wields a pair of katana in battle
Alan Ritchson as Raphael: The hot-headed brother who wields a pair of sai in battle.
Noel Fisher as Michelangelo: The light-hearted brother known for his pranks and jokes and who wields a pair of nunchucks in battle.
Jeremy Howard as Donatello: The intelligent brother known for his scientific and technological expertise who builds equipment and machinery for the turtles and who wields a bo-staff in battle.
Peter D. Badalamenti (motion-capture) and Tony Shalhoub (voice) as Splinter: The mentor and father-figure of the turtles. His motion-capture was previously performed by Danny Woodburn in the first film.
Gary Anthony Williams as Bebop:[6] A criminal partner of Rocksteady who was genetically mutated into an anthropomorphic warthog.
Sheamus as Rocksteady:[7] A criminal partner of Bebop who was genetically mutated into an anthropomorphic rhinoceros.
Brad Garrett as Krang:[8][9] A megalomaniacal ruthless extraterrestrial life-form equipped with a robotic prototype body, who seeks to destroy Earth and enslave the universe.

text: Live action[edit]

text:
Megan Fox as April O'Neil: A reporter for Channel 6 who had befriended the turtles in the previous film, who now helps them fight the released Shredder and his allies.
Stephen Amell as Casey Jones: A corrections officer turned vigilante who wears a hockey-mask and wields a hockey stick as a weapon. He eventually meets and befriends the turtles and April.
Will Arnett as Vern Fenwick: April's cameraman and friend who is revealed to have taken credit for the turtles actions in saving New York City. He again assists the turtles in stopping Shredder once again.
Laura Linney as Police Chief Rebecca Vincent:[10] the chief of NYPD who initially detests but later allies with the turtles in saving New York City.
Brian Tee[11] as The Shredder: The leader of the Foot Clan who now seeks revenge on the turtles and allies with Krang. He was previously portrayed by Tohoru Masamune in the first film.
Tyler Perry as Dr. Baxter Stockman: A mad scientist and former worker at Sacks Industries who allies with Shredder in the latter's aims to take over New York City.
Brittany Ishibashi as Karai:[12] Shredder's second in-command.

text: Dean Winters appears as a bartender. Supermodel Alessandra Ambrosio has a cameo appearance.[13] NBA players Carmelo Anthony, DeAndre Jordan, Lou Amundson, J. J. Redick, Austin Rivers, Matt Barnes, and Spencer Hawes also made cameos in the film.[14][15][16] Series co-creator Kevin Eastman makes a cameo appearance as a pizza delivery man named after himself in the film's opening.[17] Jill Martin also made a cameo appearance in the basketball scene in the film. Judith Hoag, who previously played April O'Neil in the original 1990 film, plays a cameo as Rita, April's boss, in a deleted scene. Jane Wu plays Jade, a police officer.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: After the 2014 film exceeded box office expectations, Paramount and Nickelodeon officially announced a sequel was greenlit, and set to be released in theatres on June 3, 2016,[18] with plans to incorporate the characters Casey Jones and Bebop and Rocksteady.[19] Jonathan Liebesman and Bradley Fuller were also interested in doing a storyline that involved Dimension X and Krang.[20] In December 2014, it was revealed Paramount was in early negotiations with Earth to Echo director Dave Green to helm the sequel, also revealing Jonathan Liebesman was no longer a part of the project.[21] Known briefly as Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Half Shell,[22] Paramount revealed in December 2015 that the title had officially been changed to Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows.[23][24]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Megan Fox and Will Arnett were confirmed to be returning as April O'Neil and Vern Fenwick respectively; also confirmed were the Shredder's return, and Bebop and Rocksteady debut in the movie.[25] In an interview, William Fichtner stated that he would be returning as Eric Sacks, but for unknown reasons, he ultimately did not appear in the final film. However, he could return in the third installment, considering he (along with the turtle actors, Noel Fisher, Jeremy Howard, Alan Ritchson and Pete Ploszek) signed on for three TMNT films.[26] Production was confirmed to start in April 2015,[27] along with the casting of Alessandra Ambrosio, and several members of the Los Angeles Clippers.[28][29] On March 31, Stephen Amell was cast as Casey Jones, after test reading alongside several different actors.[30] Amell acknowledged the character bore similarities to his Oliver Queen from Arrow. He stated the characters are "fundamentally different" from one another, but that Casey did resemble Oliver from older versions.[31] On April 23, Tyler Perry was cast as scientist Baxter Stockman, replacing K. Todd Freeman, who played the role in the 2014 film.[32] On April 27, Brian Tee joined the cast as the Shredder, replacing Tohoru Masamune from the first film.[33] On April 30, Laura Linney was cast in an unspecified role.[10] On May 14, Gary Anthony Williams was cast as Bebop,[6] while on May 28, WWE wrestler Sheamus was confirmed to play Rocksteady.[7] On May 27, Minae Noji was replaced with Brittany Ishibashi in the role of Karai.[12] In August 2015, CM Punk revealed that he lost the role of Rocksteady to Sheamus.[34] In March 2016, it was announced that Fred Armisen would voice Krang in the film.[35][36] However, in May 2016, shortly before the film's release, it was revealed that Brad Garrett would voice Krang instead due to Armisen having schedule conflicts.[37] In April 2016, while promoting Elvis & Nixon, Johnny Knoxville revealed that he was not asked to return for the sequel as the voice of Leonardo.[38]

