document_title: Abu Simbel temples

question_text: who created abu simbel in his own image

question_tokens: who created abu simbel in his own image

text: Abu Simbel temples

text: History[edit]

text: Construction[edit]

text: Construction of the temple complex started in approximately 1264 BC and lasted for about 20 years, until 1244 BC. Known as the "Temple of Ramesses, beloved by Amun" it was one of six rock temples erected in Nubia during the long reign of Ramesses II. Their purpose was to impress Egypt's southern neighbours, and also to reinforce the status of Egyptian religion in the region.

text: Rediscovery[edit]

text: With the passage of time, the temples fell into disuse and eventually became covered by sand. By the 6th century BC, the sand already covered the statues of the main temple up to their knees. The temple was forgotten until 1813, when Swiss orientalist Jean-Louis Burckhardt found the top frieze of the main temple. Burckhardt talked about his discovery with Italian explorer Giovanni Belzoni, who travelled to the site, but was unable to dig out an entry to the temple. Belzoni returned in 1817, this time succeeding in his attempt to enter the complex. A detailed early description of the temples, together with contemporaneous line drawings, can be found in Edward William Lane's Description of Egypt (1825–1828).[2]

text: Tour guides at the site relate the legend that 'Abu Simbel' was the name of a young local boy who guided these early re-discoverers to the site of the buried temple which he had seen from time to time in the shifting sands. Eventually, they named the complex after him.

text: Relocation[edit]

text: In 1959, an international donations campaign to save the monuments of Nubia began: the southernmost relics of this ancient human civilization were under threat from the rising waters of the Nile that were about to result from the construction of the Aswan High Dam.

text: One scheme to save the temples was based on an idea by William MacQuitty to build a clear fresh water dam around the temples, with the water inside kept at the same height as the Nile. There were to be underwater viewing chambers. In 1962 the idea was made into a proposal by architects Jane Drew and Maxwell Fry and civil engineer Ove Arup.[3] They considered that raising the temples ignored the effect of erosion of the sandstone by desert winds. However the proposal, though acknowledged to be extremely elegant, was rejected.

text: The salvage of the Abu Simbel temples began in 1964 by a multinational team of archeologists, engineers and skilled heavy equipment operators working together under the UNESCO banner; it cost some USD $40 million at the time (equal to $300 million in 2017 dollars). Between 1964 and 1968, the entire site was carefully cut into large blocks (up to 30 tons, averaging 20 tons), dismantled, lifted and reassembled in a new location 65 meters higher and 200 meters back from the river, in one of the greatest challenges of archaeological engineering in history.[4] Some structures were even saved from under the waters of Lake Nasser. Today, a few hundred tourists visit the temples daily. Guarded convoys of buses and cars depart twice a day from Aswan, the nearest city. Many visitors also arrive by plane at an airfield that was specially constructed for the temple complex.

text: The complex consists of two temples. The larger one is dedicated to Ra-Harakhty, Ptah and Amun, Egypt's three state deities of the time, and features four large statues of Ramesses II in the facade. The smaller temple is dedicated to the goddess Hathor, personified by Nefertari, Ramesses's most beloved of his many wives.[5] The temple is now open to the public.

text: Great Temple[edit]

text: The Great Temple at Abu Simbel, which took about twenty years to build, was completed around year 24 of the reign of Ramesses the Great (which corresponds to 1265 BC). It was dedicated to the gods Amun, Ra-Horakhty, and Ptah, as well as to the deified Rameses himself.[6] It is generally considered the grandest and most beautiful of the temples commissioned during the reign of Rameses II, and one of the most beautiful in Egypt.

text: Four colossal 20 meter statues of the pharaoh with the double Atef crown of Upper and Lower Egypt decorate the facade of the temple, which is 35 meters wide and is topped by a frieze with 22 baboons, worshippers of the sun and flank the entrance.[7] The colossal statues were sculptured directly from the rock in which the temple was located before it was moved. All statues represent Ramesses II, seated on a throne and wearing the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt. The statue to the left of the entrance was damaged in an earthquake, leaving only the lower part of the statue still intact. The head and torso can still be seen at the statue's feet.

text: Next to the legs of the colossi, there are other statues no higher than the knees of the pharaoh.[6] These depict Nefertari, Ramesses's chief wife, and queen mother Mut-Tuy, his first two sons Amun-her-khepeshef, Ramesses, and his first six daughters Bintanath, Baketmut, Nefertari, Meritamen, Nebettawy and Isetnofret.

text: The entrance itself is crowned by a bas-relief representing two images of the king worshipping the falcon-headed Ra Harakhti, whose statue stands in a large niche.[6] This god is holding the hieroglyph "user" and a feather in his right hand, with Ma'at, (the goddess of truth and justice) in his left; this is nothing less than a gigantic cryptogram for Ramesses II's throne name, User-Maat-Re. The facade is topped by a row of 22 baboons, their arms raised in the air, supposedly worshipping the rising sun. Another notable feature of the facade is a stele which records the marriage of Ramesses with a daughter of king Hattusili III, which sealed the peace between Egypt and the Hittites.

text: The inner part of the temple has the same triangular layout that most ancient Egyptian temples follow, with rooms decreasing in size from the entrance to the sanctuary. The temple is complex in structure and quite unusual because of its many side chambers. The hypostyle hall (sometimes also called a pronaos) is 18 meters long and 16.7 meters wide and is supported by eight huge Osirid pillars depicting the deified Ramses linked to the god Osiris, the god of the Underworld, to indicate the everlasting nature of the pharaoh. The colossal statues along the left-hand wall bear the white crown of Upper Egypt, while those on the opposite side are wearing the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt (pschent).[6] The bas-reliefs on the walls of the pronaos depict battle scenes in the military campaigns the ruler waged. Much of the sculpture is given to the Battle of Kadesh, on the Orontes river in present-day Syria, in which the Egyptian king fought against the Hittites.[7] The most famous relief shows the king on his chariot shooting arrows against his fleeing enemies, who are being taken prisoner.[7] Other scenes show Egyptian victories in Libya and Nubia.[6]

text: From the hypostyle hall, one enters the second pillared hall, which has four pillars decorated with beautiful scenes of offerings to the gods. There are depictions of Ramesses and Nefertari with the sacred boats of Amun and Ra-Harakhti. This hall gives access to a transverse vestibule in the middle of which is the entrance to the sanctuary. Here, on a black wall, are rock cut sculptures of four seated figures: Ra-Horakhty, the deified king Ramesses, and the gods Amun Ra and Ptah. Ra-Horakhty, Amun Ra and Ptah were the main divinities in that period and their cult centers were at Heliopolis, Thebes and Memphis respectively.[6]

text: Solar alignment[edit]

text: It is believed that the axis of the temple was positioned by the ancient Egyptian architects in such a way that on October 22 and February 22, the rays of the sun would penetrate the sanctuary and illuminate the sculptures on the back wall, except for the statue of Ptah, a god connected with the Underworld, who always remained in the dark. People gather at Abu Simbel to witness this remarkable sight, on October 21 and February 21.[6][7][clarification needed]

text: These dates are allegedly the king's birthday and coronation day, respectively. There is no direct evidence to support this. It is logical to assume, however, that these dates had some relation to a great event, such as the jubilee celebrating the thirtieth anniversary of the pharaoh's rule.[citation needed] In fact, according to calculations made on the basis of the heliacal rising of the star Sirius (Sothis) and inscriptions found by archaeologists, this date must have been October 22. This image of the king was enhanced and revitalized by the energy of the solar star, and the deified Ramesses the Great could take his place next to Amun Ra and Ra-Horakhty.[6]

text: Due to the displacement of the temple and/or the accumulated drift of the Tropic of Cancer during the past 3,280 years, it is widely believed[by whom?] that each of these two events has moved one day closer to the Solstice, so they would be occurring on October 22 and February 20 (60 days before and 60 days after the Solstice, respectively).[citation needed]

text: Small Temple[edit]

text: The temple of Hathor and Nefertari, also known as the Small Temple, was built about one hundred meters northeast of the temple of pharaoh Ramesses II and was dedicated to the goddess Hathor and Ramesses II's chief consort, Nefertari. This was in fact the second time in ancient Egyptian history that a temple was dedicated to a queen. The first time, Akhenaten dedicated a temple to his great royal wife, Nefertiti.[6] The rock-cut facade is decorated with two groups of colossi that are separated by the large gateway. The statues, slightly more than ten meters high, are of the king and his queen. On either side of the portal are two statues of the king, wearing the white crown of Upper Egypt (south colossus) and the double crown (north colossus); these are flanked by statues of the queen.

text: Remarkably, this is one of very few instances in Egyptian art where the statues of the king and his consort have equal size.[6] Traditionally, the statues of the queens stood next to those of the pharaoh, but were never taller than his knees. Ramesses went to Abu Simbel with his wife in the 24th year of his reign. As the Great Temple of the king, there are small statues of princes and princesses next to their parents. In this case they are positioned symmetrically: on the south side (at left as one faces the gateway) are, from left to right, princes Meryatum and Meryre, princesses Meritamen and Henuttawy, and princes Rahirwenemef and Amun-her-khepeshef, while on the north side the same figures are in reverse order. The plan of the Small Temple is a simplified version of that of the Great Temple.

text: As the larger temple dedicated to the king, the hypostyle hall or pronaos is supported by six pillars; in this case, however, they are not Osiris pillars depicting the king, but are decorated with scenes with the queen playing the sistrum (an instrument sacred to the goddess Hathor), together with the gods Horus, Khnum, Khonsu, and Thoth, and the goddesses Hathor, Isis, Maat, Mut of Asher, Satis and Taweret; in one scene Ramesses is presenting flowers or burning incense.[6] The capitals of the pillars bear the face of the goddess Hathor; this type of column is known as Hathoric. The bas-reliefs in the pillared hall illustrate the deification of the king, the destruction of his enemies in the north and south (in this scenes the king is accompanied by his wife), and the queen making offerings to the goddess Hathor and Mut.[7] The hypostyle hall is followed by a vestibule, access to which is given by three large doors. On the south and the north walls of this chamber there are two graceful and poetic bas-reliefs of the king and his consort presenting papyrus plants to Hathor, who is depicted as a cow on a boat sailing in a thicket of papyri. On the west wall, Ramesses II and Nefertari are depicted making offerings to god Horus and the divinities of the Cataracts — Satis, Anubis and Khnum.

text: The rock cut sanctuary and the two side chambers are connected to the transverse vestibule and are aligned with the axis of the temple. The bas-reliefs on the side walls of the small sanctuary represent scenes of offerings to various gods made either by the pharaoh or the queen.[6] On the back wall, which lies to the west along the axis of the temple, there is a niche in which Hathor, as a divine cow, seems to be coming out of the mountain: the goddess is depicted as the Mistress of the temple dedicated to her and to queen Nefertari, who is intimately linked to the goddess.[6]

text: Each temple had its own priest that represents the king in daily religious ceremonies. In theory, the Pharaoh would have been the only celebrant in daily religious ceremonies performed in different temples throughout Egypt. In reality, the high priest also played that role. To reach that position, an extensive education in art and science was necessary, like the one pharaoh had. Reading, writing, engineering, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, space measurement, time calculations, were all part of this learning. The priests of Heliopolis, for example, became guardians of sacred knowledge and earned the reputation of wise men.

text: Climate[edit]

text: Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot desert (BWh).

text:
[hide]Climate data for Abu Simbel

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Average high °C (°F)
23.6
(74.5)
26
(79)
30.2
(86.4)
35.3
(95.5)
39.1
(102.4)
40.6
(105.1)
40.2
(104.4)
40.2
(104.4)
38.7
(101.7)
36
(97)
29.7
(85.5)
24.9
(76.8)
33.71
(92.73)

