document_title: North Dakota

question_text: what state is directly west of north dakota

question_tokens: what state is directly west of north dakota

text: North Dakota

text: Geography[edit]

text: North Dakota is in the U.S. region known as the Great Plains. The state shares the Red River of the North with Minnesota to the east. South Dakota is to the south, Montana is to the west, and the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba are to the north. North Dakota is situated near the middle of North America with a stone marker in Rugby, North Dakota marking the "Geographic Center of the North American Continent". With an area of 70,762 square miles (183,273 km2),[8] North Dakota is the 19th largest state.[9]

text: The western half of the state consists of the hilly Great Plains as well as the northern part of the Badlands, which are to the west of the Missouri River. The state's high point, White Butte at 3,506 feet (1,069 m), and Theodore Roosevelt National Park[10] are in the Badlands. The region is abundant in fossil fuels including natural gas, crude oil and lignite coal. The Missouri River forms Lake Sakakawea, the third largest artificial lake in the United States, behind the Garrison Dam.[11]

text: The central region of the state is divided into the Drift Prairie and the Missouri Plateau. The eastern part of the state consists of the flat Red River Valley, the bottom of glacial Lake Agassiz. Its fertile soil, drained by the meandering Red River flowing northward into Lake Winnipeg, supports a large agriculture industry.[12] Devils Lake, the largest natural lake in the state, is also found in the east.[13]

text: Eastern North Dakota is overall flat; however, there are significant hills and buttes in western North Dakota. Most of the state is covered in grassland; crops cover most of eastern North Dakota but become increasingly sparse in the center and farther west. Natural trees in North Dakota are found usually where there is good drainage, such as the ravines and valley near the Pembina Gorge and Killdeer Mountains, the Turtle Mountains, the hills around Devil's Lake, in the dunes area of McHenry County in central North Dakota, and along the Sheyenne Valley slopes and the Sheyenne delta. This diverse terrain supports nearly 2,000 species of plants.[14]

text: Climate[edit]

text: North Dakota has a continental climate with hot summers and cold winters. The temperature differences are quite significant because of its far inland position and being in the center of the Northern Hemisphere, with roughly equal distances to the North Pole and the Equator. As such, summers are almost subtropical in nature, but winters are cold enough to ensure plant hardiness is very low.

text:
Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in North Dakota[15]

Location

July (°F)

July (°C)

January (°F)

January (°C)

Fargo
82/59
28/15
18/0
−7/−17

Bismarck
84/57
29/14
23/2
−5/−16

Grand Forks
81/56
27/13
16/−3
−8/−19

Minot
81/58
27/14
21/3
−6/−16

Williston
84/56
29/13
22/0
−5/−17

Dickinson
83/55
28/12
26/6
−3/−14

Mandan
84/57
29/14
20/−1
−6/−18

text: History[edit]

text: Native American peoples lived in what is now North Dakota for thousands of years before the coming of Europeans. The known tribes included the Mandan people (maybe from around the 11th century),[16] while the first Hidatsa group arrived a few hundred years later.[17] They both assembled in villages on tributaries to Missouri River in what would become the west central North Dakota. Crow Indians travelled the plains from the west to visit and trade with the related Hidatsas[16] after the split between them - probably in the 17th century.[18] Later came divisions of the Dakota people - the Lakota, the Santee and the Yanktonai. The Assiniboine and the Plains Cree undertook southward journeys to the village Indians, either for trade or for war.[16][19] The Shoshone Indians in present-day Wyoming and Montana may have carried out attacks on Indian enemies as far east as the Missouri.[20] A group of Cheyennes lived in a village of earth lodges at the lower Sheyenne River (Biesterfeldt Site) for decades in the 18th century. Due to attacks by Crees, Assiniboines and Chippewas armed with fire weapons, they left the area around 1780 and crossed the Missouri some time after.[21] A band of the few Sotaio Indians lived east of Missouri River and met the uprooted Cheyennes before the end of the century. They soon followed the Cheyennes across the Missouri and lived among them south of Cannonball River.[22] Eventually the Cheyenne and the Sutaio became one tribe and turned into mounted buffalo hunters with ranges mainly outside North Dakota. Before the middle of the 19th century, the Arikara entered the future state from the south and joined the Mandan and Hidatsa.[23] With time, a number of Indians entered into treaties with the United States. Many of the treaties defined the territory of a specific tribe (see the map).

text: The first European to reach the area was the French-Canadian trader Pierre Gaultier, sieur de La Vérendrye, who led an exploration and trading party to the Mandan villages in 1738. guided by Assiniboine Indians.[24]

text: From 1762 to 1802 the region formed part of Spanish Louisiana.[25]

text: European Americans settled in Dakota Territory only sparsely until the late 19th century, when railroads opened up the region. With the advantage of grants of land, they vigorously marketed their properties, extolling the region as ideal for agriculture. Congress passed an omnibus bill for statehood for North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Washington, titled the Enabling Act of 1889, on February 22, 1889 during the administration of President Grover Cleveland. His successor, Benjamin Harrison, signed the proclamations formally admitting North Dakota and South Dakota to the Union on November 2, 1889.[26]

text: The rivalry between the two new states presented a dilemma of which was to be admitted first. Harrison directed Secretary of State James G. Blaine to shuffle the papers and obscure from him which he was signing first. The actual order went unrecorded, thus no one knows which of the Dakotas was admitted first.[27][28] However, since North Dakota alphabetically appears before South Dakota, its proclamation was published first in the Statutes At Large.

text: Unrest among wheat farmers, especially among Norwegian immigrants, led to a populist political movement centered in the Non Partisan League ("NPL") around the time of World War I. The NPL ran candidates on the Republican ticket (but merged into the Democratic Party after World War II). It tried to insulate North Dakota from the power of out-of-state banks and corporations. In addition to founding the state-owned Bank of North Dakota and North Dakota Mill and Elevator (both still in existence), the NPL established a state-owned railroad line (later sold to the Soo Line Railroad). Anti-corporate laws virtually prohibited a corporation or bank from owning title to land zoned as farmland. These laws, still in force today, after having been upheld by state and federal courts, make it almost impossible to foreclose on farmland, as even after foreclosure, the property title cannot be held by a bank or mortgage company.[29][30] Furthermore, the Bank of North Dakota, having powers similar to a Federal Reserve branch bank, exercised its power to limit the issuance of subprime mortgages and their collateralization in the form of derivative instruments, and so prevented a collapse of housing prices within the state in the wake of 2008's financial crisis.[31]

text: The original North Dakota State Capitol in Bismarck burned to the ground on December 28, 1930. It was replaced by a limestone-faced art-deco skyscraper that still stands today.[32] A round of federal investment and construction projects began in the 1950s, including the Garrison Dam and the Minot and Grand Forks Air Force bases.[33]

text: Western North Dakota saw a boom in oil exploration in  the late 1970s and early 1980s, as rising petroleum prices made development profitable.[34] This boom came to an end after petroleum prices declined.[34]

text: In recent years the state has had lower rates of unemployment than the national average, and increased job and population growth.[6][7] Much of the growth has been based on development of the Bakken oil fields in the western part of the state.[5] Estimates as to the remaining amount of oil vary, with some estimating over 100 years worth of oil remaining in the area.[35]

text: For decades, North Dakota's annual murder rate and violent crime rate was regularly the lowest recorded in the United States. In recent years however, whilst still below the national average, crime has risen sharply. In 2016, the violent crime rate was three times higher than in 2004 with the rise mostly occurring in the late 2000s, coinciding with the oil boom era. This happened at a time when the overall US violent crime rate declined slightly.[36] Workers in the oil boom towns have been blamed for much of the increase in crime.[37][38]

text: Demographics[edit]

text: Population[edit]

text: The United States Census Bureau estimates North Dakota's population was 755,393 on July 1, 2017, a 12.3% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[1] This makes North Dakota the U.S. state with the largest percentage in population growth since 2011. The fourth least-populous state in the country, only Alaska, Vermont, and Wyoming have fewer residents.[39]

text: From fewer than 2,000 people in 1870, North Dakota's population grew to near 680,000 by 1930. Growth then slowed, and the population has fluctuated slightly over the past seven decades, hitting a low of 617,761 in the 1970 census, with 642,200 in the 2000 census.[40] Except for Native Americans, the North Dakota population has a lesser percentage of minorities than in the nation as a whole.[41] As of 2011, 20.7% of North Dakota's population younger than age 1 were minorities.[42] The center of population of North Dakota is in Wells County, near Sykeston.[43]

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±
18702,405—188036,9091,434.7%1890190,983417.4%1900319,14667.1%1910577,05680.8%1920646,87212.1%1930680,8455.3%1940641,935−5.7%1950619,636−3.5%1960632,4462.1%1970617,761−2.3%1980652,7175.7%1990638,800−2.1%2000642,2000.5%2010672,5914.7%Est. 2017755,39312.3%Source: 1910–2010[44]2015 Estimate[1]

text: Birth data[edit]

text: Note: Births in table don't add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.

text:
Live Births by Single Race/Ethnicity of Mother

Race

2013[45]

2014[46]

2015[47]

2016[48]

White:

8,940 (84.3%)

9,509 (83.7%)

9,354 (82.7%)

...

