document_title: Riverdale (2017 TV series)

question_text: how many episodes does riverdale season one have

text: Riverdale (2017 TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series follows Archie Andrews' life in the small town of Riverdale and explores the darkness hidden behind its seemingly perfect image.[4]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
KJ Apa as Archibald "Archie" Andrews: An intense and conflicted teen, Archie is a boyish high school sophomore who got pumped up over the summer working at his father's construction business. He is now juggling the interest of several girls, as well as trying to balance his passion for writing and performing music—against the wishes of his father and his football coach.[5]
Lili Reinhart as Elizabeth "Betty" Cooper: A sweet, smart, eager-to-please and beautiful girl with a longtime crush on her best friend, Archie. She is tired of being the perfect daughter, student, sister, etc., so she turns to her new friend, Veronica, for life advice—much to the consternation of her emotionally brittle mother.[6]
Camila Mendes as Veronica Lodge: A beautiful, sophisticated, confident, silver-tongued high school sophomore and former socialite. Veronica is the "new girl" in town and is eager for a fresh start. Veronica sees the move to Riverdale from New York as an opportunity to reinvent herself while making amends to redeem herself from the rich spoiled girl she once was. Humbled from her old ways in the past and from an embezzlement scandal involving her father, she and her mother have lost most of their status and wealth.[7]
Cole Sprouse as Forsythe "Jughead" Jones III: A philosophically inclined social outcast who was once the best friend of Archie, who is still dealing with the rift that came between them over the summer. His father is the leader of a local motorcycle gang called the Southside Serpents.[6]
Marisol Nichols as Hermione Lodge: Veronica's mother, who has returned to Riverdale with her daughter in order to continue a deal established by Lodge Industries and to start an affair with Fred Andrews, following the recent incarceration of her husband Hiram Lodge.[8]
Madelaine Petsch as Cheryl Blossom: A wealthy, entitled, and manipulative girl who recently lost her twin brother in a mysterious accident.[9]
Ashleigh Murray as Josephine "Josie" McCoy: A striving, competitive, fierce, snooty, and ambitious girl who is the lead singer for the popular band Josie and the Pussycats.[5]
Mädchen Amick as Alice Cooper: Polly and Betty's mother, who is the editor of the local paper. She is a controlling and demanding perfectionist who places exceedingly high expectations on her daughters.[10]
Luke Perry as Frederick "Fred" Andrews: Archie's father, who owns a construction firm that he hopes his son will take over one day.[11]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Casey Cott as Kevin Keller: An openly gay high school student who is friends with Betty Cooper and Veronica Lodge. He is the son of Riverdale's sheriff.[12]
Martin Cummins as Sheriff Keller: The town's police chief and Kevin's father.[13]
Skeet Ulrich as Forsythe "F.P." Jones II: The estranged father of Jughead, and the leader of the Southside Serpents, a gang of criminals that live and operate on the fringes of Riverdale.[14][15]
Robin Givens as Sierra McCoy: the Mayor of Riverdale and mother of Josie McCoy.[16]
Nathalie Boltt as Penelope Blossom: The mother of Cheryl and Jason.
Lochlyn Munro as Hal Cooper: The father of Polly and Betty, and husband to Alice Cooper.[17]
Colin Lawrence as Coach Floyd Clayton: The father of Chuck, and coach of Riverdale Bulldogs Football Team.
Peter James Bryant as Mr. Waldo Weatherbee: the principal of Riverdale High School.
Sarah Habel as Miss Geraldine Grundy: Riverdale High School's young music teacher, who had a sexual relationship with Archie over the summer. It is revealed in the fourth episode of Riverdale that Grundy moved to Riverdale after changing her name from Jennifer Gibson after her divorce, to escape from an abusive relationship. Since then Grundy has moved from Riverdale to avoid police capture because of her relationship with Archie. (season 1)
Ross Butler (season 1)[a] and Charles Melton (season 2)[b] as Reginald "Reggie" Mantle: Archie's long-time friend and rival, a football player at Riverdale High and town prankster.[20]
Jordan Calloway as Chuck Clayton: A football-star jock at Riverdale High School with a reputation for being a player[14]
Rob Raco as Joaquin DeSantos: The youngest member of the Southside Serpents, who finds himself tied between a romantic relationship with Kevin and the mystery of Jason Blossom's murder.[21]
Asha Bromfield as Melody Valentine: The drummer for the popular band Josie and the Pussycats.
Cody Kearsley as Marmaduke "Moose" Mason: Archie's bicurious jock friend who propositions Kevin.[20]
Hayley Law as Valerie Brown: The songwriter, bassist, and backup vocalist for the popular band Josie and the Pussycats and Archie's ex-girlfriend.
Shannon Purser as Ethel Muggs: A victim of Chuck Clayton's slut-shaming.[22]
Trevor Stines as Jason Blossom: Cheryl's twin brother, whose murder hangs over the town of Riverdale.
Olivia Ryan Stern as Tina Patel: The super-smart little sister of Archie Comics character Raj Patel, Tina has been described as an Indian Veronica. Tina is one of Cheryl Blossom's best friends.
Caitlin Mitchell-Markovitch as Ginger Lopez: One of Cheryl's best friends.
Major Curda as Dilton Doiley:[c] The leader of the town's troop of Ranger Scouts.
Tiera Skovbye as Polly Cooper: The older sister of Betty, and the daughter of Alice and Hal Cooper. She is pregnant with Jason Blossom's children.[23]
Barclay Hope as Clifford Blossom: The father of Cheryl and Jason. (season 1)
Alvin Sanders as Pop Tate: The owner of the local diner; Pop's Chock'lit Shoppe.
Tom McBeath as Smithers: The butler for the Lodge family.[14]
Adain Bradley as Trev Brown: The younger brother of Valerie.

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Raúl Castillo as Oscar Castillo: A serious and successful songwriter from New York who is a visiting professor at Riverdale's Carson College who agrees to audition Archie in the hopes of possibly mentoring the aspiring singer-songwriter.[24]
Molly Ringwald as Mary Andrews: The mother of Archie, who left two years ago to Chicago to follow her dreams, but returns to Riverdale in her family's hour of need. She not only reconnects with Archie and her husband, Fred, but also her former high school friends Hermione and Alice.[25]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Butler left the series after season 1 owing to his commitments as a series regular on 13 Reasons Why.[18]
Jump up ^ Melton has been cast to take over the role of Reggie from Ross Butler in season 2.[19]
Jump up ^ Daniel Yang portrayed Dilton in the pilot.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings

First aired
Last aired
Rank
Average viewers
(in millions inc. DVR)

1
13
January 26, 2017 (2017-01-26)
May 11, 2017 (2017-05-11)
154
1.69[26]

2
22[27]
October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)[3]
TBA
TBA
TBA

text: Season 1 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Chapter One: The River's Edge"
Lee Toland Krieger
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
January 26, 2017 (2017-01-26)
T15.10136
1.38[28]

During an eventful summer, including the tragic death of quarterback Jason Blossom on the Fourth of July, Archie Andrews discovers his passion for music. He soon begins his sophomore year and expresses his love for music to Betty Cooper, the sweet girl-next-door who harbors her own secret—her feelings for Archie. Meanwhile, Veronica Lodge, the daughter of Hermione and Hiram, a millionaire facing embezzlement charges, arrives in town, instantly capturing Archie's attention. Despite the fact that a love triangle is developing, Betty and Veronica become fast friends, united when Veronica stands up against the condescending captain of the cheerleading squad, Cheryl Blossom, who may be hiding a secret concerning her brother's death. Archie's former best friend, Jughead Jones, begins to write a novel retelling the events of the summer, including what happened between him and Archie. Kevin Keller and Moose Mason stumble across Jason's body by the lake.