Daily mean °C (°F)
16.4
(61.5)
18.2
(64.8)
22.1
(71.8)
27
(81)
31
(88)
32.7
(90.9)
32.7
(90.9)
32.9
(91.2)
31.4
(88.5)
28.8
(83.8)
22.7
(72.9)
18.1
(64.6)
26.17
(79.16)

Average low °C (°F)
9.2
(48.6)
10.4
(50.7)
14.1
(57.4)
18.8
(65.8)
23
(73)
24.8
(76.6)
25.3
(77.5)
25.7
(78.3)
24.2
(75.6)
21.6
(70.9)
15.8
(60.4)
11.4
(52.5)
18.69
(65.61)

Average precipitation mm (inches)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)

Average rainy days
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Mean daily sunshine hours
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
10
10
10
10
10.3

Source #1: Climate-Data.org[8]

Source #2: Weather to Travel[9] for sunshine and rainy days

tag: table

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Temple of Ramesses II

Earliest photo, 1854 by John Beasley Greene

Temple of Ramesses II, photo taken in 2007

Close-up of the leftmost statue at the temple of Rameses II

Central, inset statue of Ra-Horakhty at the Great Temple

Baboon carvings above the heads of the statues of Ramses at the Great Temple

View of the Great Temple from the right, photo credited to William Henry Goodyear (before 1923)

Front view of the Great Temple from before 1923

View of the rightmost statue at the Great Temple, partially excavated, with a human figure (possibly William Henry Goodyear) for scale

View of the Great Temple's colossal statues from the right, partially excavated

Interior of the Great Temple, before cleaning

Colour photo of the Great Temple from the right, partially excavated, from before 1923

The Great Temple from the right, from before 1923

Abu Simbel temple, four statues of divinities in sanctuary

text:
Temple of Nefertari

Earliest photo, 1854 by John Beasley Greene

Earliest photo, 1854 by John Beasley Greene

The Small Temple in its relocated context, 1999

Closer view of the Small Temple, 2007

Ramesses offering to seated god Ptah. Frieze inside the Small Temple.

text:
Abu Simbel

Inscription at the entrance to the Great Temple. Hooper Brooklyn Museum Archives

The Small Temple in context, before relocation. Goodyear Brooklyn Museum Archives

Statues in the sanctuary of the Great Temple

Interior of one of the temples at Abu Simbel, with graffiti

View of the Nile from Abu Simbel, before 1923. Brooklyn Museum Archives


document_title: A League of Their Own

question_text: who played alice in a league of their own

root

text: A League of Their Own

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1988, Dottie Hinson (Geena Davis) attends the opening of the new All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL) exhibit at the Baseball Hall of Fame. She sees many of her former teammates and friends, prompting a flashback to 1943.

tag: p

text: When World War II threatens to shut down Major League Baseball, candy magnate and Cubs owner Walter Harvey (Garry Marshall) persuades his fellow owners to bankroll a women's league. Ira Lowenstein (David Strathairn) is put in charge, and Ernie Capadino (Jon Lovitz) is sent out to recruit players. Capadino attends an industrial-league softball game in rural Oregon and likes what he sees in Dottie, the catcher for a local dairy's team. Dottie turns down Capadino's offer, happy with her simple farm life while waiting for her husband Bob (Bill Pullman) to come back from the war. Her sister and teammate, Kit (Lori Petty), however, is desperate to get away and make something of herself. Capadino is not impressed by Kit's hitting performance, but agrees to take her along if she can change Dottie's mind. Dottie agrees, but only for her sister's sake.

text: Dottie and Kit head out to Harvey Field in Chicago for the tryout. There they meet a pair of New Yorkers, taxi dancer "All the Way" Mae Mordabito (Madonna) and her best friend, bouncer Doris Murphy (Rosie O'Donnell), along with soft-spoken right fielder Evelyn Gardner (Bitty Schram), illiterate, shy left fielder Shirley Baker (Ann Cusack), pitcher/shortstop and former Miss Georgia beauty queen Ellen Sue Gotlander (Freddie Simpson), gentle left field/relief pitcher Betty "Spaghetti" Horn (Tracy Reiner), homely second baseman Marla Hooch (Megan Cavanagh), who was scouted by Ernie, Dottie and Kit in Fort Collins, Colorado, first baseman Helen Haley (Anne Ramsay), and Saskatchewan native Alice "Skeeter" Gaspers (Renée Coleman). They and eight others are selected to form the Rockford Peaches, while 48 others are split among the Racine Belles, Kenosha Comets, and South Bend Blue Sox.

text: The Peaches are managed by Jimmy Dugan (Tom Hanks), a former marquee Cubs slugger who initially treats the whole thing as a joke. The league attracts little interest at first. With a Life magazine photographer in the stands, Lowenstein begs the players to do something spectacular. Dottie obliges when a ball is popped up behind home plate, catching it while doing a split. The resulting photograph makes the magazine cover. A publicity campaign draws more people to the ballgames, but the owners remain unconvinced. Due to Kit's and Dottie's sibling rivalry, Kit is traded to the Peaches' rival, the Racine Belles.

text: The Peaches end the season qualifying for the league's World Series. In the locker room, Jimmy gives Betty a telegram that informs her her husband was killed in action in the Pacific Theater. The grief-stricken Betty leaves the team. Later that evening, Dottie receives a surprise when Bob, who was serving in Italy, shows up, having been discharged from the Army. The following morning, Jimmy discovers that Dottie is going home with Bob. Unable to persuade her to at least play in the World Series, he tells her she will regret her decision.

text: The Peaches and Belles meet in the World Series, which reaches a seventh and deciding game. Dottie, having reconsidered during the drive back to Oregon, is the catcher for the Peaches, while Kit is the starting pitcher for the Belles. With the Belles leading by a run in the top of the ninth, Dottie drives in the go-ahead run. Kit is the final batter. Under immense pressure, she gets a hit and, ignoring the third base coach's sign to stop, scores the winning run by knocking her sister over at the plate and dislodging the ball from Dottie's hand. The sellout crowd convinces Harvey to give Lowenstein the owners' support. After the game, the sisters reconcile before Dottie leaves.

text: Back in the present, Dottie is reunited with several other players, including Kit. The fates of several of the characters are revealed: Jimmy, Bob, and Evelyn have died, while Marla has been married to Nelson, a man she met in a bar, for over 40 years. The original Peaches sing a team song composed by Evelyn and pose for a group photo.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Rockford Peaches[edit]

text:
Geena Davis as Dorothy "Dottie" Hinson (#8, catcher/assistant manager)

Lynn Cartwright as Older Dottie

Tom Hanks as Jimmy Dugan (manager)
Madonna as "All the Way" Mae Mordabito (#5, center field)

Eunice Anderson as Older Mae

Lori Petty as Kit Keller (#23, pitcher)

Kathleen Butler as Older Kit

Rosie O'Donnell as Doris Murphy (#22, third base)

Vera Johnson as Older Doris

Anne Ramsay as Helen Haley (#15, first base)

Barbara Pilavin as Older Helen

Megan Cavanagh as Marla Hooch (#32, second base)

Patricia Wilson as Older Marla

Freddie Simpson as Ellen Sue Gotlander (#1, shortstop/pitcher)

Eugenia McLin as Older Ellen Sue

Tracy Reiner as Betty "Spaghetti" Horn (#7, left field/relief pitcher)

Betty Miller as Older Betty

Bitty Schram as Evelyn Gardner (#17, right field)
Renée Coleman (credited as Renee Coleman) – Alice "Skeeter" Gaspers (#18, left field/center field/catcher)

Shirley Burkovich as Older Alice

Ann Cusack as Shirley Baker (#11, left field)

Barbara Erwin as Older Shirley

Robin Knight as Linda "Beans" Babbitt (shortstop)
Patti Pelton as Marbleann Wilkinson (second base)
Kelli Simpkins as Beverly Dixon (#4, outfield)
Connie Pounds-Taylor as Connie Calhoun (Outfield)

text: On MLB Network's Costas at the Movies in 2013, director Penny Marshall talked about her initial interest in Demi Moore for the part of Dottie Hinson, saying: "Demi Moore, I liked, but by the time we came around, she was pregnant."[3]

text: Others[edit]

text:
Jon Lovitz as Ernie Capadino, AAGPBL scout
David Strathairn as Ira Lowenstein, AAGPBL general manager

Marvin Einhorn as Older Ira

Garry Marshall as Walter Harvey, candy bar mogul and AAGPBL founder
Julie Croteau as Helen Haley (baseball double for Anne Ramsay)
Bill Pullman as Bob Hinson, Dottie's husband
Janet Jones as Racine pitcher
Téa Leoni as Racine first baseman
Don S. Davis as Charlie Collins, Racine coach
Eddie Jones as Dave Hooch, Marla's father
Justin Scheller as Stillwell Gardner, Evelyn's son

Mark Holton as Older Stillwell. He attends the Peaches' reunion at the Baseball Hall of Fame on behalf of his mother who had died.

Pauline Brailsford as Miss Cuthburt, Rockford chaperone

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Director Penny Marshall was inspired to make the film after viewing the 1987 documentary about the AAGPBL entitled "A League of their Own", on television. She had never heard of the league before, and contacted the film's creators Kelly Candaele and Kim Wilson to collaborate with the scriptwriters Babaloo Mandel and Lowell Ganz on producing a screenplay for 20th Century Fox.[4] Fox eventually passed on the script and Marshall signed with Sony Pictures, who were eager to produce the film.

text: Casting[edit]

text: Marshall and the casting directors undertook an exhaustive search for actors, preferring those with previous experience playing baseball. Open casting calls were held in Los Angeles, New York and Chicago.

text: Locations[edit]

text: Filming the game scenes involved many physical mishaps: Anne Ramsay (Helen Haley) broke her nose with a baseball mitt while trying to catch a ball and the huge bruise seen in the film on actress Renee Coleman's thigh was real.[5] Discussing the skirts they wore playing baseball in the film, Geena Davis said on MLB Network's Costas at the Movies in 2013, "Some of our real cast, from sliding into home, had ripped the skin off their legs. It was nutty."[6]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
A League of Their Own:
Music From The Motion Picture

Soundtrack album by various artists

Released
June 30, 1992

Genre
Soundtrack

Length
43:44

Label
Columbia Records

Producer
Various

Singles from A League of Their Own

"This Used to Be My Playground"
Released: June 16, 1992
"Now and Forever"
Released: July 1992

text: A League of Their Own soundtrack was released on CD and cassette tape by Columbia Records on June 30, 1992. The album peaked at #159 on the US Billboard 200 albums chart on July 25, 1992.[7] Although Madonna contributed "This Used to Be My Playground" to the film, featured over the closing credits, her recording was not included on the soundtrack album for contractual reasons.[8]

text:
"Now and Forever" – Performed by Carole King
"Choo Choo Ch'Boogie" – Performed by The Manhattan Transfer
"It's Only a Paper Moon" – Performed by James Taylor
"In a Sentimental Mood" – Performed by Billy Joel
"Two Sleepy People" – Performed by Art Garfunkel
"I Didn't Know What Time It Was" – Performed by James Taylor
"On the Sunny Side of the Street" – Performed by The Manhattan Transfer
"Flying Home" – Performed by Doc's Rhythm Cats
"Life Goes On" – Performed by Hans Zimmer
"The Final Game" – Performed by Hans Zimmer
"The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Song" – Performed by The Rockford Peaches

tag: ol

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film was released on July 1, 1992, and grossed $13.2 million in its first weekend, finishing second at the box office behind Batman Returns. In its second weekend it dropped just 15%, making $11.5 million and finishing first. It ended up being a commercial success, making $107.5 million in the United States, and $24.9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $132.4 million, against a production budget of $40 million budget.