> Non-Hispanic White

8,531 (80.5%)

9,036 (79.5%)

8,796 (77.7%)

8,486 (74.5%)

American Indian

1,021 (9.6%)

1,032 (9.1%)

985 (8.7%)

875 (7.7%)

Black

375 (3.5%)

504 (4.4%)

640 (5.6%)

612 (5.4%)

Asian

263 (2.5%)

314 (2.8%)

344 (3.0%)

303 (2.7%)

Hispanic (of any race)

436 (4.1%)

480 (4.2%)

580 (5.1%)

584 (5.1%)

Total North Dakota

10,599 (100%)

11,359 (100%)

11,314 (100%)

11,383 (100%)

text: Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

text: Migration[edit]

text: Throughout the latter half of the nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century, North Dakota, along with most of the midwest, experienced a mass influx of newcomers, from both the eastern United States and immigrants from Europe. North Dakota was a known popular destination for immigrant farmers and general laborers and their families, mostly from Norway, Sweden, Germany and the United Kingdom. Much of this settlement gravitated throughout the western side of the Red River Valley, as was similarly seen in South Dakota and in a parallel manner in Minnesota. This area is well known for its fertile lands. By the outbreak of the First World War, this was among North America's richest farming regions. But a period of higher rainfall ended, and many migrants weren't successful in the arid conditions. Many family plots were too small to farm successfully.

text: From the 1930s until the end of the 20th century, North Dakota's population gradually declined, interrupted by a couple of brief increases. Young adults with university degrees were particularly likely to leave the state.[citation needed] With the advancing process of mechanization of agricultural practices, and environmental conditions requiring larger landholdings for successful agriculture, subsistence farming proved to be too risky for families. Many people moved to urban areas for jobs.[49]

text: Since the late 20th century, one of the major causes of migration from North Dakota is the lack of skilled jobs for college graduates. Expansion of economic development programs has been urged to create skilled and high-tech jobs, but the effectiveness of such programs has been open to debate.[50] During the first decade of the 21st century, the population increased in large part because of jobs in the oil industry related to development of shale-oil fields.[51]

text: Elsewhere, the Native American population has increased as some reservations have attracted people back from urban areas.

text: Immigration

text: North Dakota is one of the top resettlement locations for refugees proportionally. According to the U.S. Office of Refugee Resettlement, in 2013–2014 "more than 68 refugees" per 100,000 North Dakotans were settled in the state.[52]  In fiscal year 2014, 582 refugees settled in the state.[53]  Fargo Mayor Mahoney said North Dakota accepting the most refugees per capita should be celebrated given the benefits they bring to the state.[54]  In 2015, Lutheran Social Services of North Dakota, the state's only resettlement agency, was "awarded $458,090 in federal funding to improve refugee services."[55]

text: Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 3,323 people, and migration within the country produced a net loss of 21,110 people.[56] Of the residents of North Dakota, 69.8% were born in North Dakota, 27.2% were born in a different state, 0.6% were born in Puerto Rico, U.S. Island areas, or born abroad to American parent(s), and 2.4% were born in another country.[57] The age and gender distributions approximate the national average.

text: Ancestry[edit]

text: According to the 2010 Census, the racial and ethnic composition of North Dakota was as follows:[58]

text:
White American: 90.0% (88.7% non-Hispanic white)
Native American: 5.4%
Black or African American: 1.2%
Asian: 1.0%
Pacific Islander: 0.1%
Some other race: 0.5%
Multiracial American: 0.2%

text:
North Dakota Racial Breakdown of Population
hide

Racial composition
1990[59]
2000[60]
2010[61]

White
94.6%
92.4%
90.0%

Native American
4.1%
4.9%
5.4%

Black
0.6%
0.6%
1.2%

Asian
0.5%
0.6%
1.0%

Native Hawaiian andother Pacific Islander
–
–
0.1%

Other race
0.3%
0.4%
0.5%

Two or more races
–
1.2%
1.8%

text: Throughout the mid-19th century, Dakota Territory was still dominated by Native Americans. Warfare and disease reduced their population at the same time Europeans and Americans were settling in the state.

text: In the 21st century, most North Dakotans are of Northern European descent. As of 2009, the seven largest European ancestry groups in North Dakota are:

text:
German: 47.2% (305,322)
Norwegian: 30.8% (199,154)
Irish: 7.7% (49,892)
Swedish: 4.7% (30,194)
Russian: 4.1% (26,642)
French: 4.1% (26,320)
English: 3.9% (25,331)
Hispanic or Latino (of any racial groups): 2.0%

text: Religion[edit]

text:
Religion in North Dakota (2014)[62]

religion

percent

Protestant

51%

Catholic

26%

Muslim

1%

Other faiths

2%

No religion

20%

text: North Dakota has the most churches per capita of any state.[63] Additionally, North Dakota has the highest percentage of church-going population of any state.[63]

text: A 2001 survey indicated 35% of North Dakota's population was Lutheran, and 30% was Catholic. Other religious groups represented were Methodists (7%), Baptists (6%), the Assemblies of God (3%), Presbyterians (1.27%),[64] and Jehovah's Witnesses (1%). Christians with unstated or other denominational affiliations, including other Protestants and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), totaled 3%, bringing the total Christian population to 86%. There were an estimated 920 Muslims and 730 Jews in the state in 2000.[65]  Three percent of respondents answered "no religion" on the survey, and 6% declined to answer.[63]

text: The largest church bodies by number of adherents in 2010 were the Roman Catholic Church with 167,349; the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 163,209; and the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod with 22,003.[66]

text: Languages[edit]

text: In 2010, 94.86% (584,496) of North Dakotans over 5 years old spoke English as their primary language. 5.14% (31,684) of North Dakotans spoke a language other than English. 1.39% (8,593) spoke German, 1.37% (8,432) spoke Spanish, and 0.30% (1,847) spoke Norwegian. Other languages spoken included Serbo-Croatian (0.19%), Chinese and Japanese (both 0.15%), and Native American languages and French (both 0.13%).[67]

text: In 2000, 2.5% of the population spoke German in addition to English, reflecting early 20th century immigration.[68]

text: Culture[edit]

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text: American Indian Nations[edit]

text: In the 21st century, North Dakota has an increasing population of Native Americans, who in 2010 made up 5.44% of the population. By the early 19th century the territory was dominated by Siouan-speaking peoples, whose territory stretched west from the Great Lakes area. The word "Dakota" is a Sioux (Lakota/Dakota) word meaning "allies" or "friends".

text: The primary historic tribal nations in or around North Dakota, are the Lakota and the Dakota ("The Great Sioux Nation" or "Oceti Sakowin," meaning the seven council fires), the Blackfoot, the Cheyenne, the Chippewa (known as Ojibwe in Canada), and the Mandan. The federally recognized tribes have Indian reservations in the state, where as sovereign nations and enjoy a political status higher than the state of North Dakota.

text: Pow wows[edit]

text: Social gatherings known as "powwows" (or wacipis in Lakota/Dakota) continue to be an important part of Native American culture, and are held regularly throughout the state. Throughout Native American history, powwows were held, usually in the spring, to rejoice at the beginning of new life and the end of the winter cold. These events brought Native American tribes together for singing and dancing and allowed them to meet with old friends and acquaintances, as well as to make new ones. Many powwows also held religious significance for some tribes. Today, powwows are still a part of the Native American culture, and are attended by Native and non-Natives alike. In North Dakota, the United Tribes International Powwow, held each September in the capital of Bismarck, is one of the largest powwows in the United States.

text: A pow wow is an occasion for parades and Native American dancers in regalia, with many dancing styles presented. It is traditional for male dancers to wear regalia decorated with beads, quills and eagle feathers; male grass dancers wear colorful fringe regalia; and male fancy dancers wear brightly colored feathers. Female dancers dance much more subtly than the male dancers. Fancy female dancers wear cloth, beaded moccasins and jewelry, while the jingle dress dancer wears a dress made of metal cones. Inter-tribal dances during the pow wow, allow everyone (even spectators) can take part in the dancing.

text: Norwegian and Icelandic influences[edit]

text: Around 1870 many European immigrants from Norway settled in North Dakota's northeastern corner, especially near the Red River. Icelanders also arrived from Canada.[69] Pembina was a town of many Norwegians when it was founded; they worked on family farms. They started Lutheran churches and schools, greatly outnumbering other denominations in the area. This group has unique foods such as lefse and lutefisk. The continent's largest Scandinavian event, Norsk Høstfest, is celebrated each September in Minot's Scandinavian Heritage Park, a local attraction featuring art, architecture, and cultural artifacts from all five Scandinavian countries. The Icelandic State Park in Pembina County and an annual Icelandic festival reflect immigrants from that country, who are also descended from Scandinavians.

text: Old World folk customs have persisted for decades in North Dakota, with revival of techniques in weaving, silver crafting, and wood carving. Traditional turf-roof houses are displayed in parks; this style originated in Iceland. A stave church is a landmark in Minot. Ethnic Norwegians constitute nearly one-third or 32.3% of Minot's total population and 30.8% of North Dakota's total population.