2
2
"Chapter Two: A Touch of Evil"
Lee Toland Krieger
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
February 2, 2017 (2017-02-02)
T13.20302
1.15[29]

Veronica's kiss with Archie strains his relationship with both girls, while Miss Grundy insists that he not reveal that the two of them heard the gunshot that may have killed Jason since it would also expose their secret affair. Kevin, disturbed by the discovery of Jason's body, refuses to acknowledge Moose's affections for him. Jughead, after accidentally discovering Archie and Grundy holding hands, deduces their secret and confronts Archie for refusing to go to the sheriff, Kevin's father. Archie asks his father, Fred, for advice and decides to come clean. Cheryl strikes up a friendship with Betty, but it soon ends when it becomes clear that she blames Betty's sister, Polly, for Jason's death. At a pep rally in his honor, Cheryl runs away after hallucinating Jason on the field; in the locker room, where Veronica has followed to comfort her, Cheryl admits to her that Jason was supposed to "come back." Against the wishes of her mother, Alice, Betty renews her friendship with both Archie and Veronica, while Archie also reconciles with Jughead. The next day, during science class, Cheryl is arrested due to evidence from Jason's autopsy, which revealed that he was actually murdered a week after the Fourth of July.

3
3
"Chapter Three: Body Double"
Lee Toland Krieger
Yolonda E. Lawrence
February 9, 2017 (2017-02-09)
T13.20303
1.20[30]

Cheryl is questioned by Sheriff Keller about her role in Jason's death, but she gets bailed out by her parents, Clifford and Penelope. Betty, upset with how Alice is attacking the Blossom family in the press, restarts the school newspaper, the Blue and Gold, and sends Jughead to interview the Adventure Scouts who found Cheryl at Sweet Water River just after Jason died. Veronica is enraged to learn that her new boyfriend, Chuck Clayton, has been slut shaming her to the rest of the school and, when he refuses to stop, she, Betty, and Cheryl find evidence linking him and his friends, including Jason, to the shaming. Jughead learns from one of the Scouts that the shot heard on the Fourth of July was fired by the troop's Scoutmaster, Dilton Doiley, during a training exercise. Betty and Veronica drug and torture Chuck until he apologizes and Jughead pressures Dilton to come clean. Fred builds Archie a studio in which to practice, Chuck is kicked off the football team, and Betty and Cheryl burn the evidence together. Dilton reveals that he saw Ms. Grundy's car by the river and Jughead realizes Archie's secret is at risk.

4
4
"Chapter Four: The Last Picture Show"
Mark Piznarski
Michael Grassi
February 16, 2017 (2017-02-16)
T13.20304
1.14[31]

Jughead despairs over the news that the local drive-in where he works is closing and compares Riverdale's atmosphere of suspicion to that of Salem. At the diner, Betty spots Archie and Fred having dinner with Ms. Grundy and she confronts him about their relationship. Under the guise of an interview, Betty questions Ms. Grundy about her life, while Veronica demands answers from Hermione upon learning she was speaking to a gangbanger; Hermione insists that nothing shady happened. Betty and Veronica meet with Archie and inform him that there is no trace of Geraldine Grundy ever existing aside from a woman who died seven years ago. They break into her car and find a gun and ID with the name "Jennifer Gibson." Grundy reveals that she was in an abusive relationship and only wanted to escape. At the drive-in's final night, Veronica spots Hermione meeting with the same man from before. Alice exposes Archie's affair and threatens to put Grundy on trial, but agrees to stand down as long as she leaves town. Sheriff Keller finds that all of his evidence pertaining to Jason's murder has been stolen. Jughead vandalizes the projectionist's booth before leaving his temporary home in full view of the gang leader, who turns out to be his father.

5
5
"Chapter Five: Heart of Darkness"
Jesse Warn
Ross Maxwell
February 23, 2017 (2017-02-23)
T13.20305
0.98[32]

Clifford and Penelope refuse to allow Cheryl to speak at Jason's memorial, but she does so anyway, ultimately breaking down during her speech while wearing the white dress she had on the day he left. Coach Clayton pits Archie and Reggie against each other for the coveted spot of team captain. Archie is introduced to a potential songwriting mentor, who ultimately decides not to teach him. Trev informs Betty that Jason had become much more secretive in the weeks before his death and was rumored to be selling drugs. Jughead suggests searching the Blossom family mansion for clues during the memorial dinner. He and Betty encounter Jason's grandmother, Rose, who mistakes Betty for Polly and reveals that she and Jason were engaged. While cleaning the diner, Hermione finds a box with a snake inside it, a warning from the Serpents. Betty learns that her family has hated the Blossoms ever since their ancestor killed great-grandfather Cooper decades before. Archie is named captain, but turns it down to focus on his music. Jughead and Betty deduce that her father, Hal, is responsible for stealing the sheriff's evidence.

6
6
"Chapter Six: Faster, Pussycats! Kill! Kill!"
Steven A. Adelson
Tessa Leigh Williams & Nicholas Zwart
March 2, 2017 (2017-03-02)
T13.20306
1.09[33]

With Riverdale High's annual variety show approaching, Valerie's efforts to help Archie prepare for his debut performance lead to a major fallout with Josie. Meanwhile, Betty and Jughead's investigation into Jason's murder brings them face-to-face with Betty's sister Polly, who is revealed to be captive at a home for troubled youth, unaware of Jason's death and seven months pregnant. As Veronica decides to rebuild her relationship with her mother, she learns that Hermione is using her for her own purposes. At the same time, Hermione's first day of work at Andrews Construction brings her closer to Fred. Josie deals with her own family pressures after her father visits for her performance at the variety show. Betty confronts Hal and Alice about Jason's death to no avail, but grows closer to Jughead, eventually kissing him. After, they discover a car hidden in the woods containing drugs and Jason's belongings. However, an unknown perpetrator torches the car and destroys all the evidence before the police arrive, around the same time that Polly escapes from the home.

7
7
"Chapter Seven: In a Lonely Place"
Allison Anders
Aaron Allen
March 9, 2017 (2017-03-09)
T13.20307
1.03[34]

Cheryl informs Sheriff Keller that Polly has escaped and the town organizes a search party to find her, which fails. As tensions continue to grow between the Blossoms and the Coopers, Betty finds her sister hiding in the attic of their house. Cheryl offers to help Betty take care of Polly. F.P., after being offered a job by Fred, reveals that he and Fred founded Andrews Construction together, but Fred kicked him out of the business after bailing him out of jail. Fred counters that F.P. was stealing money from him while abusing drugs and alcohol and that he had no choice. Jughead is taken into custody as a suspect in Jason's murder, but Fred provides Keller with an alibi. Cheryl suspects that her parents have bad intentions with Polly, so Polly moves in with the Lodges instead. F.P. is revealed to have Jason's jacket in his trailer.

8
8
"Chapter Eight: The Outsiders"
David Katzenberg
Julia Cohen
March 30, 2017 (2017-03-30)
T13.20308
0.99[35]

Polly reveals to Sheriff Keller that Jason was supposed to make a drug delivery for "some biker gang", implied to be the Southside Serpents, in exchange for money before both of them ran away. Veronica suggests hosting a baby shower for Polly. Fred's workers leave because of promised work from Clifford. Archie tries to help Fred by getting some friends to work on the construction project, but Moose is attacked after witnessing someone vandalize the machinery and warned they should stop. After a confrontation with F.P. Jones in the Serpents' bar, Archie realizes Jughead's father is a Serpent. At the baby shower, Penelope and Alice argue over with whom Polly should live. Alice learns that Hal threatened Polly with an abortion, and when he refuses to let her come back, Alice kicks him out of the Cooper household. F.P. recruits some of his Serpents to replace Fred's crew and informs Hermione that Hiram was behind the attack on Fred's construction site. Polly chooses to live with the Blossoms.

