document_title: Earth

question_text: principle constituent of the atmosphere of the earth

question_tokens: principle constituent of the atmosphere of the earth

text: Earth

text: Name and etymology

text: The modern English word  Earth developed from a wide variety of Middle English forms,[n 6] which derived from an Old English noun most often spelled eorðe.[39] It has cognates in every Germanic language, and their proto-Germanic root has been reconstructed as *erþō. In its earliest appearances, eorðe was already being used to translate the many senses of Latin terra and Greek γῆ (gē): the ground,[n 7] its soil,[n 8] dry land,[n 9] the human world,[n 10] the surface of the world (including the sea),[n 11] and the globe itself.[n 12] As with Terra and Gaia, Earth was a personified goddess in Germanic paganism: the Angles were listed by Tacitus as among the devotees of Nerthus,[48] and later Norse mythology included Jörð, a giantess often given as the mother of Thor.[49]

text: Originally, earth was written in lowercase, and from early Middle English, its definite sense as "the globe" was expressed as the earth. By early Modern English, many nouns were capitalized, and the earth became (and often remained) the Earth, particularly when referenced along with other heavenly bodies. More recently, the name is sometimes simply given as Earth, by analogy with the names of the other planets.[39] House styles now vary: Oxford spelling recognizes the lowercase form as the most common, with the capitalized form an acceptable variant. Another convention capitalizes "Earth" when appearing as a name (e.g. "Earth's atmosphere") but writes it in lowercase when preceded by the (e.g. "the atmosphere of the earth"). It almost always appears in lowercase in colloquial expressions such as "what on earth are you doing?"[50]

text: Chronology

text: Formation

text: The oldest material found in the Solar System is dated to 7000456720000000000♠4.5672±0.0006 billion years ago (Bya).[51] By 7000454000000000000♠4.54±0.04 Bya[52] the primordial Earth had formed. The formation and evolution of Solar System bodies occurred along with the Sun. In theory, a solar nebula partitions a volume out of a molecular cloud by gravitational collapse, which begins to spin and flatten into a circumstellar disk, and then the planets grow out of that disk along with the Sun. A nebula contains gas, ice grains, and dust (including primordial nuclides). According to nebular theory, planetesimals formed by accretion, with the primordial Earth taking 10–7001200000000000000♠20 million years (Mys) to form.[53]

text: A subject of on-going research is the formation of the Moon, some 4.53 Bya.[54] A working hypothesis is that it was formed by accretion from material loosed from Earth after a Mars-sized object, named Theia, impacted Earth.[55] In this scenario, the mass of Theia was approximately 10% of that of Earth,[56] it impacted Earth with a glancing blow,[57] and some of its mass merged with Earth. Between approximately 4.1 and 7000380000000000000♠3.8 Bya, numerous asteroid impacts during the Late Heavy Bombardment caused significant changes to the greater surface environment of the Moon, and by inference, to that of Earth.

text: Geological history

text: Earth's atmosphere and oceans were formed by volcanic activity and outgassing that included water vapor. The origin of the world's oceans was condensation augmented by water and ice delivered by asteroids, protoplanets, and comets.[58] In this model, atmospheric "greenhouse gases" kept the oceans from freezing when the newly forming Sun had only 70% of its current luminosity.[59] By 7000350000000000000♠3.5 Bya, Earth's magnetic field was established, which helped prevent the atmosphere from being stripped away by the solar wind.[60]

text: A crust formed when the molten outer layer of Earth cooled to form a solid. The two models[61] that explain land mass propose either a steady growth to the present-day forms[62] or, more likely, a rapid growth[63] early in Earth history[64] followed by a long-term steady continental area.[65][66][67] Continents formed by plate tectonics, a process ultimately driven by the continuous loss of heat from Earth's interior. On time scales lasting hundreds of millions of years, the supercontinents have assembled and broken apart. Roughly 7002750000000000000♠750 million years ago (Mya), one of the earliest known supercontinents, Rodinia, began to break apart. The continents later recombined to form Pannotia, 600–7002540000000000000♠540 Mya, then finally Pangaea, which also broke apart 7002180000000000000♠180 Mya.[68]

text: The present pattern of ice ages began about 7001400000000000000♠40 Mya and then intensified during the Pleistocene about 7000300000000000000♠3 Mya. High-latitude regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating about every 40,000–7012315576000000000♠100000 years. The last continental glaciation ended 10,000 years ago.[69]

text: Origin of life and evolution

text: Chemical reactions led to the first self-replicating molecules about four billion years ago. A half billion years later, the last common ancestor of all life arose.[70] The evolution of photosynthesis allowed the Sun's energy to be harvested directly by life forms. The resultant molecular oxygen (O2) accumulated in the atmosphere and due to interaction with ultraviolet solar radiation, formed a protective ozone layer (O3) in the upper atmosphere.[71] The incorporation of smaller cells within larger ones resulted in the development of complex cells called eukaryotes.[72] True multicellular organisms formed as cells within colonies became increasingly specialized. Aided by the absorption of harmful ultraviolet radiation by the ozone layer, life colonized Earth's surface.[73] Among the earliest fossil evidence for life is microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone in Western Australia,[74][75][76][77][78] biogenic graphite found in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks in Western Greenland,[79] remains of biotic material found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia.[30][31]

text: During the Neoproterozoic, 7002750000000000000♠750 to 580 Mya, much of Earth might have been covered in ice. This hypothesis has been termed "Snowball Earth", and it is of particular interest because it preceded the Cambrian explosion, when multicellular life forms significantly increased in complexity.[80] Following the Cambrian explosion, 7002535000000000000♠535 Mya, there have been five major mass extinctions.[81] The most recent such event was 7001660000000000000♠66 Mya, when an asteroid impact triggered the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs and other large reptiles, but spared some small animals such as mammals, which then resembled shrews. Over the past 7001660000000000000♠66 Mys, mammalian life has diversified, and several million years ago an African ape-like animal such as Orrorin tugenensis gained the ability to stand upright.[82] This facilitated tool use and encouraged communication that provided the nutrition and stimulation needed for a larger brain, which allowed the evolution of humans. The development of agriculture, and then civilization, led to humans having an influence on Earth and the nature and quantity of other life forms that continues today.[83]

text: Future

text: Earth's expected long-term future is closely tied to that of the Sun. Over the next 7000110000000000000♠1.1 Bys, solar luminosity will increase by 10%, and over the next 7000350000000000000♠3.5 Bys by 40%.[84] The Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic CO2 cycle, reducing its concentration to levels lethally low for plants (6995099999999999999♠10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 500–7002900000000000000♠900 Mys.[85] The lack of vegetation will result in the loss of oxygen in the atmosphere, and animal life will become extinct.[86] After another billion years all surface water will have disappeared[87] and the mean global temperature will reach 7002343150000000000♠70 °C[86] (7002343150000000000♠158 °F). From that point, the Earth is expected to be habitable for another 7016157788000000000♠500 Ma,[85] possibly up to 7016725824800000000♠2.3 Ga if nitrogen is removed from the atmosphere.[88] Even if the Sun were eternal and stable, 27% of the water in the modern oceans will descend to the mantle in one billion years, due to reduced steam venting from mid-ocean ridges.[89]

text: The Sun will evolve to become a red giant in about 7000500000000000000♠5 Bys. Models predict that the Sun will expand to roughly 1 AU (150 million km; 93 million mi), which is about 250 times its present radius.[84][90] Earth's fate is less clear. As a red giant, the Sun will lose roughly 30% of its mass, so, without tidal effects, Earth will move to an orbit 1.7 AU (250 million km; 160 million mi) from the Sun when the star reaches its maximum radius. Most, if not all, remaining life will be destroyed by the Sun's increased luminosity (peaking at about 5,000 times its present level).[84] A 2008 simulation indicates that Earth's orbit will eventually decay due to tidal effects and drag, causing it to enter the Sun's atmosphere and be vaporized.[90]

text: Physical characteristics

text: Shape

text: The shape of Earth is approximately oblate spheroidal. Due to rotation, the Earth is flattened along the geographic axis and bulging around the equator.[92] The diameter of the Earth at the equator is 43 kilometres (27 mi) larger than the pole-to-pole diameter.[93] Thus the point on the surface farthest from Earth's center of mass is the summit of the equatorial Chimborazo volcano in Ecuador.[94][95][96][97] The average diameter of the reference spheroid is 12,742 kilometres (7,918 mi). Local topography deviates from this idealized spheroid, although on a global scale these deviations are small compared to Earth's radius: The maximum deviation of only 0.17% is at the Mariana Trench (10,911 metres (35,797 ft) below local sea level), whereas Mount Everest (8,848 metres (29,029 ft) above local sea level) represents a deviation of 0.14%.[n 13]

text: In geodesy, the exact shape that Earth's oceans would adopt in the absence of land and perturbations such as tides and winds is called the geoid. More precisely, the geoid is the surface of gravitational equipotential at mean sea level.

text: Chemical composition

text:
Chemical composition of the crust[99]