text: Germans from Russia[edit]

text: Ethnic Germans who had settled in Russia for several generations grew dissatisfied in the nineteenth century because of economic problems and because of the revocation of religious freedoms for Mennonites and Hutterites. By 1900, about 100,000 immigrated to the U.S., settling primarily in North Dakota, South Dakota, Kansas and Nebraska. The south-central part of North Dakota became known as "the German-Russian triangle". By 1910, about 60,000 ethnic Germans from Russia lived in Central North Dakota. They were Lutherans and Roman Catholics who had kept many German customs of the time when their ancestors immigrated to Russia. They were committed to agriculture. Traditional iron cemetery grave markers are a famous art form practiced by ethnic Germans.[70][71]

text: Fine and performing arts[edit]

text: North Dakota's major fine art museums and venues include the Chester Fritz Auditorium, Empire Arts Center, the Fargo Theatre, North Dakota Museum of Art, and the Plains Art Museum. The Bismarck-Mandan Symphony Orchestra, Fargo-Moorhead Symphony Orchestra, Greater Grand Forks Symphony Orchestra, Minot Symphony Orchestra and Great Plains Harmony Chorus are full-time professional and semi-professional musical ensembles that perform concerts and offer educational programs to the community.

text: Entertainment[edit]

text: North Dakotan musicians of many genres include blues guitarist Jonny Lang, country music singer Lynn Anderson, jazz and traditional pop singer and songwriter Peggy Lee, big band leader Lawrence Welk, and pop singer Bobby Vee. The state is also home to Indie rock June Panic (of Fargo, signed to Secretly Canadian).

text: Ed Schultz is known around the country as the host of progressive talk radio show, The Ed Schultz Show, and The Ed Show on MSNBC. Shadoe Stevens hosted American Top 40 from 1988 to 1995. Josh Duhamel is an Emmy Award-winning actor known for his roles in All My Children and Las Vegas.[72] Nicole Linkletter and CariDee English were winning contestants of Cycles 5 and 7, respectively, of America's Next Top Model. Kellan Lutz has appeared in movies such as Stick It, Accepted, Prom Night, and Twilight.

text: Cuisine[edit]

text: Sports[edit]

text: Bismarck was home of the Dakota Wizards of the NBA Development League, and currently hosts the Bismarck Bucks of the Champions Indoor Football.

text: NCAA has two NCAA Division I teams, the North Dakota Fighting Hawks and North Dakota State Bison, and two Division II teams, the Mary Marauders and Minot State Beavers.

text: The North Dakota High School Activities Association features over 25,000 participants.

text: Outdoor activities such as hunting and fishing are hobbies for many North Dakotans. Ice fishing, skiing, and snowmobiling are also popular during the winter months. Residents of North Dakota may own or visit a cabin along a lake. Popular sport fish include walleye, perch, and northern pike.[73]

text: The western terminus of the North Country National Scenic Trail is on Lake Sakakawea, where it abuts the Lewis and Clark Trail.

text: Economy[edit]

text: Agriculture is North Dakota's largest industry, although petroleum, food processing, and technology are also major industries.[74] It is the fastest-growing state in U.S. by GDP. Its growth rate is about 8.3%. The economy of North Dakota had a gross domestic product of $36.8 billion in 2013.[75] The per capita income in 2013 was $50,899, ranked 16th in the nation.[76] The three-year median household income from 2002–2004 was $39,594, ranking 37th in the U.S.[77]

text: According to Gallup data, North Dakota led the U.S. in job creation in 2013 and has done so since 2009. The state has a Job Creation Index score of 40, nearly 10 points ahead of its nearest competitors.[78] North Dakota has added 56,600 private-sector jobs since 2011, creating an annual growth rate of 7.32 percent.[79][80] According to statistics released on March 25, 2014 by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, North Dakota's personal income grew 7.6 percent in 2013 to $41.3 billion.[81] The state has recorded the highest personal income growth among all states for the sixth time since 2007. North Dakota's personal income growth is tied to various private business sectors such as agriculture, energy development, and construction.[82][83]

text: "Just over 21% of North Dakota's total 2013 gross domestic product (GDP) of $49.77 billion comes from natural resources and mining."[84]

text: The state levies a 5% production tax on the gross value at the wellhead of all oil produced in the state, with some exceptions. The state also levies an oil extraction (excise) tax on produced oil. In 2012 the state collected $1.68 billion in oil revenues, up 71.4% over its 2011 collections. Oil taxes provide 42.3% of the state's total net revenues, nearly four times the individual income tax and more than eight times the revenue received from corporate income taxes. The state's 5% oil production tax is split between state and county governments. The state treasurer takes 20% that it then allocates to cities and to an impact grant program. The remaining 80% is split between the state and county governments according to a mandated formula.

text: The state created a legacy fund in 2010 – similar to a sovereign wealth fund in foreign nations – to salt away some of the state's revenues from oil and gas production. By law, 30% of the state's oil and gas taxes (after some mandated distributions) are deposited in the legacy fund. This has resulted in oil and gas tax collections of $446.3 million for fiscal year 2012, $824.7 million for fiscal year 2013 and $926.6 million for fiscal year 2014.

text: North Dakota is the only state with a state-owned bank, the Bank of North Dakota in Bismarck, and a state-owned flour mill, the North Dakota Mill and Elevator in Grand Forks. These were established by the NPL before World War II.

text: Fargo is home to the second-largest campus of Microsoft with 1,700 employees, and Amazon.com employs several hundred in Grand Forks.[85][86]

text: As of  May 2014[update], the state's unemployment rate is the lowest in the nation at 2.6%.[87] It has not reached 5 percent since 1987. At end of 2010, the state per capita income was ranked 17th in the nation, the biggest increase of any state in a decade from rank 38th.[88] The reduction in the unemployment rate and growth in per capita income is attributable to the oil boom in the state. Due to a combination of oil-related development and investing in technology and service industries, North Dakota has had a budget surplus every year since the 2008 market crash.[89]

text: North Dakota highest unemployment rate since the late 20th century was 6.8%, recorded in 1983. That is below the current unemployment rate of the majority of states.[90]

text: Agriculture[edit]

text: North Dakota's earliest industries were fur trading and agriculture. Although less than 10% of the population is employed in the agricultural sector,[91] it remains a major part of the state's economy. With industrial-scale farming, it ranks 9th in the nation in the value of crops and 18th in total value of agricultural products sold. Large farms generate the most crops. The share of people in the state employed in agriculture is comparatively high: as of  2008[update], only approximately 2–3 percent of the population of the United States is directly employed in agriculture.[92] North Dakota has about 90% of its land area in farms with 27,500,000 acres (111,000 km2) of cropland, the third-largest amount in the nation. Between 2002 and 2007, total cropland increased by about one million acres (4,000 km2); North Dakota was the only state showing an increase. Over the same period, 1,800,000 acres (7,300 km2) were shifted into soybean and corn monoculture production, the largest such shift in the United States.[93] Agriculturalists are concerned about too much monoculture, as it makes the economy at risk from insect or crop diseases affecting a major crop. In addition, this development has adversely affected habitats of wildlife and birds, and the balance of the ecosystem.

text: The state is the largest producer in the U.S. of many cereal grains, including barley (36% of U.S. crop), durum wheat (58%), hard red spring wheat (48%), oats (17%), and combined wheat of all types (15%). It is the second leading producer of buckwheat (20%). As of  2007[update], corn became the state's largest crop produced, although it is only 2% of total U.S. production.[93] The Corn Belt extends to North Dakota, but is situated more on the edge of the region instead of in its center. Corn yields are high in the southeast part of the state and smaller in other parts of the state. Most of the cereal grains are grown for livestock feed. An increasing number of livestock are being fed corn.

text: The state is the leading producer of many oilseeds, including 92% of the U.S. canola crop, 94% of flax seed, 53% of sunflower seeds, 18% of safflower seeds, and 62% of mustard seed. Canola is suited to the cold winters and it matures fast. Processing of canola for oil production produces canola meal as a by-product. The by-product is a high-protein animal feed.

text: Soybeans are also an increasingly important crop, with 400,000 acres (1,600 km2) additional planted between 2002 and 2007.[93] Soybeans are a major crop in the eastern part of the state, and cultivation is common in the southeast part of the state. Soybeans were not grown at all in North Dakota in the 1940s, but the crop has become especially common since 1998.[94] In North Dakota soybeans have to mature fast, because of the comparatively short growing season. Soybeans are grown for livestock feed.