9
9
"Chapter Nine: La Grande Illusion"
Lee Rose
James DeWille
April 6, 2017 (2017-04-06)
T13.20309
0.91[36]

As the Blossom family's annual maple tree-tapping ceremony approaches, Cheryl asks Archie to be her escort. When he refuses, Penelope offers to get him into an exclusive music school as a favor. Veronica grows close to Ethel but, when Hermione reveals that her father was one of Hiram's investors, she becomes distraught upon learning that he attempted suicide due to his financial hardship. Alice prepares to publish a full-blown exposé on the Blossoms, but Hal fires her from the paper as retaliation for being kicked out of the house. Betty gets a call from Archie, learning that Polly moved in with the Blossoms to uncover the truth about Jason's death. She and Jughead decide to write the tell-all exposé in the Blue and Gold and ask Alice to join them. Finally realizing that the Blossoms are using him, Archie attempts to reconcile with Val, but she breaks up with him.

10
10
"Chapter Ten: The Lost Weekend"
Dawn Wilkinson
Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson
April 13, 2017 (2017-04-13)
T13.20310
0.87[37]

Fred leaves for Chicago to finalize his divorce, leaving Archie alone. Betty learns that Jughead's birthday is coming up and that he has never had an actual party. She and Veronica persuade Archie to let them throw it at his house. Hiram threatens retaliation against Hermione if Veronica refuses to testify on his behalf. The Vixens elect Veronica as captain over Cheryl, who retaliates by crashing the party with Chuck and his friends. F.P. also shows up after Betty's insistence. Jughead argues with Betty and tries to leave, but Cheryl forces him to stay for a "game" in which participants are forced to reveal their secrets. Jughead and Chuck get into a fight and F.P. declares the party over. He urges his son to reconcile with Betty and confronts Alice, implying she was once a member of the Serpents. Archie and Veronica comfort each other and share a kiss. Veronica agrees to testify on Hiram's behalf. To Archie's surprise, his father returns home with his mother, Mary.

11
11
"Chapter Eleven: To Riverdale and Back Again"
Kevin Rodney Sullivan
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
April 27, 2017 (2017-04-27)
T13.20311
0.89[38]

While Archie and his mother reconnect, Veronica learns that Hiram may soon be released from prison. F.P. questions the purpose of Jughead's novel, urging him to consider moving on. To learn the truth about Hiram, Veronica decides to investigate F.P. as a possible suspect in Jason's murder. The Blossoms, increasingly suspicious of Polly, forbid her from entering their master bedroom. Fred and Mary agree to attend homecoming together. Polly and Cheryl discover the former's engagement ring in Penelope's jewelry collection, which she claims is because Jason threw it away in disgust after arguing with Clifford. At a contentious dinner, Alice tries to question F.P., but he shuts her down. Afterwards, he informs Jughead that they will be moving to Toledo to reunite with the rest of the Jones family. While Archie and Veronica perform "Kids in America" at homecoming, the police execute a search warrant on F.P.'s trailer, find a gun, and arrest him for murder. Jughead disappears and Archie and Veronica deduce that someone is framing F.P. for Jason's death.

12
12
"Chapter Twelve: Anatomy of a Murder"
Rob Seidenglanz
Michael Grassi
May 4, 2017 (2017-05-04)
T13.20312
0.98[39]

Jughead calls his mother, but she refuses to let him move in with her. F.P. confesses to everything, including Jason's murder. Betty and Alice catch Hal trying to destroy evidence, and learn the family secret: the Coopers are, in fact, Blossoms by blood, and Jason and Polly's relationship was technically incest. The Coopers take Polly back to their home. Mary, posing as F.P.'s lawyer, advises Jughead to visit his father, who tells him never to come see him again. With Joaquin's help, the group tracks down one of F.P.'s associates, but find him dead of overdose. The police are summoned, and find a bag full of money with Hermione's initials on it. With both Hal and Hermione cleared as suspects, Jughead and Betty investigate a lead from Kevin, and find Jason's varsity jacket. Inside one of the pockets, they find a thumb drive and discover Clifford murdered Jason, before informing Cheryl. Nevertheless, Jughead learns that his father's other charges will not be dropped. Veronica learns that Hiram has been released and is coming to Riverdale, and Mary returns to Chicago. When the police go to arrest Clifford, they discover he has hung himself in syrup distillery, next to several open casks filled with drugs.

13
13
"Chapter Thirteen: The Sweet Hereafter"
Lee Toland Krieger
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
May 11, 2017 (2017-05-11)
T13.20313
0.96[40]

It is revealed that Clifford was in the drug business and that Jason found out. Clifford killed Jason to stop him from exposing this. F.P. is cleared of any charges relating to the murder but remains in police custody. Alice reveals to Betty that in high school, she found out that she was pregnant, but Hal sent her to the Sisters of Silent Mercy and made her give up the child, a baby boy, for adoption. Jughead is placed in the care of a foster family and transfers to Southside High. Devastated by her father's revelation and suicide, Cheryl attempts to drown herself at Sweetwater River, but Archie, along with Veronica, Betty, and Jughead, save her. Cheryl later burns down her mansion, much to Penelope's dismay. The next day, Archie meets Fred at Pop's where a masked gunman arrives and demands Pop turn over his money. He then tells Fred to turn over his wallet at gunpoint. When Archie tries to intervene, the gunman shoots Fred.

text: Season 2[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

14
1
"Chapter Fourteen: A Kiss Before Dying"[41]
Rob Seidenglanz
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)
TBA
TBD

15
2
"Chapter Fifteen: Nighthawks"[42]
TBA
Michael Grassi
TBA
TBA
TBD

16
3
"Chapter Sixteen: The Watcher in the Woods"[43]
TBA
Ross Maxwell
TBA
TBA
TBD

17
4
"Chapter Seventeen: The Town That Dreaded Sundown"[44]
TBA
Amanda Lasher
TBA
TBA
TBD

18
5
"Chapter Eighteen: When a Stranger Calls"[45]
TBA
Aaron Allen
TBA
TBA
TBD

19
6
"Chapter Nineteen: Death Proof"[46]
TBA
Tessa Leigh Williams & Arabella Anderson
TBA
TBA
TBD

20
7
"Chapter Twenty: Tales from the Darkside"[47]
TBA
James DeWille
TBA
TBA
TBD

21
8
"Chapter Twenty-One: House of the Devil"[48]
TBA
Yolonda Lawrence
TBA
TBA
TBD

22
9
"Chapter Twenty-Two: Silent Night, Deadly Night"[49]
TBA
Shepard Boucher
TBA
TBA
TBD

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Warner Bros. began development on an Archie feature film in 2013, after a pitch from writer Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa and director Jason Moore that would place Archie's gang into a teen comedy feature film in the John Hughes tradition.[50] Dan Lin and Roy Lee became producers on the project, which eventually stalled as priorities shifted at Warner Bros. towards larger tentpole films and was reimagined as a television series.[50] Riverdale was originally in development at Fox, with the network landing the project in 2014 with a script deal plus penalty.[51] However, Fox did not go forward with the project. In 2015, the show's development was moved to The CW,[52] which officially ordered a pilot on January 29, 2016.[53] On March 7, 2017, The CW announced that the series had been renewed for a second season.[54]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Casting Archie was a difficult process, with Aguirre-Sacasa stating "I think we literally saw every redheaded young guy in L.A. It certainly felt that way."[55] The production team found KJ Apa just three days before they had to present screen tests to the network, which created tension in the last few days leading up to the studio presentation.[55]

text: In April 2017, it was announced Mark Consuelos had signed on for the second season to play Veronica Lodge's father, Hiram Lodge.[56] The role was in second position to his existing role on Pitch but the cancellation of that series was announced on May 1, 2017.[57] The next month, it was announced Charles Melton was cast to take over the role of Reggie from Ross Butler in season 2 due to his status as a series regular on 13 Reasons Why.[19] It was also announced that Casey Cott was promoted to a series regular.[58] In July 2017, it was announced that True Blood star Brit Morgan had been cast in the recurring role of Penny Peabody, an attorney the Southside Serpents call in case of any run-ins with the law.[59] In August 2017, it was announced Graham Phillips had been cast to play Nick St. Clair, Veronica's ex-boyfriend from New York.[60][61]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming of the pilot began on March 14 and ended on April 1,[62] in Vancouver, British Columbia.[63] Production on the remaining 12 episodes of season one began on September 7 in Vancouver.[64] Sets include Pop Tate's Chock'lit Shoppe, a copy of the functioning diner used in the pilot that is so realistic a truck driver parked his 18-wheeler there, believing that it was open.[65] Production of season two will return to Vancouver and the Fraser Valley. Principal photography began on June 22, 2017.[citation needed]