Compound
Formula
Composition

Continental
Oceanic

silica
SiO2
60.2%
48.6%

alumina
Al2O3
15.2%
16.5%

lime
CaO
5.5%
12.3%

magnesia
MgO
3.1%
6.8%

iron(II) oxide
FeO
3.8%
6.2%

sodium oxide
Na2O
3.0%
2.6%

potassium oxide
K2O
2.8%
0.4%

iron(III) oxide
Fe2O3
2.5%
2.3%

water
H2O
1.4%
1.1%

carbon dioxide
CO2
1.2%
1.4%

titanium dioxide
TiO2
0.7%
1.4%

phosphorus pentoxide
P2O5
0.2%
0.3%

Total
99.6%
99.9%

text: Earth's mass is approximately 7024597000000000000♠5.97×1024 kg (5,970 Yg). It is composed mostly of iron (32.1%), oxygen (30.1%), silicon (15.1%), magnesium (13.9%), sulfur (2.9%), nickel (1.8%), calcium (1.5%), and aluminium (1.4%), with the remaining 1.2% consisting of trace amounts of other elements. Due to mass segregation, the core region is estimated to be primarily composed of iron (88.8%), with smaller amounts of nickel (5.8%), sulfur (4.5%), and less than 1% trace elements.[100]

text: The most common rock constituents of the crust are nearly all oxides: chlorine, sulfur, and fluorine are the important exceptions to this and their total amount in any rock is usually much less than 1%. Over 99% of the crust is composed of 11 oxides, principally silica, alumina, iron oxides, lime, magnesia, potash, and soda.[99][100][101]

text: Internal structure

text: Earth's interior, like that of the other terrestrial planets, is divided into layers by their chemical or physical (rheological) properties. The outer layer is a chemically distinct silicate solid crust, which is underlain by a highly viscous solid mantle. The crust is separated from the mantle by the Mohorovičić discontinuity. The thickness of the crust varies from about 7003600000000000000♠6 km (kilometers) under the oceans to 30–50 km for the continents. The crust and the cold, rigid, top of the upper mantle are collectively known as the lithosphere, and it is of the lithosphere that the tectonic plates are composed. Beneath the lithosphere is the asthenosphere, a relatively low-viscosity layer on which the lithosphere rides. Important changes in crystal structure within the mantle occur at 410 and 7005660000000000000♠660 km below the surface, spanning a transition zone that separates the upper and lower mantle. Beneath the mantle, an extremely low viscosity liquid outer core lies above a solid inner core.[102] The Earth's inner core might rotate at a slightly higher angular velocity than the remainder of the planet, advancing by 0.1–0.5° per year.[103] The radius of the inner core is about one fifth of that of Earth.

text:
Geologic layers of Earth[104]

Earth cutaway from core to exosphere. Not to scale.
Depth[105]
km
Component layer
Density
g/cm3

0–60
Lithosphere[n 14]
—

0–35
Crust[n 15]
2.2–2.9

35–60
Upper mantle
3.4–4.4

  35–2890
Mantle
3.4–5.6

100–700
Asthenosphere
—

2890–5100
Outer core
9.9–12.2

5100–6378
Inner core
12.8–13.1

text: Heat

text: Earth's internal heat comes from a combination of residual heat from planetary accretion (about 20%) and heat produced through radioactive decay (80%).[106] The major heat-producing isotopes within Earth are potassium-40, uranium-238, and thorium-232.[107] At the center, the temperature may be up to 6,000 °C (10,830 °F),[108] and the pressure could reach 360 GPa.[109] Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay, scientists postulate that early in Earth's history, before isotopes with short half-lives were depleted, Earth's heat production was much higher. At approximately 7016946728000000000♠3 Ga, twice the present-day heat would have been produced, increasing the rates of mantle convection and plate tectonics, and allowing the production of uncommon igneous rocks such as komatiites that are rarely formed today.[106][110]

text:
Present-day major heat-producing isotopes[111]

Isotope
Heat release
W/kg isotope
Half-life
years
Mean mantle concentration
kg isotope/kg mantle
Heat release
W/kg mantle

238U
94.6 × 10−6
4.47 × 109
30.8 × 10−9
2.91 × 10−12

235U
569 × 10−6
0.704 × 109
0.22 × 10−9
0.125 × 10−12

232Th
26.4 × 10−6
14.0 × 109
124 × 10−9
3.27 × 10−12

40K
29.2 × 10−6
1.25 × 109
36.9 × 10−9
1.08 × 10−12

text: The mean heat loss from Earth is 87 mW m−2, for a global heat loss of 4.42 × 1013 W.[112] A portion of the core's thermal energy is transported toward the crust by mantle plumes, a form of convection consisting of upwellings of higher-temperature rock. These plumes can produce hotspots and flood basalts.[113] More of the heat in Earth is lost through plate tectonics, by mantle upwelling associated with mid-ocean ridges. The final major mode of heat loss is through conduction through the lithosphere, the majority of which occurs under the oceans because the crust there is much thinner than that of the continents.[114]

text: Tectonic plates

text:
Earth's major plates[115]

Plate name
Area
106 km2

  Pacific Plate

103.3

  African Plate[n 16]

78.0

  North American Plate

75.9

  Eurasian Plate

67.8

  Antarctic Plate

60.9

  Indo-Australian Plate

47.2

  South American Plate

43.6

text: The mechanically rigid outer layer of Earth, the lithosphere, is divided into pieces called tectonic plates. These plates are rigid segments that move in relation to one another at one of three types of plate boundaries: convergent boundaries, at which two plates come together, divergent boundaries, at which two plates are pulled apart, and transform boundaries, in which two plates slide past one another laterally. Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation can occur along these plate boundaries.[116] The tectonic plates ride on top of the asthenosphere, the solid but less-viscous part of the upper mantle that can flow and move along with the plates.[117]

text: As the tectonic plates migrate, oceanic crust is subducted under the leading edges of the plates at convergent boundaries. At the same time, the upwelling of mantle material at divergent boundaries creates mid-ocean ridges. The combination of these processes recycles the oceanic crust back into the mantle. Due to this recycling, most of the ocean floor is less than 7015315576000000000♠100 Ma old in age. The oldest oceanic crust is located in the Western Pacific and has an estimated age of 7015631152000000000♠200 Ma.[118][119] By comparison, the oldest dated continental crust is 7017127177128000000♠4030 Ma.[120]

text: The seven major plates are the Pacific, North American, Eurasian, African, Antarctic, Indo-Australian, and South American. Other notable plates include the Arabian Plate, the Caribbean Plate, the Nazca Plate off the west coast of South America and the Scotia Plate in the southern Atlantic Ocean. The Australian Plate fused with the Indian Plate between 50 and 7001550000000000000♠55 Mya. The fastest-moving plates are the oceanic plates, with the Cocos Plate advancing at a rate of 75 mm/year[121] and the Pacific Plate moving 52–69 mm/year. At the other extreme, the slowest-moving plate is the Eurasian Plate, progressing at a typical rate of 21 mm/year.[122]

text: Surface

text: The total surface area of the Earth is about 7008510000000000000♠510 million km2 (197 million sq mi).[13] Of this, 70.8%,[13] or 7008361130000000000♠361.13 million km2 (139.43 million sq mi), is below sea level and covered by ocean water.[123] Below the ocean's surface are much of the continental shelf, mountains, volcanoes,[93] oceanic trenches, submarine canyons, oceanic plateaus, abyssal plains, and a globe-spanning mid-ocean ridge system. The remaining 29.2% (7008148940000000000♠148.94 million km2, or 57.51 million sq mi) not covered by water has terrain that varies greatly from place to place and consists of mountains, deserts, plains, plateaus, and other landforms. Tectonics and erosion, volcanic eruptions, flooding, weathering, glaciation, the growth of coral reefs, and meteorite impacts are among the processes that constantly reshape the Earth's surface over geological time.[124][125]

text: The continental crust consists of lower density material such as the igneous rocks granite and andesite. Less common is basalt, a denser volcanic rock that is the primary constituent of the ocean floors.[126] Sedimentary rock is formed from the accumulation of sediment that becomes buried and compacted together. Nearly 75% of the continental surfaces are covered by sedimentary rocks, although they form about 5% of the crust.[127] The third form of rock material found on Earth is metamorphic rock, which is created from the transformation of pre-existing rock types through high pressures, high temperatures, or both. The most abundant silicate minerals on Earth's surface include quartz, feldspars, amphibole, mica, pyroxene and olivine.[128] Common carbonate minerals include calcite (found in limestone) and dolomite.[129]

text: The elevation of the land surface varies from the low point of −418 m at the Dead Sea, to a maximum altitude of 8,848 m at the top of Mount Everest. The mean height of land above sea level is about 797 metres (2,615 ft)[130].

text: The pedosphere is the outermost layer of Earth's continental surface and is composed of soil and subject to soil formation processes. The total arable land is 10.9% of the land surface, with 1.3% being permanent cropland.[131][132] Close to 40% of Earth's land surface is used for cropland and pasture, or an estimated 1.3×107 km2 of cropland and 3.4×107 km2 of pastureland.[133]

text: Hydrosphere

text: The abundance of water on Earth's surface is a unique feature that distinguishes the "Blue Planet" from other planets in the Solar System. Earth's hydrosphere consists chiefly of the oceans, but technically includes all water surfaces in the world, including inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground waters down to a depth of 2,000 m. The deepest underwater location is Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean with a depth of 10,911.4 m.[n 17][134]

text: The mass of the oceans is approximately 1.35×1018 metric tons or about 1/4400 of Earth's total mass. The oceans cover an area of 7014361800000000000♠3.618×108 km2 with a mean depth of 7003368200000000000♠3682 m, resulting in an estimated volume of 7018133200000000000♠1.332×109 km3.[135] If all of Earth's crustal surface were at the same elevation as a smooth sphere, the depth of the resulting world ocean would be 2.7 to 2.8 km.[136][137]

text: About 97.5% of the water is saline; the remaining 2.5% is fresh water. Most fresh water, about 68.7%, is present as ice in ice caps and glaciers.[138]

text: The average salinity of Earth's oceans is about 35 grams of salt per kilogram of sea water (3.5% salt).[139] Most of this salt was released from volcanic activity or extracted from cool igneous rocks.[140] The oceans are also a reservoir of dissolved atmospheric gases, which are essential for the survival of many aquatic life forms.[141] Sea water has an important influence on the world's climate, with the oceans acting as a large heat reservoir.[142] Shifts in the oceanic temperature distribution can cause significant weather shifts, such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation.[143]

text: Atmosphere

text: The atmospheric pressure on Earth's surface averages 101.325 kPa, with a scale height of about 8.5 km.[3] It has a composition of 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen, with trace amounts of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other gaseous molecules. The height of the troposphere varies with latitude, ranging between 8 km at the poles to 17 km at the equator, with some variation resulting from weather and seasonal factors.[144]