text: North Dakota is the second leading producer of sugarbeets, which are grown mostly in the Red River Valley. The state is also the largest producer of honey, dry edible peas and beans, lentils, and the third-largest producer of potatoes.[93]

text: North Dakota's economy is aided by nearly $1 billion in federal agricultural subsidies annually.[citation needed]

text: North Dakota's Top Agricultural Commodities (according to the USDA as of  2011[update])[95]

text:
2011 rank in the U.S
Commodity
Percent of Nation's production

1
Beans, dry edible, all
25%

1
Beans, navy
35%

1
Beans, pinto
46%

1
Canola
83%

1
Flaxseed
87%

1
Honey
22%

1
Sunflower, oil
40%

1
Wheat, durum
36%

1
Wheat, spring
37%

2
Sunflower, all
38%

2
Sunflower, non-oil
24%

2
Wheat, all
10%

3
Barley
11%

3
Lentils
17%

3
Oats
8%

3
Peas, dry edible
21%

3
Sugarbeets
16%

4
Safflower
1%

6
Hay, alfalfa
6%

6
Potatoes
4%

8
Hay, all
4%

10
Soybeans
4%

12
Corn for grain
2%

17
Hay, other
2%

26
Wheat, winter
1%

21
Sheep and lambs
1%

17
Cattle and calves
2%

15
Wool production
2%

text: Energy[edit]

text: The energy industry is a major contributor to the economy. North Dakota has both coal and oil reserves. Shale gas is also produced. Lignite coal reserves in Western North Dakota are used to generate about 90% of the electricity consumed, and electricity is also exported to nearby states.[96] North Dakota has the second largest lignite coal production in the U.S.[97] However, lignite coal is the lowest grade coal. There are larger and higher grade coal reserves (anthracite, bituminous coal and subbituminous coal) in other U.S. states.

text: Oil was discovered near Tioga in 1951, generating 53 million barrels (8,400,000 m3) of oil a year by 1984.[98] Recoverable oil reserves have jumped dramatically recently. The oil reserves of the Bakken Formation may hold up to 400 billion barrels (6.4×1010 m3) of oil, 25 times larger than the reserves in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.[99][100]  A report issued in April 2008 by the U.S. Geological Survey estimates the oil recoverable by current technology in the Bakken formation is two orders of magnitude less, in the range of 3 billion barrels (480×10^6 m3) to 4.3 billion barrels (680×10^6 m3), with a mean of 3.65 billion barrels (580×10^6 m3).[101]

text: North-Western North Dakota is the center of an oil boom: the Williston, Tioga, Stanley and Minot-Burlington communities are having rapid growth that strains housing and local services. As of  2012[update], the state is the 2nd-largest oil producer in the U.S., with an average of 575,490 barrels per day.[102][103][104]

text: The Great Plains region, which includes the state of North Dakota, has been referred to as "the Saudi Arabia of wind energy."[105] Development of wind energy in North Dakota has been cost effective because the state has large rural expanses and wind speeds seldom go below 10 mph.

text: Tourism[edit]

text:
North Dakota is considered the least visited state, owing, in part, to its not having a major tourist attraction.[106]
Nonetheless, tourism is North Dakota's third largest industry, contributing more than $3 billion into the state's economy annually. Outdoor attractions like the 144-mile Maah Daah Hey Trail and activities like fishing and hunting attract visitors. The state is known for the Lewis & Clark Trail and being the winter camp of the Corps of Discovery.[107] Areas popular with visitors include Theodore Roosevelt National Park in the western part of the state. The park often exceeds 475,000 visitors each year.[108]

text: Regular events in the state that attract tourists include Norsk Høstfest in Minot, billed as North America's largest Scandinavian festival;[109] the Medora Musical; and the North Dakota State Fair. The state also receives a significant number of visitors from the neighboring Canadian provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, particularly when the exchange rate is favorable.[110][citation needed]

text: Health care[edit]

text: North Dakota has six level-II trauma centers, 44 hospitals, 52 rural health clinics, and 80 nursing homes.[111][112][113][114]  Major provider networks include Sanford, PrimeCare, Trinity, and Altru.

text: Blue Cross Blue Shield of North Dakota is the largest medical insurer in the state.[115]  North Dakota expanded Medicaid in 2014,[116] and its health insurance exchange is the federal site, HealthCare.gov.[117]

text: North Dakota law requires pharmacies, other than hospital dispensaries and pre-existing stores, to be majority-owned by pharmacists. Voters rejected a proposal to change the law in 2014.[118][119]

text: Emergency services[edit]

text: The North Dakota Department of Emergency Services[120]  provides 24/7 communication and coordination for more than 50 agencies. In addition, "it administers federal disaster recovery programs and the Homeland Security Grant Program".[121]  In 2011, the Department selected Geo-Comm, Inc.[122] "for the Statewide Seamless Base Map Project," which will facilitate "identifying locations 9–1–1 callers" and route emergency calls based on locations.[123]  In 1993 the state adopted the Burkle addressing system numbering rural roads and buildings to aid in the delivery of emergency services.[124]

text: Transportation[edit]

text: Transportation in North Dakota is overseen by the North Dakota Department of Transportation. The major Interstate highways are Interstate 29 and Interstate 94, with I-29 and I-94 meeting at Fargo, with I-29 oriented north to south along the eastern edge of the state, and I-94 bisecting the state from east to west between Minnesota and Montana. A unique feature of the North Dakota Interstate Highway system is virtually all of it is paved in concrete, rather than blacktop, because of the extreme weather conditions it must endure. The largest rail systems in the state are operated by BNSF and the Canadian Pacific Railway. Many branch lines formerly used by BNSF and Canadian Pacific Railway are now operated by the Dakota, Missouri Valley and Western Railroad and the Red River Valley and Western Railroad.[125][126]

text: North Dakota's principal airports are the Hector International Airport (FAR) in Fargo, Grand Forks International Airport (GFK), Bismarck Municipal Airport (BIS), Minot International Airport (MOT) and Sloulin Field International Airport (ISN) in Williston.

text: Amtrak's Empire Builder runs through North Dakota, making stops at Fargo (2:13 am westbound, 3:35 am eastbound), Grand Forks (4:52 am westbound, 12:57 am eastbound), Minot (around 9 am westbound and around 9:30 pm eastbound), and four other stations.[127] It is the descendant of the famous line of the same name run by the Great Northern Railway, which was built by the tycoon James J. Hill and ran from St. Paul to Seattle.

text: Intercity bus service is provided by Greyhound and Jefferson Lines. Public transit in North Dakota includes daily fixed-route bus systems in Fargo, Bismarck-Mandan, Grand Forks, and Minot, paratransit service in 57 communities, along with multi-county rural transit systems.[128]

text: Governance[edit]

text: As with the federal government of the United States, political power in North Dakota state government is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.[129]

text: The Constitution of North Dakota and the North Dakota Century Code form the formal law of the state; the North Dakota Administrative Code incorporates additional rules and policies of state agencies.[130]

text: Executive[edit]

text: The executive branch is headed by the elected governor. The current governor is Doug Burgum, a Republican who took office December 15, 2016 after his predecessor, Jack Dalrymple did not seek reelection. The current Lieutenant Governor of North Dakota is Brent Sanford, who is also the President of the Senate. The offices of governor and lieutenant governor have four-year terms, which are next up for election in 2020. The governor has a cabinet consisting of appointed leaders of various state government agencies, called commissioners. The other elected constitutional offices are secretary of state, attorney general, state auditor, and state treasurer.

text: Legislative[edit]

text: The North Dakota Legislative Assembly is a bicameral body consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The state has 47 districts. Each district has one senator and two representatives. Both senators and representatives are elected to four-year terms. The state's legal code is named the North Dakota Century Code.

text: Judicial[edit]

text: North Dakota's court system has four levels. Municipal courts serve the cities, and most cases start in the district courts, which are courts of general jurisdiction. There are 42 district court judges in seven judicial districts.[131][132]  Appeals from the trial courts and challenges to certain governmental decisions are heard by the North Dakota Court of Appeals, consisting of three-judge panels. The five-justice North Dakota Supreme Court hears all appeals from the district courts and the Court of Appeals.[133]

text: Indian tribes and reservations[edit]

text: Historically, North Dakota was populated by the Mandan, Hidatsa, Lakota, and Ojibwe, and later by the Sanish and Métis. Today, five federally recognized tribes within the boundaries of North Dakota have independent, sovereign relationships with the federal government and territorial reservations:

text:
Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation, Fort Berthold Reservation;
Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate, Lake Traverse Indian Reservation;
Standing Rock Sioux, Standing Rock Indian Reservation;
Spirit Lake Tribe, Spirit Lake Reservation; and
Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians, Turtle Mountain Reservation.

text: Federal[edit]

text: North Dakota's United States Senators are John Hoeven (R) and Heidi Heitkamp (D-NPL). The state has one at-large congressional district represented by Representative Kevin Cramer (R).

text: Federal court cases are heard in the United States District Court for the District of North Dakota, which holds court in Bismarck, Fargo, Grand Forks, and Minot. Appeals are heard by the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals based in St. Louis, Missouri.

text: Politics[edit]

text: The major political parties in North Dakota are the Democratic-NPL and the Republican Party. As of  2007[update], the Constitution Party and the Libertarian Party are also organized parties in the state.

text: At the state level, the governorship has been held by the Republican Party since 1992, along with a majority of the state legislature and statewide officers. Dem-NPL showings were strong in the 2000 governor's race, and in the 2006 legislative elections, but the League has not had a major breakthrough since the administration of former state governor George Sinner.

text: The Republican Party presidential candidate usually carries the state; in 2004, George W. Bush won with 62.9% of the vote. Of all the Democratic presidential candidates since 1892, only Grover Cleveland (1892, one of three votes), Woodrow Wilson (1912 and 1916), Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932 and 1936), and Lyndon B. Johnson (1964) received Electoral College votes from North Dakota.