text: Release[edit]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Netflix acquired the exclusive international broadcast rights to Riverdale,[66] making the series available as an original series to its platform less than a day after their original U.S. broadcast.[67]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: In July 2016, members of the cast and the executive producers attended San Diego Comic-Con to promote the upcoming series, where they premiered the first episode "Chapter One: The River's Edge".[68] The first trailer for the series was released in early December 2016, while additional teasers followed later that month and into 2017.[69][70] The CW also sponsored multiple Tastemade videos, where they cooked several foods that are popular in the Archie universe.[71][72][73]

text: Comic-book adaptation[edit]

text: Along with heavily promoting the TV series in their regular comics since January 2017, Archie Comics are planning to release a comic book adaptation of Riverdale, featuring auxiliary story arcs set within the television series' own continuity. The comic book adaptation is being headed by Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa himself, along with various other writers from the show. Alongside a one-shot pilot issue, illustrated by Alitha Martinez, released in March 2017,[74] the first issue of the on-going Riverdale the comic book series is set to release starting April 2017.[75]

text: In addition to the adaptation, Archie Comics are releasing a series of compilation graphic novels branded under the title Road to Riverdale. This series features early issues from the New Riverdale reboot line, introducing the audience of the TV series to the regular on-going comic series that inspired it. Archie Comics plans to re-print the volumes of Road to Riverdale in subsequent months as digest magazines. The first volume was released in March 2017.[75]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The first season of Riverdale has received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a fresh rating of 89% based on 51 reviews, with a weighted average of 7.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Riverdale offers an amusingly self-aware reimagining of its classic source material that proves eerie, odd, daring, and above all addictive."[76] On Metacritic, the season has a normalized score of 67 out of 100 based on 35 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[77] Dave Nemetz of TVLine gave the series a "B+" saying that it turned, "out to be an artfully crafted, instantly engaging teen soap with loads of potential."[78]

text: Some writers have criticized the series for its handling of minority characters. While reviewing the first season, Kadeen Griffiths of Bustle declared "the show marginalizes and ignores the [people of color] in the cast to the point where they may as well not be there."[79] In an article for Vulture, Angelica Jade Bastien discussed the show's treatment of Josie and the Pussycats (who are each played by African Americans), noting, "They're not characters so much as they are a vehicle for a Message. Josie and her fellow pussycats are positioned to communicate the message that Riverdale is more modern and inclusive than teen dramas of the past, even though it has yet to prove it beyond its casting."[80] Monique Jones of Ebony noted, "Despite the show's multi-racial casting choices, it seems like Riverdale is still a mostly white town." She also expressed fondness for the relationship between Archie Andrews and Valerie Brown, but declared "Archie shouldn't be what makes Valerie interesting to us".[81]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
TV season
Rank
Avg. viewers
(millions)
18–49 rating
(average)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
Thursday 9:00 pm
13
January 26, 2017 (2017-01-26)
1.38[28]
May 11, 2017 (2017-05-11)
0.96[40]
2016–17
154
1.69
0.7/2[26]

2
Wednesday 8:00 pm
22[27]
October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)[3]
TBD
TBA
TBD
2017–18
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Season 1 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Chapter One: The River's Edge"
January 26, 2017
0.5/2
1.38[28]
0.4
1.01
0.9
2.38[82]

2
"Chapter Two: A Touch of Evil"
February 2, 2017
0.4/2
1.15[29]
0.4
0.76
0.8
1.91[83]

3
"Chapter Three: Body Double"
February 9, 2017
0.5/2
1.20[30]
N/A
0.71
N/A
1.90[84]

4
"Chapter Four: The Last Picture Show"
February 16, 2017
0.4/1
1.14[31]
0.4
0.73
0.8
1.87[85]

5
"Chapter Five: Heart of Darkness"
February 23, 2017
0.3/1
0.98[32]
0.4
0.71
0.7
1.69[86]

6
"Chapter Six: Faster, Pussycats! Kill! Kill!"
March 2, 2017
0.4/1
1.09[33]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

7
"Chapter Seven: In a Lonely Place"
March 9, 2017
0.4/1
1.03[34]
0.3
0.76
0.7
1.80[87]

8
"Chapter Eight: The Outsiders"
March 30, 2017
0.4/2
0.99[35]
N/A
0.55
N/A
1.54[88]

9
"Chapter Nine: La Grande Illusion"
April 6, 2017
0.3/1
0.91[36]
N/A
0.63
N/A
1.54[89]

10
"Chapter Ten: The Lost Weekend"
April 13, 2017
0.3/1
0.87[37]
0.3
0.58
0.6
1.48[90]

11
"Chapter Eleven: To Riverdale and Back Again"
April 27, 2017
0.3/1
0.89[38]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

12
"Chapter Twelve: Anatomy of a Murder"
May 4, 2017
0.3/1
0.98[39]
0.3
0.58
0.6
1.56[91]

13
"Chapter Thirteen: The Sweet Hereafter"
May 11, 2017
0.4/2
0.96[40]
N/A
0.56
N/A
1.52[92]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2017
Saturn Awards
Best Action-Thriller Television Series
Riverdale
Won
[93]

Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series
KJ Apa
Nominated

Breakthrough Performance
KJ Apa
Won
[94]

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Drama TV Show
Riverdale
Won
[95]

Choice Drama TV Actor
Cole Sprouse
Won

Choice Breakout TV Show
Riverdale
Won

Choice Breakout TV Star
K.J. Apa
Nominated

Lili Reinhart
Won

Choice TV Ship
#BUGHEAD (Lili Reinhart & Cole Sprouse)
Won

Choice Hissy Fit
Madelaine Petsch
Won

Choice Scene Stealer
Camila Mendes
Won

text: Spin-off[edit]

text: In September 2017, it was reported that a live-action television series, The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina, was being developed for The CW by Warner Bros. Television and Berlanti Productions, with a planned release in the 2018–2019 television season. Based on the comic series of the same name, featuring the Archie Comics character Sabrina the Teenage Witch, the series would be a companion series to Riverdale. Lee Toland Krieger will direct the pilot, which will be written by Aguirre-Sacasa. Both are executive producers along with Berlanti, Schechter, and Goldwater.[96]


document_title: History of the periodic table

question_text: who is the scientist who created the modern periodic table that we use today

root

text: History of the periodic table

text: Antiquity to the 18th century[edit]

text: A number of physical elements (such as platinum, mercury, tin and zinc) have been known from antiquity, as they are found in their native form and are relatively simple to mine with primitive tools.[3] Around 330 BCE, the Greek philosopher Aristotle proposed that everything is made up of a mixture of one or more roots, an idea that had originally been suggested by the Sicilian philosopher Empedocles. The four roots, which were later renamed as elements by Plato, were earth, water, air and fire. Similar ideas about these four elements also existed in other ancient traditions, such as Indian philosophy. While Aristotle and Plato understood the concept of an element, their ideas did nothing to advance the understanding of the nature of matter.

tag: p

text: Hennig Brand[edit]

text: The history of the periodic table is also a history of the discovery of the chemical elements. The first person in history to discover a new element was Hennig Brand, a bankrupt German merchant. Brand tried to discover the Philosopher's Stone — a mythical object that was supposed to turn inexpensive base metals into gold. In 1669 (or later), his experiments with distilled human urine resulted in the production of a glowing white substance, which he called "cold fire" (kaltes Feuer).[4] He kept his discovery secret until 1680, when Robert Boyle rediscovered phosphorus and published his findings. The discovery of phosphorus helped to raise the question of what it meant for a substance to be an element.

