document_title: List of countries by population (United Nations)

question_text: where does the uk rank in world population

text: List[edit]

text:
Countries and areas ranked by population in 2017

Rank
Country or area
UN continental
region[2]
UN statistical
region[2]
Population
(1 July 2016)[3]
Population
(1 July 2017)[3]
Change

—
World
—
—
7,466,964,280
7,550,262,101
7000111555135228260♠+1.1%

1
 China[a]
Asia
Eastern Asia
1,403,500,365
1,409,517,397
6999428716097982630♠+0.4%

2
 India
Asia
Southern Asia
1,324,171,354
1,339,180,127
7000113344643460699♠+1.1%

3
 United States
Americas
Northern America
322,179,605
324,459,463
6999707635730076710♠+0.7%

4
 Indonesia
Asia
South-eastern Asia
261,115,456
263,991,379
7000110139899186970♠+1.1%

5
 Brazil
Americas
South America
207,652,865
209,288,278
6999787570641031120♠+0.8%

6
 Pakistan
Asia
Southern Asia
193,203,476
197,015,955
7000197329731272540♠+2.0%

7
 Nigeria
Africa
Western Africa
185,989,640
190,886,311
7000263276545940949♠+2.6%

8
 Bangladesh
Asia
Southern Asia
162,951,560
164,669,751
7000105441825779390♠+1.1%

9
 Russia
Europe
Eastern Europe
143,964,513
143,989,754
5000000000000000000♠0.0%

10
 Mexico
Americas
Central America
127,540,423
129,163,276
7000127242246954130♠+1.3%

11
 Japan
Asia
Eastern Asia
127,748,513
127,484,450
3000793294658545260♠−0.2%

12
 Ethiopia
Africa
Eastern Africa
102,403,196
104,957,438
7000249429910371160♠+2.5%

13
 Philippines
Asia
South-eastern Asia
103,320,222
104,918,090
7000154652009942450♠+1.5%

14
 Egypt
Africa
Northern Africa
95,688,681
97,553,151
7000194847497166360♠+1.9%

15
 Vietnam
Asia
South-eastern Asia
94,569,072
95,540,800
7000102753255313749♠+1.0%

16
 Germany
Europe
Western Europe
81,914,672
82,114,224
6999243609594139630♠+0.2%

17
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
Africa
Middle Africa
78,736,153
81,339,988
7000330703863573320♠+3.3%