text: On the other hand, Dem-NPL candidates for North Dakota's federal Senate and House seats won every election between 1982 and 2008, and the state's federal delegation was entirely Democratic from 1987 to 2011.

text: State taxes[edit]

text: North Dakota has a slightly progressive income tax structure; the five brackets of state income tax rates are 1.1%, 2.04%, 2.27%, 2.64%, and 2.90% as of 2017.[134] In 2005 North Dakota ranked 22nd highest by per capita state taxes.[135] The sales tax in North Dakota is 5% for most items.[136] The state allows municipalities to institute local sales taxes and special local taxes, such as the 1.75% supplemental sales tax in Grand Forks.[137] Excise taxes are levied on the purchase price or market value of aircraft registered in North Dakota. The state imposes a use tax on items purchased elsewhere but used within North Dakota. Owners of real property in North Dakota pay property tax to their county, municipality, school district, and special taxing districts.[138]

text: The Tax Foundation ranks North Dakota as the state with the 20th most "business friendly" tax climate in the nation.[139] Tax Freedom Day arrives on April 1, 10 days earlier than the national Tax Freedom Day.[139] In 2006, North Dakota was the state with the lowest number of returns filed by taxpayers with an Adjusted Gross Income of over $1M – only 333.[140]

text: Awards and recognition[edit]

text: In 2014, North Dakota was named the "best-run state in the country" according to 24/7 Wall Street, a financial news organization. "The group notes North Dakota's 2.9 percent unemployment rate in 2013 as well as the highest rise in gross domestic product at 9.7 percent."[141]

text: Major cities[edit]

text: 56.54% of North Dakota's 757,952 people live in one the top ten most populated cities.

text:
10 largest cities in North Dakota

City
Population
County
Land area (sq. mi.)
Year established
Map

Fargo
120,762
Cass
48.82
1871

Bismarck
72,417
Burleigh
31.23
1872

Grand Forks
57,339
Grand Forks
20.09
1881

Minot
48,743
Ward
17.45
1887

West Fargo
34,858
Cass
14.72
1926

Williston

26,426
Willams
7.56
1887

Dickinson
22,993
Stark
10.03
1881

Mandan
21,769
Morton
11.13
1881

Jamestown

15,440
Stutsman
12.87
1872

Wahpeton
7,830
Richland
5.29
1869

text: Fargo is the largest city in North Dakota and is the economic hub for the region. Bismarck, in south-central North Dakota along the banks of the Missouri River, has been North Dakota's capital city since 1883, first as capital of the Dakota Territory, and then as state capital since 1889. Minot is a city in northern North Dakota and is home of the North Dakota State Fair and Norsk Høstfest. A few miles west of Bismarck on the west side of the Missouri River, the city of Mandan was named for the Mandan Indians who inhabited the area at the time of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. New Salem is the site of the world's largest statue of a holstein cow; the world's largest statue of a bison is in Jamestown.

text: Grand Forks and Devils Lake are in scenic areas of North Dakota. West Fargo, the fifth largest city in North Dakota,[142] is one of the fastest growing cities.[143]  and was recognized as a Playful City USA by the KaBOOM! Foundation in 2011.[144] Williston is near the confluence of the Missouri River and the Yellowstone River near Montana. Medora in the North Dakota Badlands hosts the Medora Musical every summer and is the gateway to Theodore Roosevelt National Park. Fort Yates, along the Missouri River on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation, claims to host the final resting place of Hunkpapa Lakota leader Sitting Bull (Mobridge, South Dakota also claims his gravesite).

text: Education[edit]

text: Higher education[edit]

text: The state has 11 public colleges and universities, five tribal community colleges, and four private schools. The largest institutions are North Dakota State University and the University of North Dakota.

text: The higher education system consists of the following institutions:

text: North Dakota University System (public institutions):

text:
Bismarck State College in Bismarck
Dickinson State University in Dickinson
Lake Region State College in Devils Lake
Mayville State University in Mayville
Minot State University in Minot
Dakota College at Bottineau in Bottineau
North Dakota State University in Fargo
North Dakota State College of Science in Wahpeton & Fargo
University of North Dakota in Grand Forks
Valley City State University in Valley City
Williston State College in Williston

text: Tribal institutions:

text:
Cankdeska Cikana Community College in Fort Totten
Fort Berthold Community College in New Town
Sitting Bull College in Fort Yates
Turtle Mountain Community College in Belcourt
United Tribes Technical College in Bismarck

text: Private institutions:

text:
University of Jamestown in Jamestown
Rasmussen College in Fargo and Bismarck
Trinity Bible College in Ellendale
University of Mary in Bismarck

text: State symbols[edit]

text: "The Flickertail State" is one of North Dakota's nicknames and is derived from Richardson's ground squirrel (Spermophilus richardsonii), a very common animal in the region. The ground squirrel constantly flicks its tail in a distinctive manner. In 1953, legislation to make the ground squirrel the state emblem was voted down in the state legislature.[147]

text: Media[edit]

text: The state has 10 daily newspapers, the largest being The Forum of Fargo-Moorhead. Other weekly and monthly publications (most of which are fully supported by advertising) are also available. The most prominent of these is the alternative weekly High Plains Reader.

text: The state's oldest radio station, WDAY-AM, was launched on May 23, 1922.[148]  North Dakota's three major radio markets center around Fargo, Bismarck, and Grand Forks, though stations broadcast in every region of the state. Several new stations were built in Williston in the early 2010s. North Dakota has 34 AM and 88 FM radio stations.[149][150][151] KFGO in Fargo has the largest audience.[152]

text: Broadcast television in North Dakota started on April 3, 1953, when KCJB-TV (now KXMC-TV) in Minot started operations.[153] North Dakota's television media markets are Fargo-Grand Forks, (117th largest nationally), including the eastern half of the state, and Minot-Bismarck (152nd), making up the western half of the state.[154] There are currently 31 full-power television stations, arranged into 10 networks, with 17 digital subchannels.

text: Public broadcasting in North Dakota is provided by Prairie Public, with statewide television and radio networks affiliated with PBS and NPR. Public access television stations open to community programming are offered on cable systems in Bismarck, Dickinson, Fargo, and Jamestown.

text: Notable people[edit]

text:
Lynn Anderson, country music singer.
Sam Anderson, actor.
Brian Bohrer, minister and author.
James F. Buchli, former NASA astronaut.
Quentin N. Burdick, former U.S. Senator, third longest-serving Senator among current members of this body.
Warren Christopher, former U.S. Secretary of State, diplomat and lawyer.
Shannon Curfman, American blues-rock guitarist and singer.
Angie Dickinson, Golden Globe-winning television and film actress.
Josh Duhamel, Emmy Award-winning actor and former male fashion model.
Carl Ben Eielson, aviator, bush pilot and explorer.
CariDee English, winner of Cycle 7 on America's Next Top Model. Host of Pretty Wicked.
Louise Erdrich, Native American author of novels, poetry, and children's books.
Darin Erstad, MLB all-star and World Series Champion.
Travis Hafner, MLB Designated Hitter for the Cleveland Indians.
Richard Hieb, former NASA astronaut.
Clint Hill, United States Secret Service agent who was in the presidential motorcade during the assassination of John F. Kennedy.
Virgil Hill, former WBA World Cruiserweight champion and Olympic boxer.
David C. Jones, 9th chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Gordon Kahl, tax protestor best known for the Medina shootout in 1983.
Chuck Klosterman, writer, journalist, critic, humorist, and essayist whose work often focuses on pop culture.
Louis L'Amour, author of primarily Western fiction.
Jonny Lang, Grammy-winning blues guitarist and singer.
Peggy Lee, jazz and traditional pop singer and songwriter.
Nicole Linkletter, winner of Cycle 5 on "America's Next Top Model".
Kellan Lutz, actor who portrays Emmett Cullen in Twilight and New Moon. Former male fashion model.
Roger Maris, right fielder in Major League Baseball and former single season home run record holder.
Cara Mund, Miss America 2018.
Phil Jackson, former basketball coach who won 11 NBA championships in his coaching career.
Thomas McGrath, poet and political activist.
Michael H. Miller, 61st Superintendent of the United States Naval Academy
Mancur Olson, economist.
Alan Ritchson, participant in 3rd season of American Idol, singer, model and actor.
Sakakawea, who joined Lewis and Clark on their expedition.
Ed Schultz, host of The Ed Schultz Show.
Eric Sevareid, CBS news journalist.
Ann Sothern, Oscar nominated film and television actress.
Richard St. Clair, Harvard-educated composer of modern classical music.
Shadoe Stevens, host of American Top 40.
Bobby Vee, pop music singer.
Lawrence Welk, musician, accordion player, bandleader, and television impresario.
Wiz Khalifa, hip hop artist.
Carson Wentz, professional football player for the Philadelphia Eagles.


document_title: List of parties to the Kyoto Protocol

question_text: when did the united kingdom and northern ireland sign the kyoto protocol

root

text: List of parties to the Kyoto Protocol

text: Parties[edit]

text: Signing is optional, indicating an intention to ratify the Protocol. Ratification means that a state is legally bound by the provisions of the treaty. For Annex I parties (e.g. a developed state or one with an 'economy in transition') this means that it has agreed to cap emissions in accordance with the Protocol.