text: Earth's biosphere has significantly altered its atmosphere. Oxygenic photosynthesis evolved 7000270000000000000♠2.7 Gya, forming the primarily nitrogen–oxygen atmosphere of today.[71] This change enabled the proliferation of aerobic organisms and, indirectly, the formation of the ozone layer due to the subsequent conversion of atmospheric O2 into O3. The ozone layer blocks ultraviolet solar radiation, permitting life on land.[145] Other atmospheric functions important to life include transporting water vapor, providing useful gases, causing small meteors to burn up before they strike the surface, and moderating temperature.[146] This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature. Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Without this heat-retention effect, the average surface temperature would be −18 °C, in contrast to the current +15 °C,[147] and life on Earth probably would not exist in its current form.[148] In May 2017, glints of light, seen as twinkling from an orbiting satellite a million miles away, were found to be reflected light from ice crystals in the atmosphere.[149][150]

text: Weather and climate

text: Earth's atmosphere has no definite boundary, slowly becoming thinner and fading into outer space. Three-quarters of the atmosphere's mass is contained within the first 11 km (6.8 mi) of the surface. This lowest layer is called the troposphere. Energy from the Sun heats this layer, and the surface below, causing expansion of the air. This lower-density air then rises and is replaced by cooler, higher-density air. The result is atmospheric circulation that drives the weather and climate through redistribution of thermal energy.[151]

text: The primary atmospheric circulation bands consist of the trade winds in the equatorial region below 30° latitude and the westerlies in the mid-latitudes between 30° and 60°.[152] Ocean currents are also important factors in determining climate, particularly the thermohaline circulation that distributes thermal energy from the equatorial oceans to the polar regions.[153]

text: Water vapor generated through surface evaporation is transported by circulatory patterns in the atmosphere. When atmospheric conditions permit an uplift of warm, humid air, this water condenses and falls to the surface as precipitation.[151] Most of the water is then transported to lower elevations by river systems and usually returned to the oceans or deposited into lakes. This water cycle is a vital mechanism for supporting life on land and is a primary factor in the erosion of surface features over geological periods. Precipitation patterns vary widely, ranging from several meters of water per year to less than a millimeter. Atmospheric circulation, topographic features, and temperature differences determine the average precipitation that falls in each region.[154]

text: The amount of solar energy reaching Earth's surface decreases with increasing latitude. At higher latitudes, the sunlight reaches the surface at lower angles, and it must pass through thicker columns of the atmosphere. As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator.[155] Earth's surface can be subdivided into specific latitudinal belts of approximately homogeneous climate. Ranging from the equator to the polar regions, these are the tropical (or equatorial), subtropical, temperate and polar climates.[156]

text: This latitudinal rule has several anomalies:

text:
Proximity to oceans moderates the climate. For example, the Scandinavian Peninsula has more moderate climate than similarly northern latitudes of northern Canada.
The wind enables this moderating effect. The windward side of a land mass experiences more moderation than the leeward side. In the Northern Hemisphere, the prevailing wind is west-to-east, and western coasts tend to be milder than eastern coasts. This is seen in Eastern North America and Western Europe, where rough continental climates appear on the east coast on parallels with mild climates on the other side of the ocean.[157] In the Southern Hemisphere, the prevailing wind is east-to-west, and the eastern coasts are milder.
The distance from the Earth to the Sun varies. The Earth is closest to the Sun (at perihelion) in January, which is summer in the Southern Hemisphere. It is furthest away (at aphelion) in July, which is summer in the Northern Hemisphere, and only 93.55% of the solar radiation from the Sun falls on a given square area of land than at perihelion. Despite this, there are larger land masses in the Northern Hemisphere, which are easier to heat than the seas. Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.[158]
The climate is colder at high altitudes than at sea level because of the decreased air density.

text: The commonly used Köppen climate classification system has five broad groups (humid tropics, arid, humid middle latitudes, continental and cold polar), which are further divided into more specific subtypes.[152] The Köppen system rates regions of terrain based on observed temperature and precipitation.

text: The highest air temperature ever measured on Earth was 56.7 °C (134.1 °F) in Furnace Creek, California, in Death Valley, in 1913.[159] The lowest air temperature ever directly measured on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at Vostok Station in 1983,[160] but satellites have used remote sensing to measure temperatures as low as −94.7 °C (−138.5 °F) in East Antarctica.[161] These temperature records are only measurements made with modern instruments from the 20th century onwards and likely do not reflect the full range of temperature on Earth.

text: Upper atmosphere

text: Above the troposphere, the atmosphere is usually divided into the stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere.[146] Each layer has a different lapse rate, defining the rate of change in temperature with height. Beyond these, the exosphere thins out into the magnetosphere, where the geomagnetic fields interact with the solar wind.[162] Within the stratosphere is the ozone layer, a component that partially shields the surface from ultraviolet light and thus is important for life on Earth. The Kármán line, defined as 100 km above Earth's surface, is a working definition for the boundary between the atmosphere and outer space.[163]

text: Thermal energy causes some of the molecules at the outer edge of the atmosphere to increase their velocity to the point where they can escape from Earth's gravity. This causes a slow but steady loss of the atmosphere into space. Because unfixed hydrogen has a low molecular mass, it can achieve escape velocity more readily, and it leaks into outer space at a greater rate than other gases.[164] The leakage of hydrogen into space contributes to the shifting of Earth's atmosphere and surface from an initially reducing state to its current oxidizing one. Photosynthesis provided a source of free oxygen, but the loss of reducing agents such as hydrogen is thought to have been a necessary precondition for the widespread accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere.[165] Hence the ability of hydrogen to escape from the atmosphere may have influenced the nature of life that developed on Earth.[166] In the current, oxygen-rich atmosphere most hydrogen is converted into water before it has an opportunity to escape. Instead, most of the hydrogen loss comes from the destruction of methane in the upper atmosphere.[167]

text: Gravitational field

text: The gravity of Earth is the acceleration that is imparted to objects due to the distribution of mass within the Earth. Near the Earth's surface, gravitational acceleration is approximately 9.8 m/s2 (32 ft/s2). Local differences in topography, geology, and deeper tectonic structure cause local and broad, regional differences in the Earth's gravitational field, known as gravitational anomalies.[168]

text: Magnetic field

text: The main part of Earth's magnetic field is generated in the core, the site of a dynamo process that converts the kinetic energy of thermally and compositionally driven convection into electrical and magnetic field energy. The field extends outwards from the core, through the mantle, and up to Earth's surface, where it is, approximately, a dipole. The poles of the dipole are located close to Earth's geographic poles. At the equator of the magnetic field, the magnetic-field strength at the surface is 3.05 × 10−5 T, with global magnetic dipole moment of 7.91 × 1015 T m3.[169] The convection movements in the core are chaotic; the magnetic poles drift and periodically change alignment. This causes secular variation of the main field and field reversals at irregular intervals averaging a few times every million years. The most recent reversal occurred approximately 700,000 years ago.[170][171]

text: Magnetosphere

text: The extent of Earth's magnetic field in space defines the magnetosphere. Ions and electrons of the solar wind are deflected by the magnetosphere; solar wind pressure compresses the dayside of the magnetosphere, to about 10 Earth radii, and extends the nightside magnetosphere into a long tail.[172] Because the velocity of the solar wind is greater than the speed at which wave propagate through the solar wind, a supersonic bowshock precedes the dayside magnetosphere within the solar wind.[173] Charged particles are contained within the magnetosphere; the plasmasphere is defined by low-energy particles that essentially follow magnetic field lines as Earth rotates;[174][175] the ring current is defined by medium-energy particles that drift relative to the geomagnetic field, but with paths that are still dominated by the magnetic field,[176] and the Van Allen radiation belt are formed by high-energy particles whose motion is essentially random, but otherwise contained by the magnetosphere.[172][177]

text: During magnetic storms and substorms, charged particles can be deflected from the outer magnetosphere and especially the magnetotail, directed along field lines into Earth's ionosphere, where atmospheric atoms can be excited and ionized, causing the aurora.[178]

text: Orbit and rotation

text: Rotation

text: Earth's rotation period relative to the Sun—its mean solar day—is 86,400 seconds of mean solar time (86,400.0025 SI seconds).[179] Because Earth's solar day is now slightly longer than it was during the 19th century due to tidal deceleration, each day varies between 0 and 2 SI ms longer.[180][181]

text: Earth's rotation period relative to the fixed stars, called its stellar day by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS), is 86,164.0989 seconds of mean solar time (UT1), or 23h 56m 4.0989s.[2][n 18] Earth's rotation period relative to the precessing or moving mean vernal equinox, misnamed its sidereal day, is 86,164.0905 seconds of mean solar time (UT1) (23h 56m 4.0905s).[2] Thus the sidereal day is shorter than the stellar day by about 8.4 ms.[182] The length of the mean solar day in SI seconds is available from the IERS for the periods 1623–2005[183] and 1962–2005.[184]

text: Apart from meteors within the atmosphere and low-orbiting satellites, the main apparent motion of celestial bodies in Earth's sky is to the west at a rate of 15°/h = 15'/min. For bodies near the celestial equator, this is equivalent to an apparent diameter of the Sun or the Moon every two minutes; from Earth's surface, the apparent sizes of the Sun and the Moon are approximately the same.[185][186]

text: Orbit

text: Earth orbits the Sun at an average distance of about 150 million km (93 million mi) every 365.2564 mean solar days, or one sidereal year. This gives an apparent movement of the Sun eastward with respect to the stars at a rate of about 1°/day, which is one apparent Sun or Moon diameter every 12 hours. Due to this motion, on average it takes 24 hours—a solar day—for Earth to complete a full rotation about its axis so that the Sun returns to the meridian. The orbital speed of Earth averages about 29.78 km/s (107,200 km/h; 66,600 mph), which is fast enough to travel a distance equal to Earth's diameter, about 12,742 km (7,918 mi), in seven minutes, and the distance to the Moon, 384,000 km (239,000 mi), in about 3.5 hours.[3]

text: The Moon and Earth orbit a common barycenter every 27.32 days relative to the background stars. When combined with the Earth–Moon system's common orbit around the Sun, the period of the synodic month, from new moon to new moon, is 29.53 days. Viewed from the celestial north pole, the motion of Earth, the Moon, and their axial rotations are all counterclockwise. Viewed from a vantage point above the north poles of both the Sun and Earth, Earth orbits in a counterclockwise direction about the Sun. The orbital and axial planes are not precisely aligned: Earth's axis is tilted some 23.44 degrees from the perpendicular to the Earth–Sun plane (the ecliptic), and the Earth–Moon plane is tilted up to ±5.1 degrees against the Earth–Sun plane. Without this tilt, there would be an eclipse every two weeks, alternating between lunar eclipses and solar eclipses.[3][187]

text: The Hill sphere, or the sphere of gravitational influence, of the Earth is about 1.5 million kilometres (930,000 mi) in radius.[188][n 19] This is the maximum distance at which the Earth's gravitational influence is stronger than the more distant Sun and planets. Objects must orbit the Earth within this radius, or they can become unbound by the gravitational perturbation of the Sun.