18
 Iran
Asia
Southern Asia
80,277,428
81,162,788
7000110287539356640♠+1.1%

19
 Turkey
Asia
Western Asia
79,512,426
80,745,020
7000155019040671710♠+1.6%

20
 Thailand
Asia
South-eastern Asia
68,863,514
69,037,513
6999252672264154290♠+0.3%

21
 United Kingdom
Europe
Northern Europe
65,788,574
66,181,585
6999597384889357830♠+0.6%

22
 France[b]
Europe
Western Europe
64,720,690
64,979,548
6999399961743300330♠+0.4%

23
 Italy
Europe
Southern Europe
59,429,938
59,359,900
3000882150306130220♠−0.1%

24
 Tanzania[c]
Africa
Eastern Africa
55,572,201
57,310,019
7000312713545392960♠+3.1%

25
 South Africa
Africa
Southern Africa
56,015,473
56,717,156
7000125265924292030♠+1.3%

26
 Myanmar
Asia
South-eastern Asia
52,885,223
53,370,609
6999917810254860800♠+0.9%

27
 South Korea
Asia
Eastern Asia
50,791,919
50,982,212
6999374652117396870♠+0.4%

28
 Colombia
Americas
South America
48,653,419
49,065,615
6999847208702845740♠+0.8%

29
 Kenya
Africa
Eastern Africa
48,461,567
49,699,862
7000255521040002689♠+2.6%

30
 Spain[d]
Europe
Southern Europe
46,347,576
46,354,321
5000000000000000000♠0.0%

31
 Argentina
Americas
South America
43,847,430
44,271,041
6999966102232217490♠+1.0%

32
 Ukraine[e]
Europe
Eastern Europe
44,438,625
44,222,947
3000514660950918270♠−0.5%

33
 Uganda
Africa
Eastern Africa
41,487,965
42,862,958
7000331419726178420♠+3.3%

34
 Algeria
Africa
Northern Africa
40,606,052
41,318,142
7000175365484928210♠+1.8%

35
 Sudan
Africa
Northern Africa
39,578,828
40,533,330
7000241164796491700♠+2.4%

36
 Iraq
Asia
Western Asia
37,202,572
38,274,618
7000288164484971630♠+2.9%

37
 Poland
Europe
Eastern Europe
38,224,410
38,170,712
3000859519087410380♠−0.1%

38
 Canada
Americas
Northern America
36,289,822
36,624,199
6999921407109684910♠+0.9%

39
 Morocco
Africa
Northern Africa
35,276,786
35,739,580
7000131189388965310♠+1.3%

40
 Afghanistan
Asia
Southern Asia
34,656,032
35,530,081
7000252206888543959♠+2.5%

41
 Saudi Arabia
Asia
Western Asia
32,275,687
32,938,213
7000205270921111609♠+2.1%

42
 Peru
Americas
South America
31,773,839
32,165,485
7000123260522595330♠+1.2%

43
 Venezuela
Americas
South America
31,568,179
31,977,065
7000129524734385220♠+1.3%

44
 Uzbekistan
Asia
Central Asia
31,446,795
31,910,641
7000147501836037660♠+1.5%

45
 Malaysia[f]
Asia
South-eastern Asia
31,187,265
31,624,264
7000140120975661060♠+1.4%

46
 Angola
Africa
Middle Africa
28,813,463
29,784,193
7000336901538006730♠+3.4%

47
 Mozambique
Africa
Eastern Africa
28,829,476
29,668,834
7000291145770391390♠+2.9%

48
   Nepal
Asia
Southern Asia
28,982,771
29,304,998
7000111178810335280♠+1.1%

49
 Ghana
Africa
Western Africa
28,206,728
28,833,629
7000222252293849890♠+2.2%

50
 Yemen
Asia
Western Asia
27,584,213
28,250,420
7000241517494082570♠+2.4%

51
 Madagascar
Africa
Eastern Africa
24,894,551
25,570,895
7000271683550348029♠+2.7%

52
 North Korea
Asia
Eastern Asia
25,368,620
25,490,965
6999482269039466860♠+0.5%

53
 Australia[g]
Oceania
Australia and New Zealand
24,125,848
24,450,561
7000134591331256000♠+1.3%

54
 Ivory Coast
Africa
Western Africa
23,695,919
24,294,750
7000252714824016740♠+2.5%

55
 Cameroon
Africa
Middle Africa
23,439,189
24,053,727
7000262183985973230♠+2.6%

56
 Taiwan[h]
Asia
Eastern Asia
23,556,706
23,626,456
6999296094029445370♠+0.3%

57
 Niger
Africa
Western Africa
20,672,987
21,477,348
7000389087943604860♠+3.9%

58
 Sri Lanka
Asia
Southern Asia
20,798,492
20,876,917
6999377070606849770♠+0.4%

59
 Romania
Europe
Eastern Europe
19,778,083
19,679,306
3000500573437779580♠−0.5%

60
 Burkina Faso
Africa
Western Africa
18,646,433
19,193,382
7000293326342898930♠+2.9%

61
 Malawi
Africa
Eastern Africa
18,091,575
18,622,104
7000293246442059360♠+2.9%

62
 Mali
Africa
Western Africa
17,994,837
18,541,980
7000304055546599280♠+3.0%

63
 Syria
Asia
Western Asia
18,430,453
18,269,868
3000128697487793700♠−0.9%

64
 Kazakhstan
Asia
Central Asia
17,987,736
18,204,499
7000120505993639220♠+1.2%

65
 Chile
Americas
South America
17,909,754
18,054,726
6999809458354369360♠+0.8%

66
 Zambia
Africa
Eastern Africa
16,591,390
17,094,130
7000303012586648860♠+3.0%

67
 Netherlands
Europe
Western Europe
16,987,330
17,035,938
6999286142672215120♠+0.3%

68
 Guatemala
Americas
Central America
16,582,469
16,913,503
7000199628897240820♠+2.0%

69
 Ecuador
Americas
South America
16,385,068
16,624,858
7000146346661484710♠+1.5%

70
 Zimbabwe
Africa
Eastern Africa
16,150,362
16,529,904
7000235005258705660♠+2.4%

71
 Cambodia
Asia
South-eastern Asia
15,762,370
16,005,373
7000154166537138770♠+1.5%

72
 Senegal
Africa
Western Africa
15,411,614
15,850,567
7000284819617205570♠+2.8%

73
 Chad
Africa
Middle Africa
14,452,543
14,899,994
7000309600185932680♠+3.1%

74
 Somalia
Africa
Eastern Africa
14,317,996
14,742,523
7000296498895515820♠+3.0%

75
 Guinea
Africa
Western Africa
12,395,924
12,717,176
7000259159381745159♠+2.6%

76
 South Sudan
Africa
Eastern Africa
12,230,730
12,575,714
7000282063294668430♠+2.8%

77
 Rwanda
Africa
Eastern Africa
11,917,508
12,208,407
7000244093815586280♠+2.4%

78
 Tunisia
Africa
Northern Africa
11,403,248
11,532,127
7000113019553727150♠+1.1%

79
 Cuba
Americas
Caribbean
11,475,982
11,484,636
6998754096686453430♠+0.1%

80
 Belgium
Europe
Western Europe
11,358,379
11,429,336
6999624710621119440♠+0.6%

81
 Benin
Africa
Western Africa
10,872,298
11,175,692
7000279052321781470♠+2.8%

82
 Greece
Europe
Southern Europe
11,183,716
11,159,773
3000785911945546550♠−0.2%

83
 Bolivia
Americas
South America
10,887,882
11,051,600
7000150367169666240♠+1.5%

84
 Haiti
Americas
Caribbean
10,847,334
10,981,229
7000123435859908070♠+1.2%

85
 Burundi
Africa
Eastern Africa
10,524,117
10,864,245
7000323189109357110♠+3.2%

86
 Dominican Republic
Americas
Caribbean
10,648,791
10,766,998
7000111005089685770♠+1.1%

87
 Czech Republic
Europe
Eastern Europe
10,610,947
10,618,303
6998693246323820059♠+0.1%

88
 Portugal
Europe
Southern Europe
10,371,627
10,329,506
3000593882425582789♠−0.4%

89
 Sweden
Europe
Northern Europe
9,837,533
9,910,701
6999743763705799010♠+0.7%

90
 Azerbaijan[i]
Asia
Western Asia
9,725,376
9,827,589
7000105099278423790♠+1.1%

91
 Hungary
Europe
Eastern Europe
9,753,281
9,721,559
3000674755602755630♠−0.3%

92
 Jordan
Asia
Western Asia
9,455,802
9,702,353
7000260740442746160♠+2.6%

93
 Belarus
Europe
Eastern Europe
9,480,042
9,468,338
3000876540631360070♠−0.1%

94
 United Arab Emirates
Asia
Western Asia
9,269,612
9,400,145
7000140818191743080♠+1.4%

95
 Honduras
Americas
Central America
9,112,867
9,265,067
7000167016593131450♠+1.7%

96
 Tajikistan
Asia
Central Asia
8,734,951
8,921,343
7000213386428842020♠+2.1%

97
 Serbia[j]
Europe
Southern Europe
8,820,083
8,790,574
3000665433987412590♠−0.3%

98
 Austria
Europe
Western Europe
8,712,137
8,735,453
6999267626645448749♠+0.3%

99
  Switzerland
Europe
Western Europe
8,401,739
8,476,005
6999883936051810230♠+0.9%

100
 Israel
Asia
Western Asia
8,191,828
8,321,570
7000158379790200670♠+1.6%

101
 Papua New Guinea
Oceania
Melanesia
8,084,991
8,251,162
7000205530222606310♠+2.1%

102
 Togo
Africa
Western Africa
7,606,374
7,797,694
7000251525891311680♠+2.5%

103
 Sierra Leone
Africa
Western Africa
7,396,190
7,557,212
7000217709388212040♠+2.2%

104
 Hong Kong
Asia
Eastern Asia
7,302,843
7,364,883
6999849532161652670♠+0.8%

105
 Bulgaria
Europe
Eastern Europe
7,131,494
7,084,571
3000342031277036759♠−0.7%

106
 Laos
Asia
South-eastern Asia
6,758,353
6,858,160
7000147679471610910♠+1.5%

107
 Paraguay
Americas
South America
6,725,308
6,811,297
7000127858828175600♠+1.3%

108
 El Salvador
Americas
Central America
6,344,722
6,377,853
6999522182059355790♠+0.5%

109
 Libya
Africa
Northern Africa
6,293,253
6,374,616
7000129286078280980♠+1.3%

110
 Nicaragua
Americas
Central America
6,149,928
6,217,581
7000110006165925840♠+1.1%

111
 Lebanon
Asia
Western Asia
6,006,668
6,082,357
7000126008296113589♠+1.3%

112
 Kyrgyzstan
Asia
Central Asia
5,955,734
6,045,117
7000150078898755380♠+1.5%

113
 Turkmenistan
Asia
Central Asia
5,662,544
5,758,075
7000168706856847380♠+1.7%

114
 Denmark
Europe
Northern Europe
5,711,870
5,733,551
6999379577966585360♠+0.4%

115
 Singapore
Asia
South-eastern Asia
5,622,455
5,708,844
7000153649962516370♠+1.5%

116
 Finland[k]
Europe
Northern Europe
5,503,132
5,523,231
6999365228382673720♠+0.4%

117
 Slovakia
Europe
Eastern Europe
5,444,218
5,447,662
6998632597739473220♠+0.1%

118
 Norway[l]
Europe
Northern Europe
5,254,694
5,305,383
6999964642279835900♠+1.0%

119
 Congo
Africa
Middle Africa
5,125,821
5,260,750
7000263233928769660♠+2.6%

120
 Eritrea
Africa
Eastern Africa
4,954,645
5,068,831
7000230462525569440♠+2.3%

121
 Palestine[m]
Asia
Western Asia
4,790,705
4,920,724
7000271398468492630♠+2.7%

122
 Costa Rica
Americas
Central America
4,857,274
4,905,769
6999998399513801360♠+1.0%

123
 Ireland
Europe
Northern Europe
4,726,078
4,761,657
6999752822953831900♠+0.8%

124
 Liberia
Africa
Western Africa
4,613,823
4,731,906
7000255933094962680♠+2.6%

125
 New Zealand
Oceania
Australia and New Zealand
4,660,833
4,705,818
6999965170818177770♠+1.0%

126
 Central African Republic
Africa
Middle Africa
4,594,621
4,659,080
7000140292311378890♠+1.4%

127
 Oman
Asia
Western Asia
4,424,762
4,636,262
7000477991810632980♠+4.8%

128
 Mauritania
Africa
Western Africa
4,301,018
4,420,184
7000277064639115670♠+2.8%

129
 Croatia
Europe
Southern Europe
4,213,265
4,189,353
3000432459149851719♠−0.6%

130
 Kuwait
Asia
Western Asia
4,052,584
4,136,528
7000207136977296460♠+2.1%

131
 Panama
Americas
Central America
4,034,119
4,098,587
7000159806887203870♠+1.6%

132
 Moldova[n]
Europe
Eastern Europe
4,059,608
4,051,212
3000793182001809040♠−0.2%

133
 Georgia[o]
Asia
Western Asia
3,925,405
3,912,061
3000660060554261280♠−0.3%

134
 Puerto Rico
Americas
Caribbean
3,667,903
3,663,131
3000869898413344080♠−0.1%

135
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
Europe
Southern Europe
3,516,816
3,507,017
3000721367282223460♠−0.3%

136
 Uruguay
Americas
South America
3,444,006
3,456,750
6999370034198546690♠+0.4%

137
 Mongolia
Asia
Eastern Asia
3,027,398
3,075,647
7000159374485944700♠+1.6%

138
 Armenia
Asia
Western Asia
2,924,816
2,930,450
6999192627502037750♠+0.2%

139
 Albania
Europe
Southern Europe
2,926,348
2,930,187
6999131187404915620♠+0.1%

140
 Jamaica
Americas
Caribbean
2,881,355
2,890,299
6999310409512191320♠+0.3%

141
 Lithuania
Europe
Northern Europe
2,908,249
2,890,297
3000382721355702350♠−0.6%

142
 Qatar
Asia
Western Asia
2,569,804
2,639,211
7000270086745915250♠+2.7%

143
 Namibia
Africa
Southern Africa
2,479,713
2,533,794
7000218093787466530♠+2.2%

144
 Botswana
Africa
Southern Africa
2,250,260
2,291,661
7000183983184165390♠+1.8%

145
 Lesotho
Africa
Southern Africa
2,203,821
2,233,339
7000133940097675810♠+1.3%

146
 The Gambia
Africa
Western Africa
2,038,501
2,100,568
7000304473728489710♠+3.0%

147
 Republic of Macedonia
Europe
Southern Europe
2,081,206
2,083,160
6998938878707826160♠+0.1%

148
 Slovenia
Europe
Southern Europe
2,077,862
2,079,976
6999101739191534380♠+0.1%

149
 Gabon
Africa
Middle Africa
1,979,786
2,025,137
7000229070212639140♠+2.3%

150
 Latvia
Europe
Northern Europe
1,970,530
1,949,670
2999894140155186680♠−1.1%

151
 Guinea-Bissau
Africa
Western Africa
1,815,698
1,861,283
7000251060473713140♠+2.5%

152
 Bahrain
Asia
Western Asia
1,425,171
1,492,584
7000473016922179870♠+4.7%

153
 Trinidad and Tobago
Americas
Caribbean
1,364,962
1,369,125
6999304990175550680♠+0.3%

154
 Swaziland
Africa
Southern Africa
1,343,098
1,367,254
7000179852847670090♠+1.8%

155
 Estonia
Europe
Northern Europe
1,312,442
1,309,632
3000785895300516140♠−0.2%

156
 East Timor
Asia
South-eastern Asia
1,268,671
1,296,311
7000217865782381720♠+2.2%

157
 Equatorial Guinea
Africa
Middle Africa
1,221,490
1,267,689
7000378218405390140♠+3.8%

158
 Mauritius[p]
Africa
Eastern Africa
1,262,132
1,265,138
6999238168432461890♠+0.2%

159
 Cyprus[q]
Asia
Western Asia
1,170,125
1,179,551
6999805554962076700♠+0.8%

160
 Djibouti
Africa
Eastern Africa
942,333
956,985
7000155486436323460♠+1.6%

161
 Fiji
Oceania
Melanesia
898,760
905,502
6999750144643731350♠+0.8%

162
 Réunion
Africa
Eastern Africa
869,925
876,562
6999762939333850610♠+0.8%

163
 Comoros
Africa
Eastern Africa
795,601
813,912
7000230153054106270♠+2.3%

164
 Bhutan
Asia
Southern Asia
797,765
807,610
7000123407269057930♠+1.2%

165
 Guyana
Americas
South America
773,303
777,859
6999589161040368390♠+0.6%

166
 Montenegro
Europe
Southern Europe
628,615
628,960
6998548825592771470♠+0.1%

167
 Macau
Asia
Eastern Asia
612,167
622,567
7000169888282119100♠+1.7%

168
 Solomon Islands
Oceania
Melanesia
599,419
611,343
7000198925959971240♠+2.0%

169
 Luxembourg
Europe
Western Europe
575,747
583,455
7000133878248605720♠+1.3%

170
 Suriname
Americas
South America
558,368
563,402
6999901555963092450♠+0.9%

171
 Western Sahara
Africa
Northern Africa
538,755
552,628
7000257501090477120♠+2.6%

172
 Cape Verde
Africa
Western Africa
539,560
546,388
7000126547557268890♠+1.3%

173
 Guadeloupe[r]
Americas
Caribbean
449,975
449,568
3001095505305850340♠−0.1%

174
 Maldives
Asia
Southern Asia
427,756
436,330
7000200441373119259♠+2.0%

175
 Malta
Europe
Southern Europe
429,362
430,835
6999343067155453910♠+0.3%

176
 Brunei
Asia
South-eastern Asia
423,196
428,697
7000129987050917310♠+1.3%

177
 Bahamas
Americas
Caribbean
391,232
395,361
7000105538401766730♠+1.1%

178
 Martinique
Americas
Caribbean
385,103
384,896
3001462481465997370♠−0.1%

179
 Belize
Americas
Central America
366,954
374,681
7000210571352267590♠+2.1%

180
 Iceland
Europe
Northern Europe
332,474
335,025
6999767278042794330♠+0.8%

181
 Barbados
Americas
Caribbean
284,996
285,719
6999253687771056429♠+0.3%

182
 French Polynesia
Oceania
Polynesia
280,208
283,007
6999998900816536290♠+1.0%

183
 French Guiana
Americas
South America
275,713
282,731
7000254540047077939♠+2.5%

184
 New Caledonia
Oceania
Melanesia
272,677
276,255
7000131217521096390♠+1.3%

185
 Vanuatu
Oceania
Melanesia
270,402
276,244
7000216048697864660♠+2.2%

186
 Mayotte
Africa
Eastern Africa
246,489
253,045
7000265975357926719♠+2.7%

187
 Sao Tome and Principe
Africa
Middle Africa
199,910
204,327
7000220949427242260♠+2.2%

188
 Samoa
Oceania
Polynesia
195,125
196,440
6999673926969891100♠+0.7%

189
 Saint Lucia
Americas
Caribbean
178,015
178,844
6999465691093447180♠+0.5%

190
 Guernsey and  Jersey
Europe
Northern Europe
164,541
165,314
6999469791723643340♠+0.5%

191
 Guam
Oceania
Micronesia
162,896
164,229
6999818313525193990♠+0.8%

192
 Curaçao
Americas
Caribbean
159,371
160,539
6999732881138977600♠+0.7%

193
 Kiribati
Oceania
Micronesia
114,395
116,398
7000175095065343760♠+1.8%

194
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Americas
Caribbean
109,643
109,897
6999231660935946660♠+0.2%

