document_title: Cheers

question_text: where is the cheers bar from the tv show

question_tokens: where is the cheers bar from the tv show

text: Cheers

text: Characters[edit]

text: Before the Cheers pilot "Give Me a Ring Sometime" was completed and aired in 1982, the series originally consisted of four employees in the first script.[7] Neither Norm Peterson nor Cliff Clavin, regular customers of Cheers, were featured; later revisions added them as among the regular characters of the series.[8]

text: In later years, Woody Boyd replaces Coach, who dies off-screen in season four (1985–86) due to actor Nicholas Colasanto's death. Frasier Crane starts as a recurring character and becomes a permanent character. In season six (1987–88), they added a new character Rebecca Howe, who was written into the show after the finale of the previous season (1986–87). Lilith Sternin starts as a one-time character in an episode of season four, "Second Time Around" (1985). After she appears in two episodes in season five, she becomes a recurring character, and later featured as a permanent one for season ten (1991–92).

text: Original main characters[edit]

text:
Ted Danson portrays Sam Malone, a bartender and an owner of Cheers. Sam is also a lothario. Before the series began, he was a baseball relief pitcher for the Boston Red Sox nicknamed "Mayday Malone" until he became an alcoholic, harming his career. He has an on-again, off-again relationship with Diane Chambers, his class opposite, in the first five seasons (1982–1987). During their off-times, Sam has flings with many not-so-bright "sexy women",[9] yet fails to pursue a meaningful relationship[9] and fails to seduce other women, such as intellectuals. After Diane is written out of the series, he tries to pursue Rebecca Howe, with varying results. At the end of the series, he is still unmarried and recovering from sexual addiction with the help of Dr. Robert Sutton's (Gilbert Lewis) group meetings, advised by Frasier.
Shelley Long portrays Diane Chambers, an academic, sophisticated graduate student attending Boston University.[7] In the pilot, Diane is abandoned by her fiancé, leaving her without a job, a man, or money. Therefore, she reluctantly becomes a cocktail waitress. Later, she becomes a close friend of Coach[10] and has an on-and-off relationship with bartender Sam Malone, her class opposite. During their off-relationship times, Diane dates men who fit her upper-class ideals, such as Frasier Crane. In 1987, she leaves Boston behind for a writing career and to live in Los Angeles, California.
Nicholas Colasanto portrays Coach Ernie Pantusso, a "borderline senile"[9] co-bartender, widower, and retired baseball coach. Coach is also a friend of Sam and a close friend of Diane. He has a daughter, Lisa. Coach is often tricked into situations, especially ones that put the bar at stake. Coach listens to people's problems and solves them. In 1985, Coach died without explicit explanation, as Colasanto died of a heart attack.[11]
Rhea Perlman portrays Carla Tortelli, a "wisecracking, cynical"[7] cocktail waitress, who treats customers badly. She is also highly fertile and matrimonially inept. When the series premiered, she is the mother of four children by her ex-husband Nick Tortelli (Dan Hedaya). Later she bears four more, the depiction of which incorporated Perlman's real-life pregnancies.[12] All of her children are notoriously ill-behaved, except Ludlow, whose father is a prominent academician. She flirts with men, including ones who are not flattered by her ways, and believes in superstitions. Later she marries Eddie LeBec, an ice hockey player, who later becomes a penguin mascot for ice shows. After he died in an ice show accident by an ice resurfacer, Carla later discovers that Eddie had committed bigamy with another woman, whom he had gotten pregnant.
George Wendt portrays Norm Peterson, a bar regular and occasionally-employed accountant. A recurrent joke on the show, especially in the earlier seasons, was that the character was such a popular and constant fixture at the bar that anytime he entered through the front door everyone present would yell out his name ("NORM!") in greeting; usually this cry would be followed by one of the present bartenders asking Norm how he was, usually receiving a sardonic response and a request for a beer. He has infrequent accounting jobs and a troubled marriage with (but is still in love with and married to) Vera, an unseen character. Later in the series, he becomes a house painter and an interior decorator. The character was not originally intended to be a main cast role;[8] Wendt auditioned for a minor role of George for the pilot episode. The role was to only be Diane Chambers' first customer and had only one word: "Beer!"[13] After he was cast in a more permanent role, the character was renamed Norm.[14]
John Ratzenberger portrays Cliff Clavin, a know-it-all bar regular and mail carrier. He lives with his mother Esther Clavin (Frances Sternhagen) in first the family house and later an apartment. In the bar, Cliff continuously spouts nonsensical and annoying trivia, making him an object of derision to the bar patrons. Ratzenberger auditioned for the role of a minor character George, but it went to Wendt, evolving the role into Norm Peterson.[15] The producers decided they wanted a resident bar know-it-all,[15] so the security guard Cliff Clavin was added for the pilot. The producers changed his occupation into a mail carrier as they thought such a man would have wider knowledge than a guard.[16]