tag: p

text: Iceland was the 55th state to ratify, fulfilling the first condition for coming-into-force.  With Russia's ratification the "55 percent of 1990 carbon dioxide emissions of the Parties included in Annex I" clause was satisfied and the treaty was brought into force, effective 16 February 2005.  As of July 2018, 114 states have accepted the Doha amendment, but it has not entered into force.

text:
Party[2][3][4]

Annex[5]

% for ratification[6]

emissionslimit(2012)[7][8]

emissionslimit(2020)[9]

Signed

Ratification / Acceptance

Amendment acceptance

Notes

 Afghanistan

25 March 2013

[10]

 Albania

1 April 2005

 Algeria

16 February 2005
28 September 2015

 Angola

8 May 2007

 Antigua and Barbuda

16 March 1998
3 November 1998
23 September 2016

 Argentina

16 March 1998
28 September 2001
1 December 2015

 Armenia

25 April 2003
31 March 2017

 Australia
I, II
2.1%
+8%[a]
−0.5%
29 April 1998
3 December 2007
9 November 2016

 Austria
I, II
0.4%
−8% (−13%)[b]
−20%[c]
24 September 1998
31 May 2002
21 December 2017

 Azerbaijan

28 September 2000
1 July 2015

 Bahamas

9 April 1999
4 November 2015

 Bahrain

31 January 2006

 Bangladesh

22 October 2001
13 November 2013

 Barbados

7 August 2000
14 August 2013

 Belarus
I
-[d]
none[e][f]
−12%[g]

26 August 2005

 Belgium
I, II
0.8%
−8% (−7.5%)[b]
−20%[c]
29 April 1998
31 May 2002
14 November 2017

 Belize

26 September 2003
24 July 2018

 Benin

25 February 2002

 Bhutan

26 August 2002
29 September 2015

 Bolivia

9 July 1998
30 November 1999

 Bosnia and Herzegovina

16 April 2007

 Botswana

8 August 2003
7 March 2016

 Brazil

29 April 1998
23 August 2002
13 February 2018

 Brunei

20 August 2009
14 November 2014

 Bulgaria
I
0.6%
−8%[b]
−20%[c]
18 September 1998
15 August 2002
21 December 2017

 Burkina Faso

31 March 2005
29 November 2016

 Burundi

18 October 2001

 Cambodia

22 August 2002
17 November 2015

 Cameroon

28 August 2002

 Cape Verde

10 February 2006

 Central African Republic

18 March 2008

 Chad

18 August 2009

 Chile

17 June 1998
26 August 2002
10 November 2015

 China

29 May 1998
30 August 2002
2 June 2014
 Hong Kong: applied since 8 April 2003 Macao: applied since 14 January 2008

 Colombia

30 November 2001

 Comoros

10 April 2008
7 September 2014

 Democratic Republic of the Congo

23 March 2005

 Republic of the Congo

12 February 2007
14 May 2015

 Cook Islands

16 September 1998
27 August 2001

 Costa Rica

27 April 1998
9 August 2002
21 September 2016

 Côte d'Ivoire

23 April 2007

 Croatia
I[h]
-[i]
−5%[b]
−20%[c]
11 March 1999
27 April 2007
21 December 2017

 Cuba

15 March 1999
30 April 2002
28 December 2016

 Cyprus
I[j]
-[k]
none[l][m][b]
−20%[c]

16 July 1999
10 December 2015

 Czech Republic
I[n][h]
1.2%
−8%[b]
−20%[c]
23 November 1998
15 November 2001
21 December 2017

 Denmark
I, II
0.4%
−8% (−21%)[b]
−20%[c]
29 April 1998
31 May 2002
21 December 2017
 Greenland: applied  Faroe Islands: not applied

 Djibouti

12 March 2002
23 September 2014

 Dominica

25 January 2005

 Dominican Republic

12 February 2002
21 September 2016

 Ecuador

15 January 1999
13 January 2000
20 April 2015

 Egypt

15 March 1999
12 January 2005

 El Salvador

8 June 1998
13 January 2000

 Equatorial Guinea

16 August 2000

 Eritrea

28 July 2005
3 May 2018

 Estonia
I
0.3%
−8%[b]
−20%[c]
3 December 1998
14 October 2002
21 December 2017

 Ethiopia

14 April 2005
26 June 2015

 European Union[o]
I, II
[p]
−8%[b]
−20%[c]
29 April 1998
31 May 2002
21 December 2017
All ratifications of the 15 then-EU-members and the EU itself were deposited simultaneously. For the purpose of satisfying the entry-into-force conditions, the EU's ratification was not counted.[7]

 Fiji

17 September 1998
17 September 1998
19 September 2017

 Finland
I, II
0.4%
−8% (0%)[b][q]
−20%[c]
29 April 1998
31 May 2002
16 November 2017

 France
I, II
2.7%
−8% (0%)[b][q]
−20%[c]
29 April 1998
31 May 2002
30 November 2017
 French Guiana,  Guadeloupe,  Martinique,  Réunion: applied  French Polynesia,  New Caledonia,  Wallis and Futuna,  French Southern Territories,  Mayotte,  Saint Pierre and Miquelon: not applied

 Gabon

12 December 2006
1 December 2017

 Gambia

1 June 2001
7 November 2016

 Georgia

16 June 1999

 Germany
I, II
7.4%
−8% (−21%)[b]
−20%[c]
29 April 1998
31 May 2002
14 November 2017

 Ghana

30 May 2003

 Greece
I, II
0.6%
−8% (+25%)[b][a]
−20%[c]
29 April 1998
31 May 2002
21 December 2017

 Grenada

6 August 2002
1 April 2015

 Guatemala

10 July 1998
5 October 1999

 Guinea

7 September 2000
6 April 2016

 Guinea-Bissau

18 November 2005

 Guyana

5 August 2003
23 December 2014

 Haiti

6 July 2005

 Honduras

25 February 1999
19 July 2000
11 April 2014

 Hungary
I
0.5%
−6%[b]
−20%[c]

21 August 2002
1 October 2015

 Iceland
I, II
0.0%
+10%[a]
−20%[c]

23 May 2002
7 October 2015

 India

26 August 2002
8 August 2017

 Indonesia

13 July 1998
3 December 2004
30 September 2014

 Iran

22 August 2005

 Iraq

28 July 2009

 Ireland
I, II
0.2%
−8% (+13%)[b][a]
−20%[c]
29 April 1998
31 May 2002
21 December 2017

 Israel

16 December 1998
15 March 2004

 Italy
I, II
3.1%
−8% (−6.5%)[b]
−20%[c]
29 April 1998
31 May 2002
18 July 2016

 Jamaica

28 June 1999

 Japan
I, II
8.5%
−6%
none[r]
28 April 1998
4 June 2002

 Jordan

17 January 2003

 Kazakhstan
I (dec.)[n][s]
-[k]
none[l][t]
−5%
12 March 1999
19 June 2009

 Kenya

25 February 2005
7 April 2014

 Kiribati

7 September 2000
11 February 2016

 North Korea

27 April 2005

 South Korea

25 September 1998
8 November 2002
27 May 2015

 Kuwait

11 March 2005

 Kyrgyzstan

13 May 2003

 Laos

6 February 2003

 Latvia
I
0.2%
−8%[b]
−20%[c]
14 December 1998
5 July 2002
21 December 2017

 Lebanon

13 November 2006

 Lesotho

6 September 2000

 Liberia

5 November 2002
17 August 2015

 Libya

24 August 2006

 Liechtenstein
I[h]
0.0%
−8%
−16%
29 June 1998
3 December 2004
23 February 2015

 Lithuania
I
-[i]
−8%[b]
−20%[c]
21 September 1998
3 January 2003
22 November 2017

 Luxembourg
I, II
0.1%
−8% (−28%)[b]
−20%[c]
29 April 1998
31 May 2002
21 September 2017

 Macedonia

18 November 2004

 Madagascar

24 September 2003
1 October 2015

 Malawi

26 October 2001
29 June 2017

 Malaysia

12 March 1999
4 September 2002
12 April 2017

 Maldives

16 March 1998
30 December 1998
1 July 2015

 Mali

27 January 1999
28 March 2002
7 December 2015

 Malta
I[u]
-[k]
none[l][m][b]
−20%[c]
17 April 1998
11 November 2001
21 December 2017

 Marshall Islands

17 March 1998
11 August 2003
7 May 2015

 Mauritania

22 July 2005

 Mauritius

9 May 2001
5 September 2013

 Mexico

9 June 1998
7 September 2000
23 September 2014

 Federated States of Micronesia

17 March 1998
21 June 1999
19 February 2014

 Moldova

22 April 2003

 Monaco
I[n][h]
0.0%
−8%
−22%
29 April 1998
27 February 2006
27 December 2013

 Mongolia

15 December 1999

 Montenegro

4 June 2007

 Morocco

25 January 2002
5 September 2014

 Mozambique

18 January 2005

 Myanmar

13 August 2003
19 September 2017

 Namibia

4 September 2003
17 February 2015

 Nauru

16 August 2001
1 December 2014

   Nepal

16 September 2005

 Netherlands
I, II
1.2%
−8% (−6%)[b]
−20%[c]
29 April 1998
31 May 2002
22 November 2017
 Aruba: not applied  Curaçao: not applied  Sint Maarten: not applied  Caribbean Netherlands: not applied