195
 Tonga
Oceania
Polynesia
107,122
108,020
6999838296521722890♠+0.8%

196
 Grenada
Americas
Caribbean
107,317
107,825
6999473363959111790♠+0.5%

197
 Federated States of Micronesia
Oceania
Micronesia
104,937
105,544
6999578442303477320♠+0.6%

198
 Aruba
Americas
Caribbean
104,822
105,264
6999421667207265640♠+0.4%

199
 United States Virgin Islands
Americas
Caribbean
104,913
104,901
5000000000000000000♠0.0%

200
 Antigua and Barbuda
Americas
Caribbean
100,963
102,012
7000103899448312750♠+1.0%

201
 Seychelles
Africa
Eastern Africa
94,228
94,737
6999540179139958410♠+0.5%

202
 Isle of Man
Europe
Northern Europe
83,737
84,287
6999656818371806980♠+0.7%

203
 Andorra
Europe
Southern Europe
77,281
76,965
3000591102599604040♠−0.4%

204
 Dominica
Americas
Caribbean
73,543
73,925
6999519424010442870♠+0.5%

205
 Cayman Islands
Americas
Caribbean
60,765
61,559
7000130667324940339♠+1.3%

206
 Bermuda
Americas
Northern America
61,666
61,349
3000485940388544740♠−0.5%

207
 Greenland
Americas
Northern America
56,412
56,480
6999120541728710210♠+0.1%

208
 American Samoa
Oceania
Polynesia
55,599
55,641
6998755409269950880♠+0.1%

209
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
Americas
Caribbean
54,821
55,345
6999955838091242400♠+1.0%

210
 Northern Mariana Islands
Oceania
Micronesia
55,023
55,144
6999219908038456640♠+0.2%

211
 Marshall Islands
Oceania
Micronesia
53,066
53,127
6999114951192854180♠+0.1%

212
 Faroe Islands
Europe
Northern Europe
49,117
49,290
6999352220208888990♠+0.4%

213
 Sint Maarten
Americas
Caribbean
39,537
40,120
7000147456812605910♠+1.5%

214
 Monaco
Europe
Western Europe
38,499
38,695
6999509104132574879♠+0.5%

215
 Liechtenstein
Europe
Western Europe
37,666
37,922
6999679658047045080♠+0.7%

216
 Turks and Caicos Islands
Americas
Caribbean
34,900
35,446
7000156446991404010♠+1.6%

217
 Gibraltar
Europe
Southern Europe
34,408
34,571
6999473727040223190♠+0.5%

218
 San Marino
Europe
Southern Europe
33,203
33,400
6999593319880733680♠+0.6%

219
 British Virgin Islands
Americas
Caribbean
30,661
31,196
7000174488764228170♠+1.7%

220
 Caribbean Netherlands[s]
Americas
Caribbean
25,019
25,398
7000151484871497660♠+1.5%

221
 Palau
Oceania
Micronesia
21,503
21,729
7000105101613728320♠+1.1%

222
 Cook Islands
Oceania
Polynesia
17,379
17,380
5000000000000000000♠0.0%

223
 Anguilla
Americas
Caribbean
14,764
14,909
6999982118667027910♠+1.0%

224
 Wallis and Futuna
Oceania
Polynesia
11,899
11,773
2999894108748634340♠−1.1%

225
 Nauru
Oceania
Micronesia
11,347
11,359
6999105754825063900♠+0.1%

226
 Tuvalu
Oceania
Polynesia
11,097
11,192
6999856087230783100♠+0.9%

227
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Americas
Northern America
6,305
6,320
6999237906423473430♠+0.2%

228
 Montserrat
Americas
Caribbean
5,152
5,177
6999485248447204970♠+0.5%

229
 Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
Africa
Western Africa
4,035
4,049
6999346964064436170♠+0.3%

230
 Falkland Islands
Americas
South America
2,910
2,910
5000000000000000000♠0.0%

231
 Niue
Oceania
Polynesia
1,624
1,618
3000630541871921189♠−0.4%

232
 Tokelau
Oceania
Polynesia
1,282
1,300
7000140405616224650♠+1.4%

233
  Vatican City[t]
Europe
Southern Europe
801
792
2999887640449438199♠−1.1%


document_title: I Do, I Do, I Do

question_text: i do i do i do hallmark movie cast

question_tokens: i do i do i do hallmark movie cast

root

text: I Do, I Do, I Do

text: Plot[edit]

text: After her wedding ceremony turned to disaster, a young bride will be offered the opportunity to relive this day over and over until she gets it right. In the process, she will learn more about herself than she ever could have imagined.

tag: p

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Autumn Reeser as Jaclyn Palmer
Shawn Roberts as Max Lorenzo
Antonio Cupo as Dr. Peter Lorenzo
Ali Liebert as Kate
Nelson Wong as Gerry

tag: ul


document_title: The Fun They Had

question_text: who wrote the story the fun they had

question_tokens: who wrote the story the fun they had

text: The Fun They Had

text:
"The Fun They Had"Author
Isaac AsimovCountry
United StatesLanguage
EnglishGenre(s)
Science fictionPublished in
Boys and Girls PagePublication type
PeriodicalMedia type
Print (Newspaper, Magazine, Hardback & Paperback)Publication date
1 December 1951

tag: table

text: "The Fun They Had" is a science fiction story  by American writer Isaac Asimov. It first appeared in a children's newspaper in 1951 and was reprinted in the February 1954 issue of The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, as well as the collections Earth Is Room Enough (1957), 50 Short Science Fiction Tales (1960), and The Best of Isaac Asimov (1973). It has been modified in a Finnish English book called KEY English 8-9.

text: Written as a personal favor for a friend, "The Fun They Had" became "probably the biggest surprise of my literary career", Asimov wrote in 1973. He reported that it had been reprinted more than 30 times with more being planned. "Why? I don't know why."[1] It is about computerized home schooling, and what children miss out on by not being in school together.

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: Set in the year 2155, when children learn individually at home using a mechanical teacher, the story tells of eleven-year-old Margie Jones, whose neighbor Tommy finds a real book. The book tells about a time when children learned by age group in large schools that were not merely designated rooms in private houses as in the year 2155. Margie and Tommy discuss what it must have been like to study together with a real person as a teacher, and though at first Margie is skeptical about the notion, by the end of the story she daydreams about what it must have been like and 'the fun they had'.


document_title: List of Inspector Morse episodes

question_text: what was the last episode of morse called

text: List of Inspector Morse episodes

text: Series 1 (1987)[edit]

text:
Episode

Title

Written by

Directed by

Viewers(millions)

Original airdate
1"The Dead of Jericho"Anthony MinghellaAlastair ReidTBA6 January 1987 (1987-01-06)
Anne Stavely, a friend of Morse's, ostensibly commits suicide at her home in Jericho, though Morse is unconvinced. Morse works with Sergeant Lewis for the first time.
2"The Silent World of Nicholas Quinn"Julian MitchellBrian ParkerTBA13 January 1987 (1987-01-13)
The murder of a deaf university entrance examiner leads Morse and Lewis into a possible college cheating scandal.
3"Service of All the Dead"Julian MitchellPeter HammondTBA20 January 1987 (1987-01-20)
A church warden is found with a knife in his chest; and more bodies start to pile up as Morse and Lewis try to catch a dangerous psychopath. Bodies of persons closely linked to St Oswald's where the first murder took place.

Morse's falls for the church caretaker, but she has other things going on in her life.

text: Series 2 (1987–8)[edit]

text:
Episode

Title

Written by

Directed by

Viewers(millions)

Original airdate
1"The Wolvercote Tongue"Julian MitchellAlastair ReidTBA25 December 1987 (1987-12-25)
An American tourist is found dead in a hotel room at the Randolph Hotel, apparently from a heart attack. Morse suspects foul play, as a unique Anglo-Saxon artefact belonging to the victim has gone missing.
2"Last Seen Wearing"Thomas ElliceEdward BennettTBA8 March 1988 (1988-03-08)
A schoolgirl has been missing for six months and Morse is convinced she is dead. The school girl is the daughter of a very influential businessman in the area. However, Morse and Lewis discover some disturbing facts about one of the schools she previously attended. Before Morse can solve the mystery, another murder occurs. No one knows what really happened in the school, Homewood, and no one seems to know where the girl could have gone. The investigation brings Morse and Lewis into contact with all the past- and present teachers, and students who knew her.
3"The Settling of the Sun"Charles WoodPeter HammondTBA15 March 1988 (1988-03-15)
Morse is called on to solve the murder of a Japanese student, one of a group of foreign students with whom he had attended dinner.
4"Last Bus to Woodstock"Michael WilcoxPeter DuffellTBA22 March 1988 (1988-03-22)
Morse investigates the death of Sylvia Kane, an 18-year-old woman found dead in a pub car park, where she was late in meeting her date. In her possession is found an envelope with a secret coded message addressed to the dead woman's co-worker Jennifer Coleby, who has secrets of her own. Several relationships and connections are established by Morse & Lewis to find the truth about how Sylvia died.

text: Series 3 (1989)[edit]

text:
Episode

Title

Written by

Directed by

Viewers(millions)

Original airdate
1"Ghost in the Machine"Julian MitchellHerbert WiseTBA4 January 1989 (1989-01-04)
Valuable paintings are stolen from a stately home, Hanbury House, and Sir Julius Hanbury, the owner, is missing. After Morse finds Sir Julius's body in his private chapel, he and Lewis are involved in a near car accident that results in a fatality. Lewis notices the brake line is cut and the driver of the car has a note on him in response to a blackmail threat.
2"The Last Enemy"Peter BuckmanJames ScottTBA11 January 1989 (1989-01-11)
The torso of a man is found floating in a canal at Thrupp. An old university friend of Morse's, and now the Master of the Oxford college Beaumont, Sir Alexander Reece, asks Morse to investigate the disappearance of the Deputy Master.
3"Deceived by Flight"Anthony MinghellaAnthony SimmonsTBA18 January 1989 (1989-01-18)
An old college roommate of Morse's, Anthony Donn, comes to Oxford for a cricket match and calls Morse after twenty years and wants to get together and talk. Morse soon gets distracted by a case where three people are killed in a hate crime in the fire bombing of a very liberal bookstore. Donn, who obviously had something on his mind to talk about with Morse, then turns up dead in his college lodging. Lewis replaces Donn on the cricket team, the Clarets, to go undercover. A cricket match between the Clarets and the Hearties, organized by another former college companion of Morse's, Roly Marshall, is disrupted when Peter Foster is found murdered in the changing rooms, stabbed in the chest with a pair of scissors.
4"The Secret of Bay 5B"Alma CullenJim GoddardTBA25 January 1989 (1989-01-25)
A murder at a multi-storey car park uncovers a crime of passion involving a jealous husband, his wife, and her lover.

text: Series 4 (1990)[edit]

text:
Episode

Title

Written by

Directed by

Viewers(millions)

Original airdate
1"The Infernal Serpent"Alma CullenJohn MaddenTBA3 January 1990 (1990-01-03)
The death of a senior fellow outside his Oxford college of Beaufort during an apparent mugging leads Morse to suspect the prominent environmentalist was killed because of his beliefs. At the same time, Morse senses there's more than a prank behind the mysterious packages being sent to Master Matthew Copley-Barnes.
2"The Sins of the Fathers"Jeremy BurnhamPeter HammondTBA10 January 1990 (1990-01-10)
Morse and Lewis investigate whether two murders at a family brewery are linked to a proposed takeover bid.
3"Driven to Distraction"Anthony MinghellaSandy JohnsonTBA17 January 1990 (1990-01-17)
A serial killer has brutally murdered two women separately in Oxford. Commonalities in the murders lead Morse to the owner of a car dealership as the suspect.
4"Masonic Mysteries"Julian MitchellDanny BoyleTBA24 January 1990 (1990-01-24)
Morse becomes the prime suspect when a friend is murdered at a dress rehearsal of Mozart's The Magic Flute, and he is found holding her with a knife in his hand. It soon becomes apparent that one of his old adversaries, Hugo De Vries, is trying to implicate him.