text: In 1661, Boyle defined an element as "those primitive and simple Bodies of which the mixt ones are said to be composed, and into which they are ultimately resolved."[5]

text: Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier[edit]

text: Lavoisier's Traité Élémentaire de Chimie (Elementary Treatise of Chemistry), which was written in 1789 and first translated into English by the writer Robert Kerr, is considered to be the first modern textbook about chemistry. Lavoisier defined an element as a substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance by a chemical reaction.[6] This simple definition served for a century and lasted until the discovery of subatomic particles. Lavoisier's book contained a list of "simple substances" that Lavoisier believed could not be broken down further, which included oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus, mercury, zinc and sulfur, which formed the basis for the modern list of elements. Lavoisier's list also included 'light' and 'caloric', which at the time were believed to be material substances. He has classified these substances into metals and non metals. While many leading chemists refused to believe Lavoisier's new revelations, the Elementary Treatise was written well enough to convince the younger generation. However, Lavoisier's descriptions of his elements lack completeness, as he only classified them as metals and non-metals.

text: 19th century[edit]

text: William Prout[edit]

text: In 1815, the English physician and chemist William Prout noticed that atomic weights seemed to be multiples of that of hydrogen.[7]

text: Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner[edit]

text: In 1817, Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner, a chemist, began to formulate one of the earliest attempts to classify the elements.[8] In 1829, he found that he could form some of the elements into groups of three, with the members of each group having related properties. He termed these groups triads.[9]

text: Definition of Triad law:-"Chemically analogous elements arranged in increasing order of their atomic weights formed well marked groups of three called Triads in which the atomic weight of the middle element was found to be generally the arithmetic mean of the atomic weight of the other two elements in the triad.

text:
chlorine, bromine, and iodine
calcium, strontium, and barium
sulfur, selenium, and tellurium
lithium, sodium, and potassium

tag: ol

text: Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois[edit]

text: Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois, a French geologist, was the first person to notice the periodicity of the elements — similar elements occurring at regular intervals when they are ordered by their atomic weights. In 1862 he devised an early form of periodic table, which he named Vis tellurique (the 'telluric helix'), after the element tellurium, which fell near the center of his diagram.[10][11] With the elements arranged in a spiral on a cylinder by order of increasing atomic weight, de Chancourtois saw that elements with similar properties lined up vertically. His 1863 publication included a chart (which contained ions and compounds,[12] in addition to elements), but his original paper in the Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences used geological rather than chemical terms and did not include a diagram. As a result, de Chancourtois' ideas received little attention until after the work of Dmitri Mendeleev had been publicised.[13]

text: John Newlands[edit]

text: In 1864, the English chemist John Newlands classified the sixty-two known elements into eight groups, based on their physical properties.[14][15][16][11]

text: Newlands noted that many pairs of similar elements existed, which differed by some multiple of eight in mass number, and was the first to assign them an atomic number.[1] When his 'law of octaves' was printed in Chemistry News, likening this periodicity of eights to the musical scale, it was ridiculed by some of his contemporaries. His lecture to the Chemistry Society on 1 March 1866 was not published, the Society defending their decision by saying that such 'theoretical' topics might be controversial.[17]

text: The importance of Newlands' analysis was eventually recognised by the Chemistry Society with a Gold Medal five years after they recognised Mendeleev's work. It was not until the following century, with Gilbert N. Lewis's valence bond theory (1916) and Irving Langmuir's octet theory of chemical bonding (1919), that the importance of the periodicity of eight would be accepted.[18][19][20] The Royal Chemistry Society acknowledged Newlands' contribution to science in 2008, when they put a Blue Plaque on the house where he was born, which described him as the "discoverer of the Periodic Law for the chemical elements".[1]

text: He contributed the word 'periodic' in chemistry.

text: Mendeleev[edit]

text: The Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev was the first scientist to make a periodic table similar to the one used today.[citation needed] Mendeleev arranged the elements by atomic mass, corresponding to relative molar mass. It is sometimes said that he played 'chemical solitaire' on long train journeys, using cards with various facts about the known elements.[21] On March 6, 1869, Mendeleev gave a formal presentation, The Dependence Between the Properties of the Atomic Weights of the Elements, to the Russian Chemical Society. In 1869, the table was published in an obscure Russian journal and then republished in a German journal, Zeitschrift für Chemie.[22][23] In it, Mendeleev stated that:

text:
The elements, if arranged according to their atomic mass, exhibit an apparent periodicity of properties.
Elements which are similar as regards to their chemical properties have atomic weights which are either of nearly the same value (e.g., Pt, Ir, Os) or which increase regularly (e.g., K, Rb, Cs).
The arrangement of the elements, or of groups of elements in the order of their atomic masses, corresponds to their so-called valencies, as well as, to some extent, to their distinctive chemical properties; as is apparent among other series in that of Li, Be, B, C, N, O, and F.
The elements which are the most widely diffused have small atomic weights.
The magnitude of the atomic weight determines the character of the element, just as the magnitude of the molecule determines the character of a compound body.
We must expect the discovery of many yet unknown elements – for example, elements analogous to aluminium and silicon – whose atomic weight would be between 65 and 75.
The atomic weight of an element may sometimes be amended by a knowledge of those of its contiguous elements. Thus the atomic weight of tellurium must lie between 123 and 126, and cannot be 128.
Certain characteristic properties of elements can be foretold from their atomic masses.

text: Scientific benefits of Mendeleev's table

text:
It enabled Mendeleev to predict the discovery of new elements and left spaces for them, namely eka-silicon (germanium, discovered in 1885), eka-aluminium (gallium, 1875), and eka-boron (scandium, 1879).[11] Thus, there was no disturbance in the periodic table.
It could be used by Mendeleev to point out that some of the atomic weights being used at the time were incorrect.
It provided for variance from atomic weight order.

tag: ul

text: Shortcomings of Mendeleev's table

text:
The table was not able to predict the existence of the noble gases, but did, however, leave spaces for yet to be discovered elements to slot into. Time proved this audacious calculation correct. However, when this entire family of elements was discovered, William Ramsay was able to add them to the table as Group 0, without the basic concept of the periodic table being disturbed.
A single position could not be assigned to hydrogen, which could be placed either in the alkali metals group, the halogens group or separately above the table between boron and carbon.[24]
The lanthanides were difficult to fit into the table.[11]
Polonium and radium, discovered by Marie Curie in 1898, also were difficult to fit into the table.[11]

text: Lothar Meyer[edit]

text: Unknown to Mendeleev, a German chemist, Lothar Meyer, was also working on a periodic table.[11] Although his work was published in 1864, and was done independently of Mendeleev, few historians regard him as an equal co-creator of the periodic table. Meyer's table only included twenty-eight elements, which were not classified by atomic weight, but by valence, and he never reached the idea of predicting new elements and correcting atomic weights. A few months after Mendeleev published his periodic table of the known elements, predicted new elements to help complete his table and corrected the atomic weights of some of the elements, Meyer published a virtually identical periodic table.

text: Meyer and Mendeleev are considered by some historians of science to be the co-creators of the periodic table, but Mendeleev's accurate prediction of the qualities of undiscovered elements enables him to have the larger share of the credit.

text: William Odling[edit]

text: In 1864, the English chemist William Odling also drew up a table that was remarkably similar to the table produced by Mendeleev.[25] Odling overcame the tellurium-iodine problem and even managed to get thallium, lead, mercury and platinum into the right groups, which is something that Mendeleev failed to do at his first attempt. Odling failed to achieve recognition, however, since it is suspected that he, as Secretary of the Chemical Society of London, was instrumental in discrediting Newlands' earlier work on the periodic table.[17]

text: 20th century[edit]

text: Frederick Soddy[edit]

text: By 1912 almost 50 different radioactive elements were found, too many for the periodic table. Frederick Soddy in 1913 found that although they emitted different radiation, many elements were alike in their chemical characteristics so shared the same place on the table.[26] They became known as isotopes, from the Greek eisos topos ("same place").[11][27]

text: Henry Moseley[edit]

text: In 1914, a year before he was killed in action at Gallipoli, the English physicist Henry Moseley found a relationship between the X-ray wavelength of an element and its atomic number.[28] He was then able to re-sequence the periodic table by nuclear charge, rather than by atomic weight. Before this discovery, atomic numbers were sequential numbers based on an element's atomic weight. Moseley's discovery showed that atomic numbers were in fact based upon experimental measurements.