text: Music[edit]

text: On April 2, 2016, Steve Jablonsky revealed that he would compose the music score, replacing Brian Tyler from the first film.[39] Mexican teen boy band CD9 performed an updated version of the original show's theme song for the film.[40] The film score soundtrack was released on June 3, 2016, on digital platforms but excluded compact discs.[41]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming began in April in New York City and Buffalo, spending about $70 million in the state.[42] Filming began on April 27, 2015, when the film crew was spotted filming in Midtown Manhattan and moved out to Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil.[43] Filming in Buffalo began on May 4, 2015, along the Kensington Expressway[44][45] and ended May 17, 2015.[46] Filming wrapped up in August 2015.[47][48] Additional filming occurred in New York City on January 30, and ended on February 1. Farelly and Williams recorded additional dialogue for the film in February 2016.[49][unreliable source]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film premiered in New York City on May 22, 2016,[50] and was released in the United Kingdom on May 30, 2016, and the United States on June 3, 2016.[51]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Concept art of Bebop and Rocksteady was shown at Paramount Pictures’ CinemaCon panel on April 22, 2015.[52] A 14-second teaser of the trailer was released by Stephen Amell on December 9, 2015.[53] The full trailer debuted the following day.[54][55] On January 5, 2016, a toy catalog for the film was leaked online. The toys debuted at the 2016 Toy Fair in February. A 30-second TV spot premiered at the 2016 Super Bowl 50 on February 7, 2016.[56] A 7-second sneak preview of the TV spot was released three days prior.[57] On February 12, 2016, a second TV spot was released. On February 17, 2016, Paramount released four character posters featuring the four turtles.[58] On February 25, 2016, Megan Fox and Stephen Amell announced a sweepstakes for the film.[59] On March 2, 2016, Paramount released four more ninja turtle posters.[60]

text: Will Arnett debuted the first official clip from the film at the 2016 Kids' Choice Awards, on March 12, 2016.[61] That same evening, the awards show and Brian Tee gave fans the first look at Shredder in full armor.[62] On March 24, 2016, it was announced that the toys from the film will be released in stores in April. The following day, Paramount released two more Bebop and Rocksteady posters and a new trailer from the film.[63] New footage of the film was also shown during that week at WonderCon.[35] On April 1, 2016, another Bebop and Rocksteady poster was released.[64] On April 8, 2016, another teaser trailer was released.[65] Another trailer with brand new footage debuted on April 11, 2016, along with a new poster.[66] Two new TV spots were released on April 18, 2016.[67] The next day, another TV spot was released.[68] Two days later, another TV spot debuted.[69] On May 3, 2016, another trailer debuted.[70] From May 12–16, 2016, six new TV spots debuted.[71][72][73] On May 19, 2016, Paramount debuted two additional TV spots.[74] The final full trailer for the film was released the following day.[75] Paramount released a trailer, which focused primarily on Bebop and Rocksteady, on May 26, 2016, which also aired during the May 30th episode of WWE Raw since Sheamus was in the film as Rocksteady.[76] Four new TV spots then debuted from May 28–30, 2016.[77][78]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows was released on Digital HD on September 6, 2016,[79] and on 4K Ultra HD, Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D and DVD on September 20, 2016.[80][81][82] The film debuted in first place on the overall home video sales chart and in second place on the Blu-ray sales chart for the week ending on September 25, 2016.[83]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows grossed $82.1 million in the United States and Canada and $163.6 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $245.6 million, against its production budget of $135 million.[4] It made around 50% less than its predecessor, which had grossed $493 million.[84] In October 2016, in response to the film's poor commercial performance, producers Andrew Form and Brad Fuller said they still "love" the movie and "loved making it", but they were still "surprised" by the film's performance and "it just didn’t find an audience."[85] The Hollywood Reporter estimated the film lost the studio at least $75 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues.[86]