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 78% based on 60 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Sentimental and light, but still thoroughly charming, A League of Their Own is buoyed by solid performances from a wonderful cast."[9] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score 67 out of 100, based 20 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[10] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[11]

text: The film was well received by critics, who praised the cast and their performances.[12][13][14][15][16]

text: AFI lists[edit]

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2005: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

Jimmy Dugan: "There's no crying in baseball!" – #54[17]

2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated[18]
2008: AFI's 10 Top 10:

Nominated Sports Film[19]

text: On December 19, 2012, it was announced that the film would be preserved as part of the United States National Film Registry.[20]

text: 20th anniversary[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: With 2012 marking the 20th year since the film's release, A League of Their Own was released as a 20th Anniversary Edition Blu-ray on October 16, 2012.

text: Forty-seven former players of the AAGPBL reunited in New York to celebrate the film and the real women who inspired it. Events included a trip to Cooperstown for a special program at the National Baseball Hall of Fame, reminiscent of the film's final scene depicting members of the AAGPBL and family coming together to witness the honoring of the Women's Professional Baseball League. The reunion wrapped up with a game of softball held at Alliance Bank Stadium in nearby Syracuse.[21]

text: Former players also made an appearance at Bosse Field in Evansville, Indiana, on June 6, 2012, where many of the film's game scenes were filmed. Bosse Field still retains many of the "Racine Belles" themes from the movie. The event included an outdoor screening of the film as well as a scene-setting display of cars featured in the film.[22] In addition to Bosse Field, the production used Huntingburg, Indiana's League Stadium, another Southwestern Indiana field older than Bosse that was renovated for the film.

text: Spin-offs[edit]

text: Television[edit]

text: A short-lived series of the same title based on the film aired on CBS in April 1993, with Garry Marshall, Megan Cavanagh, Tracy Reiner, and Jon Lovitz reprising their roles. Only five of the six episodes made were broadcast.


document_title: List of Prime Ministers of Israel

question_text: who is the present prime minister of israel

text: List of Prime Ministers of Israel

text: Prime Ministers of Israel (1948–present)

text:
Colour key

Mapai/Alignment/Labor

Likud

Kadima

text: A total of twelve people have served as Prime Minister of Israel, five of whom have served on two non-consecutive occasions. Additionally, one person, Yigal Allon, has served solely as an Interim Prime Minister.

text: The other two who have served as ad interim Prime Minister have gone on to become the Prime Minister.

text:
No.
Name
(birth and death)
Portrait
Political party
Term of office
Elected
(Knesset)
Government

No.
Composition

1
David Ben-Gurion
דָּוִד בֶּן-גּוּרִיּוֹן
(1886–1973)

Mapai
14 May 1948
10 March 1949
—
Prov.
Mapai• Mapam• HHaM• New Aliyah• S&O• Mizrachi• Gen.Zionists• Aguda

10 March 1949
1 November 1950
1949 (1st)
1st
Mapai• URF• Progressives• S&O• DLN

1 November 1950
8 October 1951
2nd

8 October 1951
24 December 1952
1951 (2nd)
3rd
Mapai• Mizrachi• HHaM-Aguda-PAY• DLIA-P&W-A&D

24 December 1952
26 January 1954
4th
Mapai• Gen.Zionists• Progressive• Mizrachi• HHaM• DLIA-P&W-A&D

2
Moshe Sharett
משֶׁה שָרֵת
(1894–1965)

Mapai
26 January 1954
29 June 1955
5th

29 June 1955
3 November 1955
6th
Mapai• Mizrachi• HHaM• DLIA-P&W-A&D

(1)
David Ben-Gurion
דָּוִד בֶּן-גּוּרִיּוֹן
(1886–1973)

Mapai
3 November 1955
7 January 1958
1955 (3rd)
7th
Mapai• NRP• Mapam• AHaA• Progressives• DLIA-P&W-A&D• P&D-C&B[9]

7 January 1958
17 December 1959
8th

17 December 1959
2 November 1961
1959 (4th)
9th

2 November 1961
26 June 1963
1961 (5th)
10th
Mapai• NRP• AHaA• PAY• P&D-C&B

3
Levi Eshkol
לֵוִי אֶשְׁכּוֹל
(1895–1969)

Mapai
26 June 1963
22 December 1964
11th

22 December 1964
12 January 1966
12th

Alignment[1]
Mapai/Labor
12 January 1966
26 February 1969[2]
1965 (6th)
13th
Alignment• NRP• Mapam• Indep.Liberals• PAY• P&D-C&B• Gahal[9]• Rafi[9]

—
Yigal Allon
(acting)
יִגְאָל אַלּוֹן
(1918–1980)

Alignment
Labor
26 February 1969[2]
17 March 1969

4
Golda Meir
גּוֹלְדָּה מֵאִיר
(1898–1978)

Alignment
Labor
17 March 1969
15 December 1969
14th

15 December 1969
10 March 1974
1969 (7th)
15th
Alignment• Gahal[9]• NRP• Indep.Liberals• P&D-C&B

10 March 1974
3 June 1974
1973 (8th)
16th
Alignment• NRP• Indep.Liberals

5
Yitzhak Rabin
יִצְחָק רַבִּין
(1922–1995)

Alignment
Labor
3 June 1974
20 June 1977[3]
17th
Alignment• Indep.Liberals• Ratz[9]• NRP[9]

6
Menachem Begin
מְנַחֵם בֵּגִין
(1913–1992)

Likud
20 June 1977
5 August 1981
1977 (9th)
18th
Likud• NRP• Aguda• Dash[9]

5 August 1981
10 October 1983
1981 (10th)
19th
Likud• NRP• Aguda• Tami• Telem/MRSZ[9]• Tehiya[9]

7
Yitzhak Shamir
יִצְחָק שָׁמִיר
(1915–2012)

Likud
10 October 1983
13 September 1984
20th

8
Shimon Peres
שִׁמְעוֹן פֶּרֶס
(1923–2016)

Alignment
Labor
13 September 1984[4]
20 October 1986
1984 (11th)
21st
Alignment• Likud• NRP• Aguda• Shas• Morasha[9]• Shinui• Ometz

(7)
Yitzhak Shamir
יִצְחָק שָׁמִיר
(1915–2012)

Likud
20 October 1986[4]
22 December 1988
22nd

22 December 1988
11 June 1990
1988 (12th)
23rd
Likud• Alignment• NRP• Shas• Aguda• Degel HaTorah

11 June 1990
13 July 1992
24th
Likud• NRP• Shas• Aguda• Degel HaTorah• New Liberal• Tehiya• Tzomet• Moledet• UPI• Geula

(5)
Yitzhak Rabin
יִצְחָק רַבִּין
(1922–1995)

Labor
13 July 1992
4 November 1995[5]
1992 (13th)
25th
Labor• Meretz• Shas[9]• Yiud[9]

(8)
Shimon Peres
שִׁמְעוֹן פֶּרֶס
(1923–2016)

Labor
(acting, 4 Nov. 1995)[5]
22 November 1995
18 June 1996
26th

9
Benjamin Netanyahu
בִּנְיָמִין נְתַנְיָהוּ
(1949–)

Likud
18 June 1996
6 July 1999
1996
14th
27th
Likud-Gesher-Tzomet• Shas• NRP• BaAliyah• UTJ• Third Way

10
Ehud Barak
אֵהוּד בָּרָק
(1942–)

One Israel
Labor
6 July 1999
7 March 2001
1999
15th
28th
One Israel• Shas• Meretz• BaAliyah• Centre• NRP• UTJ[9]

11
Ariel Sharon
אֲרִיאֵל שָׁרוֹן
(1928–2014)

Likud
7 March 2001
28 February 2003
2001
29th
Likud• Labor-Meimad[9]• Shas[9]• Centre• NRP• UTJ• BaAliyah• NU-Beiteinu• New Way• Gesher

28 February 2003
21 November 2005
2003 (16th)
30th
Likud• Shinui[9]• NU[9]• NRP[9]• Labor-Meimad• Aguda[9]

Kadima
21 November 2005
(4 Jan. 2006)[7]
14 April 2006
Kadima• Likud[9]• Agudat

12
Ehud Olmert
אֵהוּד אוֹלְמֶרט
(1945–)

Kadima
(acting, 4 Jan. 2006)[7]
14 April 2006
4 May 2006

4 May 2006
31 March 2009[8]
2006 (17th)
31st
Kadima• Labor• Shas• Gil• Beiteinu[9]

(9)
Benjamin Netanyahu
בִּנְיָמִין נְתַנְיָהוּ
(1949–)

Likud
31 March 2009
18 March 2013
2009 (18th)
32nd
Likud• Beiteinu• Shas• Labor/Indep.[9]• Jewish Home• UTJ[9]

18 March 2013
6 May 2015
2013 (19th)
33rd
Likud• Yesh Atid• The Jewish Home• Yisrael Beiteinu• Hatnuah

6 May 2015
Incumbent
2015 (20th)
34th
Likud• Kulanu• The Jewish Home• Shas• UTJ• Yisrael Beiteinu

text:
Israel

This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Israel

Constitution[show]

Basic Laws

Jerusalem Law
Law of Return

Presidency[show]

President (list)

Reuven Rivlin

Designated Acting President

Yuli-Yoel Edelstein

Executive[show]

Prime Minister (list)

Benjamin Netanyahu

Office of the Prime Minister
Deputy leaders
Cabinet

Current (34th)

Security Cabinet
Kitchen Cabinet

State Comptroller

Legislature[show]

Speaker: Yuli Edelstein
Members (Arab)
Leader of the Opposition

Isaac Herzog

Knesset Guard

Elections[show]

Political parties
Elections Law
Central Elections Committee
Referendums

Judiciary[show]

Supreme Court

President: Esther Hayut

Attorney General

Avichai Mandelblit

Administrative divisions[show]

Districts
Local government

Municipalities
Local councils
Regional councils

Foreign relations[show]

Arab League

International law
Status of territories
Israel, Palestine, United Nations

Israel and the European Union
Ambassadors

Other countries
Atlas

v
t
e

text: Notes

text: 1 For the 1965 elections, Mapai allied with Ahdut HaAvoda to form the Labor Alignment, later renamed Alignment. This first Alignment ended when Mapai, Ahdut HaAvoda and Rafi merged to form the Labor Party on 23 January 1968. On 28 January 1969, Labor formed a second Alignment in alliance with Mapam.

text: 2 Eshkol died while in office. Yigal Allon briefly served as Acting Prime Minister until he was replaced by Meir.

text: 3 Rabin resigned and called for early elections in December 1976. After he was re-elected as the Alignment's leader, he resigned as candidate for the upcoming elections on 7 April 1977, but legally remained Prime Minister until Begin's first government was formed. However, Shimon Peres unofficially served as Acting Prime Minister from 22 April 1977 until 21 June 1977.

text: 4 After the 1984 elections, Likud and the Alignment reached a coalition agreement by which the role of Prime Minister would be rotated mid-term between them. Shimon Peres of the Alignment served as Prime Minister for the first two years, and then the role was passed to Yitzhak Shamir. After the 1988 election Likud was able to govern without the Alignment, and Yitzhak Shamir became Prime Minister again.

text: 5 Rabin was assassinated while in office. Shimon Peres served as Acting Prime Minister until 22 November 1995.

text: 6 On 21 November 2005, Prime Minister Sharon, along with several other ministers and MKs, split from Likud over the issue of disengagement from the Gaza Strip and negotiations over the final status of the West Bank. Sharon formed a new party, Kadima, which would go on to compete in the following elections of March 2006. Sharon continued as Prime Minister.