text: Series 5 (1991)[edit]

text:
Episode

Title

Written by

Directed by

Viewers(millions)

Original airdate
1"Second Time Around"Daniel BoyleAdrian ShergoldTBA20 February 1991 (1991-02-20)
A highly thought-of and distinguished senior officer, Charlie Hillian, has just retired and is writing a book about his biggest cases. During the night after he received an OBE, Hillian is killed in a struggle in his rural Oxfordshire home. The notes for one chapter of his forthcoming book are missing, the only case in the book which Hillian and his then DS, Patrick Dawson, is unsolved. That case involved the murder of an eight-year-old girl, Mary Lapsley, and it appears that someone wants that chapter to be unpublished.
2"Fat Chance"Alma CullenRoy BattersbyTBA27 February 1991 (1991-02-27)
The death of a promising feminist cleric highlights a furious Ecclesiastical battle of the sexes that Morse discovers is somehow connected with a weight-loss medication.
3"Who Killed Harry Field?"Geoffrey CaseColin GreggTBA13 March 1991 (1991-03-13)
Local artist, restorer and bon viveur Harry Field is murdered but who would want to kill a mediocrity? Lewis considers applying for a promotion to Inspector, to the obvious dismay of Morse.
4"Greeks Bearing Gifts"Peter NicholsAdrian ShergoldTBA20 March 1991 (1991-03-20)
A Greek restaurateur is murdered; his sister, accompanied by her baby, comes to Oxford for the funeral. The sister vanishes, and her baby is then kidnapped. Somehow, both are connected with a reconstructed Hellenic trireme.[nb 1]
5"Promised Land"Julian MitchellJohn MaddenTBA27 March 1991 (1991-03-27)
Morse and Lewis travel to Australia to re-interview a man who has become a protected witness after he testified against a mobster. Questions about the validity of the case arose in England, and now the informant may be in danger.

text: Series 6 (1992)[edit]

text:
Episode

Title

Written by

Directed by

Viewers(millions)

Original airdate
1"Dead on Time"Daniel BoyleJohn MaddenTBA26 February 1992 (1992-02-26)
When Henry Fallon, an Oxford don, commits suicide, Morse discovers he has a painful link with the man's widow, Susan.
2"Happy Families"Daniel BoyleAdrian ShergoldTBA11 March 1992 (1992-03-11)
Morse becomes the victim of a hate campaign by the press as he investigates the death of a cruel, boorish industrialist.
3"The Death of the Self"Alma CullenColin GreggTBA25 March 1992 (1992-03-25)
Morse and Lewis investigate the apparently accidental death of a wealthy tourist in Italy and uncover an antiquities smuggling racket.
4"Absolute Conviction"John BrownAntonia BirdTBA8 April 1992 (1992-04-08)
Lawrence Cryer, convicted of real estate fraud, is found dead in a cell at the minimum security prison, Farnleigh. Morse, Lewis and D.S. Cheetham question various inmates, including Cryer's former partners, Bailey and Thornton, who are also incarcerated at Farnleigh and various victims of the fraud. The Farnleigh governor, Hillary Stevens, is also questioned. An inmate, Charlie Bennett, incarcerated for murdering his wife, is suspected of being the perpetrator.
5"Cherubim and Seraphim"Julian MitchellDanny BoyleTBA15 April 1992 (1992-04-15)
Teen suicides, one of which is Morse's niece, are being linked to the local rave scene.  As part of his preparation for the inspector exam, Lewis is temporarily assigned to another inspector who works strictly by the book.

text: Series 7 (1993)[edit]

text:
Episode

Title

Written by

Directed by

Viewers(millions)

Original airdate
1"Deadly Slumber"Daniel BoyleStuart OrmeTBA6 January 1993 (1993-01-06)
Matthew Brewster, owner of a private clinic, is found dead in his garage with the car engine running. The pathologist discovers he was murdered. Morse and Lewis question the dead man's wife and son. They uncover that Michael Steppings threatened the victim; Steppings' daughter was declared brain dead while undergoing simple surgery at the clinic. Steppings is interrogated for the murder, and is released when Morse substantiates his alibi. Meanwhile, Lewis discovers Wendy Hazlitt, a nurse at the clinic, had an affair with Matthew Brewster. He also uncovers a set of anonymous threatening letters, using words clipped from newspapers and magazines, which have been sent to the victim. Forensic examinations reveal that one of the letters has been tampered with, and that an extra death-threat has been added, using glue different from that used on the other letter - and on all the other letters. Morse's investigation leads to the victim's son and his belief that thr son was blackmailing the victim.  Morse accompanies Steppings to visit his comatose daughter in hospital, where she is being kept on life-support. He discovers that Steppings has surrounded her hospital bed with family photographs and her favourite toys. Later, whilst is in custody being questioned, Steppings asks Morse to keep vigil on his daughter, as he has never missed a day of seeing her since the injury. Feeling that Steppings may not be the murderer, and liking the man's apparent humanity, Morse decides to honour Steppings's request. Later, when Steppings is able to resume visiting his daughter, he finds fresh flowers by her bedside - which leads Morse to realise that everything hinges on the cruel injury caused to Steppings's daughter, and those responsible for this injury.
2"The Day of the Devil"Daniel BoyleStephen WhittakerTBA13 January 1993 (1993-01-13)
John Peter Barrie, a convicted rapist and devil worshipper, escapes from a prison infirmary by eluding the authorities with several disguises. Morse and Lewis begin a manhunt in an attempt to track him down. They question his prison therapist, Doctor Esther Martin, and Humphrey Appleton, a priest and an expert in the occult, who provides them with information on Barrie's state of mind. Meanwhile, Barrie abducts Holly Trevors, wife of Steven Trevors, an odd-job man working for Oxford college, but releases her. Barrie then demands to meet with Dr. Martin on Lammas day, a pagan day of ritual fire. Lewis visits an Occult bookshop, where he finds that one of their regular customers is a colleague of Steven Trevors. Morse begins to suspect that someone is helping Barrie, after witness statements reveal that his disguises involve professional theatrical make-up. Meanwhile, Steven Trevors's fingerprints are discovered, previously unidentified, on the police data base from an earlier unsolved crime, which is linked to Barrie. On Lammas Day, a group of devil-worshippers are celebrating a Black Mass, when they are suddenly surrounded by a ring of fire, and Steven Trevors is burned alive. The mystery deepens when Barrie's much earlier connection to his prison therapist is revealed.
3"Twilight of the Gods"Julian MitchellHerbert WiseTBA20 January 1993 (1993-01-20)
Neville Grimshaw, an investigative journalist, is found shot dead. Opera diva Gwladys Probert, is shot by a sniper during an academic procession which is witnessed by Morse and Lewis. Morse and Lewis discover that Grimshaw was investigating Andrew Baydon, a prospective major benefactor of the college. An investigation finds that the two shootings are related. Baydon, a survivor of a Nazi concentration camp, is revealed as a collaborator and guard, and Morse suspects that he ordered the killing of Grimshaw, which leads him to realise that Victor Ignotas, a survivor of the same camp, may have unintentionally shot Probert whilst attempting to kill Baydon.

text: Series 8 (1995-2000)[edit]

text:
Episode

Title

Written by

Directed by

Viewers(millions)

Original airdate
1"The Way Through the Woods"Russell LewisJohn MaddenTBA29 November 1995 (1995-11-29)
Stephen Parnell, who confessed to murdering five people, is killed in prison, but in his dying declaration, he claims that he did not kill the last victim, Karen Anderson. Morse discovers that the murders were first investigated by DCI Martin Johnson and Lewis the previous summer, but that Karen Anderson's body has never been found. Morse becomes convinced that Johnson overlooked key evidence, and that Karen Anderson's body has been buried in Wytham Woods, and not in Blenheim Lake, as Parnell had stated in his confession. Morse questions George Daley, a witness who found Anderson's overnight bag a week after she disappeared, and turned it over to the police. The next day, Daley is found shot to death in one of the gardens at Blenheim Palace, and Morse is put in charge because Strange feels that Johnson may have cut corners in the investigation. Morse and Lewis then interview Dr. Alan Hardinge, the bursar of Lonsdale College; Dave Michaels, the groundskeeper of Wytham Woods; and Margaret and Philip Daley, the wife and son of George Daley. When they question Mrs. Daley and her son, they touch upon some photos found on Karen Anderson's camera. Lewis identifies the location in one of the photos as Park Town, which leads them to Alisdair McBryde, a local resident. McBryde identifies Dr. James Myton, a South African doctor, who seems to have fled the country mid-way through his rental of a local flat and appears in two of the photos. Morse and Lewis discover that McBryde and Myton had encouraged Karen Anderson to take nude photographs for them on the day before she went missing. A search of Myton's flat leads Morse to convince Strange to let him search Wytham Woods. When the search turns up some skeletal remains, Morse is convinced that Karen Anderson has been found.
2"The Daughters of Cain"Julian MitchellHerbert WiseTBA27 November 1996 (1996-11-27)
Dr. Felix McClure, a retired university don, is found stabbed to death in his apartment. The phone number of "Kay" is found in McClure's notes. Morse and Lewis begin investigating McClure's college associates and students. These include Ted Brooks, his former scout, who was sacked by McClure for apparent drug dealing; Matthew Rodway, a student who died in questionable circumstances; and Ashley Davies, another student and friend of Rodway, who trains racehorses at Seven Barrows near Lambourn, and was rusticated by McClure. They discover that Ted Brooks has physically and emotionally abused his wife, Brenda, for years. Brenda's daughter, Kay, who is a high-class escort and is engaged to Ashley, has also been abused by her stepfather, Ted, when she lived at home. Morse interviews Kay about her relationship with Felix and Ted. Morse also questions Julia Stevens, a school teacher and very close friend of Brenda, who is dying of a brain tumor. Morse suspects Ted Brooks killed McClure because McClure had discovered Ted was selling drugs to the students again. Ted disappears from his house and his body is found in a nearby river. Brenda Brooks confesses to destroying evidence that incriminates her husband in the death of McClure. Morse and Lewis disagree on whether to search for a possible accomplice, who they suspect must have helped Brenda dispose of the evidence. Morse is convinced Kay, Julia and Brenda were involved in Ted's disappearance and murder; there's just one hitch - no evidence to prove his theory.
3"Death Is Now My Neighbour"Julian MitchellCharles BeesonTBA19 November 1997 (1997-11-19)
Rachel James, a physiotherapist, is shot through a window of her own home whilst drawing the blinds one Friday morning. Meanwhile, Dr. Julian Storrs and Denis Cornford are two candidates locked in an intense rivalry for Master of Lonsdale College, to replace Sir Clixby Bream. Morse and Lewis begin the investigation by interviewing her neighbours and the clinic where she worked. Morse soon establishes that Julian Storrs gave Rachel a Valentine's card found in her possession, and was having an affair with her at the time of her death. Morse also learns from Storrs that Denis Cornford and Adele Cecil, a neighbour of Rachel’s, were once lovers. The following morning, Geoffrey Owens, Rachel's neighbour, is found shot dead in his flat in similar circumstances. Because there is no Number 13, Morse concludes that Rachel James is mistakenly killed and Geoffrey Owens had been the intended victim. Morse also uncovers that Owens supplemented his reporter's income by blackmailing unknown victims. Among Owens's papers, Morse finds a slip of paper in a file with an article he had written about the retirement of Bream. Morse's trawl through the archives leads him onto a case where housewife Alice Martin and her daughter Debra shot Alice's husband Kenneth, a wealthy businessman, and then burned him on his yacht, because he was going to run off with a younger woman. Morse finds out that Alice and Debra changed their names to Angela and Diane Cullingham, to avoid the stain of their past following them - and that Angela Cullingham has since become Angela Storrs.
4"The Wench Is Dead"Malcolm BradburyRobert Knights12.39m[2]11 November 1998 (1998-11-11)
Morse and Strange attend an exhibit entitled "Criminal Oxford", but during a lecture by Dr. Millicent Van Buren, a visiting professor from Boston University, Morse starts to feel ill, and is later found by Strange collapsed on the lavatory floor. While hospitalised, Morse is diagnosed with a bleeding ulcer, which his doctor ascribes to his excessive consumption of alcohol. To pass the time in his recovery, he reads Van Buren's book on Victorian investigation techniques, which details the 1859 murder of Joanna Franks, whose body was found floating in the Oxford Canal. Rory Oldfield and Alfred Musson, two boatmen on a fly-boat Joanna was traveling on, were convicted of the murder and hanged; another, Walter Towns, received a last-minute commutation to transportation for life. However, Morse comes to believe that the men did not kill Joanna, and were victims of a miscarriage of justice. With the assistance of Adele Cecil and Constable Adrian Kershaw, Morse uncovers several inconsistencies in the trial. For instance, Joanna had accused the boatmen of being rude and drunk, but was later seen drinking and smiling with them. A fourth boatman on the fly-boat, a teenager who was not charged, testified for the prosecution. The size of Joanna's shoes fit improperly with the length of her dress, which had been altered, and her drawers, which had been described as torn or ripped, were actually cut with a knife deliberately. Kershaw investigates the insurance payment to Charles Franks, and discovers that Joanna had insured herself, and that payment of £300 was made in full to Charles Franks. Although Morse is unable to exhume Joanna's body, he travels to Bertraghboy Bay, on the west coast of Ireland, to open the grave of Frank Donavan.  When the coffin is opened, there are no human remains.  Morse figures out that Donald "Don" Favant, a passerby when the body was found, and Charles Franks, are aliases derived from Frank Donavan.  Don Favant is an anagram of FT Donavan.
5"The Remorseful Day"Stephen ChurchettJack Gold13.66m[2]15 November 2000 (2000-11-15)
Yvonne Harrison is found by her husband Frank, having been murdered and left in a sexually compromising position. Morse after no progress is taken off the case after two months, then an anonymous letter suggesting that Harry Repp, who is to be released from prison, may be the perpetrator. Because of Morse's failing health has Lewis assuming a more active role. Paddy Flynn, the cab driver who drove Frank Harrison to his home on the night of the murder, is found dead in a local rubbish dump. Harry Repp is also found dead, in the boot of a stolen car. A local lothario, John Barron, is killed in a fall from a ladder. It is revealed that the three men had been blackmailing whoever killed Yvonne, and it is speculated that Barron killed the other two so that he could keep the blackmail money for himself. Yvonne's son, Simon, is questioned in Barron's death, but then a teenage boy admits to having caused Barron to fall off the ladder by crashing into it with his bicycle. It is revealed that Sandra Harrison has killed her mother in a jealous rage over John Barron. The teenage boy was actually Frank's illegitimate son, Roy, who had lied to the police in order to get Simon off the hook for killing Barron. Just after uncovering the truth, Morse collapses from a heart attack and later dies in hospital.[3]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^  This episode caused a question to be raised in Parliament by Lord Jenkins of Putney regarding the legality of employing a baby, and how it was induced to cry at the right moment.[1]