 New Zealand[v]
I, II
0.2%
0%[q]
none[r]
22 May 1998
19 December 2002
30 November 2015
 Tokelau: not applied

 Nicaragua

7 July 1998
18 November 1999

 Niger

23 October 1998
30 September 2004
1 August 2018

 Nigeria

10 December 2004

 Niue

8 December 1998
6 May 1999

 Norway
I, II
0.3%
+1%[a]
−16%
29 April 1998
30 May 2002
12 June 2014

 Oman

19 January 2005

 Pakistan

11 January 2005
31 October 2017

 Palau

10 December 1999
10 March 2015

 Panama

8 June 1998
5 March 1999
29 September 2015

 Papua New Guinea

2 March 1999
28 March 2002

 Paraguay

25 August 1998
27 August 1999

 Peru

13 November 1998
12 September 2002
24 September 2014

 Philippines

15 April 1998
20 November 2003
13 April 2016

 Poland
I
3.0%
−6%[b]
−20%[c]
15 July 1998
13 December 2002

 Portugal
I, II
0.3%
−8% (+27%)[b][a]
−20%[c]
29 April 1998
31 May 2002
22 November 2017

 Qatar

11 January 2005

 Romania
I
1.2%
−8%[b]
−20%[c]
5 January 1999
19 March 2001
3 May 2016

 Russia
I
17.4%
0%[q]
none[r]
11 March 1999
18 November 2004

 Rwanda

22 July 2004
20 November 2015

 Saint Kitts and Nevis

8 April 2008
25 October 2016

 Saint Lucia

16 March 1998
20 August 2003

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

19 March 1998
31 December 2004

 Samoa

16 March 1998
27 November 2000
18 September 2015

 San Marino

28 April 2010
4 August 2015

 Sao Tome and Principe

24 July 2008

 Saudi Arabia

31 January 2005

 Senegal

20 July 2001

 Serbia

24 September 2007
30 June 2017

 Seychelles

20 March 1998
22 July 2002
15 July 2015

 Sierra Leone

10 November 2006

 Singapore

12 April 2006
23 September 2014

 Slovakia
I[n][h]
0.4%
−8%[b]
−20%[c]
26 February 1999
31 May 2002
16 November 2017

 Slovenia
I[n][h]
-[i]
−8%[b]
−20%[c]
21 October 1998
2 August 2002
21 December 2017

 Solomon Islands

29 September 1998
13 March 2003
5 September 2014

 Somalia

26 July 2010

 South Africa

31 July 2002
7 May 2015

 Spain
I, II
1.9%
−8% (+15%)[b][a]
−20%[c]
29 April 1998
31 May 2002
14 November 2017

 Sri Lanka

3 September 2002
2 December 2015

 Sudan

2 November 2004
3 February 2014

 Suriname

25 September 2006

 Swaziland

13 January 2006
21 September 2016

 Sweden
I, II
0.4%
−8% (+4%)[b][a]
−20%[c]
29 April 1998
31 May 2002
14 November 2017

  Switzerland
I, II
0.3%
−8%
−15.8%
16 March 1998
9 July 2003
28 August 2015

 Syria

27 January 2006

 Tajikistan

5 January 2009

 Tanzania

26 August 2002

 Thailand

2 February 1999
28 August 2002
1 September 2015

 Timor-Leste

14 October 2008

 Togo

2 July 2004

 Tonga

14 January 2008

 Trinidad and Tobago

7 January 1999
28 January 1999
6 August 2015

 Tunisia

22 January 2003

 Turkey
I[w]
-[d]
none[e]
none

28 May 2009

[49][50][51]

 Turkmenistan

28 September 1998
11 January 1999

 Tuvalu

16 November 1998
16 November 1998
4 December 2014

 Uganda

25 March 2002
8 July 2015

 Ukraine
I
-[i]
0%[q]
−24%
15 March 1999
12 April 2004

 United Arab Emirates

26 January 2005
26 April 2013

 United Kingdom
I, II
4.3%
−8% (−12.5%)[b]
−20%[c]
29 April 1998
31 May 2002
17 November 2017
Guernsey and Isle of Man, applied since 4 April 2005; Gibraltar, since 2 January 2007; Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Jersey, since 7 March 2007. Anguilla, British Virgin Islands, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Turks and Caicos Islands or the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia: not applied

 Uruguay

29 July 1998
5 February 2001

 Uzbekistan

20 November 1998
12 October 1999

 Vanuatu

17 July 2001
15 March 2018

 Venezuela

18 February 2005
1 March 2018

 Vietnam

3 December 1998
25 September 2002
22 June 2015

 Yemen

15 September 2004

 Zambia

5 August 1998
7 July 2006

 Zimbabwe

30 June 2009
20 April 2016

Totals
I: 38 + EUII: 21+EU
33 (63.9%)
-%: 31 (24) 0%: 3 (5) +%: 3 (8)

192 (incl. EU)
114

tag: table

text: Former parties[edit]

text:
Country

Annex[5]

% for ratification[6]

emissionslimit(2012)[7]

emissionslimit(2020)[9]

Signed

Ratification/Acceptance

Amendment acceptance

Notes

 Canada
I, II
3.3%
−6%
none[x]
29 April 1998
17 December 2002

Withdrew 15 December 2011, effective 15 December 2012.[52] (See Canada and the Kyoto Protocol)

text: Signatory[edit]

text:
Country

Annex[5]

% for ratification[6]

emissionslimit(2012)[7]

emissionslimit(2020)[9]

Signed

Notes

 United States
I, II
36.1%
−7%
none[x]
12 November 1998

text: Not signatories or parties[edit]

text: As of 2017 there are four UN member states or Observers which are not Party to the Protocol:

text:
members of the UNFCCC: Andorra, Palestine, South Sudan
observers of the UNFCCC (UNFCCC ratification required first): Holy See[53]

tag: ul

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Maximum increase allowed.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac The 15 member states of the European Union at the time of adoption of the Kyoto Protocol each agreed to a reduction target of −8% under Annex B, as did the European Communities as a whole.  A declaration was made upon ratifacation that an agreement had been reached by the states to jointly meet their reduction commitments under the Protocol, as permitted by Article 4 of the Protocol.[3][11]  Emission quotas were pooled and allocated amongst the member states by an internal EU Council Decision.[8] The specific EU imposed targets are listed in brackets. The 13 member states that entered the union later did not participate in this joint agreement, and retained their individual Kyoto targets (if applicable).[19]

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad The 27 member states of the European Union at the time of adoption of the Doha Amendment, in addition to Croatia, which subsequently acceded to the EU, and Iceland each agreed to a reduction a target of −20% under the amended Annex B, as did the European Union as a whole.  An agreement was subsequently reached by the states to jointly meet their reduction commitments under the amended Protocol.[20]  Emission quotas were pooled and allocated amongst the member states by an internal EU Council Decision.[21]

^ Jump up to: a b Emissions of states listed in Annex I that were not a party to the UNFCCC at the time of adoption of the Kyoto Protocol,[11] which were thus not permitted to sign the Protocol, were not included in the totals for entry into force for the Protocol.

^ Jump up to: a b States listed in Annex I that were not a party to the UNFCCC at the time of the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol were not eligible sign the Protocol and were not listed in Annex B.

Jump up ^ A proposal to amend Annex B to list Belarus as an economy in transition with an emissions reduction for the first commitment period of −8% was adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC in 2006,[12][13][14] but did not enter into force prior to the end of the commitment period in 2012 due to not being ratified by a sufficient number of states.[15]

Jump up ^ Belarus was added to Annex B with the Doha Amendment.[9]

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f At their request, an amendment to the UNFCCC which entered into force in 1998 added Croatia, Liechtenstein, Monaco and Slovenia to Annex I, while the Czech Republic and Slovakia replaced Czechoslovakia, from which they had seceded in 1993, in Annex I.[6][16][5]

^ Jump up to: a b c d Emissions of Annex I parties to the UNFCCC that had not yet submitted their first national communication to the UNFCCC secretariat with an emissions inventory at the time of adoption of the Kyoto Protocol were not included in the figure for entry into force of the protocol.[6][35][36][37][38][39][40][41]

Jump up ^ At its request, an amendment to the UNFCCC which entered into force in 2013 added Cyprus to Annex I.[17][18][5]

^ Jump up to: a b c Emissions not included in the figure for entry into force of the Protocol because at the time of adoption of the Kyoto Protocol the state was not listed in Annex I.

^ Jump up to: a b c Not listed in Annex B because at the time of adoption of the Kyoto Protocol the state was not listed in Annex I.