text: 7 As the result of Ariel Sharon suffering a severe stroke on 4 January 2006, and being put under general anaesthetic, Ehud Olmert served as the Acting Prime Minister (Hebrew: ממלא מקום ראש הממשלה בפועל) from 4 January[1] to 14 April, according to Basic Law: The Government: "Should the Prime Minister be temporarily unable to discharge his duties, his place will be filled by the Acting Prime Minister. After the passage of 100 days upon which the Prime Minister does not resume his duties, the Prime Minister will be deemed permanently unable to exercise his office." Basic Law: the Government 2001, section 16b In Sharon's case, this occurred on 14 April 2006, upon which Olmert became Interim Prime Minister for the remainder of the 30th government, finally becoming full Prime Minister on the formation of the 31st government.[2]

text: 8 Olmert officially resigned on 21 September 2008. With this, his cabinet became an interim government, and he was the "Interim" Prime Minister until the establishment of a new governing coalition (he was officially the Prime Minister, however, the government under him was an interim government, in this case).[3]

text: 9 The following parties were members of a government during only part of its term:

text:
9th: Progress and Development and Cooperation and Brotherhood, two new parties, were members of the 9th government, which was otherwise identical in composition to the 7th and 8th governments.
13th: Gahal and Rafi joined 5 June 1967. Rafi merged into Labor (a member of the Alignment) 23 January 1968.
15th: Gahal stood down 6 August 1970.
17th: National Religious Party joined 30 October 1970; Ratz stood down 6 November 1970.
18th: Democratic Movement for Change joined October 1977.
19th: Tehiya joined 26 August 1981; the Movement for the Renewal of Social Zionism was formed 6 June 1983 following the break-up of Telem.
22nd: Morasha was not included in the 22nd government, which was otherwise identical in composition to the 21st government.
25th: Shas stood down 14 September 1993; Yiud joined 9 January 1995.
28th: United Torah Judaism stood down September 1999.
29th: Shas stood down 23 May 2002, returned 3 June; Labor-Meimad stood down 2 November 2002.
30th: National Religious Party joined 3 March 2003, stood down 11 November 2004; National Union stood down 6 June 2004; Shinui stood down 4 December 2004; Labor-Meimad joined 10 January 2005; Agudat Yisrael joined 30 March 2005; Kadima broke away from Likud and Labor-Meimad stood down 23 November 2005, leaving a government consisting of Kadima, Likud and Agudat Yisrael; Likud stood down 15 January 2006.
31st: Yisrael Beiteinu joined November 2006; stood down 16 January 2008.
32nd: United Torah Judaism joined 1 April 2009; Independence broke away from Labor 17 January 2011; Independence remained in the government and Labor stood down.

text: Term of office in years

text:
David Ben-Gurion: 13 years and 127 days (first term: 5 years and 257 days; second term: 7 years and 235 days)
Benjamin Netanyahu: Incumbent - 12 years, 75 days as of 27 May 2018 (first term: 3 years and 18 days; second and current term: 9 years, 57 days)

Netanyahu holds the record for the longest single term (his second term) of any Israeli prime minister.[4]
If Netanyahu serves continuously as Prime Minister on July 16, 2019, he will tie Ben-Gurion to become the longest serving Prime Minister in Israel's history. He will break that record for himself one day later on July 17, 2019.

Yitzhak Shamir: 6 years and 242 days (first term: 339 days; second term: 5 years and 268 days)
Yitzhak Rabin: 6 years and 132 days (first term: 3 years and 18 days; second term: 3 years and 114 days)
Menachem Begin: 6 years and 113 days
Levi Eshkol: 5 years and 247 days
Ariel Sharon: 5 years and 39 days (Including a 100 days period of "temporary incapacitation" wherein the Prime minister's authorities were delegated to the Designated Acting Prime Minister)
Golda Meir: 5 years and 19 days
Ehud Olmert: 2 years and 351 days (In addition, served as Acting Prime Minister, wherein the Prime Minister's authorities were delegated to him)
Shimon Peres: 2 years and 264 days (first term: 2 years and 37 days; second term: 227 days)
Moshe Sharett: 1 year and 281 days
Ehud Barak: 1 year and 245 days
Yigal Allon: 19 days (interim)

text: This is a graphical lifespan timeline of Prime Ministers of Israel. The prime ministers are listed in order of office.


document_title: Copper tubing

question_text: what is the color code for type k copper

text: Copper tubing

text: Types[edit]

text: Soft copper[edit]

text: Soft (or ductile) copper tubing can be bent easily to travel around obstacles in the path of the tubing. While the work hardening of the drawing process used to size the tubing makes the copper hard or rigid, it is carefully annealed to make it soft again; it is therefore more expensive to produce than non-annealed, rigid copper tubing. It can be joined by any of the three methods used for rigid copper, and it is the only type of copper tubing suitable for flare connections. Soft copper is the most popular choice for refrigerant lines in split-system air conditioners and heat pumps.

text: Rigid copper[edit]

text: Rigid copper is a popular choice for water lines. It is joined using a sweat, roll grooved, compression or crimped/pressed connection. Rigid copper, rigid due to the work hardening of the drawing process, cannot be bent and must use elbow fittings to go around corners or around obstacles. If heated and allowed to cool in a process called annealing, rigid copper will become soft and can be bent/formed without cracking.

text: Soldered connections[edit]

text: Solder fittings are smooth, and easily slip onto the end of a tubing section. The joint is then heated using a torch, and solder is melted into the connection. When the solder cools, it forms a very strong bond which can last for decades. Solder-connected rigid copper is the most popular choice for water supply lines in modern buildings. In situations where many connections must be made at once (such as plumbing of a new building), solder offers much quicker and much less expensive joinery than compression or flare fittings.  The term sweating is sometimes used to describe the process of soldering pipes.

text: Compression connections[edit]

text: Compression fittings use a soft metal or thermoplastic ring (the compression ring, "olive" or "ferrule") which is squeezed onto the pipe and into the fitting by a compression nut. The soft metal conforms to the surface of the tubing and the fitting, and creates a seal. Compression connections do not typically have the long life that sweat connections offer, but are advantageous in many cases, because they are easy to make using basic tools. A disadvantage in compression connections is that they take longer to make than sweat, and sometimes require re-tightening over time to stop leaks.

text: Flare connections[edit]

text: Flare connections require that the end of a tubing section be spread outward in a bell shape using a flare tool. A flare nut then compresses this bell-shaped end onto a male fitting. Flare connections are a labor-intensive method of making connections, but are quite reliable over the course of many years.

text: Crimped or pressed connections[edit]

text: Crimped or pressed connections use special copper fittings which are permanently attached to rigid copper tubing with a powered crimper.  The special fittings, manufactured with sealant already inside, slide over the tubing to be connected.  Thousands of pounds-force per square inch of pressure are used to deform the fitting and compress the sealant against the inner copper tubing, creating a water-tight seal.  The advantages of this method are that it should last as long as the tubing, it takes less time to complete than other methods, it is cleaner in both appearance and the materials used to make the connection, and no open flame is used during the connection process.  The disadvantages are that the fittings used are harder to find and cost significantly more than sweat-type fittings.

text: Sizes[edit]

text:
Copper Tubing Sizes (CTS) for Plumbing[1]

Nominal size

Outside diameter (OD)[in (mm)]

Inside diameter (ID)[in (mm)]

Type K

Type L

Type M

1⁄4
3⁄8 (9.5)
0.305 (7.747)
0.315 (8.001)

3⁄8
1⁄2 (12.7)
0.402 (10.211)
0.430 (10.922)
0.450 (11.430)

1⁄2
5⁄8 (15.875)
0.528 (13.411)
0.545 (13.843)
0.569 (14.453)

5⁄8
3⁄4 (19.05)
0.652 (16.561)
0.668 (16.967)
0.690 (17.526)

3⁄4
7⁄8 (22.225)
0.745 (18.923)
0.785 (19.939)
0.811 (20.599)

1
1 1⁄8 (28.575)
0.995 (25.273)
1.025 (26.035)
1.055 (26.797)

11⁄4
1 3⁄8 (34.925)
1.245 (31.623)
1.265 (32.131)
1.291 (32.791)

11⁄2
1 5⁄8 (41.275)
1.481 (37.617)
1.505 (38.227)
1.527 (38.786)

2
2 1⁄8 (53.975)
1.959 (49.759)
1.985 (50.419)
2.009 (51.029)

21⁄2
2 5⁄8 (66.675)
2.435 (61.849)
2.465 (62.611)
2.495 (63.373)

3
3 1⁄8 (79.375)
2.907 (73.838)
2.945 (74.803)
2.981 (75.717)

text: United States and Canada[edit]

text: Common wall-thicknesses of copper tubing in the U.S. and Canada are "Type K", "Type L", "Type M", and "Type DWV":[2][3]

text:
Type K has the thickest wall section of the three types of pressure rated tubing and is commonly used for deep underground burial, such as under sidewalks and streets, with a suitable corrosion protection coating or continuous polyethylene sleeve as required by the plumbing code.  In the United States it usually has green colored printing.
Type L has a thinner pipe wall section, and is used in residential and commercial water supply and pressure applications.  In the United States it usually has blue colored printing.
Type M has an even thinner pipe wall section, and is used in residential and commercial low pressure heating applications.  In the United States it usually has red colored printing.
Type DWV has the thinnest wall section, and is generally only suitable for unpressurized applications, such as drain, waste and vent (DWV) lines.  In the United States it usually has yellow or light orange colored printing, common sizes being 1 1⁄4, 1 1⁄2, and 2 inch copper tube size.

text: Types K and L are generally available in both hard drawn straight sections and in rolls of soft annealed tubing, whereas type M and DWV is usually only available in hard drawn straight sections.

text: In the North American plumbing industry, the size of copper tubing is designated by its inner diameter, which is 1⁄8th inch less than the outside diameter. The inside diameter varies according to the thickness of the pipe wall, which differs according to pipe size, material, and grade: the inside diameter is equal to the outside diameter less the wall thickness.

text: The North American refrigeration industry uses copper pipe designated ACR (air conditioning and refrigeration field services) pipe and tubing, which is sized directly by its outside diameter (OD) and a type letter indicating wall thickness. Therefore, one inch nominal type L copper tube and 1 1⁄8th inch type D ACR tube are exactly the same size, with different size designations. ACR pipe is manufactured without processing oils that would be incompatible with the oils used to lubricate the compressors in the air conditioning system.

text: Except for this difference between ACR (types A and D) and plumbing (types K, L, M and DWV) pipes, the type only indicates wall thickness and does not affect the outside diameter of the tube. Type K 1⁄2 inch, type L 1⁄2 inch, and type D 5⁄8 inch ACR all have the same outside diameter of 5⁄8 inch.

text: In both the U.S. and Canada, copper pipe and fittings are sold in inch sizes only.  No metric sizes have been standardized for use in North America.[4]  Many Canadian merchants give approximate metric sizes for construction products, but in the case of copper pipe and fittings these approximations are not interchangeable with metric components.

text: Europe[edit]

text: Common wall-thicknesses in Europe are "Type X", "Type Y" and "Type Z", defined by the EN 1057 standard.

text:
Type X is the most common, and is used in above-ground service, including drinking water supply, hot and cold water systems, sanitation, central heating and other general purpose applications.
Type Y is a thicker walled pipe, used for underground works and heavy duty requirements, including hot and cold water supply, gas reticulation, sanitary plumbing, heating and general engineering.
Type Z is a thinner walled pipe, also used for above-ground service, including drinking water supply, hot and cold water systems, sanitation, central heating and other general purpose applications.

text: In the plumbing trade the size of copper tubing is measured by its outside diameter in millimetres. Common sizes are 15 mm and 22 mm.[5] Other sizes include 18 mm, 28 mm, 35 mm, 42 mm, 54 mm, 66.7 mm, 76.1 mm, and 108 mm outside diameters.