tag: ol


document_title: In Heaven There Is No Beer

question_text: who wrote in heaven there is no beer

question_tokens: who wrote in heaven there is no beer

text: In Heaven There Is No Beer

text:
"Im Himmel gibt's kein Bier"

Song

Language
German

English title
"In Heaven There Is No Beer"

Published
1956

Genre
Drinking song

Composer(s)
Ralph Maria Siegel

Lyricist(s)
Ernst Neubach

text: "In Heaven There Is No Beer" is a song about the existential pleasures of beer drinking. The title of the song is the reason for drinking beer while you are still alive. The song in German is "Im Himmel gibt's kein Bier", in Spanish, "En El Cielo No Hay Cerveza". [1] It was originally composed as a movie score for the film Die Fischerin vom Bodensee, 1956, by Ernst Neubach and Ralph Maria Siegel.[2] The English lyrics are credited to Art Walunas.

text: Atongo Zimba recorded a version[3] as well as Dr. Demento.[4] The song was the inspiration for the title of the 1984 film and 1985 Sundance Film Festival winner, In Heaven There Is No Beer?,[5] which also featured the song "Who Stole the Kishka?".[6] A version with different lyrics, titled "Es gibt kein Bier auf Hawaii" ("There Is No Beer in Hawaii") was performed by the German singer Paul Kuhn in 1963.

text: A version of the song by the Amherst, MA band Clean Living became a hit in 1972.

text: Marching Band Renditions[edit]

text:
A rendition of the song, the Hawkeye Victory Polka, is played by the University of Iowa Hawkeye Marching Band after Iowa Hawkeyes football victories and has been a tradition since the 1960s. The Iowa Pep Band also plays the song, when present, after men's basketball, women's basketball, and other Iowa Hawkeyes athletic team victories.
The Yale Precision Marching Band plays as a brass feature. It is played for tailgaters at Yale University football games. The band has written various other verses attacking other schools in the Ivy League.
The song is played by the Michigan Tech Huskies Pep Band regularly at events. The song is played by the Fort Hays State University pep band at sporting events.
An extended version of the song, with 5 verses, is played by the North Dakota State University Gold Star Marching Band and Bison Pep Band after a Bison victory.
University of North Dakota fans sing a version throughout the season, particularly at hockey games.
The University of Wyoming band plays it at all home games, football and basketball. The band also goes to every bar the night before home football games playing both the fight song and the beer song.

text: Lyrics[edit]

text:
In heaven there is no beer.
That's why we drink it here (Right Here!)
and when we're gone from here,
our friends will be drinking all the beer!

Im Himmel gibt’s kein Bier,
Drum trinken wir es hier.
Denn sind wir nicht mehr hier,
Dann trinken die andern unser Bier.


document_title: Organ of Corti

question_text: where is the organ of corti located in the ear

text: Organ of Corti

text: Structure[edit]

text: The organ of Corti is located in the scala media of ￼￼the cochlea of the inner ear between the vestibular duct and the tympanic duct and is composed of mechanosensory cells, known as hair cells.[2] Strategically positioned on the basilar membrane of the organ of Corti are three rows of outer hair cells (OHCs) and one row of inner hair cells (IHCs).[4] Separating these hair cells are supporting cells: Deiters cells, also called phalangeal cells, which separate and support both the OHCs and the IHCs.[4]

text: Projecting from the tops of the hair cells are tiny finger like projections called stereocilia, which are arranged in a graduated fashion with the shortest stereocilia on the outer rows and the longest in the center. This gradation is thought to be the most important anatomic feature of the organ of Corti because this allows the sensory cells superior tuning capability.[5]

text: If the cochlea were uncoiled it would roll out to be about 33 mm long in women and 34mm in men, with about 2.28 mm of standard deviation for the population.[6] The cochlea is also tonotopically organized, meaning that different frequencies of sound waves interact with different locations on the structure. The base of the cochlea, closest to the outer ear, is the most stiff and narrow and is where the high frequency sounds are transduced. The apex, or top, of the cochlea is wider and much more flexible and loose and functions as the transduction site for low frequency sounds.[7]

text: Function[edit]

text: The function of the organ of Corti is to transduce auditory signals and maximize the hair cells’ extraction of sound energy.[2] It is the auricle and middle ear that act as mechanical transformers and amplifiers so that the sound waves end up with amplitudes 22 times greater than when they entered the ear.

text: Auditory transduction[edit]

text: In normal hearing subjects, the majority of the auditory signals that reach the organ of Corti in the first place come from the outer ear. Sound waves enter through the auditory canal and vibrate the tympanic membrane, also known as the eardrum, which vibrates three small bones called the ossicles. As a result, the attached oval window moves and causes movement of the round window, which leads to displacement of the cochlear fluid.[8] However, the stimulation can happen also via direct vibration of the cochlea from the skull. The latter is referred to as Bone Conduction (or BC) hearing, as complementary to the first one described, which is instead called Air Conduction (or AC) hearing. Both AC and BC stimulate the basilar membrane in the same way (Békésy, G.v., Experiments in Hearing. 1960).

text: The basilar membrane on the tympanic duct presses against the hair cells of the organ as perilymphatic pressure waves pass. The stereocilia atop the IHCs move with this fluid displacement and in response their cation, or positive ion selective, channels are pulled open by cadherin structures called tip links that connect adjacent stereocilia. The organ of Corti, surrounded in potassium rich fluid endolymph, lies on the basilar membrane at the base of the scala media. Under the organ of Corti is the scala tympani and above it, the scala vestibuli. Both structures exist in a low potassium fluid called perilymph.[8] Because those stereocilia are in the midst of a high concentration of potassium, once their cation channels are pulled open, potassium ions as well as calcium ions flow into the top of the hair cell. With this influx of positive ions the IHC becomes depolarized, opening voltage-gated calcium channels at the basolateral region of the hair cells and triggering the release of the neurotransmitter glutamate. An electrical signal is then sent through the auditory nerve and into the auditory cortex of the brain as a neural message.

text: Cochlear amplification[edit]

text: The organ of Corti is also capable of modulating the auditory signal.[7] The outer hair cells (OHCs) can amplify the signal through a process called electromotility where they increase movement of the basilar and tectorial membrases and therefore increase deflection of stereocilia in the IHCs.[8][9][10]

text: A crucial piece to this cochlear amplification is the motor protein prestin, which changes shape based on the voltage potential inside of the hair cell. When the cell is depolarized prestin shortens, and because it is located on the membrane of OHCs it then pulls on the basilar membrane and increasing how much the membrane is deflected, creating a more intense effect on the inner hair cells (IHCs). When the cell hyperpolarizes prestin lengthens and eases tension on the IHCs, which decreases the neural impulses to the brain. In this way, the hair cell itself is able to modify the auditory signal before it even reaches the brain.

text: Development[edit]

text: The organ of Corti, in between the scala tympani and the scala media, develops after the formation and growth of the cochlear duct.[7] The inner and outer hair cells then differentiate into their appropriate positions and are followed by the organization of the supporting cells. The topology of the supporting cells lends itself to the actual mechanical properties that are needed for the highly specialized sound-induced movements within the organ of Corti.[7]

text: Development and growth of the organ of Corti relies on specific genes, many of which have been identified in previous research (SOX2, GATA3, EYA1, FOXG1, BMP4, RAC1 and more),[7] to undergo such differentiation. Specifically, the cochlear duct growth and the formation of hair cells within the organ of Corti.

text: Mutations in the genes expressed in or near the organ of Corti before the differentiation of hair cells will result in a disruption in the differentiation, and potential malfunction of, the organ of Corti.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Hearing loss[edit]

text: The organ of Corti can be damaged by excessive sound levels, leading to noise-induced impairment.

text: The most common kind of hearing impairment, sensorineural hearing loss, includes as one major cause the reduction of function in the organ of Corti. Specifically, the active amplification function of the outer hair cells is very sensitive to damage from exposure to trauma from overly-loud sounds or to certain ototoxic drugs. Once outer hair cells are damaged, they do not regenerate, and the result is a loss of sensitivity and an abnormally large growth of loudness (known as recruitment) in the part of the spectrum that the damaged cells serve.[11]

text: While hearing loss has always been considered irreversible in mammals, fish and birds routinely repair such damage. A 2013 study has shown that the use of particular drugs may reactivate genes normally expressed only during hair cell development. The research was carried out at Harvard Medical School, the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, and the Keio University School of Medicine in Japan.[12]

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Transverse section of the cochlear duct of a fetal cat.