text: In the U.S. and Canada, the film was projected to gross around $30–40 million from 4,071 theaters in its opening weekend, with some estimates going as high as $49 million.[87][88][89][90][91] It received a one-week special run across 331 IMAX and IMAX 3D theaters from June 2 up to June 9.[92][93] The film made $2 million from Thursday night previews which began at 5 p.m., compared to the first film's $4.6 million.[94][95][96] On its opening day it earned $12.5 million (including previews), with $4.4 million (36%) coming from 3D showings.[97] In its opening weekend, it grossed $35.3 million, finishing first at the box office.[97] However, its opening was down 45% from the first film's $65.6 million debut.[98] Paramount vice chairman Rob Moore said that while the studio was hoping for a stronger opening, he believed that the film could make up some ground in the coming weeks since most films aimed at younger audiences play at better multiples.[99]

text: Outside North America, the film was released in about 30 overseas IMAX markets, beginning Wednesday, June 1, with additional markets throughout the summer, including China on July 2.[92] It opened across 40 markets the same weekend as its U.S. release, including big markets like the United Kingdom, Mexico and Russia, which is about 39% of its total international marketplace, and was projected to make around $36 million.[87][90][100] It ended up grossing $33 million, which is down 11% when compared to the first film's same suite of markets, and had No. 1 debuts in 21 markets out of the 40.[101] The top openings were in China ($26.1 million), the UK ($5.1 million), Russia ($4.8 million) and Mexico ($4.5 million).[102][103]  In the United Kingdom, it came in second place – behind Warcraft – with a £3.49 million ($5 million) seven-day opening from 513 theaters.[102][104]

text: In China the film was granted a rare July release date (along with The Legend of Tarzan,[105] where it grossed an estimated $26.1 million from 6,600 screens in two days. It had a limited opening on Friday, July 1 and opened wide the following day. It faced competition from local film Bounty Hunters which had the advantage of opening wide right from Friday. Yet, Out of the Shadows emerged victorious at the end of the weekend ahead of the latter's $18 million opening. As a result, Out of the Shadows became the ninth consecutive Hollywood import film to debut atop the chart beginning from May 6, 2016. In comparable to Saturday releases, the figure is almost double the launch of Big Hero 6; 41% above the first film; and 18% higher than The Angry Birds Movie.[103][106][107] It fell precipitously in its second weekend by 74%, earning $6.6 million and thereby slipped in to fourth place. It opened in key markets such as Germany and Austria on August 11 as well as Japan on August 26, 2016.[108]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 37% based on 161 reviews, with a rating average of 4.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows is a slight improvement over its predecessor, but still lacks the wit or anarchic energy of the comics that birthed the franchise."[109] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 40 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[110] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale, an improvement over the first film's "B".[111]

text: Glenn Kenny of The New York Times gave the film a positive review writing, "This movie is, it happens, easier to sit through than the 2014 film", while also adding that "The 3-D action, overseen by the director Dave Green, is not wholly incoherent. The production values (showcasing new mutants and many gear-heavy extra-dimensional machines undreamed of in any actual engineering philosophy) are ultrashiny. And there are even a couple of amusing, albeit unmemorable, sight gags and one-liners."[112] Edward Douglas of New York Daily News gave the film three out of five stars, saying, "As with the best popcorn flicks, Out of the Shadows offers plenty of mindless entertainment and mind-numbing silliness that somehow works well enough to leave even the Ninja Turtles' biggest detractors shell-shocked."[113] Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post praised the film's action sequences and story while overall writing that, "Out of the Shadows is, at least, deliciously silly, even if it is also decidedly forgettable. Like a well-plated but nutrition-free meal, it registers on the senses while being bad for you."[114]

text: Peter Hartlaub of San Francisco Chronicle gave the film a negative review, writing, "Your 11-year-old is going to love this film. Then he'll grow up and wonder what he was thinking."[115] Sara Stewart of The New York Post gave the film two out of four stars and wrote, "despite the title, the wisecracking turtles named for Renaissance painters are never allowed to shine... It’s a bummer, dude."[116] Lindsey Bahr of the Associated Press gave the film one star out of four and said, "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows is a Saturday morning cartoon on Michael Bay steroids. For the under 12 set, that's fine. For the rest of us? It's something to actively avoid."[117]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipients
Result
Ref.

2016

2016 Teen Choice Awards
Choice Summer Movie Star: Female
Megan Fox
Nominated
[118]

Choice Summer Movie Star: Male
Stephen Amell

2017

37th Golden Raspberry Awards
Worst Prequel, Remake, Ripoff or Sequel
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows
[119]

Worst Actress
Megan Fox

2017 Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Movie
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows
[120]