text: Tubing in 8 mm and 10 mm outside diameters is called "micro bore" and is easier to install, although there is a slightly increased risk of blockage from scale or debris.  It is sometimes used for central heating systems and 15 mm adapters are used to connect it to radiator valves.

text: Australia[edit]

text: In Australia, copper tubing classifications are "Type A", "Type B", "Type C", and "Type D":[6]

text: Copper pipes in Australia are referenced to their DN (diamètre nominal) number, which is a nominal metric equivalent to their actual Imperial size. For example, DN20 is the size for copper pipe with an outside diameter of 19.05 mm or 3/4 inches. While pipe sizes in Australia are inch-based, they are classified by outside rather than inside diameter (e.g. a nominal 3/4" copper pipe in Australia has measured diameters of 0.750" outside and 0.638" inside, whereas a nominal 3/4" copper pipe in the U.S. and Canada has measured diameters of 0.875" outside and 0.745" inside.[7] While New Zealand has the same plumbing code as Australia and both use inch-based tubes denominated in millimeters, New Zealand's sizes are based on the "nominal bore" rather than "nominal diameter" (e.g. NZ size 20 measures 0.750" inside diameter,[8] as opposed to Australian DN20 which measures 0.750" outside diameter). Effectively, New Zealand pipes measure the same as U.S. and Canadian ones.

text: Lead leaching[edit]

text: Generally, copper tubes are soldered directly into copper or brass fittings, although compression, crimp, or flare fittings are also used.  Formerly, concerns with copper supply tubes included the lead used in the solder at joints (50% tin and 50% lead).  Some studies have shown significant leaching of the lead into the potable water stream, particularly after long periods of low usage, followed by peak demand periods. In hard water applications, shortly after installation, the interior of the pipes will be coated with the deposited minerals that had been dissolved in the water, and therefore the vast majority of exposed lead is prevented from entering the potable water. Building codes throughout the U.S. require the use of virtually "lead-free" (<0.2% lead) solder or filler metals in plumbing fittings and appliances.

text: Corrosion[edit]

text: Copper water tubes are susceptible to cold water pitting caused by contamination of the pipe interior, typically with soldering flux; erosion corrosion caused by high speed or turbulent flow; and stray current corrosion, caused by poor electrical wiring technique, such as improper grounding and bonding.

text: Pinholes[edit]

text: Pinhole leaks with pitting initiating on the exterior surface of the pipe, can occur if copper piping is improperly grounded or bonded.  The phenomenon is known technically as stray current corrosion or electrolytic pitting.  Pin-holing due to poor grounding or poor bonding occurs typically in homes where the original plumbing has been modified; homeowners may find that a new plastic water filtration device or plastic repair union has interrupted the water pipe's electrical continuity to ground, when they start seeing pinhole water leaks after a recent install.  Damage occurs rapidly, usually becoming obvious about six months after the ground interruption.  Correctly installed plumbing appliances will have a copper bonding jumper cable connecting the interrupted pipe sections.  Pinhole leaks from stray current corrosion can result in high plumbing bills and require the replacement of the entire water line.  The cause is fundamentally an electrical defect, not a plumbing defect; once the plumbing damage is repaired, an electrician should promptly be consulted to evaluate the grounding and bonding of the entire plumbing and electrical systems.

text: The difference between a ground and a bond is subtle. See Ground, for a complete description.

text: Stray current corrosion occurs because: 1) the piping system has been connected accidentally or intentionally to a DC voltage source; 2) the piping does not have metal-to-metal electrical continuity throughout its length; or 3) if the voltage source is AC, one or more naturally occurring minerals coating the pipe interior may act as a rectifier, converting AC current to DC.  The DC voltage forces the water within the piping to act as an electrical conductor (an electrolyte).  Electric current leaves the copper pipe, moves though the water across the nonconductive section (a plastic filter housing, for example), and reenters the pipe on the opposite side.  Pitting occurs at the electrically negative side (the cathode), which may happen to be either upstream or downstream with respect to the water flow direction.  Pitting occurs because the electrical voltage ionizes the pipe's interior copper metal, which reacts chemically with dissolved minerals in the water, creating copper salts; these copper salts are soluble in water and wash away.  Microscopic pits eventually grow and consolidate to form pin holes.  When one is  discovered, there are almost certainly more that have not yet leaked.  A complete discussion of stray current corrosion can be found in chapter 11, section 11.4.3, of Handbook of Corrosion Engineering,  by Pierre Roberge.[9]

text: Detecting and eliminating poor bonding is relatively straightforward.  Detection is accomplished using a simple DC voltmeter, with test probe leads placed in various locations in the plumbing.  Typically, a probe on a hot pipe and a probe on a cold pipe will tell the user if there is improper grounding.  Anything beyond a few millivolts is significant, and potentials of 200 mV are common.  A missing bond will show up best in the area of the gap, as the measured electrical potential dissipates over distance.  The missing bond is usually located near the cold water inlet to the building, as filtration and treatment equipment are usually added there, but pinhole leaks can occur anywhere downstream or upstream from the interruption of electrical continuity.

text: Correcting the problem is a simple matter of either purchasing a copper bonding jumper kit, composed of copper cable at least #6 AWG in diameter and two bronze ground clamps for affixing it the plumbing.  See NFPA 70, the U.S. National Electrical Code Handbook (NEC), section on bonding and ground for details on selecting the correct bonding conductor wire size.

text: A similar bonding jumper wire can also be seen crossing gas meters, but for a different reason.[further explanation needed]

text: However, if building occupants are experiencing shocks or large sparks from plumbing fixtures or pipes, it is more serious than a missing bond. Larger voltages may be caused by a live electrical wire bridging to the plumbing, and improper or missing plumbing system grounding.  Such a situation poses an electrical shock hazard and potential fire danger; an electrician should be consulted immediately.


document_title: Double (basketball)

question_text: who in the nba has had a quadruple double

text: Double (basketball)

text: Double-double[edit]

text: A double-double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double-digit number total in two of five statistical categories—points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocked shots—in a game. The most common double-double combination is points and rebounds, followed by points and assists.[2] Double-doubles are fairly common in the NBA. During the 2008–09 season, 69 players who were eligible for leadership in the main statistical categories recorded at least 10 double-doubles during the season.[3]

text: Special double-doubles are rare. One such double-double is called double double-double (also referred to as 20–20 or Double-20). It occurs when a player accumulates 20 or more in two different statistical categories in a game.[4][5][6] Another such double-double is called a triple double-double (also referred to as 30–30).[7] The only player in NBA history to record a 40-40 is Wilt Chamberlain, who achieved the feat eight times in his career. Of the five instances, four were recorded in his rookie season, and the fifth was achieved the following year where he recorded 78 points and 43 rebounds in a game. Wilt Chamberlain also holds the record for most career double-doubles (regular season and playoffs) with 1111. Tim Duncan is second with 1005, followed by Kareem Abdul-Jabbar with 1004.

text: NBA[edit]

text: Double-double leaders (in regular season)[edit]

text: The following is a list of regular season double-double leaders since the 1983–84 season:

text:
^
Denotes active player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

text:
Point-rebound[8]

Rank
Name
Total

1
Duncan, TimTim Duncan
841

2
Malone, KarlKarl Malone*
811

3
Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon*
774

4
Garnett, KevinKevin Garnett
741

5
O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal*
727

6
Barkley, CharlesCharles Barkley*
706

7
Howard, DwightDwight Howard^
665

8
Ewing, PatrickPatrick Ewing*
580

9
Robinson, DavidDavid Robinson*
543

10
Gasol, PauPau Gasol^
510

Point-assist[9]

Rank
Name
Total

1
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton*
714

2
Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson*
441

3
Nash, SteveSteve Nash
436

4
Paul, ChrisChris Paul^
404

5
Kidd, JasonJason Kidd
402

6
Thomas, IsiahIsiah Thomas*
377

7
Johnson, KevinKevin Johnson
319

8
Hardaway, TimTim Hardaway
279

9
Williams, DeronDeron Williams^
275

10
Strickland, RodRod Strickland
271

text: Facts[edit]

text: Longest continuous streak of double-doubles: According to the Elias Sports Bureau, Wilt Chamberlain holds the record with 227 consecutive double-doubles from 1964 to 1967.[10] Chamberlain also holds the second and third longest continuous streaks of double-doubles with 220 and 133.[10] This record is before the ABA–NBA merger in 1976. The longest streak of double-doubles since the merger was 53 games, achieved by Kevin Love, then of the Minnesota Timberwolves.[11]

text: Triple-double[edit]

text: A triple-double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double digit number total in three of five statistical categories—points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocked shots—in a game. The most common way for a player to achieve a triple-double is with points, rebounds, and assists, though on occasion players may record 10 or more steals or blocked shots in a game.[12] The origin of the term "triple-double" is unclear. Some sources claim that it was coined by former Los Angeles Lakers public relations director Bruce Jolesch in the 1980s in order to showcase Magic Johnson's versatility,[13][14] while others claim that it was coined by then Philadelphia 76ers media relations director Harvey Pollack in 1980.[15][16] The triple-double became an officially recorded statistic during the 1979–80 season.

text: There has been occasional controversy surrounding triple-doubles made when a player achieves the feat with a late rebound. Players with nine rebounds in a game have sometimes been accused of deliberately missing a shot late in the game in order to recover the rebound; a few have even gone so far as shooting off their opponent's basket trying to score a triple-double. To deter this, NBA rules allow rebounds to be nullified if the shot is determined not to be a legitimate scoring attempt.[17]

text: NBA[edit]

text: From the 1990–91 to the 2010–11 season, the NBA averaged 34.5 triple-doubles per season, roughly 1 in every 36 games.[19]

text: Triple-double leaders (in regular season)[edit]

text: The following is a list of regular season triple-double leaders:

text:
All-time triple-double leaders (regular season) (Player must have at least 20 triple doubles)

Rank
Name
Triple-doubles

1
Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson*
181[20]

2
Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson*
138[20]

3
Kidd, JasonJason Kidd
107[21][22]

4
Westbrook, RussellRussell Westbrook^
79[23]

5
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
78[20]

6
Bird, LarryLarry Bird*
59[20]

7
James, LeBronLeBron James^
55[24]

8
Lever, FatFat Lever
43[20]

9
Cousy, BobBob Cousy*
33[25]

10
Havlicek, JohnJohn Havlicek*
31[26]

Harden, JamesJames Harden^
31[27]

12
Hill, GrantGrant Hill
29[28]

Rondo, RajonRajon Rondo^
29[29]

14
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
28[20]

15
Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor*
26[30]

16
Drexler, ClydeClyde Drexler*
25[20]

17
Frazier, WaltWalt Frazier*
23

18
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
21

Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*
21[31]