text: Subsequent main characters[edit]

text:
Kelsey Grammer portrays Frasier Crane, a psychiatrist and bar regular. Frasier started out as Diane Chambers' love interest in the third season (1984–85). In the fourth season (1985–86), after Diane jilts him at the altar in Europe, Frasier ends up frequenting Cheers and becomes a regular. He later marries Lilith Sternin and has a son, Frederick. After the series ends the character becomes the focus of the spin-off Frasier, in which he is divorced from Lilith and living in Seattle.
Woody Harrelson portrays Woody Boyd, a not-so-bright[9] bartender. He arrives from his Midwest hometown of Hanover, Indiana to Boston, to see Coach, his "pen pal" (as referring to exchanging "pens", not letters). When Sam tells Woody that Coach died, Sam hires Woody in Coach's place. Later, he marries his girlfriend Kelly Gaines (Jackie Swanson), also not-so-bright but raised in a rich family. In the final season, he runs for political office, and surprisingly wins.
Bebe Neuwirth portrays Lilith Sternin, a psychiatrist and bar regular. She is often teased by bar patrons about her uptight personality and appearance. In "Second Time Around" (1986), her first episode, also her only one of the fourth season, her date with Frasier does not go well because they constantly argue. In the fifth season, with help from Diane, Lilith and Frasier begin a relationship. Eventually, they marry and have a son, Frederick. In the eleventh and final season, she leaves Frasier to live with another man in an experimental underground environment called the "Eco-pod." She returns later in the season and reconciles with Frasier. However, in the spinoff Frasier, Lilith divorces Frasier and bears the custody of Frederick.
Kirstie Alley portrays Rebecca Howe. She starts out as a strong independent woman, managing the bar for the corporation that bought the bar from Sam after Diane jilted him. Eventually, when Sam regains ownership, she begs him to let her remain as business manager. She repeatedly has romantic failures with mainly rich men and becomes more and "more neurotic, insecure, and sexually frustrated".[17] At the start, Sam frequently attempts to seduce Rebecca without success.[18] As her personality changes,[17] he loses interest in her. In the series finale, Rebecca marries the plumber Don Santry (played by Tom Berenger) and quits working for the bar. In the Frasier episode "The Show Where Sam Shows Up", she is revealed to be divorced and back at the bar. When Frasier asks if this is to mean she is working there again Sam says no, she's just 'back at the bar.'

text:
Name

Actress / Actor

Role at Cheers

Occupation

Seasons

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

Sam Malone

Ted Danson

Owner, Bartender

Former baseball player

Main

Diane Chambers

Shelley Long

Waitress

Graduate student, writer

Main

Guest

Ernie "Coach" Pantusso

Nicholas Colasanto

Bartender

Former baseball player and coach

Main

Carla Tortelli

Rhea Perlman

Waitress

Mother, divorcee

Main

Norm Peterson

George Wendt

Customer

Accountant; house painter; interior decorator

Main

Cliff Clavin

John Ratzenberger

Mailman

Recurring

Main

Woody Boyd

Woody Harrelson

Assistant Bartender[19]