Diagrammatic longitudinal section of the cochlea.

Floor of ductus cochlearis.

Limbus laminæ spiralis and membrana basilaris.

Section through the spiral organ of Corti. Magnified.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Hudspeth, A (2014). "Integrating the active process of hair cells with cochlear function". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 15: 600–614. doi:10.1038/nrn3786. PMID 25096182.
^ Jump up to: a b c The Ear Pujol, R., Irving, S., 2013
Jump up ^ Betlejewski, S (2008). "Science and life – the history of Marquis Alfonso Corti". Otolaryngologia Polska. 62 (3): 344–347. doi:10.1016/S0030-6657(08)70268-3. PMID 18652163.
^ Jump up to: a b Malgrange, B; Van de Water, T.R; Nguyen, L; Moonen, G; Lefebvre, P.P (2002). "Epithelial supporting cells can differentiate into outer hair cells and Deiters' cells in the cultured organ of Corti". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 59 (10): 1744–1757. doi:10.1007/pl00012502. PMID 12475185.
Jump up ^ Lim, D (1986). "Functional structure of the organ of Corti: a review". Hearing Research. 22: 117–146. doi:10.1016/0378-5955(86)90089-4. PMID 3525482.
Jump up ^ Miller, J. D. (2007). "Sex differences in the length of the organ of Corti in humans". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 121 (4): EL151–5. doi:10.1121/1.2710746. PMID 17471760.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Fritzsch, B; Jahan, I; Pan, N; Kers, J; Duncan, J; Kopecky, B (2012). "Dissecting the molecular basis of organ of Corti development: where are we now?". Hearing Research. 276 (1–2): 16–26. doi:10.1016/j.heares.2011.01.007. PMC 3097286 . PMID 21256948.
^ Jump up to: a b c Nichols, J.G; Martin, A.R.; Fuchs, P.A; Brown, D.A; Diamond, M.E; Weisblat, D.A (2012). From Neuron to Brain, 5th Edition. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc. pp. 456–459. ISBN 978-0-87893-609-0.
Jump up ^ Ashmore, Jonathan Felix (1987). "A fast motile response in guinea-pig outer hair cells: the cellular basis of the cochlear amplifier". The Journal of Physiology. 388 (1): 323–347. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1987.sp016617. ISSN 1469-7793. PMC 1192551 . PMID 3656195.
Jump up ^ Ashmore, Jonathan (2008). "Cochlear Outer Hair Cell Motility". Physiological Reviews. 88 (1): 173–210. doi:10.1152/physrev.00044.2006. ISSN 0031-9333. PMID 18195086.
Jump up ^ Robert A. Dobie (2001). Medical-Legal Evaluation of Hearing Loss. Thomson Delmar Learning. ISBN 0-7693-0052-9.
Jump up ^ "Cochlear hair cells - Beyond the Dish". wordpress.com.


document_title: Away goals rule

question_text: do away goals count in champions league playoffs

text: Away goals rule

text: Rationale[edit]

text: Originally, the away goal rule was introduced in football as an expedited way of doing away with playoffs or tie breakers on neutral grounds to resolve a logistical, physical and calendar problem when two teams were so closely matched the final score over the two legs remained in absolute parity, which could remain even after a third game tie breaker. Now, the away goals rule is intended to encourage the away team to be more aggressive. In football, at least, it sometimes leads to a nervous first leg: the home team is unwilling to commit large numbers of players to attack lest they concede a goal, whilst the away team attempts to defend and snatch an away goal to aid them in the second leg. Such tactics arguably make the second leg more exciting, after a low-scoring first leg leaves both sides with a chance to win. There are sometimes debates over whether the away goals rule gives an unfair advantage to the team playing away first — with the other team squandering their home advantage in the first leg due to away goal fears — and this may be a factor in its somewhat patchy adoption for competitions.

text: There is also the issue that if extra time is played in the second leg, the away team gets an extra 30 minutes to take advantage of the away goals rule. This can be countered by the fact that in extra time, the home team has the advantage of playing the extra 30 minutes at home.

text: Anecdotal evidence certainly suggests that most teams feel an away goal puts them in the driving seat, such as Liverpool being able to draw 1–1 at Arsenal in the 2008 UEFA Champions League quarterfinals; Liverpool did eliminate Arsenal to advance to the semifinals.[2] Liverpool won the second game 4–2, making the aggregate score for the tie Liverpool 5–3 Arsenal, therefore, the away goal scored by Liverpool in the first leg was not required. [3] Many commentators have described the importance of a team being away to score an away goal, even when losing that leg of the tie, as it mathematically does give that team a chance to redeem itself on home soil by leveling the tie on aggregate while using the away goal as a tiebreaker.[4] For example, in the 2007 UEFA Champions League round of 16, while Bayern Munich lost the first leg 3–2 at Real Madrid, Bayern later won 2–1 at home to level the tie on aggregate, but it was Bayern's away goals scored during their first leg loss that let them advance.[5] In a recent instance, at the 2013 UEFA Champions League semifinals, despite falling 4–1 in the first leg at Dortmund, Real Madrid would have been able to advance if at home it managed to hold Dortmund to 3–0. (Real Madrid scored two goals in the last ten minutes to win the second leg, 2–0, but were unable to score the third goal that would have sent them through to the finals.) In the other semifinal, however, after Barcelona was shut out at Bayern Munich, 4–0, commentators considered Barcelona essentially eliminated, because Bayern could seal the tie by scoring one away goal even if Barcelona managed to score five goals.[6]

text: The away goals rule results in the "lead" of the two-legged tie swinging back and forth. For instance, in the 2005 UEFA Champions League round of 16 between Barcelona and Chelsea, Barcelona was ahead on aggregate after a 2–1 win in the first leg at home. During the second leg held in London, Chelsea first scored three straight goals to take the lead on aggregate (4–2), but Barcelona responded with two goals to level the aggregate score at 4–4 while taking the lead on away goals (2–1). Chelsea scored again, though, to advance on aggregate, 5–4.[7]

text: Usage[edit]

text: The away goals rule is applied in many football competitions that involve two-leg fixtures, including the knockout stages of the UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League, CAF Champions League, CAF Confederation Cup and any two-legged playoffs in qualification for the FIFA World Cup or European Championships. Major League Soccer in the U.S. and Canada introduced the away goals rule in the MLS Cup Playoffs, in which the conference semifinals and finals (the quarterfinals and semifinals of the overall tournament) are two-legged, for the first time in 2014.[8] The rule was first applied in this competition when the Seattle Sounders defeated FC Dallas in the 2014 Western Conference Semifinals.

text: In CONMEBOL competitions before 2005, for example, the Copa Libertadores, CONMEBOL used neither the away goals rule nor extra time in any of its competitions. Ties that were level on aggregate went to an immediate penalty shootout. Since 2005, two-legged ties have been decided on points, followed by goal difference and the away goals rule, if the result is still tied, the penalty shootout is used. The Copa Libertadores finals became the only exception to the away goals rule and also only in the finals is employed extra time. In Latin America, an example of a tournament that always has used this rule is Copa do Brasil (Brazil Cup).

text: The away goals rule is sometimes used in round robin competitions (that is, leagues or qualifying groups), where it may be used to break ties involving more than two teams. For example, away goals are the third tiebreaker in the group stage of both the UEFA Champions League[9] and UEFA Cup.[10] In Group C of the UEFA Champions League 2000–01, Olympique Lyonnais took the second qualifying spot ahead of Olympiacos on away goals.[11] Because other tiebreakers take precedence, the away goals rule is rarely invoked in such tournaments. In many group tournaments, the away goals rule is never applicable; for example, in World Cup qualification.[12]

text: The away goals rule was first applied in the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup when Budapest Honvéd beat Dukla Prague in the second round in 1965–66. It was introduced in the Fairs Cup in 1966–67,[13] and in the European Cup in 1967–68 for the first round,[14] 1968–69 for the second round,[15] and 1970–71 for later rounds.[16] Previously, ties level on aggregate had gone to a playoff on neutral ground.[17]

text: Anomalies[edit]

text: If the two clubs contesting a two-legged fixture share the same stadium, each club may be the home club in one leg, and the rule may still apply. For example, the 2003 UEFA Champions League Semi-Finals drew Inter Milan and AC Milan together. Both legs were played at the San Siro, their shared stadium in Milan:

text:
First leg: AC Milan 0 – 0 Inter Milan
Second leg: Inter Milan 1 – 1 AC Milan

text: With an aggregate of 1–1, AC Milan was declared the winner because they were the "away" side in the second game. In this example, as in many such cases, most tickets for each leg will be reserved for the "home" side's fans, so the designation was not totally arbitrary.

text: Not all competitions with the away goals rule suffer from this anomaly, however: the Copa do Brasil has developed its rules to avoid some anomalies, such as the above. In that Cup, if two teams share either the same stadium or the same home town, neither is considered the home club and thus the away goals rule does not apply. This exception was seen, for example, in the 2006 final between Flamengo and Vasco, when both legs were played at the Maracanã Stadium.

text: More anomalous was a qualification play-off for the 1991 World Youth Championship between Australia and Israel: Australia won on away goals even though, due to security concerns arising from the First Intifada, Israel's "home" leg was played in Australia.[18] The same situation occurred in the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification tie between the Bahamas and the British Virgin Islands, when the Bahamas advanced on the away goals rule even though both legs were played in the Bahamas.[19]

text: There has been at least one case of a wrong application of the away goals rule by a referee in an international club tournament. It happened in a second-round tie in the 1971–72 European Cup Winners' Cup between Rangers and Sporting Clube de Portugal. This fixture had the following scorelines:

text:
First leg: Rangers 3 – 2 Sporting
Second leg, after 90 minutes: Sporting 3 – 2 Rangers
Second leg, after extra time: Sporting 4 – 3 Rangers

text: Since the teams were now level 6–6 on aggregate, the Dutch referee Laurens van Raavens ordered a penalty shootout, which Sporting won 3–0. Rangers appealed the loss, however, on the grounds that Van Raavens should not have ordered the shootout, since the Rangers goal in extra time in Lisbon gave them a lead of three away goals to two. Rangers won the appeal and went on to win the Cup Winners' Cup that season.

text: CONCACAF has a different rule for its CONCACAF Champions League, employing away goals at the end of full-time of the second leg, but not applying the rule at the end of extra time. MLS adopted this version of the rule for its playoffs in 2014.[8] For example, the semifinal of the 2008–09 CONCACAF Champions League between Cruz Azul and the Puerto Rico Islanders had the following scorelines:

text:
First leg: Puerto Rico Islanders 2 – 0 Cruz Azul
Second leg, after 90 minutes: Cruz Azul 2 – 0 Puerto Rico Islanders
Second leg, after extra time: Cruz Azul 3 – 1 Puerto Rico Islanders

text: Since CONCACAF does not apply the away goals rule for goals scored after extra time, the game went to a penalty shootout, which Cruz Azul won 4–2.