Richardson, Micheal RayMicheal Ray Richardson
21

Webber, ChrisChris Webber
21

22
Barkley, CharlesCharles Barkley*
20[32]

text: Facts[edit]

text:
First triple-double in league history: According to the Harvey J. Pollack NBA Statistical Yearbook, Dolph Schayes (Syracuse Nationals) might have logged the league's first triple-double on February 8, 1951, versus the New York Knicks. He had 18 points, 22 rebounds and 13 assists.[33]
Averaging a triple-double in a single season: Oscar Robertson (Cincinnati Royals) and Russell Westbrook (Oklahoma City Thunder) are the only players in NBA history to achieve this feat.[13][34] During the 1961–62 season, Robertson averaged 30.8 points, 12.5 rebounds, and 11.4 assists per game.[13][35] Although Robertson only achieved the feat for a full season once, his cumulative stats over his first 5 seasons gave him an average of 30.3 points, 10.4 rebounds, and 10.6 assists per game.[35] Westbrook finished the 2016–17 season averaging 31.6 points, 10.7 rebounds, and 10.4 assists.[36]
Most triple-doubles in a single season: In 2016–17, Russell Westbrook (Oklahoma City Thunder) recorded 42 triple-doubles.[34][37]
Most triple-doubles in road games in a single season: Russell Westbrook (Oklahoma City Thunder) recorded 17 of 42 triple-doubles in away games.[38]
Most 50-point triple-doubles in a single season: Russell Westbrook (Oklahoma City Thunder) recorded three 50-point triple-doubles in the 2016–17 season. James Harden is the other player to record more than one 50-point triple double with two in the same season.[38] It is more than likely that Wilt Chamberlain recorded many 50-point triple-doubles during his historic 1961-62 NBA season, but they remain unofficial, as steals and blocked shots were not yet recorded as official statistics.[33]

text:
Most triple-doubles in a single season

Rank
Name
Triple-doubles
Team
NBA season

1
Russell Westbrook
42
Oklahoma City Thunder
2016–17

2
Oscar Robertson
41
Cincinnati Royals
1961–62

3
Wilt Chamberlain
31
Philadelphia 76ers
1967–68

4
Robertson
26
Cincinnati Royals
1960–61

Robertson
26
Cincinnati Royals
1963–64

6
Robertson
22
Cincinnati Royals
1964–65

Chamberlain
22
Philadelphia 76ers
1966–67

James Harden
22
Houston Rockets
2016–17

9
Robertson
20
Cincinnati Royals
1962–63

10
Magic Johnson
18
Los Angeles Lakers
1981–82

Westbrook
18
Oklahoma City Thunder
2015–16

12
Johnson
17
Los Angeles Lakers
1988–89

13
Fat Lever
16
Denver Nuggets
1985–86

14
Michael Jordan
15
Chicago Bulls
1988–89

15
Johnson
13
Los Angeles Lakers
1987–88

Johnson
13
Los Angeles Lakers
1990–91

Grant Hill
13
Detroit Pistons
1996–97

Jason Kidd
13
New Jersey Nets
2007–08

Draymond Green
13
Golden State Warriors
2015–16

LeBron James
13
Cleveland Cavaliers
2016–17

20
Kidd
12
New Jersey Nets
2006–07

text:
Most triple-doubles in NBA playoffs: Magic Johnson recorded 30 playoff triple-doubles over his career; LeBron James is second with 19.[39]
Most triple-doubles in NBA Finals: James recorded 9 Finals triple-doubles over his career.
Averaging a triple-double in an NBA Finals: James (Cleveland Cavaliers), in the 2017 Finals, averaged 33.6 points, 12.0 rebounds, and 10.0 assists per game.
Youngest player: James (Cleveland Cavaliers), aged 20 years and 20 days, logged a triple-double on January 19, 2005, versus the Portland Trail Blazers. He had 27 points, 11 rebounds, and 10 assists.[40]
Oldest player: Karl Malone (Los Angeles Lakers), aged 40 years and 127 days—the only 40-year-old player to do so—logged a triple-double on November 28, 2003, versus the San Antonio Spurs. He had 10 points, 11 rebounds, and 10 assists.[41]
Fastest triple-double: Jim Tucker (Syracuse Nationals), holds the record for the fastest triple double. On February 20, 1955, Tucker, in his rookie year, recorded the mark in just 17 minutes. He finished the game with 12 points, 10 rebounds and 12 assists in a 104-84 win over the New York Knicks.[42]
Double-triple-double[43] (at least 20 of any 3 statistics): Wilt Chamberlain (Philadelphia 76ers) is the only player to have accomplished this; in a February 2, 1968 game versus Detroit Pistons, Chamberlain tallied 22 points, 25 rebounds, and 21 assists.[44]
Most points scored in a triple-double: Russell Westbrook (Oklahoma City Thunder) holds the record for the most points scored in a triple-double with 57 points, 13 rebounds, and 11 assists on March 29, 2017 against the Orlando Magic in overtime. The previous record was 53 points, by both Wilt Chamberlain and James Harden.[45]
Triple-double not including points: The only such triple-double occurred on February 10, 2017, when Draymond Green (Golden State Warriors) scored only 4 points, but collected 12 rebounds, 10 assists, and 10 steals against the Memphis Grizzlies.[46]
Longest continuous streak of triple-doubles: Chamberlain (Philadelphia 76ers) holds the record for the most consecutive triple-doubles. In 1968, from March 8 to March 20, he recorded a triple-double in nine straight games.[47] The second longest streak is seven, a record jointly held by Robertson, Michael Jordan, and Westbrook.[48][49][50]
Triple-doubles by teammates: Has occurred three times in the NBA.

March 14, 1964, Detroit Pistons Donnie Butcher had 19 points, 15 rebounds, and 15 assists and Ray Scott had 23 points, 20 rebounds, and 11 assists against the New York Knicks.[51]
January 3, 1989, Chicago Bulls Michael Jordan had 41 points, 11 assists, and 10 rebounds and Scottie Pippen had 15 points, 12 assists, and 10 rebounds against the Los Angeles Clippers.[52]
April 7, 2007, New Jersey Nets Vince Carter had 46 points, 16 rebounds, and 10 assists and Jason Kidd had 10 points, 16 rebounds, and 18 assists against the Washington Wizards.[53]

Triple-doubles by opponents: This has occurred only ten times since 1983–84, four times involving Jason Kidd (while playing for three different teams):[33]

Magic Johnson and Jeff Ruland (Los Angeles at Washington, February 10, 1984)[54]
Kidd and Clyde Drexler (Dallas at Houston, April 11, 1995)[55]
Kidd and Drexler (Phoenix at Houston, March 22, 1997)[56]
Gary Payton and Chris Webber (Seattle at Sacramento, April 18, 2000)[57]
Kidd and Jay Williams (New Jersey at Chicago, November 9, 2002)[58]
Kidd and Tracy McGrady (New Jersey at Orlando, February 23, 2003)[59]
Caron Butler and Baron Davis (Washington at Golden State, November 23, 2007)[60]
Victor Oladipo and Michael Carter-Williams (Orlando at Philadelphia, December 3, 2013 (2 OT))[61]

Oladipo and Carter-Williams were both rookies when accomplishing the feat, marking the first and only time in NBA history that two rookies have recorded triple-doubles in the same game. These were the first career triple-doubles for both players. The last time that two players had recorded their first career triple-doubles in the same game was when Detroit Pistons Donnie Butcher and Ray Scott did it on March 14, 1964 (they were not rookies).[62]

Russell Westbrook and Giannis Antetokounmpo (Oklahoma City at Milwaukee, March 6, 2016)[63]
LeBron James and Stephen Curry (Cleveland at Golden State, June 4, 2017)

text: NCAA Division I[edit]

text:
Most triple-doubles in a career:

Men's: Kyle Collinsworth (BYU) with 12 — six in 2014–15 and six again as a senior in 2015–16.[64] Prior to the triple-double being tracked as an NCAA statistic, Oscar Robertson (Cincinnati) had 10—five in 1958–59 and five in 1959–60.[65]
Women's: Suzie McConnell (Penn State, 1984–88) and Louella Tomlinson (Saint Mary's, 2007–11), each with 7.[66]

Consecutive triple-doubles in a single season: David Edwards (Texas A&M), Penny Hardaway (Memphis State), Tony Lee (Robert Morris), Gerald Lewis (SMU), Shaquille O’Neal (LSU), and Kevin Roberson (Vermont) each recorded two consecutive games with a triple-double.[67]

Hardaway had back-to-back triple-doubles for Memphis State (now Memphis) during the 1992–93 season. He recorded 21 points, 15 assists, and 14 rebounds against Georgia State on January 4, 1993 and then recorded 26 points, 12 rebounds, and 10 assists against Vanderbilt on January 6, 1993.[68]

Most triple-doubles in a single season:

Men's: Kyle Collinsworth (BYU), with six – performed twice: in the 2014–15 season, and again in 2015–16.[64]
Women's: Danielle Carson (Youngstown State), also with six in the 1985–86 season.[66]

Triple-doubles in NCAA tournament history: The NCAA began keeping track of assists for men's basketball in 1984, then blocks and steals in 1986, so officially this has occurred eight times. However, many tournaments had included assists, steals and blocks in their official boxscores prior to that time, so unofficially this has occurred sixteen times.[69] Only three pre-1986 triple-doubles are included below.

text:
Name
Team
Score
Opponent
Round
Date
Minutes
played
Points
Rebounds
Assists
Steals
Blocks
Reference

Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson
Cincinnati
98–85
Louisville
Third place
000000001959-03-21-0000March 21, 1959
39
39
17
10
—
—
[70]

Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson
Michigan State
95–64
Lamar
Second round
000000001979-03-10-0000March 10, 1979
35
13
17
10

Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson
Michigan State
101–67
Penn
Final Four
000000001979-03-24-0000March 24, 1979
35
29
10
10
3
0
[70]

Grant, GaryGary Grant
Michigan
97–109
North Carolina
Second round
000000001987-03-14-0000March 14, 1987
39
24
10
10
1
0
[71]

O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal
LSU
94–83
BYU
First round
000000001992-03-19-0000March 19, 1992
31
26
13
4
1
11
[70]

Cain, DavidDavid Cain
St. John's
85–67
Texas Tech
First round
000000001993-03-18-0000March 18, 1993
37
12
11
11
1
0
[72]

Miller, AndreAndre Miller
Utah
76–51
Arizona
Elite Eight
000000001998-03-21-0000March 21, 1998
36
18
14
13
2
1
[70]

Wade, DwyaneDwyane Wade
Marquette
83–69
Kentucky
Elite Eight
000000002003-03-29-0000March 29, 2003
35
29
11
11
1
4
[70]

Aldrich, ColeCole Aldrich
Kansas
60–43
Dayton
Second round
000000002009-03-22-0000March 22, 2009
31
13
20
1
0
10
[73]

Green, DraymondDraymond Green
Michigan State
76–78
UCLA
First round
000000002011-03-17-0000March 17, 2011
37
23
11
10
4
0
[74]

Green, DraymondDraymond Green
Michigan State
89–67
Long Island
Second round
000000002012-03-16-0000March 16, 2012
35
24
12
10
1
0
[75]

text:
Others

Kalara McFadyen of the Memphis Lady Tigers achieved perhaps the most unusual triple-double in history, and she did it without scoring a point or even attempting a shot. On February 3, 2002, in a women's Division I game against Charlotte, she had 12 assists, 10 steals, and 10 rebounds.[76][77]

text: Quadruple-double[edit]

text: A quadruple-double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double digit number total in four of five statistical categories—points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocked shots—in a game.[78] This feat is extremely rare:[78][79] only four players have officially recorded a quadruple-double in National Basketball Association (NBA) history. The first American male player above the high school level to officially record a quadruple-double was Nate Thurmond, who achieved this feat in 1974 while playing for the NBA's Chicago Bulls. The first American female player above the high school level to officially record a quadruple-double was Ann Meyers, who achieved this feat in 1978 while playing for the UCLA Bruins, when women's college sports were under the auspices of the AIAW.[80] The first male player in NCAA Division I history to record a quadruple-double was Lester Hudson in 2007.[81] The first Division I women's player to have officially recorded a quadruple-double since the NCAA began sponsoring women's sports in 1981–82 was Veronica Pettry of Loyola of Chicago in 1989; only two other women have done so since, and none since 1993. An earlier player, Jackie Spencer of Louisville, accomplished the feat against Cincinnati during the 1984–85 season, but the NCAA did not record assists and steals throughout Division I women's basketball at that time. The Metro Conference, then home to both schools, did officially record these statistics, but the NCAA did not start doing so until 1985–86 for assists and 1987–88 for steals.[66]

text: NBA[edit]

text: Quadruple-doubles have only been possible since the 1973–74 season, when the NBA started recording both blocked shots and steals. It is often speculated by observers that other all-time greats, namely Oscar Robertson (all time triple-doubles leader with 181[82][83]), Wilt Chamberlain, Bill Russell and Jerry West could conceivably have had quadruple-doubles.[79] West's biography at NBA.com claims that he once recorded an unofficial quadruple-double with 44 points, 12 rebounds, 10 assists and 10 blocks.[84] A biography of Wilt Chamberlain claims that he also recorded an unofficial quadruple-double in Game 1 of the 1967 Eastern Division Finals against the Boston Celtics, when he had 24 points, 32 rebounds, 13 assists and 12 blocks.[85]

text: The reason why [the quadruple-double] is such a hard thing to accomplish is because it requires a player to be completely dominant on both ends of the court without being too selfish—so he can get the assists—and without fouling out trying to block every shot or grab every rebound. A lot of guys can get the points, rebounds and assists, but it's the defensive stuff that messes everybody up. You have to love defense to get a quadruple-double. There's no way around it.