^ Jump up to: a b As they were not listed in Annex I when the Kyoto Protocol was adopted, Cyprus and Malta were not listed in Annex B.  However, following their accession to the European Union they were obliged to participate in the EU ETS.  Both took on targets under the Doha Amendment.[9]

^ Jump up to: a b c d e Monaco (1992), the Czech Republic (1995), Slovakia (1996), Slovenia (1998) and Kazakhstan (2000)[22] submitted declarations under Article 4.2 (g) of the UNFCCC, which as per Article 1.7 of the Kyoto Protocol means that they are treated as Annex I states under the Kyoto Protocol.[11]  All of these states except Kazakhstan have since been added to Annex I of the UNFCCC by an amendment to the convention.

Jump up ^ All 28 EU member states are also members of the UNFCCC individually, in addition to their common representation through the EU.

Jump up ^ As per Article 25 of the Kyoto Protocol, "any instrument deposited by a regional economic integration organization shall not be counted as additional to those deposited by States members of the organization."[7]

^ Jump up to: a b c d e No increase allowed but no reduction required – emissions should stay at their 1990 level.

^ Jump up to: a b c Japan, New Zealand and Russia were listed in Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol with emission limits for the first commitment period, but were not assigned any emission reduction limits under the Doha Amendment for the second commitment period.[9]

Jump up ^ Kazakhstan proposed in 1999 that Annex I be amended to include it,[23] but the proposal was never adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC as no consensus could be reached on the matter.[24][25][22]

Jump up ^ Kazakhstan proposed in 2009 that Annex B be amended to include it as an economy in transition with an emissions reduction commitment of 0%,[26][27] and latter indicated it was willing to accept a -6% limit,[28] but the proposal was never adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC.[29][30][31][32][33]

Jump up ^ At its request, an amendment to the UNFCCC which entered into force in 2010 added Malta to Annex I.[34][5]

Jump up ^ The states in free association with New Zealand, the Cook Islands and Niue have their own separate memberships in the UNFCCC.

Jump up ^ Turkey was originally listed in both Annex I and Annex II of the UNFCCC.  It refused to ratify the Convention, as it objected to its listing in the annexes.  In 1997 a proposal was submitted that Annex I and Annex II be amended to remove Turkey.[42][43]  Though no consensus could be reached on this proposal,[44][45][24] a compromise was reached and an amendment that entered into force in 2002 removed Turkey from Annex II.[46][25][47][22][48][5]

^ Jump up to: a b Canada and the United States were listed in Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol with emission limits for the first commitment period, but as they were not parties to the Kyoto Protocol at the time of adoption of the Doha Amendment they were removed from Annex B.[9]

tag: ol


document_title: We Close Our Eyes

question_text: go west we close our eyes movie soundtrack

text: We Close Our Eyes

text:
"We Close Our Eyes"

Standard artwork

Single by Go West

from the album Go West

Released
February 1985 (1985-02) (UK)

Format
7", 12", CD single

Recorded
1984

Genre
Pop rock, synthpop

Length
3:50

Label
Chrysalis

Songwriter(s)
Peter Cox
Richard Drummie

Producer(s)
Gary Stevenson

Go West singles chronology

"We Close Our Eyes"
(1985)
"Call Me"
(1985)

"We Close Our Eyes"
(1985)
"Call Me"
(1985)

Music video

"We Close Our Eyes" on YouTube

text: "We Close Our Eyes" is a song by British pop band Go West, composed by both members Peter Cox and Richard Drummie. Recognizable by its synthesizer hook, it was the first single from their début album Go West.

text: The single was promoted by a music video directed by Godley & Creme.[1] This video included Cox, Drummie and the guitarist Alan Murphy, performing the song in front of dancing wooden dolls.

text: In April 1985, the single was discussed by Molly Meldrum and Queen singer Freddie Mercury on the Australian music show Countdown. Mercury was impressed and predicted the band would be "very, very big".[citation needed]

text: The "Total Overhang Club Mix" was later included on the 1985 compilation Bangs & Crashes.[2] The standard version appeared again on Aces and Kings: The Best of Go West in 1993.[3]

text: "We Close Our Eyes" spent fourteen weeks on the UK Singles Chart, peaking at number 5 in April 1985.[4] In the United States, the single reached 41 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 5 on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart.[5]

text: A remix of the song was released in 1993 to promote the Aces and Kings retrospective.[6]

text: The song was used in the 1985 Italian horror movie Dèmoni.[citation needed]

text: In live versions of the song, the guitar break in the "Overhang Mixes" is often included.[citation needed]

text: In 2005 a remix was made of the song by Groove Cutters.[citation needed]

text: In 2010, British alternative metal band Forever Never included a cover of the song on their I Can't Believe It's Not Metal EP.[citation needed]

text: Chart Performance[edit]

text:
Chart (1985)
Peak
position

Australia (Kent Music Report)[7]
8

Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)
14

Germany (Official German Charts)[8]
14

Ireland (IRMA)[9]
11

Italy (FIMI)[10]
9

Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[11]
22

New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[12]
4

Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[13]
19

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[14]
5


document_title: List of National Basketball Association career playoff games played leaders

question_text: who has the most playoff games in nba history

text: This is a list of National Basketball Association players by total career playoff games played.

text:
^
Active NBA player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

†
Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration[1]

text:
Rank
Player
Position(s)
Playoff team(s) played for (years)[2]
Games played
Titles won

1
Fisher, DerekDerek Fisher
PG/SG
Los Angeles Lakers (1997–2004, 2008–2011)
Utah Jazz (2007)
Oklahoma City Thunder (2012–2014)
259
5

2
Duncan, TimTim Duncan†
PF/C
San Antonio Spurs (1998–1999, 2001–2016)
251
5

3
Horry, RobertRobert Horry
PF/SF
Houston Rockets (1993–1996)
Los Angeles Lakers (1997–2003)
San Antonio Spurs (2004–2008)
244
7

4
Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*
C
Milwaukee Bucks (1969–1975)
Los Angeles Lakers (1975–1989)
237
6

5
James, LeBronLeBron James^
SF
Cleveland Cavaliers (2006–2010, 2015–2018)
Miami Heat (2011–2014)
235
3

6
Parker, TonyTony Parker^
PG
San Antonio Spurs (2002–2018)
226
4

7
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant†
SG
Los Angeles Lakers (1997–2004, 2006–2012)
220
5

8
Ginóbili, ManuManu Ginóbili^
SG
San Antonio Spurs (2003–2008, 2010–2018)
218
4

9
O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal*
C
Orlando Magic (1994–1996)
Los Angeles Lakers (1997–2004)
Miami Heat (2005–2007)
Phoenix Suns (2008)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2010)
Boston Celtics (2011)
216
4

10
Pippen, ScottieScottie Pippen*
SF
Chicago Bulls (1987–1998)
Houston Rockets (1999)
Portland Trail Blazers (2000–2003)
208
6

11
Ainge, DannyDanny Ainge
SG/PG
Boston Celtics (1982–1988)
Portland Trail Blazers (1991–1992)
Phoenix Suns (1993–1995)
193
2

Malone, KarlKarl Malone*
PF
Utah Jazz (1986–2003)
Los Angeles Lakers (2004)
0

13
Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson*
PG
Los Angeles Lakers (1980–1991, 1996)
190
5

14
Parish, RobertRobert Parish*
C
Golden State Warriors (1977)
Boston Celtics (1981–1993)
Charlotte Hornets (1995)
Chicago Bulls (1997)
184
4

15
Scott, ByronByron Scott
SG
Los Angeles Lakers (1984–1993, 1997)
Indiana Pacers (1994–1995)
183
3

16
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton*
PG
Utah Jazz (1985–2003)
182
0

17
Johnson, DennisDennis Johnson*
PG
Seattle SuperSonics (1978–1980)
Phoenix Suns (1981–1983)
Boston Celtics (1984–1990)
180
3

18
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
SG
Chicago Bulls (1985–1993, 1995–1998)
179
6

19
Wade, DwyaneDwyane Wade^
SG
Miami Heat (2004–2007, 2009–2014, 2016, 2018)
Chicago Bulls (2017)
177
3

Wallace, RasheedRasheed Wallace
PF/C
Portland Trail Blazers (1997–2003)
Detroit Pistons (2004–2009)
Boston Celtics (2010)
1

21
Havlicek, JohnJohn Havlicek*
SF
Boston Celtics (1963–1969, 1972–1977)
172
8

22
Allen, RayRay Allen*
SG
Milwaukee Bucks (1999–2001)
Seattle SuperSonics (2005)
Boston Celtics (2008–2012)
Miami Heat (2013–2014)
171
2

23
Grant, HoraceHorace Grant
PF/C
Chicago Bulls (1988–1994)
Orlando Magic (1995–1996, 1999, 2002)
Seattle SuperSonics (2000)
Los Angeles Lakers (2001)
170
4

Pierce, PaulPaul Pierce†
SF
Boston Celtics (2002–2005, 2008–2013)
Brooklyn Nets (2014)
Washington Wizards (2015)
Los Angeles Clippers (2016–2017)
1

25
McHale, KevinKevin McHale*
PF
Boston Celtics (1981–1993)
169
3

Rodman, DennisDennis Rodman
PF
Detroit Pistons (1987–1992
San Antonio Spurs (1994–1995)
Chicago Bulls (1996–1998)
5