text: Using information about their X-ray wavelengths, Moseley placed argon (with an atomic number Z=18) before potassium (Z=19), despite the fact that argon's atomic weight of 39.9 is greater than the atomic weight of potassium (39.1). The new order was in agreement with the chemical properties of these elements, since argon is a noble gas and potassium is an alkali metal. Similarly, Moseley placed cobalt before nickel and was able to explain that tellurium occurs before iodine, without revising the experimental atomic weight of tellurium, as had been proposed by Mendeleev.

text: Moseley's research showed that there were gaps in the periodic table at atomic numbers 43 and 61, which are now known to be occupied by technetium and promethium respectively.

text: Glenn T. Seaborg[edit]

text: During his Manhattan Project research in 1943, Glenn T. Seaborg experienced unexpected difficulties in isolating the elements americium and curium. Seaborg wondered if these elements belonged to a different series, which would explain why their chemical properties were different from what was expected. In 1945, against the advice of colleagues, he proposed a significant change to Mendeleev's table: the actinide series.

text: Seaborg's actinide concept of heavy element electronic structure, predicting that the actinides form a transition series analogous to the rare earth series of lanthanide elements, is now well accepted and included in the periodic table. The actinide series is the second row of the f-block (5f series). In both the actinide and lanthanide series, an inner electron shell is being filled. The actinide series comprises the elements from actinium to lawrencium. Seaborg's subsequent elaborations of the actinide concept theorized a series of superheavy elements in a transactinide series comprising elements from 104 to 121 and a superactinide series of elements from 122 to 153.


document_title: Briscoe Darling Jr.

question_text: who played briscoe darling on the andy griffith show

text: Briscoe Darling Jr.

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Briscoe Darling Jr. is a fictional character from The Andy Griffith Show, an American situation comedy from the 1960s that aired on CBS. The character was portrayed by actor Denver Pyle, best known for his roles as Grandpa Tarleton on Tammy, Buck Webb on The Doris Day Show, and Uncle Jesse on The Dukes of Hazzard. Briscoe was the patriarch of the mountain family The Darlings that appeared in several episodes during the run of the series.

text: Character overview[edit]

text: Known for his gruff demeanor and poor manners, Briscoe would often make blunt or unintentionally offensive remarks due to his social ignorance. He wore a floppy hat and overalls to complement his scruffy appearance. He was also the leader of the family band, in which he played a ceramic jug (which he used to keep time by blowing across the opening). He once attempted to court Andy's Aunt Bee by kidnapping her, but called off the "engagement" when she tried to reform him. Other members of the family were daughter, Charlene, and Briscoe's four silent, but musically talented sons. Rarely ever referred to by name, they were simply called "the boys."

text: "The Boys" were played by the real life musical group The Dillards and Charlene was played by actress Maggie Peterson.

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Mayberry, North Carolina

TV series

The Andy Griffith Show

Episodes

Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.

Episodes
Characters

Mayberry R.F.D.

Episodes

Telefilm

Return to Mayberry

Main characters

Andy Taylor
Opie Taylor
Bee Taylor
Barney Fife
Elinor "Ellie" Walker
Sam Jones
Gomer Pyle
Goober Pyle

Recurring characters

Ernest T. Bass
Otis Campbell
Helen Crump
Briscoe Darling Jr.
The Darlings
Clara Edwards
Warren Ferguson
The Fun Girls
Floyd Lawson
Flora Malherbe
Howard Sprague
Thelma Lou

Related programs

No Time for Sergeants
The Danny Thomas Show
The Jim Nabors Hour
The New Andy Griffith Show

Related topics

Mount Airy
Pilot Mountain
Desilu Productions
Rural purge
"What it Was, Was Football"
Mayberry Machiavelli

text:
This article about a television comedy character is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

v
t
e

text: The Andy Griffith Show charactersFictional characters from North CarolinaComedy television character stubs

text: Articles lacking sources from December 2009All articles lacking sourcesAll stub articles


document_title: List of Formula One fatalities

question_text: who was the last driver killed in f1

question_tokens: who was the last driver killed in f1

text: List of Formula One fatalities

text: Fatalities[edit]

text: Indicates a race or test drive that was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

text:
Driver

Date of accident

Event

Circuit

Car

Session

Ref(s).

 Cameron Earl (UK)

June 18, 1952

Test

MIRA

ERA

Test

[6]

 Chet Miller (USA)

May 15, 1953

Indianapolis 500[note 1]

Indianapolis Motor Speedway

Kurtis Kraft

Practice

[8]

 Charles de Tornaco (BEL)

September 18, 1953

Modena Grand Prix

Modena Autodrome

Ferrari Tipo 500

Practice

[9]

 Onofre Marimón (ARG)

July 31, 1954

German Grand Prix

Nürburgring

Maserati 250F

Practice

[8]

 Mario Alborghetti (ITA)

April 11, 1955

Pau Grand Prix

Pau Circuit

Maserati 4CLT

Race

[10]

 Manny Ayulo (USA)[note 2]

May 16, 1955

Indianapolis 500[note 1]

Indianapolis Motor Speedway

Kurtis Kraft

Practice

[8]

 Bill Vukovich (USA)

May 30, 1955

Race

 Eugenio Castellotti (ITA)

March 14, 1957

Test

Modena Autodrome

Ferrari 801

Test

[11]

 Keith Andrews (USA)

May 15, 1957

Indianapolis 500[note 1]

Indianapolis Motor Speedway

Kurtis Kraft

Practice

[8]

 Pat O'Connor (USA)

May 30, 1958

Indianapolis 500[note 1]

Indianapolis Motor Speedway

Kurtis Kraft

Race

[8]

 Luigi Musso (ITA)

July 6, 1958

French Grand Prix

Reims-Gueux

Ferrari 246 F1

Race

[8]

 Peter Collins (UK)

August 3, 1958

German Grand Prix

Nürburgring

Ferrari 246 F1

Race

[12]

 Stuart Lewis-Evans (UK)[note 3]

October 19, 1958

Moroccan Grand Prix

Ain-Diab Circuit

Vanwall

Race

[8]

 Jerry Unser Jr. (USA)[note 4]

May 2, 1959

Indianapolis 500[note 1]

Indianapolis Motor Speedway

Kuzma

Practice

[8]

 Bob Cortner (USA)

May 19, 1959

Cornis

 Harry Schell (USA)

May 13, 1960

BRDC International Trophy

Silverstone Circuit

Cooper T51

Practice

[8]

 Chris Bristow (UK)

June 19, 1960

Belgian Grand Prix[note 5]

Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps

Cooper T51

Race

[8]

 Alan Stacey (UK)

Lotus 18

 Shane Summers (UK)

June 1, 1961

Silver City Trophy

Brands Hatch

Cooper

Practice

[13]

 Giulio Cabianca (ITA)[note 6]

June 15, 1961

Test

Modena Autodrome

Cooper T51

Test

[14]

 Wolfgang von Trips (GER)[note 7]

September 10, 1961

Italian Grand Prix

Autodromo Nazionale Monza

Ferrari 156 F1

Race

[16]

 Ricardo Rodríguez (MEX)

November 1, 1962

Mexican Grand Prix

Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez

Lotus 24

Practice

[17]

 Gary Hocking (Rhodesia and Nyasaland)

December 21, 1962

Natal Grand Prix

Westmead Circuit

Lotus 24

Practice

[8]

 Carel Godin de Beaufort (NED)[note 8]

August 1, 1964

German Grand Prix

Nürburgring

Porsche 718

Practice

[8]

 John Taylor (UK)[note 9]