text: The four players listed below are the only players who have officially recorded a quadruple-double in an NBA game. Except for Thurmond, who retired before the award was established in 1983, all of them have won NBA Defensive Player of the Year at least once.[86]

text:
Name
Date
Team
Score
Opponent
Min
Points
Reb
Assists
Steals
Blocks
Overtime
Ref

Thurmond, NateNate Thurmond*
000000001974-10-18-0000October 18, 1974
Chicago Bulls
120–115
Atlanta Hawks
45
22
14
13
0 or 1
12
Yes (OT)
[87]

Robertson, AlvinAlvin Robertson
000000001986-02-18-0000February 18, 1986
San Antonio Spurs
120–114
Phoenix Suns
36
20
11
10
10
0
No
[88]

Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon*
000000001990-03-29-0000March 29, 1990
Houston Rockets
120–94
Milwaukee Bucks
40
18
16
10
1
11
No
[89]

Robinson, DavidDavid Robinson*
000000001994-02-17-0000February 17, 1994
San Antonio Spurs
115–96
Detroit Pistons
43
34
10
10
2
10
No
[90]

text: Only seven other players (one did it twice) have managed to finish with triple-doubles and a total of 9 in a fourth statistical category (statistical categories in which they fell short are in bold):

text:
Name
Date
Team
Opponent
Minutes
played
Points
Rebounds
Assists
Steals
Blocks
Overtime
Reference

Barry, RickRick Barry*
000000001974-10-29-0000October 29, 1974
Golden State Warriors
Buffalo Braves
43
30
10
11
9
—
No
[91][92]

Steele, LarryLarry Steele
000000001974-11-16-0000November 16, 1974
Portland Trail Blazers
Los Angeles Lakers
44
12
11
9
10
—
No
[93][94]

Moore, JohnnyJohnny Moore
000000001985-01-08-0000January 8, 1985
San Antonio Spurs
Golden State Warriors
36
26
11
13
9
—
No
[95]

Bird, LarryLarry Bird*[a]
000000001985-02-18-0000February 18, 1985
Boston Celtics
Utah Jazz
33
30
12
10
9
—
No
[96][97]

Richardson, Micheal RayMicheal Ray Richardson
000000001985-10-30-0000October 30, 1985
New Jersey Nets
Indiana Pacers
54
38
11
11
9
—
Yes (3 OT)
[98]

Drexler, ClydeClyde Drexler*
000000001986-01-10-0000January 10, 1986
Portland Trail Blazers
Milwaukee Bucks
42
26
9
11
10
—
No
[94]

Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon*[b]
000000001990-03-03-0000March 3, 1990
Houston Rockets
Golden State Warriors
40
29
18
9[b]
5
11
No
[99]

Drexler, ClydeClyde Drexler*
000000001996-11-01-0000November 1, 1996
Houston Rockets
Sacramento Kings
42
25
10
9
10
—
No
[100]

text: Notes

text:
a Bird sat out the entire fourth quarter. After three quarters, head coach K. C. Jones informed Bird that he was one steal away from a quadruple-double and asked if he wanted to stay in the game. Bird declined, saying that he "already did enough damage."[101][102]
b Olajuwon was credited with 9 assists in the original box score. However, after Rockets officials reviewed the game tape and discovered what they believe was an uncredited assist in the first quarter, they revised the box score, crediting Olajuwon with 10 assists and the third quadruple-double in NBA history. NBA's director of operations, Rod Thorn, requested to review the tape. After reviewing the tape, the league disallowed Olajuwon's quadruple-double and announced that his original line—with 9 assists—is official.[103][104]

text: Other men's basketball[edit]

text: Accurate as of April 2017[update]

text:
League
Name
Date
Team
Opponent
Points
Rebounds
Assists
Steals
Blocks
Overtime
Reference

French National League
Lewis, DerrickDerrick Lewis[c]
000000001990-02-24-0000February 24, 1990
Reims
Lorient
20
11
—
12
10
No
[105]

National Basketball League (Australia)
Rowe, DarenDaren Rowe[d]
000000001990-01-01-00001990
Geelong Supercats
North Melbourne Giants
25
17
11
—
11
No
[106]

Chinese Basketball Association
Hu Xuefeng
000000002004-12-08-0000December 8, 2004
Jiangsu Dragons
Yunnan Bulls
16
10
12
10
—
No
[107]

FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship
Rubio, RickyRicky Rubio
000000002006-08-19-0000August 19, 2006
Spain
Croatia
19
10
13
11
—
No
[108]

Metropolitan Basketball Association
Belano, DonbelDonbel Belano
000000001999-08-14-0000August 14, 1999
Davao Eagles
Nueva Ecija Patriots
19
11
11
10
—
No
[108]

American Basketball Association (2000–)
Staten, JamelJamel Staten
000000002007-02-02-0000February 2, 2007
Minnesota Ripknees
St. Louis Stunners
17
11
11
10
—
No
[109]

NCAA Division I men
Hudson, LesterLester Hudson[e]
000000002007-11-13-0000November 13, 2007
UT Martin
Central Baptist
25
12
10
10
1
No
[81][110]

Continental Basketball Association
Blackburn, JermaineJermaine Blackburn
000000002008-12-20-0000December 20, 2008
East Kentucky Miners
West Virginia Wild
22
10
14
10
—
No
[111]

High school boys
Benimon, JerrelleJerrelle Benimon
000000002009-02-17-0000February 17, 2009
Fauquier HS
Osbourn HS
13
17
11
—
10
No
[112]

Chinese Basketball Association
Williams, ChrisChris Williams
000000002009-12-25-0000December 25, 2009
Qingdao Doublestar
Dongguan Leopards
15
11
11
11
—
No
[113]

High school boys
Isaiah Grant
000000002014-12-06-0000December 6, 2014
Sequoia Pathway Academy
Berean Academy
11
10
10
10
–
No
[114]

NJCAA
Clifford Wilson
000000001979-02-14-0000February 14, 1979
Fulton-Montgomery
Hudson Valley
31
18
10
—
15
No

NJCAA
Monroe Pippins
000000001995-02-09-0000February 9, 1995
Fulton-Montgomery
Herkimer
34
17
10
11
—
No

Ukrainian First league
Vitaliy Bykov
000000002016-12-17-0000December 17, 2016
BC Zaporizhya-2
BC Kramatorsk
14
13
11
12
—
No
[115]

Liga Super Basketball U-18
Natan Oliveira
000000002017-04-08-0000April 8, 2017
Colégio Sul Americano
Rappers
32
11
10
16
—
No
[116]

text: Notes

text:
c This is the only quadruple-double in French National League history.[105]
d This is the only quadruple-double in National Basketball League history.[106]
e This is the only quadruple-double in NCAA Division I men's basketball history.[81] The opponent, Central Baptist, plays in the NAIA.

text: Women's basketball[edit]

text: Accurate as of June 2016

text:
League
Name
Date
Team
Opponent
Points
Rebounds
Assists
Steals
Blocks
Reference

American Basketball League
Black, DebbieDebbie Black
000000001996-12-08-0000December 8, 1996
Colorado Xplosion
Atlanta Glory
10
14
12
10
—
[117][118]

Israeli Basketball Super League
Brown, EdwinaEdwina Brown
000000002008-12-01-0000December 2008
Ramat Hen
Hapoel Holon
22
10
10
10
—
[119]

Greek Women's Basketball League
Dimitrakou, ZoiZoi Dimitrakou
000000002009-03-22-0000March 22, 2009
G.S. Megas Alexandros
Aris Holargou
49
18
10
12
—
[120]

Russian Premier League
Kalmykova, MariaMaria Kalmykova
000000002001-01-21-0000January 21, 2001
Chevakata Vologda
Dynamo Kursk
20
15
11
—
11
[121]

European U16 Championship
Verameyenka, AnastasiyaAnastasiya Verameyenka
000000002003-04-20-0000April 20, 2003
Belarus U16 NT
Czech U16 NT
21
10
—
10
12
[122]

AIAW Division I women
Meyers, AnnAnn Meyers
000000001978-02-18-0000February 18, 1978
UCLA
Stephen F. Austin
20
14
10
10
—
[80]

NCAA Division I women
Pettry, VeronicaVeronica Pettry
000000001989-03-04-0000March 4, 1989
Loyola (Chicago)
Detroit
12
10
22
11
—
[123]

NCAA Division I women
Jones, RamonaRamona Jones
000000001991-01-14-0000January 14, 1991
Lamar
UCF
10
10
10
12
—
[123]

NCAA Division I women
Tate, SonjaSonja Tate
000000001993-01-27-0000January 27, 1993
Arkansas State
Mississippi Valley State
29
14
10
10
—
[123]

NCAA Division III women
Esteves, EvitaEvita Esteves
000000002004-02-05-0000February 5, 2004
Emmanuel (MA)
Johnson & Wales
10
10
11
13
—
[124][125]

NCAA Division III women
Purnell, DannaDanna Purnell
000000002007-02-10-0000February 10, 2007
SUNY-Old Westbury
New Rochelle
14
10
11
13
—
[124][126]

NCAA Division III women
Williams, LatiquaLatiqua Williams
000000002008-11-16-0000November 16, 2008
Bard
New Rochelle
21
13
10
11
—
[127]

Ukrainian Professional Basketball League
Iagupova, AlinaAlina Iagupova
000000002011-05-15-0000May 15, 2011
BC Dnipro
Luhanski Lastivky
28
15
13
10
—
Stats

text: Quintuple-double[edit]

text: A quintuple-double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double-digit number total in all five statistical categories—points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocked shots—-in a single game.[128] There are only two known quintuple-doubles, both only done at the high-school level. The first was recorded by Tamika Catchings of Duncanville High School (Duncanville, Texas) with 25 points, 18 rebounds, 11 assists, 10 steals and 10 blocks in 1997.[129] The second was by Aimee Oertner of Northern Lehigh High School (Slatington, Pennsylvania), who had 26 points, 20 rebounds, 10 assists, 10 steals, and 11 blocks on January 7, 2012.[130]

text: Five-by-five[edit]

text: A five-by-five is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a total of five in five statistical categories—points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocks—in a single game.[131] Statistics for steals and blocks were not kept in the NBA until the 1973–74 season, so NBA five-by-fives were only possible from that season onward. Hakeem Olajuwon (six times) and Andrei Kirilenko (three times) are the only players to have recorded multiple five-by-fives (based on records since the 1984–85 season).[131] Both are also the only players to record five-by-sixes (at least six in all five statistical categories).[131] Only twice has a five-by-five coincided with a triple-double (both by Olajuwon) and only three times has a player recorded a five-by-five without registering at least a double-double (two by Kirilenko and one by Marcus Camby).