text: Earth, along with the Solar System, is situated in the Milky Way and orbits about 28,000 light-years from its center. It is about 20 light-years above the galactic plane in the Orion Arm.[189]

text: Axial tilt and seasons

text: The axial tilt of the Earth is approximately 23.439281°[2] with the axis of its orbit plane, always pointing towards the Celestial Poles. Due to Earth's axial tilt, the amount of sunlight reaching any given point on the surface varies over the course of the year. This causes the seasonal change in climate, with summer in the Northern Hemisphere occurring when the Tropic of Cancer is facing the Sun, and winter taking place when the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere faces the Sun. During the summer, the day lasts longer, and the Sun climbs higher in the sky. In winter, the climate becomes cooler and the days shorter. In northern temperate latitudes, the Sun rises north of true east during the summer solstice, and sets north of true west, reversing in the winter. The Sun rises south of true east in the summer for the southern temperate zone and sets south of true west.

text: Above the Arctic Circle, an extreme case is reached where there is no daylight at all for part of the year, up to six months at the North Pole itself, a polar night. In the Southern Hemisphere, the situation is exactly reversed, with the South Pole oriented opposite the direction of the North Pole. Six months later, this pole will experience a midnight sun, a day of 24 hours, again reversing with the South Pole.

text: By astronomical convention, the four seasons can be determined by the solstices—the points in the orbit of maximum axial tilt toward or away from the Sun—and the equinoxes, when the direction of the tilt and the direction to the Sun are perpendicular. In the Northern Hemisphere, winter solstice currently occurs around 21 December; summer solstice is near 21 June, spring equinox is around 20 March and autumnal equinox is about 22 or 23 September. In the Southern Hemisphere, the situation is reversed, with the summer and winter solstices exchanged and the spring and autumnal equinox dates swapped.[190]

text: The angle of Earth's axial tilt is relatively stable over long periods of time. Its axial tilt does undergo nutation; a slight, irregular motion with a main period of 18.6 years.[191] The orientation (rather than the angle) of Earth's axis also changes over time, precessing around in a complete circle over each 25,800 year cycle; this precession is the reason for the difference between a sidereal year and a tropical year. Both of these motions are caused by the varying attraction of the Sun and the Moon on Earth's equatorial bulge. The poles also migrate a few meters across Earth's surface. This polar motion has multiple, cyclical components, which collectively are termed quasiperiodic motion. In addition to an annual component to this motion, there is a 14-month cycle called the Chandler wobble. Earth's rotational velocity also varies in a phenomenon known as length-of-day variation.[192]

text: In modern times, Earth's perihelion occurs around 3 January, and its aphelion around 4 July. These dates change over time due to precession and other orbital factors, which follow cyclical patterns known as Milankovitch cycles. The changing Earth–Sun distance causes an increase of about 6.9%[n 20] in solar energy reaching Earth at perihelion relative to aphelion. Because the Southern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun at about the same time that Earth reaches the closest approach to the Sun, the Southern Hemisphere receives slightly more energy from the Sun than does the northern over the course of a year. This effect is much less significant than the total energy change due to the axial tilt, and most of the excess energy is absorbed by the higher proportion of water in the Southern Hemisphere.[193]

text: Habitability

text: A planet that can sustain life is termed habitable, even if life did not originate there. Earth provides liquid water—an environment where complex organic molecules can assemble and interact, and sufficient energy to sustain metabolism.[194] The distance of Earth from the Sun, as well as its orbital eccentricity, rate of rotation, axial tilt, geological history, sustaining atmosphere, and magnetic field all contribute to the current climatic conditions at the surface.[195]

text: Biosphere

text: A planet's life forms inhabit ecosystems, whose total is sometimes said to form a "biosphere". Earth's biosphere is thought to have begun evolving about 7000350000000000000♠3.5 Gya.[71] The biosphere is divided into a number of biomes, inhabited by broadly similar plants and animals. On land, biomes are separated primarily by differences in latitude, height above sea level and humidity. Terrestrial biomes lying within the Arctic or Antarctic Circles, at high altitudes or in extremely arid areas are relatively barren of plant and animal life; species diversity reaches a peak in humid lowlands at equatorial latitudes.[196]

text: In July 2016, scientists reported identifying a set of 355 genes from the Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) of all organisms living on Earth.[197]

text: Natural resources and land use

text:
Estimated human land use, 2000[198]

Land use
Mha

Cropland
1,510–1,611

Pastures
2,500–3,410

Natural forests
3,143–3,871

Planted forests
126–215

Urban areas
66–351

Unused, productive land
356–445

text: Earth has resources that have been exploited by humans. Those termed non-renewable resources, such as fossil fuels, only renew over geological timescales.

text: Large deposits of fossil fuels are obtained from Earth's crust, consisting of coal, petroleum, and natural gas. These deposits are used by humans both for energy production and as feedstock for chemical production. Mineral ore bodies have also been formed within the crust through a process of ore genesis, resulting from actions of magmatism, erosion, and plate tectonics.[199] These bodies form concentrated sources for many metals and other useful elements.

text: Earth's biosphere produces many useful biological products for humans, including food, wood, pharmaceuticals, oxygen, and the recycling of many organic wastes. The land-based ecosystem depends upon topsoil and fresh water, and the oceanic ecosystem depends upon dissolved nutrients washed down from the land.[200] In 1980, 5,053 Mha (50.53 million km2) of Earth's land surface consisted of forest and woodlands, 6,788 Mha (67.88 million km2) was grasslands and pasture, and 1,501 Mha (15.01 million km2) was cultivated as croplands.[201] The estimated amount of irrigated land in 1993 was 2,481,250 square kilometres (958,020 sq mi).[14] Humans also live on the land by using building materials to construct shelters.

text: Natural and environmental hazards

text: Large areas of Earth's surface are subject to extreme weather such as tropical cyclones, hurricanes, or typhoons that dominate life in those areas. From 1980 to 2000, these events caused an average of 11,800 human deaths per year.[202] Many places are subject to earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, tornadoes, sinkholes, blizzards, floods, droughts, wildfires, and other calamities and disasters.

text: Many localized areas are subject to human-made pollution of the air and water, acid rain and toxic substances, loss of vegetation (overgrazing, deforestation, desertification), loss of wildlife, species extinction, soil degradation, soil depletion and erosion.

text: There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions. This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.[203]

text: Human geography

text:
North America
  South America
  Antarctica

  Europe
  Africa

  Asia
  Australia

v
t
e

text: Cartography, the study and practice of map-making, and geography, the study of the lands, features, inhabitants and phenomena on Earth, have historically been the disciplines devoted to depicting Earth. Surveying, the determination of locations and distances, and to a lesser extent navigation, the determination of position and direction, have developed alongside cartography and geography, providing and suitably quantifying the requisite information.

text: Earth's human population reached approximately seven billion on 31 October 2011.[205] Projections indicate that the world's human population will reach 9.2 billion in 2050.[206] Most of the growth is expected to take place in developing nations. Human population density varies widely around the world, but a majority live in Asia. By 2020, 60% of the world's population is expected to be living in urban, rather than rural, areas.[207]

text: It is estimated that one-eighth of Earth's surface is suitable for humans to live on – three-quarters of Earth's surface is covered by oceans, leaving one-quarter as land. Half of that land area is desert (14%),[208] high mountains (27%),[209] or other unsuitable terrains. The northernmost permanent settlement in the world is Alert, on Ellesmere Island in Nunavut, Canada.[210] (82°28′N) The southernmost is the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, in Antarctica, almost exactly at the South Pole. (90°S)

text: Independent sovereign nations claim the planet's entire land surface, except for some parts of Antarctica, a few land parcels along the Danube river's western bank, and the unclaimed area of Bir Tawil between Egypt and Sudan. As of 2015[update], there are 193 sovereign states that are member states of the United Nations, plus two observer states and 72 dependent territories and states with limited recognition.[14] Earth has never had a sovereign government with authority over the entire globe, although some nation-states have striven for world domination and failed.[211]

text: The United Nations is a worldwide intergovernmental organization that was created with the goal of intervening in the disputes between nations, thereby avoiding armed conflict.[212] The U.N. serves primarily as a forum for international diplomacy and international law. When the consensus of the membership permits, it provides a mechanism for armed intervention.[213]

text: The first human to orbit Earth was Yuri Gagarin on 12 April 1961.[214] In total, about 487 people have visited outer space and reached orbit as of 30 July 2010[update], and, of these, twelve have walked on the Moon.[215][216][217] Normally, the only humans in space are those on the International Space Station. The station's crew, made up of six people, is usually replaced every six months.[218] The farthest that humans have traveled from Earth is 400,171 km, achieved during the Apollo 13 mission in 1970.[219]

text: Moon

text:
Characteristics

Diameter
3,474.8 km

Mass
7.349×1022 kg

Semi-major axis
384,400 km

Orbital period
27 d 7 h 43.7 m

text: The Moon is a relatively large, terrestrial, planet-like natural satellite, with a diameter about one-quarter of Earth's. It is the largest moon in the Solar System relative to the size of its planet, although Charon is larger relative to the dwarf planet Pluto. The natural satellites of other planets are also referred to as "moons", after Earth's.