text: The away goals rule can also apply to forfeited matches. Celtic lost their away tie to Legia Warsaw 4–1 in the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League third qualifying round. In their home leg, Legia brought on an ineligible player which automatically gave Celtic a 3–0 win. The forfeiture meant that the tie ended 4–4, meaning Celtic qualified to the next round on away goals.[20]

text: Summary[edit]

text: Below is a summary of the variations of rules used in different competitions. In most examples in the table below, a penalty shootout is used to determine the winner if all criteria used remain tied. The exception is Primera División de México play-offs, where the higher seed, which has the better regular season record, wins the tie if the aggregate score is level.

text:
Aggregate score is level after regulation (90 mins) of second leg

Away goals rule applied after regulation time?
Extra time played?
Away goals rule applied after extra time?
Examples

Yes
Yes
Yes
FIFA World Cup qualification
UEFA Champions League and Europa League

Yes
Yes
No
CONCACAF Champions League and MLS Cup Playoffs
AFC Champions League and AFC Cup

Yes
No
N/A
Copa Libertadores and Copa Sudamericana (except finals)
CAF Champions League and Confederation Cup
Liga MX play-offs (except final)
Copa do Brasil (except final)

No
Yes
Yes
EFL Cup semi-finals

No
Yes
No
English Football League play-off semi-finals

No
No
N/A
Copa do Brasil final (e.g., 2017)


document_title: List of countries by cigarette consumption per capita

question_text: where is smoking most common in the world

text: This is a list of countries by annual per capita consumption of tobacco cigarettes.

text: Cigarettes are smoked by over 1 billion people, which is nearly 20% of the world population in 2014. About 800 million of these smokers are men. While smoking rates have leveled off or declined in developed nations, especially among men, in developing nations tobacco consumption continues to rise. More than 80% of all smokers now live in countries with low or middle incomes, and 60% in just 10 countries, a list headed by China.[1] Smokers are over half of adult males in Indonesia (57%, but mostly kretek, a local form of cigarette) and China (53% estimated), and nearly half in Bangladesh, though for women the figure is much lower.[2]

text: Smoking rates in the United States have dropped by half from 1965 to 2006 falling from 42% to 20.8% of adults,[3] with further significant decline to 18% by 2012.[4] There are large regional differences in smoking rates, with Kentucky, West Virginia, Oklahoma and Mississippi topping the list, and Idaho, California and Utah at significantly lower rates.[5]

text: In Australia the incidence of smoking is in decline, with figures from 2011–13 showing 16.1% of the population (over 18) to be daily smokers, a decline from 22.4% in 2001. Young adults are the most likely age group to smoke, with a marked decline in smoking rates with increasing age. The prevalence of smoking is strongly associated with socioeconomic disadvantage [low earners], with over double the rate in the most disadvantaged quintile of the population as compared to the least.[6] Smoking rates in rural areas is higher than in city areas; for example, some areas in Tasmania have smoking rates of over 36% according to one study.[citation needed]

text: 2018 rankings[edit]

text:
Ranking
Country/Territory
Number of cigarettes
per person aged ≥ 15 per year[7]

1
 China
4124.53

2
 Belarus
3831.62

3
 Lebanon
3023.15

4
 Macedonia
2732.23

5
 Russia
2690.33

6
 Slovenia
2637.03

7
 Denmark
2353.28

8
 Luxembourg
2283.00

9
 Canada
2249.79

10
 Serbia
2249.79

11
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
2233.46

12
 Czech Republic
2194.01

13
 Kazakhstan
2156.59

14
 Azerbaijan
2114.33

15
 Greece
2086.09

16
 South Korea
2072.57

17
 Austria
1987.52

18
 Jordan
1855.05

19
 Ukraine
1853.66

20
 Estonia
1758.63

21
 Mozambique
1713.00

22
 Croatia
1709.30

23
 United States
1687.56

24
 Cyprus
1643.67

25
  Switzerland
1633.86

26
 Tunisia
1628.46

27
 Romania
1619.82

28
 Slovakia
1617.59

29
 Turkey
1580.91

30
 Armenia
1545.13

31
 Kuwait
1517.26

32
 Bulgaria
1504.72

33
 Germany
1480.04

34
 Italy
1442.87

35
 Iceland
1396.06

36
 Poland
1396.06

37
 Hungary
1395.97

38
 Saudi Arabia
1395.14

39
 Cuba
1391.98

40
 Netherlands
1391.98

41
 Georgia
1378.45

42
 North Korea
1378.23

43
 Argentina
1359.40

44
 Israel
1346.21

45
 Libya
1332.77

46
 Indonesia
1322.30

47
 Philippines
1291.08

48
 Malta
1266.14

49
 Haiti
1264.74

50
 Vietnam
1226.92

51
 Egypt
1215.30

52
 Iraq
1187.65

53
 Albania
1177.42

54
 Belgium
1154.25

55
 Uruguay
1135.16

56
 Lithuania
1123.86

57
 Portugal
1114.11

58
 Moldova
1112.80

59
 Montenegro
1083.41

60
 Ireland
1083.41

61
 Norway
1082.87

62
 Finland
1082.87

63
 Algeria
1041.18

64
 Latvia
1024.09

65
 France
1022.88

66
 Brunei
992.81

67
 Bahrain
968.68

68
 Australia
957.20

69
 Mongolia
955.72

70
 Chile
929.55

71
 Thailand
925.00

72
 Turkmenistan
895.24

73
 Sweden
868.89

74
 Iran
835.51

75
 Laos
831.00

76
 Namibia
827.48

77
 United Kingdom
826.13

78
 Papua New Guinea
740.25

79
 United Arab Emirates
715.01

80
 Qatar
697.73

81
 Kyrgyzstan
682.83

82
 Morocco
679.95

83
 New Zealand
671.12

84
 Singapore
664.98

85
 Bangladesh
651.63

86
 Equatorial Guinea
649.00

87
 Cambodia
644.99

88
 Fiji
617.69

89
 Jamaica
609.67

90
 Seychelles
589.66

91
 Malaysia
583.67

92
 Oman
576.55

93
 Venezuela
572.84

94
 Uzbekistan
565.39

95
 Gabon
559.05

96
 South Africa
537.03

97
 Tajikistan
533.04

98
 Cape Verde
514.86

99
 Brazil
510.59

100
 Pakistan
503.90

101
 Senegal
491.78

102
 Honduras
489.01

103
 Angola
488.80

104
 Nicaragua
487.84

105
 Ivory Coast
477.01

106
 Djibouti
475.89

107
 Syria
458.63

108
 Botswana
448.81

109
 Costa Rica
432.33

110
 Sudan
427.75

111
 Swaziland
427.08

112
 Belize
400.10

113
 South Sudan
398.48

114
 Yemen
388.23

115
 Antigua and Barbuda
361.63

116
 Colombia
359.39

117
 Hong Kong
345.32

118
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
338.29

119
 Barbados
333.09

120
 Mexico
329.26

121
 Sri Lanka
322.44

122
 Sierra Leone
309.58

123
 Bahamas
301.22

124
 Bolivia
299.49

125
 Congo
293.84

126
 Comoros
289.42

127
 El Salvador
280.35

128
 Mauritius
261.40

129
 Kenya
256.57

130
 Togo
249.85

131
 Dominican Republic
245.36

132
 Mali
236.09

133
 Saint Lucia
231.55

134
 Grenada
224.33

135
 Panama
224.27

136
 Maldives
215.42

137
 Burkina Faso
213.20

138
 Madagascar
205.82

139
 Myanmar
205.55

140
 Ecuador
190.98

141
 Guatemala
189.50

142
 Cameroon
184.17

143
 Central African Republic
177.76

144
 Guinea-Bissau
174.84

145
 Nigeria
172.68

146
 Paraguay
166.00

147
 Gambia
165.93

148
 Zambia
164.55

149
 Chad
156.31

150
 Bhutan
155.09

151
 Mauritania
134.92

152
 Zimbabwe
133.53

153
 Benin
122.10

154
 Ghana
120.85

155
 Somalia
116.66

156
 Peru
116.33

157
 Haiti
113.93

158
 Eritrea
113.58

159
 India
110.93

160
 São Tomé and Príncipe
110.65

161
 Niger
105.36

162
 Liberia
104.36

163
 Tanzania
101.12

164
 Burundi
97.73

165
 Trinidad and Tobago
97.03

166
 Lesotho
87.69

167
 Afghanistan
83.81

168
   Nepal
83.00

169
 Mozambique
81.71

170
 Tonga
81.07

171
 Malawi
80.02

172
 Suriname
79.24

173
 Guyana
76.58

174
 Vanuatu
76.20

175
 Ethiopia
75.80

176
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
74.39

177
 Samoa
54.21

178
 Rwanda
53.24

179
 Uganda
41.08

180
 Kiribati
28.03

181
 Solomon Islands
26.42

182
 Guinea
14.96

text: The worldwide average is 1083 cigarettes per year per person above age 14 according to the same source.


document_title: Cellular respiration

question_text: the net number of atp formed when one molecule of glucose is converted to pyruvate is

text: Cellular respiration

text: Aerobic respiration

text: Aerobic respiration requires oxygen (O2) in order to create ATP. Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are consumed as reactants, it is the preferred method of pyruvate breakdown in glycolysis and requires that pyruvate enter the mitochondria in order to be fully oxidized by the Krebs cycle. The products of this process are carbon dioxide and water, but the energy transferred is used to break bonds in ADP as the third phosphate group is added to form ATP (adenosine triphosphate), by substrate-level phosphorylation, NADH and FADH2

text:
Simplified reaction:
C6H12O6 (s) + 6 O2 (g) → 6 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (l) + heat

ΔG = −2880 kJ per mol of C6H12O6

text: The negative ΔG indicates that the reaction can occur spontaneously.

text: The potential of NADH and FADH2 is converted to more ATP through an electron transport chain with oxygen as the "terminal electron acceptor". Most of the ATP produced by aerobic cellular respiration is made by oxidative phosphorylation. This works by the energy released in the consumption of pyruvate being used to create a chemiosmotic potential by pumping protons across a membrane. This potential is then used to drive ATP synthase and produce ATP from ADP and a phosphate group. Biology textbooks often state that 38 ATP molecules can be made per oxidised glucose molecule during cellular respiration (2 from glycolysis, 2 from the Krebs cycle, and about 34 from the electron transport system).[2] However, this maximum yield is never quite reached because of losses due to leaky membranes as well as the cost of moving pyruvate and ADP into the mitochondrial matrix, and current estimates range around 29 to 30 ATP per glucose.[2]

text: Aerobic metabolism is up to 15 times more efficient than anaerobic metabolism (which yields 2 molecules ATP per 1 molecule glucose). However some anaerobic organisms, such as methanogens are able to continue with anaerobic respiration, yielding more ATP by using other inorganic molecules (not oxygen) as final electron acceptors in the electron transport chain. They share the initial pathway of glycolysis but aerobic metabolism continues with the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The post-glycolytic reactions take place in the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells, and in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells.