text: NBA[edit]

text: The following is a list of known five-by-fives. Note the list contains all five-by-fives since the 1984–85 season, as well as one before. There may be other five-by-fives in the NBA that occurred before the 1984–85 season.

text:
Name
Date
Age
Team
Score
Opponent
Points
Rebounds
Assists
Steals
Blocks
Overtime
Reference

Erving, JuliusJulius Erving
000000001979-12-05-0000December 5, 1979
7004108780000000000♠29 years, 286 days
Philadelphia 76ers
132–120
San Antonio Spurs
28
7
10
5
5
No
[132][133][134]

Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon
000000001987-03-10-0000March 10, 1987
7003881400000000000♠24 years, 48 days
Houston Rockets
127–136
Seattle SuperSonics
38
17
6
7
12
Yes (2OT)
[135]

Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon
000000001990-03-03-0000March 3, 1990
7003990300000000000♠27 years, 41 days
Houston Rockets
129–109
Golden State Warriors
29
18
9
5
11
No
[99]

Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon
000000001992-04-11-0000April 11, 1992
7004106730000000000♠29 years, 81 days
Houston Rockets
92–99
Dallas Mavericks
19
13
6
5
5
No
[136]

Robinson, DavidDavid Robinson
000000001992-11-10-0000November 10, 1992
7003995800000000000♠27 years, 96 days
San Antonio Spurs
104–98
Milwaukee Bucks
29
9
5
5
10
No
[137]

Coleman, DerrickDerrick Coleman
000000001993-01-15-0000January 15, 1993
7003934000000000000♠25 years, 208 days
New Jersey Nets
110–105
Philadelphia 76ers
21
10
7
5
5
Yes (OT)
[138]

Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon
000000001993-04-22-0000April 22, 1993
7004110490000000000♠30 years, 91 days
Houston Rockets
112–110
Minnesota Timberwolves
33
13
5
5
5
Yes (OT)
[139]

Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon
000000001993-11-05-0000November 5, 1993
7004112460000000000♠30 years, 288 days
Houston Rockets
110–88
New Jersey Nets
24
19
6
5
5
No
[140]

Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon
000000001993-12-30-0000December 30, 1993
7004113010000000000♠30 years, 343 days
Houston Rockets
110–104
Minnesota Timberwolves
34
10
5
5
8
No
[141]

Divac, VladeVlade Divac
000000001995-02-22-0000February 22, 1995
7003988100000000000♠27 years, 19 days
Los Angeles Lakers
112–100
Philadelphia 76ers
19
12
8
5
5
No
[142]

Tinsley, JamaalJamaal Tinsley
000000002001-11-16-0000November 16, 2001
7003866200000000000♠23 years, 261 days
Indiana Pacers
113–120
Minnesota Timberwolves
12
9
15
6
5
Yes (2OT)
[143]

Kirilenko, AndreiAndrei Kirilenko
000000002003-12-03-0000December 3, 2003
7003832300000000000♠22 years, 288 days
Utah Jazz
101–107
Houston Rockets
19
5
7
8
5
Yes (OT)
[144]

Kirilenko, AndreiAndrei Kirilenko
000000002003-12-10-0000December 10, 2003
7003833000000000000♠22 years, 295 days
Utah Jazz
95–73
New York Knicks
10
12
6
6
5
No
[145]

Camby, MarcusMarcus Camby
000000002004-01-09-0000January 9, 2004
7004108850000000000♠29 years, 293 days
Denver Nuggets
106–96
Utah Jazz
8
11
5
5
8
No
[146]

Kirilenko, AndreiAndrei Kirilenko
000000002006-01-03-0000January 3, 2006
7003908500000000000♠24 years, 319 days
Utah Jazz
90–80
Los Angeles Lakers
14
8
9
6
7
No
[147]

Batum, NicolasNicolas Batum
000000002012-12-16-0000December 16, 2012
7003876800000000000♠24 years, 2 days
Portland Trail Blazers
95–94
New Orleans Hornets
11
5
10
5
5
No
[148]

Green, DraymondDraymond Green
000000002015-12-11-0000December 11, 2015
7003941300000000000♠25 years, 282 days
Golden State Warriors
124–119
Boston Celtics
24
11
8
5
5
Yes (2OT)
[149]

text: Facts[edit]

text: All facts based on data since 1985–86:

text:
Greatest five-by-fives (most of each stat): Hakeem Olajuwon, on March 10, 1987, became the first in NBA history to record a five-by-six (at least 6 each of all five statistics: points, rebounds, assists, blocks, steals).[150] It took nearly twenty years for the second official occurrence in NBA history. Andrei Kirilenko, on January 3, 2006, recorded a five-by-six against the Lakers. Though his numbers were not quite as impressive as Olajuwon's, Kirilenko performed the feat in regulation.
Most five-by-fives in a career: Hakeem Olajuwon leads all players with 6 career five-by-fives.[131] Andrei Kirilenko, with 3, is the only other player with more than one career five-by-five.
Most five-by-fives in the same season: Only twice has a player recorded two five-by-fives in a season. Olajuwon in the 1993–94 season, and Kirilenko in the 2003–04 season.
Quickest pair of five-by-fives: Kirilenko performed a five-by-five on December 3, 2003, and completed another just a week later, on December 10, 2003. The second quickest five-by-fives were completed by Olajuwon on November 5, 1993 and another, 55 days later, on December 30, 1993.
Youngest player: Kirilenko's first NBA five-by-five came on December 3, 2003, making him the youngest to record a five-by-five at age 7003832300000000000♠22 years, 288 days.
Oldest player: Olajuwon is the oldest player to record a five-by-five. His last career five-by-five came on December 30, 1993, at which time he was 7004113010000000000♠30 years, 343 days old.


document_title: The Wiggles characters

question_text: who does the voice of dorothy the dinosaur

text: The Wiggles characters

text: Dorothy the Dinosaur[edit]

text:
Dorothy the Dinosaur

Genre
Children's television series

Country of origin
Australia

Original language(s)
English

No. of seasons
3

No. of episodes
100

Production

Running time
7 minutes

Release

Picture format
576i (SDTV)
1080i (HDTV)

Audio format
Stereo

Original release
2007 – 2010

External links

Website
www.thewiggles.com.au

text: Dorothy is a "rososaurus", a "yellow-spotted herbivorous green dinosaur with surprisingly scary teeth".[1] She lives in a pink and purple house with her own Rosy Orchestra and a rose garden in her backyard. She loves to eat roses and dance the ballet.[1] She enjoys serving guests rose-derived treats such as "rosy-posy tea".[2]

text: Murray Cook created Dorothy from his experiences in working at a preschool, sensing a need to make up some good dinosaur songs.[3] Dorothy was part of the band's early stage shows, and was originally played by Cook, then Wiggles choreographer Leeanne Ashley, and Wiggles dancers such as Caterina Mete and Lyn Stuckey.[4][5] Ashley was Dorothy's first full-time portrayer; according to Field, she "wrote the blueprint"[6] for the character. Ashley developed movements that conveyed Dorothy's unique personality.[6] South Australian Carolyn Ferrie, an opera singer and dancer, has provided Dorothy's voice from 1997 to 2009.[note 1] when she worked with Anthony Field on an Irish music Wiggles CD.[7] Ferrie described Dorothy as "a dinosaur superstar ... very open, friendly, and warm. She is like a mother figure even though she is only meant to be five, and kids really respond to her ... She is calm and mothering but friendly as well. She's young and still playful but has got a motherly feeling to her".[7] Ferrie insisted that Dorothy "is number one after the boys including Captain Feathersword, in terms of who kids say they love".[7] Dorothy has a distinctive, trill-like, descending laugh created by Ferrie.[2][7]

text: In 1996, shortly before moving into American markets, The Wiggles discovered that someone in Maine had registered Dorothy as a trademark, so they reached an agreement and paid a settlement.[8] In 2007, Dorothy began to star in her own television show in Australia.[7] The show had a distinct look and sound. Whereas The Wiggles' TV shows were "hyper-real and cartoonish" and had a pop sound, Dorothy's show was "really rich and beautiful looking" and based its sound on orchestral music.[9] Dorothy was the focus of her own touring production, which performed in smaller cities The Wiggles could not perform. The production, based upon the TV show, was written by Field, and Moran was the host of this show before he joined the band. Lyn Stuckey, who later married Moran, played Dorothy.[10][11]

text: Dorothy the Dinosaur TV series videos[edit]

text:
Dorothy the Dinosaur's Party (2007)
Dorothy the Dinosaur – Memory Book (2008) (known in US as The Wiggles Present Dorothy the Dinosaur)
Dorothy the Dinosaur Meets Santa Claus (2009) (Cartoon)
Dorothy the Dinosaur – Rockin' Christmas (2010)
Dorothy the Dinosaur – TV Series 1 (2010)
Dorothy the Dinosaur's Travelling Show (2011)
Dorothy The Dinosaur's Wonderful World (2012)
Dorothy The Dinosaur's Beach Party (2012)

text: Captain Feathersword[edit]

text: Captain Feathersword, "the friendly pirate", wears a hat, patch, and puffy shirt and wields a "feathersword".[12][13] The Captain was created because The Wiggles understood that young children like pirates; they gave him a "feathersword" because they wanted him to be nonviolent.[14] Field originated the role, but in 1993, when he had to undergo a hernia operation, the role, along with Wags the Dog and the Blue Wiggle, was played by Paul Paddick.[15] Paddick would later play Captain Feathersword on a more permanent basis. At first, Paddick's role was minor, but it eventually evolved into a role so significant that he has been called "the Fifth Wiggle".[13] Field described Paddick as "just as funny offstage as on",[14] For many parents, his vocal impersonations were "the high point of the Wiggles stage show" and included singers Mick Jagger, Cher, Plácido Domingo and James Hetfield.[12]

text: Henry the Octopus[edit]

text: Introduced in 1992, Henry the Octopus, who directs an underwater band and loves to dance with his eight legs".[1] He was named after Tony Henry, the drummer in The Cockroaches, who also provided The Wiggles with musical support throughout the years.[16] The character was developed by Fatt, who originally served as Henry's voice. Paul Paddick took over the role of the voice in the mid-2000s.[17] He has appeared as both a puppet and a mascot, the latter of which has been played by various dancers on staff.

text: Wags the Dog[edit]

text: Wags is a tall, brown, furry dog with floppy ears and a happy face.[1] He "loves to sing and dance and kids bring 'bones' that the Wiggly dancers collect from the audience".[1] The last of the four characters to be introduced, Wags was originally played by Field. Fatt provided the original barking noises for Wags before Paul Field, general manager of The Wiggles and brother of Blue Wiggle Anthony took over. Mic Conway of The Captain Matchbox Whoopee Band fame, has provided Wags's full-spoken dialogue. [12][18]

text: Minor characters[edit]

text: For the stage shows, The Wiggles have used two 16-metre (52 ft) trucks, three tour buses, a cast of 13 dancers, and 10 permanent crew members.[19] The "Wiggly Dancers" have always made up a major part of the Wiggles shows and TV programs and play many of the minor roles. Minor characters of note include The Cook (portrayed by Anthony Field's father, John, and Crowded House drummer Paul Hester),[20] Professor Singalottasonga (played by Sam Moran),[21] Flora Door, Magdalena the Mermaid and Officer Beaples (played by former Wiggles choreographer Leanne Halloran).[22]

text: Works cited[edit]

text: Field, Anthony; Truman, Greg (2012). How I Got My Wiggle Back: A Memoir of Healing. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. 272pp. ISBN 978-1-118-01933-7.

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ John Field's wife Jacqueline, provided Dorothy's voice during their Lights, Camera, Action TV series from 2002-2003, and Emma Buter has provided singing on some of their albums prior to Ferrie.