text: The gravitational attraction between Earth and the Moon causes tides on Earth. The same effect on the Moon has led to its tidal locking: its rotation period is the same as the time it takes to orbit Earth. As a result, it always presents the same face to the planet. As the Moon orbits Earth, different parts of its face are illuminated by the Sun, leading to the lunar phases; the dark part of the face is separated from the light part by the solar terminator.

text: Due to their tidal interaction, the Moon recedes from Earth at the rate of approximately 38 mm/yr. Over millions of years, these tiny modifications—and the lengthening of Earth's day by about 23 µs/yr—add up to significant changes.[220] During the Devonian period, for example, (approximately 7002410000000000000♠410 Mya) there were 400 days in a year, with each day lasting 21.8 hours.[221]

text: The Moon may have dramatically affected the development of life by moderating the planet's climate. Paleontological evidence and computer simulations show that Earth's axial tilt is stabilized by tidal interactions with the Moon.[28] Some theorists think that without this stabilization against the torques applied by the Sun and planets to Earth's equatorial bulge, the rotational axis might be chaotically unstable, exhibiting chaotic changes over millions of years, as appears to be the case for Mars.[222]

text: Viewed from Earth, the Moon is just far enough away to have almost the same apparent-sized disk as the Sun. The angular size (or solid angle) of these two bodies match because, although the Sun's diameter is about 400 times as large as the Moon's, it is also 400 times more distant.[186] This allows total and annular solar eclipses to occur on Earth.

text: The most widely accepted theory of the Moon's origin, the giant-impact hypothesis, states that it formed from the collision of a Mars-size protoplanet called Theia with the early Earth. This hypothesis explains (among other things) the Moon's relative lack of iron and volatile elements and the fact that its composition is nearly identical to that of Earth's crust.[223]

text: Asteroids and artificial satellites

text: Earth has at least five co-orbital asteroids, including 3753 Cruithne and 2002 AA29.[224][225] A trojan asteroid companion, 2010 TK7, is librating around the leading Lagrange triangular point, L4, in the Earth's orbit around the Sun.[226][227]

text: The tiny near-Earth asteroid 2006 RH120 makes close approaches to the Earth–Moon system roughly every twenty years. During these approaches, it can orbit Earth for brief periods of time.[228]

text: As of June 2016[update], there were 1,419 operational, human-made satellites orbiting Earth.[5] There are also inoperative satellites, including Vanguard 1, the oldest satellite currently in orbit, and over 16,000 pieces of tracked space debris.[n 3] Earth's largest artificial satellite is the International Space Station.

text: Cultural and historical viewpoint

text: The standard astronomical symbol of Earth consists of a cross circumscribed by a circle, ,[229] representing the four corners of the world.

text: Human cultures have developed many views of the planet. Earth is sometimes personified as a deity. In many cultures it is a mother goddess that is also the primary fertility deity,[230] and by the mid-20th century, the Gaia Principle compared Earth's environments and life as a single self-regulating organism leading to broad stabilization of the conditions of habitability.[231][232][233] Creation myths in many religions involve the creation of Earth by a supernatural deity or deities.[230]

text: Scientific investigation has resulted in several culturally transformative shifts in people's view of the planet. In the West, belief in a flat Earth[234] was displaced by the idea of spherical Earth, credited to Pythagoras in the 6th century BC.[235] Earth was further believed to be the center of the universe until the 16th century when scientists first theorized that it was a moving object, comparable to the other planets in the Solar System.[236] Due to the efforts of influential Christian scholars and clerics such as James Ussher, who sought to determine the age of Earth through analysis of genealogies in Scripture, Westerners before the 19th century generally believed Earth to be a few thousand years old at most. It was only during the 19th century that geologists realized Earth's age was at least many millions of years.[237]

text: Lord Kelvin used thermodynamics to estimate the age of Earth to be between 20 million and 400 million years in 1864, sparking a vigorous debate on the subject; it was only when radioactivity and radioactive dating were discovered in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that a reliable mechanism for determining Earth's age was established, proving the planet to be billions of years old.[238][239] The perception of Earth shifted again in the 20th century when humans first viewed it from orbit, and especially with photographs of Earth returned by the Apollo program.[240]


document_title: List of highest-income counties in the United States

question_text: what is the average income in marin county

root

text: Summary[edit]

text: Before the American Civil War, the wealthiest counties were primarily located in Louisiana and Mississippi.[1]

tag: p

text: The Loudoun County, Virginia suburb of Washington, D.C. is the highest-income county by median household income. Another Washington suburb, Arlington County, Virginia, ranks as the highest-income county by median family income.[2]

text: Many of the top counties in the following lists are found in the Northeast Megalopolis, particularly in the Washington metropolitan area[3] and the New York metropolitan area.

text: Median household income[edit]

text: American Community Survey[edit]

text: Presented below are the 25 highest-income counties (with populations of 65,000 or greater) in the United States by median household income according to the 2016 American Community Survey[4] prepared by the US Census Bureau. Five of the counties are located in the state of Maryland, five are in Virginia, four in California, three in New Jersey, two in New York, and one each in: Colorado, Georgia, Massachusetts, Ohio, Tennessee, and Texas.

text:
Rank
County
State
Median Household Income

1
Loudoun County
Virginia

$134,464

2
Howard County
Maryland

$120,941

3
Fairfax County
Virginia

$115,717

4
Hunterdon County
New Jersey

$113,684

5
Santa Clara County
California

$111,069

6
Arlington County
Virginia

$110,388

7
Douglas County
Colorado

$109,292

8
San Mateo County
California

$108,627

9
Morris County
New Jersey

$106,985

10
Williamson County
Tennessee

$106,054

11
Nassau County
New York

$105,870

12
Somerset County
New Jersey

$104,478

13
Marin County
California

$103,845

14
San Francisco County
California

$103,801

15
Delaware County
Ohio

$101,693

16
Forsyth County
Georgia

$100,909

17
Montgomery County
Maryland

$99,763

18
Calvert County
Maryland

$98,732

19
Prince William County
Virginia

$97,986

20
Stafford County
Virginia

$97,484

21
Putnam County
New York

$96,992

22
Anne Arundel County
Maryland

$96,483

23
Charles County
Maryland

$95,735

24
Rockwall County
Texas

$95,731

25
Middlesex County
Massachusetts

$95,249

tag: table

text:
[show]2011

Rank
County
State
Median Household Income[5]
Population[6]