Actor; politician

Main

Frasier Crane

Kelsey Grammer

Customer

Psychiatrist

Recurring

Main

Rebecca Howe

Kirstie Alley

Manager

Superintendent[20]

Main

Lilith Sternin

Bebe Neuwirth

Customer

Psychiatrist

Guest

Recurring

Main *

text:
Before production of season 3 was finished, Nicholas Colasanto died. Therefore, his character Coach was written out as deceased in season 4.[11]
*In season 11, Bebe Neuwirth is given "starring" credit only when she appears.

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text: Although Cheers operated largely around that main ensemble cast, guest stars and recurring characters did occasionally supplement them. Notable repeat guests included Dan Hedaya as Nick Tortelli and Jean Kasem as Loretta Tortelli, who were the main characters in the first spin-off The Tortellis, Fred Dryer as Dave Richards, Annie Golden as Margaret O'Keefe, Derek McGrath as Andy Schroeder (also referred to as Andy Andy), interchangeably Joel Polis and Robert Desiderio as rival bar owner Gary, Jay Thomas as Eddie LeBec, Roger Rees as Robin Colcord, Tom Skerritt as Evan Drake, Frances Sternhagen as Esther Clavin, Richard Doyle as Walter Gaines, Keene Curtis as John Allen Hill, Anthony Cistaro as Henri, Michael McGuire as Professor Sumner Sloan, and Harry Anderson as Harry 'The Hat' Gittes. Jackie Swanson, who played the recurring role of Woody's girlfriend and eventual wife "Kelly Gaines-Boyd", appeared in 24 episodes from 1989 to 1993. The character is as equally dim and naive—but ultimately as sweet-natured—as Woody.

text: Paul Willson played the recurring barfly character of "Paul Krapence". (In one early appearance in the first season he was called "Glen", and was later credited on-screen as "Gregg" and "Tom", but he was playing the same character throughout.) Thomas Babson played "Tom", a law student often mocked by Cliff Clavin, for continually failing to pass the Massachusetts bar exam. "Al", played by Al Rosen, appeared in 38 episodes, and was known for his surly quips. Rhea Perlman's father Philip Perlman played the role of "Phil".[21]

text: Celebrity appearances[edit]

text: Other celebrities guest-starred in single episodes as themselves throughout the series. Sports figures appeared on the show as themselves with a connection to Boston or Sam's former team, the Red Sox, such as Luis Tiant, Wade Boggs and Kevin McHale (of the Boston Celtics).[22] Some television stars also made guest appearances as themselves such as Alex Trebek, Arsenio Hall, Dick Cavett, Robert Urich, George "Spanky" McFarland and Johnny Carson. Various political figures even made appearances on Cheers such as then-Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral William J. Crowe, former Colorado Senator Gary Hart, then-Speaker of the House Tip O'Neill, then-Senator John Kerry, then-Governor Michael Dukakis, Ethel Kennedy (widow of Robert F. Kennedy), and then-Mayor of Boston Raymond Flynn, the last five of whom all represented Cheers' home state and city.

text: In maternal roles, Glynis Johns, in a guest appearance in 1983, played Diane's mother, Helen Chambers. Nancy Marchand played Frasier's mother, Hester Crane, in an episode that aired in 1985. In an episode that aired in 1992, Celeste Holm played Kelly's jokester of a paternal grandmother. Melendy Britt appeared in the episode "Woody or Won't He" (1990) as Kelly's mother, Roxanne Gaines, a very attractive high-society lady and a sexy, flirtatious upper-class cougar who tries to seduce Woody.