August 7, 1966

German Grand Prix

Nürburgring

Brabham

Race

[19]

 Lorenzo Bandini (ITA)[note 10]

May 7, 1967

Monaco Grand Prix

Circuit de Monaco

Ferrari 312

Race

[20]

 Bob Anderson (UK)

August 14, 1967

Test

Silverstone Circuit

Brabham

Test

[21]

 Jo Schlesser (FRA)

July 7, 1968

French Grand Prix

Rouen-Les-Essarts

Honda RA302

Race

[22]

 Gerhard Mitter (GER)

August 1, 1969

German Grand Prix

Nürburgring

BMW

Practice

[8]

 Martin Brain (UK)

May 25, 1970

Nottingham Sports Car Club meeting

Silverstone Circuit

Cooper

Race

[23][24]

 Piers Courage (UK)

June 21, 1970

Dutch Grand Prix

Circuit Park Zandvoort

De Tomaso

Race

[25]

 Jochen Rindt (AUT)

September 5, 1970

Italian Grand Prix

Autodromo Nazionale Monza

Lotus 72

Qualifying

[5]

 Jo Siffert (SUI)

October 24, 1971

World Championship Victory Race

Brands Hatch

BRM P160

Race

[26]

 Roger Williamson (UK)

July 29, 1973

Dutch Grand Prix

Circuit Park Zandvoort

March

Race

[8]

 François Cevert (FRA)

October 6, 1973

United States Grand Prix

Watkins Glen

Tyrrell

Qualifying

[27]

 Peter Revson (USA)

March 22, 1974

Test

Kyalami

Shadow DN3

Test

[28]

 Helmuth Koinigg (AUT)

October 6, 1974

United States Grand Prix

Watkins Glen

Surtees

Race

[29]

 Mark Donohue (USA)[note 11]

August 17, 1975

Austrian Grand Prix

Österreichring

March

Practice

[8]

 Tom Pryce (UK)[note 12]

March 5, 1977

South African Grand Prix

Kyalami

Shadow DN8

Race

[31]

 Brian McGuire (AUS)[note 13]

August 29, 1977

1977 Shellsport Championship Round 11

Brands Hatch

McGuire BM1

Practice

[32]

 Ronnie Peterson (SWE)[note 14]

September 10, 1978

Italian Grand Prix

Autodromo Nazionale Monza

Lotus 78

Race

[34]

 Patrick Depailler (FRA)

August 1, 1980

Test

Hockenheimring

Alfa Romeo 179

Test

[35]

 Gilles Villeneuve (CAN)

May 8, 1982

Belgian Grand Prix

Circuit Zolder

Ferrari 126C

Qualifying

[36]

 Riccardo Paletti (ITA)

June 13, 1982

Canadian Grand Prix

Circuit Gilles Villeneuve

Osella

Race

[8]

 Elio de Angelis (ITA)[note 15]

May 14, 1986

Test

Circuit Paul Ricard

Brabham BT55

Test

[38]

 Roland Ratzenberger (AUT)

April 30, 1994

San Marino Grand Prix

Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari

Simtek S941

Qualifying

[39]

 Ayrton Senna (BRA)

May 1, 1994

Williams FW16

Race

 John Dawson-Damer (UK)[note 16]

June 24, 2000

2000 Goodwood Festival of Speed

Goodwood Hillclimb

Lotus 63

Run

[2]

 Fritz Glatz (AUT)

July 14, 2002

2002 EuroBOSS Series season

Autodrom Most

Footwork FA17

Race

[3][41]

 Denis Welch (UK)

July 27, 2014

Silverstone Classic Jack Brabham Memorial Trophy

Silverstone Circuit

Lotus 18

Race

[4]

 Jules Bianchi (FRA)[note 17]

October 5, 2014

Japanese Grand Prix

Suzuka Circuit

Marussia MR03

Race

[1]

 David Ferrer (FRA)[note 18]

September 2, 2017

2017 Historic Grand Prix

Circuit Park Zandvoort

March 701

Race

[42]

text: By nationality[edit]

text:
Fatalities by nationality

Nationality

Total

 United Kingdom

14

 United States

10

 Italy

7

 France

5

 Austria

4

 Germany

2

 Argentina

1

 Australia

1

 Belgium

1

 Brazil

1

 Canada

1

 Mexico

1

 Netherlands

1

 Rhodesia and Nyasaland

1

 Sweden

1

  Switzerland

1

text: By circuit[edit]

text:
Fatalities by circuit

Circuit

Total

First

Most recent

 Indianapolis Motor Speedway

7

1953

1959

 Nürburgring

5

1954

1969

 Silverstone Circuit

4

1960

2014

 Modena Autodrome

3

1953

1961

 Brands Hatch

1961

1977

 Autodromo Nazionale Monza

1961

1978

 Circuit Park Zandvoort

1970

2017

 Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps

2

1960

1960

 Watkins Glen

1973

1974

 Kyalami

1974

1977

 Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari

1994

1994

 MIRA

1

1952

 Pau Circuit

1955

 Reims-Gueux

1958

 Ain-Diab Circuit

1958

 Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez

1962

 Westmead Circuit

1962

 Circuit de Monaco

1967

 Rouen-Les-Essarts

1968

 Österreichring

1975

 Hockenheimring

1980

 Circuit Zolder

1982

 Circuit Gilles Villeneuve

1982

 Circuit Paul Ricard

1986

 Goodwood Hillclimb

2000

 Autodrom Most

2002

 Suzuka Circuit

2014

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d e From 1950 to 1960, the Indianapolis 500 was part of the World Drivers' Championship.[7]

Jump up ^ Ayulo died on May 17, 1955, the day after his accident.[8]

Jump up ^ Lewis-Evans died of burns on October 25, 1958, six days after his accident.[8]

Jump up ^ Unser Jr. died of burns on May 17, 1959, fifteen days after his accident.[8]

Jump up ^ Bristow and Stacey died in separate accidents.[8]

Jump up ^ Unable to slow down his car because of technical failure, Cabianca drove through an open gate onto an adjoining public road where he hit several vehicles.  Cabianca was killed along with three other people.[14]

Jump up ^ Von Trips and fifteen spectators died as a result of the crash.  This is the deadliest F1 Grand Prix accident that includes fatalities of non-drivers.[15]

Jump up ^ Godin de Beaufort died on August 2, 1964, the day after his accident.[18]

Jump up ^ Taylor died of fifty per cent burns on September 8, 1966, thirty-two days after his accident.[19]

Jump up ^ Bandini died on May 10, 1967, three days after his accident.[20]

Jump up ^ Donohue died on August 19, 1975, two days after his accident.  Manfred Schaller, a track marshal who had been hit by debris, succumbed the same day.[30]

Jump up ^ Frederick Jansen van Vuuren, a teenage volunteer safety marshal, was killed in the crash along with Pryce, who had collided with him at high speed.[31]

Jump up ^ Both McGuire and track marshall John Thorpe died in the accident.[32]

Jump up ^ Peterson died in hospital on September 11, 1978, the day after his accident, as a result of fat embolism.[33]

Jump up ^ De Angelis died on May 15, 1986, the day after his accident.[37]

Jump up ^ Dawson-Damer crashed into a gantry at the finish line, killing Andrew Carpenter, a marshall, and seriously wounding another.  The 59-year-old driver may have suffered a fatal heart attack before losing control of his car.[40]

Jump up ^ Bianchi remained comatose in hospital until he succumbed to his injuries on July 17, 2015, more than nine months after his accident.[1]

Jump up ^ Ferrer died on September 7, 2017, five days after his accident.