1
Loudoun County
Virginia
$119,134
325,405

2
Fairfax County
Virginia
$105,797
1,100,692

3
Arlington County
Virginia
$100,735
216,004

4
Hunterdon County
New Jersey
$99,099
128,038

5
Howard County
Maryland
$98,953
293,142

6
Somerset County
New Jersey
$96,360
324,893

7
Prince William County
Virginia
$95,146
419,096

8
Fauquier County
Virginia
$93,762
66,320

9
Douglas County
Colorado
$93,573
292,167

10
Montgomery County
Maryland
$92,909
989,794

11
Charles County
Maryland
$91,733
149,130

12
Nassau County
New York
$91,414
1,344,436

13
Stafford County
Virginia
$91,348
132,133

14
Morris County
New Jersey
$91,332
494,976

15
Putnam County
New York
$90,735
99,933

16
Calvert County
Maryland
$89,393
89,256

17
Williamson County
Tennessee
$86,962
188,560

18
Delaware County
Ohio
$85,365
178,341

19
Santa Clara County
California
$84,895
1,809,378

20
Oldham County
Kentucky
$84,447
64,800

21
York County
Virginia
$84,167
66,134

22
Anne Arundel
Maryland
$84,138
544,403

23
Carroll County
Maryland
$84,117
167,288

24
Suffolk County
New York
$84,106
1,498,816

25
Sussex County
New Jersey
$83,839
148,517

26
Carver County
Minnesota
$83,348
92,638

27
Alexandria City
Virginia
$82,748
144,301

28
Fort Bend County
Texas
$82,271
606,953

29
Collin County
Texas
$82,237
812,226

30
Rockland County
New York
$82,217
315,158

31
Forsyth County
Georgia
$82,209
181,840

32
Rockwall County
Texas
$82,061
81,290

33
Norfolk County
Massachusetts
$81,889
675,436

34
San Mateo County
California
$81,657
727,209

35
St. Mary's County
Maryland
$81,657
107,484

36
Hamilton County
Indiana
$80,999
282,810

37
Scott County
Minnesota
$80,864
132,556

38
Kendall County
Illinois
$80,655
116,631

39
Monmouth County
New Jersey
$79,334
631,020

40
Bergen County
New Jersey
$79,272
911,004

41
Chester County
Pennsylvania
$79,160
503,897

42
Tolland County
Connecticut
$78,210
152,507

43
Harford County
Maryland
$78,123
246,489

44
Frederick County
Maryland
$77,791
236,745

45
Fairfield County
Connecticut
$77,289
925,899

46
Middlesex County
Connecticut
$77,193
166,043

47
Marin County
California
$77,168
255,031

48
Westchester County
New York
$77,006
955,899

49
Middlesex County
Massachusetts
$76,978
1,518,171

50
Washington County
Minnesota
$76,491
241,280

51
Spotsylvania County
Virginia
$76,475
124,327

52
Montgomery County
Pennsylvania
$76,220
804,210

53
Rockingham County
New Hampshire
$75,982
296,207

54
Ventura County
California
$74,623
831,771

55
Middlesex County
New Jersey
$74,522
814,217

56
Contra Costa County
California
$74,353
1,066,096

57
Lake County
Illinois
$74,266
706,222

58
DuPage County
Illinois
$74,072
923,222

59
Mercer County
New Jersey
$73,890
367,063

60
Ozaukee County
Wisconsin
$73,703
86,568

60
Fayette County
Georgia
$72,962
107,784

61
Burlington County
New Jersey
$72,896
449,576

62
Anchorage City
Alaska
$72,813
295,570

63
Waukesha County
Wisconsin
$72,562
390,730

64
Orange County
California
$72,293
3,055,745

65
Will County
Illinois
$71,882
681,545

66
Gloucester County
New Jersey
$71,850
289,104

67
James City County
Virginia
$71,667
68,200

68
Chesterfield County
Virginia
$71,110
320,277

69
Prince George's County
Maryland
$70,715
871,233

70
Bucks County
Pennsylvania
$70,617
626,854

71
Richmond County
New York
$70,578
470,467

72
McHenry County
Illinois
$70,117
308,944

73
Dakota County
Minnesota
$69,902
402,006

74
San Francisco County
California
$69,894
812,826

75
Johnson County
Kansas
$69,856
552,991

76
Dallas County
Iowa
$69,831
69,444

77
Parker County
Texas
$69,703
118,376

78
Denton County
Texas
$69,644
686,406

79
Washington County
Rhode Island
$69,528
126,563

80
Warren County
Ohio
$69,201
214,910

81
Frederick County
Virginia
$69,155
79,666

82
Newport County
Rhode Island
$69,119
82,695

83
Litchfield County
Connecticut
$69,097
188,789

84
Davis County
Utah
$69,021
311,811

85
Placer County
California
$68,959
357,138

86
King County
Washington
$68,775
1,969,722

87
Matanuska-Susitna Borough
Alaska
$68,672
91,946

88
Boulder County
Colorado
$68,637
299,378

89
Plymouth County
Massachusetts
$68,253
497,579

90
Wright County
Minnesota
$68,242
126,437

91
Dutchess County
New York
$67,727
297,999

92
Olmsted County
Minnesota
$67,618
145,769

93
Alameda County
California
$67,558
1,529,875

93
Hanover County
Virginia
$67,505
100,342

94
Livingston County
Michigan
$67,441
181,722

95
Williamson County
Texas
$67,246
442,782

96
Washington County
Texas
$67,232
33,791

97
Sherburne County
Minnesota
$67,198
89,319

98
Hillsborough County
New Hampshire
$66,609
401,696

text: 2010 Census[edit]

text:
Rank
County
Median Household Income

1
Loudoun County, Virginia
$115,574

2
City of Falls Church, Virginia
$114,409

3
Fairfax County, Virginia
$105,416

4
Los Alamos County, New Mexico
$103,643

5
Howard County, Maryland
$103,273

6
Hunterdon County, New Jersey
$100,980

7
Oakland County, Michigan
$99,198

8
City of Fairfax, Virginia
$97,900

9
Somerset County, New Jersey
$97,440

10
Morris County, New Jersey
$96,747

11
Arlington County, Virginia
$94,880

12
Nassau County, New York
$93,613

13
Montgomery County, Maryland
$93,373

14
Stafford County, Virginia
$93,065

15
Prince William County, Virginia
$91,098

16
Calvert County, Maryland
$90,838

17
Marin County, California
$89,268

18
Putnam County, New York
$89,218

19
Charles County, Maryland
$88,825

20
Delaware County, Ohio
$87,908

21
Williamson County, Tennessee
$87,832

22
Forsyth County, Georgia
$87,605

23
Santa Clara County, California
$86,850

24
San Mateo County, California
$85,648

25
Chester County, Pennsylvania
$84,741

26
Suffolk County, New York
$84,506

27
City of Poquoson, Virginia
$84,315

28
Fauquier County, Virginia
$83,877

29
Anne Arundel County, Maryland
$83,456

30
Sussex County, New Jersey
$83,089

31
Rockland County, New York
$82,534

32
Monmouth County, New Jersey
$82,265

33
Fayette County, Georgia
$82,216

34
Scott County, Minnesota
$82,190

35
Hamilton County, Indiana
$81,947

36
Bergen County, New Jersey
$81,708

37
Frederick County, Maryland
$81,686

38
Carroll County, Maryland
$81,621

39
Fairfield County, Connecticut
$81,268

40
Queen Anne's County, Maryland
$81,096

41
York County, Virginia
$81,055

42
Norfolk County, Massachusetts
$81,027

43
City of Alexandria, Virginia
$80,847

44
Collin County, Texas
$80,504

45
Carver County, Minnesota
$80,280

46
St. Mary's County, Maryland
$80,053

47
Kendall County, Illinois
$79,897

48
Fort Bend County, Texas
$79,845

49
Westchester County, New York
$79,619

50
Goochland County, Virginia
$79,547

51
Summit County, Utah
$79,461

52
Oldham County, Kentucky
$79,417

53
Washington County, Minnesota
$79,109

54
Elbert County, Colorado
$78,958

55
Lake County, Illinois
$78,948

56
Contra Costa County, California
$78,385

57
Rockwall County, Texas
$78,032

58
Middlesex County, New Jersey
$77,615

59
Middlesex County, Massachusetts
$77,377

60
Tolland County, Connecticut
$77,175

61
Harford County, Maryland
$77,010

62
DuPage County, Illinois
$76,581

63
Spotsylvania County, Virginia
$76,574

64
McHenry County, Illinois
$76,482

65
Hanover County, Virginia
$76,425

66
Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
$76,380

67
Burlington County, New Jersey
$76,258

68
King George County, Virginia
$76,241

69
Will County, Illinois
$75,906

70
Rockingham County, New Hampshire
$75,825

71
City and County of Broomfield, Colorado
$75,590

72
Ventura County, California
$75,348

73
City of Manassas, Virginia
$75,173

74
Waukesha County, Wisconsin
$75,064

75
Ozaukee County, Wisconsin
$74,996

76
Middlesex County, Connecticut
$74,906

77
Bucks County, Pennsylvania
$74,828

78
Placer County, California
$74,447

79
Orange County, California
$74,344

80
James City County, Virginia
$73,903

81
Johnson County, Kansas
$73,733

82
Powhatan County, Virginia
$73,593

83
Clarke County, Virginia
$73,244

84
Plymouth County, Massachusetts
$73,131

85
Dakota County, Minnesota
$72,850

86
Gloucester County, New Jersey
$72,664

87
Aleutians West Census Area, Alaska
$72,219

88
Livingston County, Michigan
$72,129

89
Eagle County, Colorado
$71,337

90
Chesterfield County, Virginia
$71,321

91
Warren County, Ohio
$71,274

92
Prince George's County, Maryland
$71,260

93
Mercer County, New Jersey
$71,217

94
Richmond County, New York
$71,084

95
Denton County, Texas
$70,622

96
New Kent County, Virginia
$70,590

97
St. Charles County, Missouri
$70,331

98
Honolulu County, Hawaii
$70,093

99
El Dorado County, California
$70,000

100
Alameda County, California
$69,384

text: The rankings are based on the median annual household income estimates from 2005 to 2009 in each county in the nation, provided by the United States Census Bureau's American Community Survey, in 2009 inflation-adjusted dollars.[8] Since cities in Virginia are independent of surrounding counties they are included in the Census Bureau's ranking.

text: Number of counties by state in following list: Virginia 5 plus 3 independent cities, Maryland 4, New Jersey 3, New York 3, California 2, Colorado 1, Georgia 1, New Mexico 1, Ohio 1, Tennessee 1. Of the top 25 counties, 10 are part of the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area, 6 counties are part of the New York Metropolitan Area, and 2 counties are part of the San Francisco Bay Area. By Census region, 14 counties are located in the South, 6 in the Northeast, 4 in the West, and 1 located in the Midwest. 17 of the 25 counties are part of the densely populated Northeast Megalopolis.

text:
[show]2009

Rank
County
2005–09 ACS
Median
household
income
2005–09 ACS
Margin
of
error
2000 Census
Median
household
income
2000 Census
Margin
of
error
Change from
2000 Census
to 2005–09 ACS

1
City of Falls Church, Virginia
$113,313
3,595
96,449
5,613
16,864

2
Loudoun County, Virginia
$112,021
1,833
103,817
1,477
8,204

3
Fairfax County, Virginia
$104,259
955
104,335
709
−76

4
Hunterdon County, New Jersey
$102,500
2,533
102,839
1,717
−339

5
Howard County, Maryland
$101,003
1,325
95,474
1,128
5,529

6
Los Alamos County, New Mexico
$100,423
5,635
101,687
4,364
−1,264

7
Douglas County, Colorado
$99,522
1,394
106,754
1,402
−7,232

8
Morris County, New Jersey
$96,316
1,374
99,559
1,085
−3,243

9
Somerset County, New Jersey
$96,233
1,782
99,035
1,399
−2,802

10
City of Fairfax, Virginia
$96,232
5,204
87,075
3,616
9,157

11
Arlington County, Virginia
$93,806
1,652
81,101
1,183
12,705

12
Nassau County, New York
$92,450
800
92,724
463
−274

13
Montgomery County, Maryland
$92,213
962
92,107
635
106

14
Calvert County, Maryland
$90,621
2,753
84,890
1,868
5,731

15
Stafford County, Virginia
$90,586
1,895
86,003
1,555
4,583

16
Prince William County, Virginia
$88,850
1,545
84,910
959
3,940

17
Williamson County, Tennessee
$88,358
1,787
88,957
1,769
−599

18
Forsyth County, Georgia
$88,040
1,808
88,681
1,803
−641

19
Putnam County, New York
$88,036
2,574
93,044
1,503
−5,008

20
Marin County, California
$87,728
1,569
91,792
1,314
−4,064

21
Charles County, Maryland
$86,141
2,341
80,068
1,460
6,073

22
Santa Clara County, California
$85,569
864
95,691
507
−10,122

23
Delaware County, Ohio
$85,054
2,214
86,581
1,697
−1,527

24
City of Poquoson, Virginia
$84,688
5,283
78,422
3,527
6,266

25
Suffolk County, New York
$84,530
803
84,045
403
485

text: [9] This data is average 2006–2008 from the American Community Survey of the United States Bureau of the Census. Number of counties by state in following lists: Virginia 6 plus 2 independent cities, Maryland 4, New Jersey 3, New York 3, California 2, Colorado 1, Georgia 1, Pennsylvania 1, Tennessee 1, Utah 1.

text: Of the top 25 counties, 11 are part of the Washington Metropolitan Area, 6 counties are part of the New York Metropolitan Area, and 2 counties are part of the San Francisco Bay Area. By Census region, 14 counties are located in the South, 7 in the Northeast, 4 in the West, with none located in the Midwest. 18 of the 25 counties are part of the densely populated Northeast Megalopolis. Educational attainment is based on bachelor's degree attainment (and above) for people 25 and older in the county.