text: Aerobic respiration summed up

text: 1. Glycolysis:

text: --- 2 ATPs + Glucose → 2 Pyruvic Acid + 4 Hydrogen + 4 ATPs

text: 2. Formation of Acetyl CoA:

text: --- 2 Pyruvic Acid + 2 CoA → 2 Acetyl CoA + 2 Carbon Dioxide + 2 Hydrogen

text: 3. Krebs Cycle:

text: --- 2 Acetyl CoA + 3 O2 → 6 Hydrogen + 4 Carbon Dioxide + 2 ATPs

text: 4. Electron Transport System:

text: --- 12 Hydrogen + 3 O2 → 6 Water + 32 ATPs

text: Overall Reaction:

text: --- Glucose + 6 O2 → 6 Carbon Dioxide + 6 Water + 36 ATPs

text: Glycolysis

text: Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that takes place in the cytosol of cells in all living organisms. This pathway can function with or without the presence of oxygen. In humans, aerobic conditions produce pyruvate and anaerobic conditions produce lactate. In aerobic conditions, the process converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid), generating energy in the form of two net molecules of ATP. Four molecules of ATP per glucose are actually produced, however, two are consumed as part of the preparatory phase. The initial phosphorylation of glucose is required to increase the reactivity (decrease its stability) in order for the molecule to be cleaved into two pyruvate molecules by the enzyme aldolase. During the pay-off phase of glycolysis, four phosphate groups are transferred to ADP by substrate-level phosphorylation to make four ATP, and two NADH are produced when the pyruvate are oxidized. The overall reaction can be expressed this way:

text: Starting with glucose, 1 ATP is used to donate a phosphate to glucose to produce glucose 6-phosphate. Glycogen can be converted into glucose 6-phosphate as well with the help of glycogen phosphorylase. During energy metabolism, glucose 6-phosphate becomes fructose 6-phosphate. An additional ATP is used to phosphorylate fructose 6-phosphate into fructose 1,6-disphosphate by the help of phosphofructokinase. Fructose 1,6-diphosphate then splits into two phosphorylated molecules with three carbon chains which later degrades into pyruvate.

text: Glycolysis can be literally translated as "sugar splitting".[3]

text: Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate

text: Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA and CO2 by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). The PDC contains multiple copies of three enzymes and is located in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes. In the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, one molecule of NADH and one molecule of CO2 is formed.

text: Citric acid cycle

text: This is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle. When oxygen is present, acetyl-CoA is produced from the pyruvate molecules created from glycolysis. Once acetyl-CoA is formed, aerobic or anaerobic respiration can occur.[4] When oxygen is present, the mitochondria will undergo aerobic respiration which leads to the Krebs cycle. However, if oxygen is not present, fermentation of the pyruvate molecule will occur. In the presence of oxygen, when acetyl-CoA is produced, the molecule then enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) inside the mitochondrial matrix, and is oxidized to CO2 while at the same time reducing NAD to NADH. NADH can be used by the electron transport chain to create further ATP as part of oxidative phosphorylation. To fully oxidize the equivalent of one glucose molecule, two acetyl-CoA must be metabolized by the Krebs cycle. Two waste products, H2O and CO2, are created during this cycle.

text: The citric acid cycle is an 8-step process involving 18 different enzymes and co-enzymes.[4] During the cycle, acetyl-CoA (2 carbons) + oxaloacetate (4 carbons) yields citrate (6 carbons), which is rearranged to a more reactive form called isocitrate (6 carbons). Isocitrate is modified to become α-ketoglutarate (5 carbons), succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and, finally, oxaloacetate.

text: The net gain of high-energy compounds from one cycle is 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP; the GTP may subsequently be used to produce ATP. Thus, the total yield from 1 glucose molecule (2 pyruvate molecules) is 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP.

text: Oxidative phosphorylation

text: In eukaryotes, oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondrial cristae. It comprises the electron transport chain that establishes a proton gradient (chemiosmotic potential) across the boundary of inner membrane by oxidizing the NADH produced from the Krebs cycle. ATP is synthesized by the ATP synthase enzyme when the chemiosmotic gradient is used to drive the phosphorylation of ADP. The electrons are finally transferred to exogenous oxygen and, with the addition of two protons, water is formed.

text: Efficiency of ATP production

text: The table below describes the reactions involved when one glucose molecule is fully oxidized into carbon dioxide. It is assumed that all the reduced coenzymes are oxidized by the electron transport chain and used for oxidative phosphorylation.

text:
Step
coenzyme yield
ATP yield
Source of ATP

Glycolysis preparatory phase

−2
Phosphorylation of glucose and fructose 6-phosphate uses two ATP from the cytoplasm.

Glycolysis pay-off phase

4
Substrate-level phosphorylation

2 NADH
3 or 5
Oxidative phosphorylation : Each NADH produces net 1.5 ATP (instead of usual 2.5) due to NADH transport over the mitochondrial membrane

Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate
2 NADH
5
Oxidative phosphorylation

Krebs cycle

2
Substrate-level phosphorylation

6 NADH
15
Oxidative phosphorylation

2 FADH2
3
Oxidative phosphorylation

Total yield
30 or 32 ATP
From the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule to carbon dioxide and oxidation of all the reduced coenzymes.

text: Although there is a theoretical yield of 38 ATP molecules per glucose during cellular respiration, such conditions are generally not realized because of losses such as the cost of moving pyruvate (from glycolysis), phosphate, and ADP (substrates for ATP synthesis) into the mitochondria. All are actively transported using carriers that utilize the stored energy in the proton electrochemical gradient.

text:
Pyruvate is taken up by a specific, low Km transporter to bring it into the mitochondrial matrix for oxidation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
The phosphate carrier (PiC) mediates the electroneutral exchange (antiport) of phosphate (H2PO4−; Pi) for OH− or symport of phosphate and protons (H+) across the inner membrane, and the driving force for moving phosphate ions into the mitochondria is the proton motive force.
The ATP-ADP translocase (also called adenine nucleotide translocase, ANT) is an antiporter and exchanges ADP and ATP across the inner membrane. The driving force is due to the ATP (−4) having a more negative charge than the ADP (−3), and thus it dissipates some of the electrical component of the proton electrochemical gradient.

text: The outcome of these transport processes using the proton electrochemical gradient is that more than 3 H+ are needed to make 1 ATP. Obviously this reduces the theoretical efficiency of the whole process and the likely maximum is closer to 28–30 ATP molecules.[2] In practice the efficiency may be even lower because the inner membrane of the mitochondria is slightly leaky to protons.[5] Other factors may also dissipate the proton gradient creating an apparently leaky mitochondria. An uncoupling protein known as thermogenin is expressed in some cell types and is a channel that can transport protons. When this protein is active in the inner membrane it short circuits the coupling between the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis. The potential energy from the proton gradient is not used to make ATP but generates heat. This is particularly important in brown fat thermogenesis of newborn and hibernating mammals.

text: According to some of newer sources the ATP yield during aerobic respiration is not 36–38, but only about 30–32 ATP molecules / 1 molecule of glucose [6], because:

text:
ATP : NADH+H+ and ATP : FADH2 ratios during the oxidative phosphorylation appear to be not 3 and 2, but 2.5 and 1.5 respectively. Unlike in the substrate-level phosphorylation, the stoichiometry here is difficult to establish.

ATP synthase produces 1 ATP / 3 H+. However the exchange of matrix ATP for cytosolic ADP and Pi (antiport with OH− or symport with H+) mediated by ATP–ADP translocase and phosphate carrier consumes 1 H+ / 1 ATP as a result of regeneration of the transmembrane potential changed during this transfer, so the net ratio is 1 ATP : 4 H+.
The mitochondrial electron transport chain proton pump transfers across the inner membrane 10 H+ / 1 NADH+H+ (4 + 2 + 4) or 6 H+ / 1 FADH2 (2 + 4).

text:
ATP : NADH+H+ coming from glycolysis ratio during the oxidative phosphorylation is

1.5, as for FADH2, if hydrogen atoms (2H++2e−) are transferred from cytosolic NADH+H+ to mitochondrial FAD by the glycerol phosphate shuttle located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
2.5 in case of malate-aspartate shuttle transferring hydrogen atoms from cytosolic NADH+H+ to mitochondrial NAD+

text: So finally we have, per molecule of glucose

text:
Substrate-level phosphorylation: 2 ATP from glycolysis + 2 ATP (directly GTP) from Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

2 NADH+H+ from glycolysis: 2 × 1.5 ATP (if glycerol phosphate shuttle transfers hydrogen atoms) or 2 × 2.5 ATP (malate-aspartate shuttle)
2 NADH+H+ from the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and 6 from Krebs cycle: 8 × 2.5 ATP
2 FADH2 from the Krebs cycle: 2 × 1.5 ATP

text: Altogether this gives 4 + 3 (or 5) + 20 + 3 = 30 (or 32) ATP per molecule of glucose

text: The total ATP yield in ethanol or lactic acid fermentation is only 2 molecules coming from glycolysis, because pyruvate is not transferred to the mitochondrion and finally oxidized to the carbon dioxide (CO2), but reduced to ethanol or lactic acid in the cytoplasm.[6]

text: Fermentation

text: Without oxygen, pyruvate (pyruvic acid) is not metabolized by cellular respiration but undergoes a process of fermentation. The pyruvate is not transported into the mitochondrion, but remains in the cytoplasm, where it is converted to waste products that may be removed from the cell. This serves the purpose of oxidizing the electron carriers so that they can perform glycolysis again and removing the excess pyruvate. Fermentation oxidizes NADH to NAD+ so it can be re-used in glycolysis. In the absence of oxygen, fermentation prevents the buildup of NADH in the cytoplasm and provides NAD+ for glycolysis. This waste product varies depending on the organism. In skeletal muscles, the waste product is lactic acid. This type of fermentation is called lactic acid fermentation. In strenuous exercise, when energy demands exceed energy supply, the respiratory chain cannot process all of the hydrogen atoms joined by NADH. During anaerobic glycolysis, NAD+ regenerates when pairs of hydrogen combine with pyruvate to form lactate. Lactate formation is catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase in a reversible reaction. Lactate can also be used as an indirect precursor for liver glycogen. During recovery, when oxygen becomes available, NAD+ attaches to hydrogen from lactate to form ATP. In yeast, the waste products are ethanol and carbon dioxide. This type of fermentation is known as alcoholic or ethanol fermentation. The ATP generated in this process is made by substrate-level phosphorylation, which does not require oxygen.

text: Fermentation is less efficient at using the energy from glucose: only 2 ATP are produced per glucose, compared to the 38 ATP per glucose nominally produced by aerobic respiration. This is because the waste products of fermentation still contain chemical potential energy that can be released by oxidation. Ethanol, for example, can be burned in an internal combustion engine like gasoline. Glycolytic ATP, however, is created more quickly. For prokaryotes to continue a rapid growth rate when they are shifted from an aerobic environment to an anaerobic environment, they must increase the rate of the glycolytic reactions. For multicellular organisms, during short bursts of strenuous activity, muscle cells use fermentation to supplement the ATP production from the slower aerobic respiration, so fermentation may be used by a cell even before the oxygen levels are depleted, as is the case in sports that do not require athletes to pace themselves, such as sprinting.

text: Anaerobic respiration

text: Cellular respiration is the process by which biological fuels are oxidised in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor (such as oxygen) to produce large amounts of energy, to drive the bulk production of ATP.

text: Anaerobic respiration is used by some microorganisms in which neither oxygen (aerobic respiration) nor pyruvate derivatives (fermentation) is the final electron acceptor. Rather, an inorganic acceptor such as sulfate or nitrate is used. Such organisms are typically found in unusual places such as underwater caves or near hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the ocean.