Favorite Movie Actress
Megan Fox

Favorite Movie Actor
Will Arnett

Squad
Noel Fisher, Jeremy Howard, Pete Ploszek and Alan Ritchson

text: Future[edit]

text: On August 16, 2014, Noel Fisher stated in an interview that he and the other Turtle actors have signed on for three more films.[121] Megan Fox has also signed on for three films.[122] On May 20, 2016, Tyler Perry said that if a third film is to be made, his character, Baxter Stockman, would probably mutate into his fly form during the movie.[123] Pete Ploszek has also expressed his interests in reprising his role in a third film as Leonardo.[124] On October 29, 2016, producer Andrew Form indicated that no plans were underway for a third film.[85]

text: On June 20, 2018, it was reported that Paramount Pictures will once again reboot the series.[125][126]

text: Film in the United States portalSuperhero fiction portalComedy portal2010s portal


document_title: List of most expensive buildings

question_text: what is the most expensive skyscraper in the world

text: List of most expensive buildings

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Below lists the most expensive buildings in the world, which cost the most money to construct.

text:
Rank

Building

City

Country

Architect/designer

Current owner(s)

Completed

Nominal Cost ($USbillion)

Inflation-Adjusted Cost, 2015 ($USbillion)

1

Abraj Al Bait (Mixed)

Mecca

 Saudi Arabia

Dar Al-Handasah

King Abdulaziz

2012

15.00[1]

15.49

2

Berlin Brandenburg Airport

Berlin

 Germany

Gerkan, Marg & Partners[2]

Flughafen Berlin Brandenburg GmbH

2020

10.70[3]

10.70

3

Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant Unit 3

Eurajoki

 Finland

Areva NP and Siemens AG

Teollisuuden Voima

2018

9.06[4]

9.22

4

Marina Bay Sands

Singapore

 Singapore

Moshe Safdie

Las Vegas Sands

2010

5.50[citation needed]

5.98

5

Apple Park

Cupertino, California

 United States

Foster and Partners[5]

Apple Inc.

2017

5.00[6]

5.00

6

Resorts World Sentosa

Singapore

 Singapore

Michael Graves

Genting Group

2010

4.93[7]

7.16

7

The Cosmopolitan

Las Vegas

 United States

Friedmutter Group with Arquitectonica

The Blackstone Group

2010

3.90[8]

4.24

8

One World Trade Center

New York City

 United States

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill

The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey

2012

3.80[9]

3.92

9

Emirates Palace

Abu Dhabi

 United Arab Emirates

John Elliott

Abu Dhabi Government

2005

3.00

3.64

10

Palace of the Parliament

Bucharest

 Romania

Anca Petrescu

Romanian Government

1997

3.00

4.43

11

Wynn Resort

Las Vegas

 United States

Butler/Ashworth Architects and Jerde Partnership

Wynn Resorts

2005

2.70

3.28

12

Venetian Macau

Macau

 Macau

Aedas

Las Vegas Sands

2005

2.40[10]

2.91

13

City of Dreams

Macau

 Macau

Arquitectonica

Melco Crown Entertainment

2009

2.40

2.65

14

Royal Adelaide Hospital

Adelaide

 Australia

Perkins & Will

Government of South Australia

2017

3.0

3.0

15

Taipei 101

Taipei

 Taiwan

C.Y. Lee & Partners

Taipei Financial Center Corporation

2004

1.80

2.26

16

The Palazzo

Las Vegas

 United States

HKS, Inc.

Las Vegas Sands

2007

1.80

2.06

17

Nya Karolinska Hospital

Stockholm

 Sweden

1.6

1.6

18

Bellagio

Las Vegas

 United States

DeRuyter Butler and Atlandia Design

Bellagio(MGM Resorts International is the owner of the company)

1998

1.60

2.33

19

Seat of the ECB

Frankfurt

 Germany

Coop Himmelb(l)au

European Central Bank

2013

1.57[11]

1.60222

20

Wembley Stadium

London

 UK

Foster and Partners

The Football Association

2006

1.50

1.76

21

Yankee Stadium

New York City

 United States

Populous

New York City

2009

1.50

1.66

22

Termoelektrarna
Šoštanj blok 6

Šoštanj

Slovenia

n.a.

Sloveinan Government

2014

1.6

1.6

23

Burj Khalifa

Dubai

 United Arab Emirates

Skidmore, Owings, & Merrill

Emaar Properties

2010

1.50

1.63

24

Gigafactory 1

Storey County, Nevada

 United States

HOK, Bennett Wagner & Grody Architects, RMH Group, Rocky Mountain Institute, Mortenson Construction, and CH2M HILL

Tesla, Inc.

2020

1.31[12]

1.31

25

Petronas Twin Towers

Kuala Lumpur

 Malaysia

César Pelli

KLCC Holdings

1999

1.16

1.65

26

Australian Parliament

Canberra

 Australia

Romaldo Giurgola

Australian Government

1988

1.10[13]

2.87

27

Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City

Atlantic City, New Jersey

 United States

Francis Xavier Dumont

Hard Rock International

1990

1.10[14]

2.00