text:
[show]2008

Rank
County
Median Household Income
Population
Educational Attainment

1
Loudoun County, Virginia
$110,643
277,433
58%

2
Fairfax County, Virginia
$106,785
1,005,980
60%

3
Howard County, Maryland
$101,710
272,412
60%

4
Somerset County, New Jersey
$103,227
321,589
53%

5
Hunterdon County, New Jersey
$100,947
129,000
52%

6
City of Fairfax, Virginia
$98,133
23,281
52%

7
Morris County, New Jersey
$97,565
486,459
52%

8
Douglas County, Colorado
$97,480
270,286
54%

9
Arlington County, Virginia
$96,390
204,889
71%

10
Montgomery County, Maryland
$93,999
942,747
59%

11
Nassau County, New York
$93,579
1,352,817
45%

12
Stafford County, Virginia
$89,536
120,219
36%

13
Calvert County, Maryland
$89,049
88,126
30%

14
Prince William County, Virginia
$88,675
358,719
38%

15
Putnam County, New York
$88,580
99,195
40%

16
Goochland County, Virginia
$88,552
20,494
32%

17
Williamson County, Tennessee
$88,316
165,336
53%

18
Marin County, California
$88,101
246,985
55%

19
Santa Clara County, California
$87,287
1,734,756
46%

20
Forsyth County, Georgia
$86,938
158,009
46%

21
Charles County, Maryland
$86,586
140,032
28%

22
Summit County, Utah
$85,258
35,448
53%

23
City of Alexandria, Virginia
$85,135
140,657
63%

24
Chester County, Pennsylvania
$84,844
485,083
51%

25
Suffolk County, New York
$84,767
1,510,716
34%

United States
$52,175
304,374,846
27%

text: Number of counties by state in following lists: Virginia 6, Maryland 5, New Jersey 3, New York 2, California 2, Colorado 1, Georgia 1.

text: 10 of the 20 counties are part of the Washington Metropolitan Area and 5 counties are part of the New York Metropolitan Area. By Census region, 12 counties are located in the South, 5 in the Northeast, and 3 in the West. 16 of the 20 counties are part of the densely populated Northeast Megalopolis.

text:
[show]2007 – Counties with populations of 250,000 or more

Rank
County
Median Household Income

1
Loudoun County, Virginia
$107,207

2
Fairfax County, Virginia
$105,241

3
Howard County, Maryland
$101,672

4
Somerset County, New Jersey
$97,658

5
Morris County, New Jersey
$94,684

6
Douglas County, Colorado
$92,824

7
Montgomery County, Maryland
$91,835

8
Suffolk County, New York
$89,782

9
Prince William County, Virginia
$87,243

10
Santa Clara County, California
$84,360

text:
[show]2007 – Counties with populations 65,000–250,000

Rank
County
Median Household Income

1
Hunterdon County, New Jersey
$100,327

2
Calvert County, Maryland
$95,134

3
Arlington County, Virginia
$94,876

4
Stafford County, Virginia
$87,629

5
Fauquier County, Virginia
$84,888

6
Forsyth County, Georgia
$84,872

7
Putnam County, New York
$84,624

8
Marin County, California
$83,870

9
Charles County, Maryland
$83,412

10
Carroll County, Maryland
$82,492

text: Source: US Census Bureau, 2006 American Community Survey, via Forbes

text: Number of counties by state in the top 20: Virginia 5 plus 1 independent city, California 3, Maryland 3, New Jersey 3, New York 2, Colorado 1, Georgia 1, Tennessee 1. Forty-two states do not have any counties in the top 20.

text:
[show]2006

Rank
County
Median Household Income

1
Fairfax County, Virginia
$100,318

2
Loudoun County, Virginia
$99,371

3
Howard County, Maryland
$94,260

4
Hunterdon County, New Jersey
$93,297

5
Douglas County, Colorado
$92,125

6
Somerset County, New Jersey
$91,688

7
Morris County, New Jersey
$89,587

8
Montgomery County, Maryland
$87,624

9
Arlington County, Virginia
$87,350

10
Suffolk County, New York
$85,994

11
Marin County, California
$85,892

12
Stafford County, Virginia
$85,014

13
Calvert County, Maryland
$84,891

14
Santa Clara County, California
$84,838

15
Forsyth County, Georgia
$83,682

16
San Mateo County, California
$82,123

17
Putnam County, New York
$81,907

18
Williamson County, Tennessee
$81,449

19
Prince William County, Virginia
$80,783

20
City of Alexandria, Virginia
$80,449

text: 2000 Census[edit]

text: Source: US Census Bureau: 2000 Census

text: Number of counties by state in the top 100: Virginia 10 plus 5 independent cities, Maryland 9, California 8, New Jersey 8, Georgia 7, Colorado 6, Illinois 6, Minnesota 5, New York 5, Texas 5, Alaska 3, Connecticut 3, Ohio 3, Pennsylvania 3, Wisconsin 2, Massachusetts 2, Michigan 2, Indiana 1, Kansas 1, Kentucky 1, Missouri 1, New Hampshire 1, New Mexico 1, Tennessee 1, Utah 1. Twenty-five states do not have any counties in the top 100.

text: United States of America: $41,994

text:
Rank
County
Median
Household
Income

1
Douglas County, Colorado
$82,929

2
Fairfax County, Virginia
$81,050

3
Loudoun County, Virginia
$80,648

4
Hunterdon County, New Jersey
$79,888

5
Los Alamos County, New Mexico
$78,993

6
Morris County, New Jersey
$77,340

7
Somerset County, New Jersey
$76,933

8
City of Falls Church, Virginia
$74,924

9
Santa Clara County, California
$74,335

10
Howard County, Maryland
$74,167

11
Suffolk County, New York
$73,979

12
Nassau County, New York
$72,030

13
Montgomery County, Maryland
$71,551

14
Marin County, California
$71,306

15
Fayette County, Georgia
$71,227

16
Hamilton County, Indiana
$71,026

17
Collin County, Texas
$70,835

18
San Mateo County, California
$70,819

19
Johnson County, Kansas
$69,817

20
Williamson County, Tennessee
$69,104

21
Forsyth County, Georgia
$68,890

22
Rockland County, New York
$67,971

23
DuPage County, Illinois
$67,887

24
City of Fairfax, Virginia
$67,642

25
Livingston County, Michigan
$67,400

26
Delaware County, Ohio
$67,258

27
Lake County, Illinois
$66,973

28
Stafford County, Virginia
$66,809

29
Scott County, Minnesota
$66,612

30
Washington County, Minnesota
$66,305

31
Prince William County, Virginia
$65,960

32
Calvert County, Maryland
$65,945

33
Carver County, Minnesota
$65,540

34
Columbia County, Georgia
$65,507

35
Chester County, Pennsylvania
$65,295

36
Putnam County, New York
$65,288

37
Sussex County, New Jersey
$65,266

38
Fairfield County, Connecticut
$65,249

39
Bergen County, New Jersey
$65,241

40
Rockwall County, Texas
$65,164

41
Summit County, Utah
$64,962

42
McHenry County, Illinois
$64,826

43
Kendall County, Illinois
$64,625

44
Monmouth County, New Jersey
$64,231

45
City and County of Broomfield, Colorado
$63,903

46
Fort Bend County, Texas
$63,831

47
Contra Costa County, California
$63,675

48
Westchester County, New York
$63,582

49
Norfolk County, Massachusetts
$63,432

50
Oldham County, Kentucky
$63,229

51
North Slope Borough, Alaska
$63,173

52
Arlington County, Virginia
$63,001

53
Waukesha County, Wisconsin
$62,839

54
Ozaukee County, Wisconsin
$62,745

55
Eagle County, Colorado
$62,682

56
Elbert County, Colorado
$62,480

57
Will County, Illinois
$62,238

58
Charles County, Maryland
$62,199

59
City and Borough of Juneau, Alaska
$62,034

60
Fauquier County, Virginia
$61,999

61
Oakland County, Michigan
$61,907

62
Orange County, California
$61,899

63
Dakota County, Minnesota
$61,863

64
Anne Arundel County, Maryland
$61,768

65
Middlesex County, New Jersey
$61,446

66
Aleutians West Census Area, Alaska
$61,406

67
City of Poquoson, Virginia
$60,920

68
Cherokee County, Georgia
$60,896

69
Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
$60,829

70
Middlesex County, Massachusetts
$60,821

71
City of Manassas Park, Virginia
$60,794

72
Williamson County, Texas
$60,642

73
Gwinnett County, Georgia
$60,537

74
City of Manassas, Virginia
$60,409

75
Frederick County, Maryland
$60,276

76
Geauga County, Ohio
$60,200

77
Carroll County, Maryland
$60,021

78
Bucks County, Pennsylvania
$59,727

79
Ventura County, California
$59,666

80
Pitkin County, Colorado
$59,375

81
Kane County, Illinois
$59,351

82
Hanover County, Virginia
$59,223

83
Middlesex County, Connecticut
$59,175

84
Tolland County, Connecticut
$59,044

85
Burlington County, New Jersey
$58,608

86
Chesterfield County, Virginia
$58,537

87
Cobb County, Georgia
$58,289

88
Denton County, Texas
$58,216

89
Rockingham County, New Hampshire
$58,150

90
York County, Virginia
$57,956

91
Warren County, Ohio
$57,952

92
Anoka County, Minnesota
$57,754

93
Placer County, California
$57,535

94
Spotsylvania County, Virginia
$57,525

95
San Benito County, California
$57,469

96
Jefferson County, Colorado
$57,339

97
Henry County, Georgia
$57,309

98
St. Charles County, Missouri
$57,258

99
Harford County, Maryland
$57,234

100
Queen Anne's County, Maryland
$57,037

text: Per capita income[edit]

text: 2010 Census[edit]

text:
CA1-3 Personal income summary: Per capita personal income, 2010, BEA[13]