document_title: White tie

question_text: when do you wear a white bow tie

question_tokens: when do you wear a white bow tie

text: White tie

text: Description[edit]

text: According to the British etiquette guide Debrett's, the central components of full evening dress for men are a white marcella shirt with a detachable wing collar and single cuffs, fastened with studs and cufflinks; the eponymous white marcella bow tie is worn around the collar, while a low-cut marcella waistcoat is worn over the shirt. Over this is worn a black single-breasted barathea wool or ultrafine herringbone tailcoat with silk peak lapels. The trousers have double-braiding down the outside of both legs, while the correct shoes are patent leather or highly polished black dress shoes. Although a white scarf remains popular in winter, the traditional white gloves, top hats, canes and cloaks are now rare. Women wear a full-length evening dress, with the option of jewellery, a tiara, a pashmina, coat or wrap. Long gloves are not compulsory.[1]

text: The waistcoat should not be visible below the front of the tailcoat, which necessitates a high waistline and (often) braces for the trousers. As one style writer for GQ magazine summarises "The simple rule of thumb is that you should only ever see black and white not black, white and black again".[2][3] While Debrett's accepts double cuffs for shirts worn with white tie,[1] some tailors and merchant suggest that single, linked cuffs are the most traditional and formal variation acceptable under the dress code.[4] Decorations may also be worn and, unlike Debrett's, Cambridge University's Varsity student newspaper suggests a top hat, opera cloak and silver-topped cane are acceptable accessories.[5] Some invitations to white-tie events, like the last published edition of the British Lord Chamberlain's Guide to Dress at Court, state that national costume or national dress may be substituted for white tie.[6][7]

text: Development[edit]

text: Origins and zenith[edit]

text: Throughout the Early Modern period, western European male courtiers and aristocrats donned elaborate clothing at ceremonies and dinners: coats (often richly decorated), frilly and lacy shirts and breeches formed the backbone of their most formal attire. As the 18th century drew to a close, high society began adopting more austere clothing which drew inspiration from the dark hues and simpler designs adopted by country gentlemen.[8] By the end of the 18th century, two forms of tail coat were in common use by upper class men in Britain and continental Europe: the more formal dress coat (cut away horizontally at the front) and the less formal morning coat, which curved back from the front to the tails. From around 1815, a knee-length garment called the frock coat became increasingly popular and was eventually established, along with the morning coat, as smart daywear in Victorian England. The dress coat, meanwhile, became reserved for wear in the evening.[9] The dandy Beau Brummell adopted a minimalistic approach to evening wear—a white waistcoat, dark blue tailcoat, black pantaloons and striped stockings.[10] Although Brummell felt black an ugly colour for evening dress coats, it was adopted by other dandies, like Charles Baudelaire, and black and white had become the standard colours by the 1840s.[11][12]

text: Over the course of the 19th century, the monotone colour scheme became a codified standard for evening events after 6pm in upper class circles.[8] The styles evolved and evening dress consisted of a black dress coat and trousers, white or black waistcoat, and a bow tie by the 1870s. The dinner jacket (tuxedo) emerged as a less formal and more comfortable alternative to full evening dress in the 1880s and, by the early 20th century, full evening dress meant wearing a white waistcoat and tie with a black tailcoat and trousers, the tuxedo incorporated a black bow tie and waistcoat: white tie had become distinct from black tie.[13] Despite its growing popularity, the dinner jacket remained the reserve of family dinners and gentlemen's clubs during the late Victorian period.[8]

text: Inter-war years and beyond[edit]

text: By the turn of the 20th century, full evening dress consisted of a black tailcoat made of heavy fabric weighing 16-18 oz per yard. Its lapels were medium width and the white shirt worn beneath it had a heavily starched, stiff front, fastened with pearl or black studs and either a winged collar or a type called a "poke", consisting of a high band with a slight curve at the front.[14] After World War I, the dinner jacket became more popular, especially in the US, and informal variations sprung up, like the soft, turn-down collar shirt and later the double-breasted jacket;[15] relaxing social norms in Jazz Age America meant white tie was replaced by black tie as the default evening wear for young men, especially at nightclubs.[8] According to The Delineator, the years after World War I saw white tie "almost abandoned".[16] But it did still have a place: the American etiquette writer Emily Post stated in 1922 that "A gentleman must always be in full dress, tail coat, white waistcoat, white tie and white gloves" when at the opera, yet she called the tuxedo "essential" for any gentleman, writing that "It is worn every evening and nearly everywhere, whereas the tail coat is necessary only at balls, formal dinners, and in a box at the opera."[17]

text: It also continued to evolve. White tie was worn with slim-cut trousers in the early 1920s; by 1926, wide-lapelled tailcoats and double-breasted waistcoats were in vogue.[18] The Duke of Windsor (then Prince of Wales and later Edward VIII) wore a midnight blue tailcoat, trousers and waistcoat in the 1920s and 1930s both to "soften" the contrast between black and white and allow for photographs to depict the nuances of his tailoring.[19] The late 1920s and 1930s witnessed a resurgence in the dress code's popularity,[16][20] but by 1953, one etiquette writer stressed that "The modern trend is to wear 'tails' only for the most formal and ceremonious functions, such as important formal dinners, balls, elaborate evening weddings, and opening night at the opera".[21]

text: Contemporary use[edit]

text: White tie is rarely worn in the early 21st century.[1] When the Costume Institute Gala announced a white tie dress code in 2014, a number of media outlets pointed out the difficulty and expense of obtaining traditional white tie, even for the celebrity guests.[22][23] Nevertheless, it survives as the dress code for royal ceremonies, debutante balls, and a select group of other social events in some countries. The male form has also been adopted for some formal weddings.[1] In Britain, it is worn at some state dinners[24][25] and certain May and commemoration balls at Oxford and Cambridge universities as well as University College Durham and St Andrews.[26][27][28] It was the dress code for the Lord Mayor of London's Mansion House banquet until 1996,[29] although David Cameron has worn white tie to the event as Prime Minister.[30] In the US, white tie is worn at some state dinners, including the one held for Elizabeth II in 2007.[31] The Vienna Opera Ball[32] and the Nobel Prize ceremony in Sweden are white tie events;[33] in Scandinavia and the Netherlands, it is the traditional attire for doctoral conferments and is prescribed at some Swedish and Finnish universities, where it is worn with a doctoral hat.[34][35][36][37][38]

text: Variations[edit]

text: Military dress[edit]

text: Prior to World War II formal style of military dress was generally restricted to the British, British Empire and United States armed forces; although the French, Imperial German, Swedish and other navies had adopted their own versions of mess dress during the late nineteenth century, influenced by the Royal Navy.[39]

text: In the US Army, evening mess uniform, in either blue or white, is the appropriate military uniform for white-tie occasions.[40][citation needed] The blue mess and white mess uniforms are black-tie equivalents, although the Army Service Uniform with bow tie are accepted, especially for non-commissioned officers and newly commissioned officers. For white-tie occasions, of which there are almost none in the United States outside the national capital region for US Army, an officer must wear a wing-collar shirt with white tie and white vest. For black-tie occasions, officers must wear a turndown collar with black tie and black cummerbund. The only outer coat prescribed for both black- and white-tie events is the army blue cape with branch color lining. It is a faux pas to wear white-tie equivalent evening mess uniform for a black-tie event.[41]

text: Clerical dress[edit]

text: Certain clergymen wear, in place of white-tie outfits, a cassock with ferraiolone, which is a light-weight ankle-length cape intended to be worn indoors. The colour and fabric of the ferraiolone is determined by the rank of the cleric and can be scarlet watered silk, purple silk, black silk or black wool. For outerwear the black cape (cappa nigra), also known as a choir cape (cappa choralis), is most traditional. It is a long black woollen cloak fastened with a clasp at the neck and often has a hood. Cardinals and bishops may also wear a black plush hat or, less formally, a biretta. In practice, the cassock and especially the ferraiolone have become much less common and no particular formal attire has appeared to replace them. The most formal alternative is a clerical waistcoat incorporating a Roman collar (a rabat) worn with a collarless French cuff shirt and a black suit, although this is closer to "black-tie" than white-tie. Historically, clerics in the Church of England would wear a knee-length cassock called an apron, accompanied by a tailcoat with silk facings but no lapels, for a white tie occasion. In modern times this is rarely seen, however if worn the knee-length cassock is now replaced with normal dress trousers.