Rank
County
Per Capita
Personal Income

1
New York County, New York
$111,386

2
Teton County, Wyoming
$94,672

3
Marin County, California
$89,936

4
Howard County, Maryland
$80,165

5
Arlington County, Virginia
$79,967

6
Alexandria, Virginia
$76,362

7
Pitkin County, Colorado
$76,318

8
Town and County of Nantucket, Massachusetts
$73,654

9
Westchester County, New York
$73,159

10
Fairfield County, Connecticut
$71,768

11
District of Columbia (federal district)
$70,710

12
City and County of San Francisco, California
$70,190

13
Somerset County, New Jersey
$69,886

14
Morris County, New Jersey
$69,811

15
Summit County, Utah
$68,524

16
San Mateo County, California
$67,964

17
Montgomery County, Maryland
$67,639

18
Slope County, North Dakota
$67,089

19
Hunterdon County, New Jersey
$67,053

20
Fairfax County & Fairfax City & Falls Church, Virginia
$66,679

21
Douglas County, Colorado
$66,047

22
Nassau County, New York
$65,615

23
Bergen County, New Jersey
$65,486

24
Blaine County, Idaho
$63,883

25
Howard County, Maryland
$63,375

text: Number of counties by state in the top 20: New Jersey 4; California 3; New York 2; Virginia 1 county, 1 independent city, and 1 statistical unit comprising a county and two independent cities; Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Idaho, Maryland, Texas, South Dakota, and Wyoming 1 each.

text: Of the 20 counties, 7 are part of the New York Metropolitan Area, 4 are part of the Washington Metropolitan Area, and 3 are part of the San Francisco Bay Area. By Census region, 7 counties are located in the Northeast, 6 in the South, and 6 in the West.

text:
[show]Average per capita income 2009

Rank
County
Average Per Capita Income

1
Teton County, Wyoming
$132,728

2
New York County, New York
$120,790

3
Loving County, Texas
$99,593

4
Pitkin County, Colorado
$93,465

5
Marin County, California
$91,483

6
Suffolk County, New York
$91,376

7
Fairfield County, Connecticut
$74,878

8
San Mateo County, California
$71,753

9
Morris County, New Jersey
$71,713

10
City and County of San Francisco, California
$71,342

11
Somerset County, New Jersey
$70,949

12
City of Alexandria, Virginia
$70,632

13
Arlington County, Virginia
$68,270

14
Fairfax County, City of Fairfax, and Falls Church, Virginia
$67,909

15
Montgomery County, Maryland
$67,525

16
Bergen County, New Jersey
$67,125

17
Hunterdon County, New Jersey
$66,449

18
Sully County, South Dakota
$64,352

19
Blaine County, Idaho
$64,207

20
Collier County, Florida
$63,276

text: 2000 Census[edit]

text: Number of counties by state in the top 100: Colorado 10, Virginia 7 counties plus 3 independent cities, New Jersey 9, California 8, Florida 6, New York 6, Georgia 4, Maryland 4, Minnesota 4, Connecticut 3, Massachusetts 3, Michigan 3, Pennsylvania 3, Texas 3, Illinois 2, North Carolina 2, Ohio 2, Washington 2, Wisconsin 2, Idaho 1, Alaska 1, Alabama 1, District of Columbia 1, Indiana 1, Kansas 1, Missouri 1, Nevada 1, New Hampshire 1, New Mexico 1, Rhode Island 1, Tennessee 1, Utah 1, Wyoming 1. Eighteen states do not have any counties in the top 100. United States of America per capita average: $21,587

text:
Rank
County
Per Capita
Income

1
Marin County, California
$44,962

2
New York County, New York (Manhattan)
$42,922

3
City of Falls Church, Virginia
$41,052

4
Pitkin County, Colorado
$40,811

5
Fairfield County, Connecticut
$38,350

6
Teton County, Wyoming
$38,260

7
Somerset County, New Jersey
$37,970

8
Arlington County, Virginia
$37,706

9
City of Alexandria, Virginia[1]
$37,645

10
Morris County, New Jersey
$36,964

11
Fairfax County, Virginia
$36,888

12
Westchester County, New York
$36,726

13
Hunterdon County, New Jersey
$36,370

14
San Mateo County, California
$36,045

15
Montgomery County, Maryland
$35,684

16
San Miguel County, Colorado
$35,329

17
Douglas County, Colorado
$34,848

18
Los Alamos County, New Mexico
$34,646

19
City and County of San Francisco, California
$34,556

20
Summit County, Utah
$33,767

21
Bergen County, New Jersey
$33,638

22
Loudoun County, Virginia
$33,530

23
Collin County, Texas
$33,345

24
Hamilton County, Indiana
$33,109

25
Santa Clara County, California
$32,795

26
Oakland County, Michigan
$32,534

27
Williamson County, Tennessee
$32,496

28
Norfolk County, Massachusetts
$32,484

29
Howard County, Maryland
$32,402

30
Nassau County, New York
$32,151

31
Lake County, Illinois
$32,102

32
Eagle County, Colorado
$32,011

33
Ozaukee County, Wisconsin
$31,947

34
Chester County, Pennsylvania
$31,627

35
Delaware County, Ohio
$31,600

36
Blaine County, Idaho
$31,346

37
DuPage County, Illinois
$31,315

38
Town and County of Nantucket, Massachusetts
$31,314

39
City of Fairfax, Virginia
$31,247

40
Middlesex County, Massachusetts
$31,199

41
Collier County, Florida
$31,195

42
Monmouth County, New Jersey
$31,149

43
Johnson County, Kansas
$30,919

44
Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
$30,898

45
Contra Costa County, California
$30,615

46
San Juan County, Washington
$30,603

47
Putnam County, New York
$30,127

48
Fulton County, Georgia
$30,003

49
Ventura County, California
$29,634

50
Martin County, Florida
$29,584

51
King County, Washington
$29,521

52
Fayette County, Georgia
$29,464

53
James City County, Virginia
$29,256

54
Waukesha County, Wisconsin
$29,164

55
Forsyth County, Georgia
$29,114

56
Goochland County, Virginia
$29,105

57
Boulder County, Colorado
$28,976

58
Albemarle County, Virginia
$28,852

59
Palm Beach County, Florida
$28,801

60
Routt County, Colorado
$28,792

61
Hennepin County, Minnesota
$28,789

62
Fauquier County, Virginia
$28,757

63
Summit County, Colorado
$28,676

64
St. Johns County, Florida
$28,674

65
Washington, D.C.
$28,659

66
Rockwall County, Texas
$28,573

67
Carver County, Minnesota
$28,486

68
Litchfield County, Connecticut
$28,408

69
Sarasota County, Florida
$28,326

70
Middlesex County, Connecticut
$28,251

71
Talbot County, Maryland
$28,164

72
Clear Creek County, Colorado
$28,160

73
Washington County, Minnesota
$28,148

74
Arapahoe County, Colorado
$28,147

75
Rockland County, New York
$28,082

76
Livingston County, Michigan
$28,069

77
Jefferson County, Colorado
$28,066

78
Placer County, California
$27,963

79
Geauga County, Ohio
$27,944

80
Mercer County, New Jersey
$27,914

81
Cobb County, Georgia
$27,863

82
St. Louis County, Missouri
$27,595

83
Anne Arundel County, Maryland
$27,578

84
Bucks County, Pennsylvania
$27,430

85
Mecklenburg County, North Carolina
$27,352

86
Douglas County, Nevada
$27,288

87
Indian River County, Florida
$27,227

88
Shelby County, Alabama
$27,176

89
Washtenaw County, Michigan
$27,173

90
Dakota County, Minnesota
$27,008

91
Wake County, North Carolina
$27,004

92
Sussex County, New Jersey
$26,992

93
Union County, New Jersey
$26,992

94
Denton County, Texas
$26,895

95
Newport County, Rhode Island
$26,779

96
City and Borough of Juneau, Alaska
$26,719

97
Alameda County, California
$26,680

98
Rockingham County, New Hampshire
$26,656

99
Suffolk County, New York
$26,577

100
Middlesex County, New Jersey
$26,535

text: Highest-income counties and places by state[edit]

text: For more detailed lists of rankings of counties and places in the individual states, see the following pages:

text:
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming

tag: ul


document_title: Providence St. Vincent Medical Center

question_text: what county is st vincent's hospital in oregon

question_tokens: what county is st vincent 's hospital in oregon

text: Providence St. Vincent Medical Center

text: History[edit]

text: Dedicated on July 19, 1875, it was the state's first permanent hospital,[3] founded in the Northwest district of Portland, Oregon, by the Sisters of Providence, a Roman Catholic sisterhood from Montreal, Quebec, Canada.[2]

text: In January 1971, the original campus in northwest Portland was closed and the current facility opened in Washington County.[4] On January 31, 1971, the hospital used in-part large military buses capable of carrying 18 stretchers at a time to transport patients to the new hospital building.[5] The facility at that time had a single, 13-story tower that consisted of seven floors of patient rooms.[5] The new building had 400 hospital beds, while the old hospital had 420 beds.[5]

text: Post-millennium[edit]

text: In 2004, the hospital was one of three in Oregon named by Solucient as a top 100 hospital in the United States.[6] In November 2009, the employees at the hospital, in conjunction with Medline Industries, produced the "Pink Glove Dance" video (set to "Down") to raise awareness of breast cancer, with the video going viral on the Internet and making national news.[7][8]

text: In October 2015, work began on a four-year, $85 million remodeling of the nine-story main hospital building, which was built in 1971.[9] Along with seismic retrofitting and modest expansion, the project will add a new aluminum exterior over the building's existing exposed-concrete surface, greatly changing its appearance when completed.[9]

text: Programs and institutes[edit]

text: St. Vincent has specialized programs including Providence Heart and Vascular Institute, Oregon Medical Laser Center, Providence Multiple Sclerosis Center, and Providence Stroke Center. The hospital is licensed for 523 beds, and has over 3,500 employees. There are approximately 1,647 medical staff. Providence St. Vincent Medical Center is also one of four nursing magnet hospitals in Oregon, the others being Oregon Health & Science University Hospital, Providence Portland Medical Center, and Veterans Affairs Hospital in Portland.[10]