text: The musician Harry Connick, Jr. appeared in an episode as Woody's cousin and plays a song from his Grammy-winning album We Are in Love (c. 1991). John Cleese won a Primetime Emmy Award for his guest appearance as "Dr. Simon Finch-Royce" in the fifth-season episode, "Simon Says". Emma Thompson guest starred as Nanny G/Nannette Guzman, a famous singing nanny and Frasier's ex-wife. Christopher Lloyd guest starred as a tortured artist who wanted to paint Diane. Marcia Cross portrayed Rebecca's sister Susan in the season 7 episode Sisterly Love. John Mahoney once appeared as an inept jingle writer, which included a brief conversation with Frasier Crane, whose father he later portrayed on the spin-off Frasier. Peri Gilpin, who later played Roz Doyle on Frasier, also appeared in one episode of Cheers, in its 11th season, as Holly Matheson, a reporter who interviews Woody. The Righteous Brothers, Bobby Hatfield and Bill Medley, also guest starred in different episodes. In "The Guy Can't Help It" Rebecca, meets a plumber played by Tom Berenger who came to fix one of the beer keg taps. They marry in the series finale, triggering her resignation from Cheers.

text: Notable guest appearances of actresses portraying Sam's sexual conquests or potential sexual conquests include: Kate Mulgrew in the three-episode finale of season four, portraying Boston councilwoman Janet Eldridge; Donna McKechnie as Debra, Sam's ex-wife (with whom he is on good terms), who pretends to be an intellectual in front of Diane; Barbara Babcock as Lana Marshall, a talent agent who specializes in representing male athletes, her clients with whom she routinely sleeps on demand; Julia Duffy as Rebecca Prout, a depressed intellectual friend of Diane's; Alison La Placa as magazine reporter Paula Nelson; Carol Kane as Amanda, who Sam eventually learns was a fellow patient at the sanitarium with Diane; Barbara Feldon as Lauren Hudson, Sam's annual Valentine's Day fling (in an homage to Same Time, Next Year); Sandahl Bergman as Judy Marlowe, a longtime casual sex partner and whose now grown daughter, Laurie Marlowe (Chelsea Noble), who has always considered Sam a pseudo-father figure, Sam falls for; Madolyn Smith-Osborne as Dr. Sheila Rydell, a colleague of Frasier and Lilith; Valerie Mahaffey as Valerie Hill, John Allen Hill's daughter who Sam pursues if only to gain an upper hand in his business relationship with Hill; and Alexis Smith as Alice Anne Volkman, Rebecca's much older ex-professor. In season 9, episode 17, I'm Getting My Act Together and Sticking It in Your Face, Sam, believing Rebecca wants a more serious relationship, pretends to be gay, his lover being a casual friend named Leon (Jeff McCarthy) – the plan ultimately leads to a kiss between Sam and Leon.

text: Death of Nicholas Colasanto[edit]

text: Near the end of production of the third season, the writers of Cheers had to deal with the death of one of the main actors. During the third season, Nicholas Colasanto's heart condition (which had been diagnosed in the mid-1970s) had worsened. He had lost weight and was having trouble breathing during filming. Shortly before third season filming wrapped, Colasanto was hospitalized due to fluid in his lungs. Though he recovered, he was not cleared to return to work. While visiting the set in January 1985 to watch the filming of several episodes, co-star Shelley Long commented, "I think we were all in denial. We were all glad he was there, but he lost a lot of weight." Co-star Rhea Perlman added, "[He] wanted to be there so badly. He didn't want to be sick. He couldn't breathe well. It was hard. He was laboring all the time." Colasanto ultimately died of a heart attack in his home on February 12, 1985.[23]

text: The third-season episodes of Cheers were filmed out of order, partly to accommodate the pregnancy of cast member Long. As a result, the season finale, which included several scenes with Colasanto, had already been filmed at the time of his death. In the third-season episodes that had not been filmed at this point, Coach is said to be "away" for various reasons.

text: The Cheers writing staff assembled in June 1985, at the start of the production of the fourth season, to discuss how to deal with the absence of Coach. They quickly discarded the idea that he might have moved away, as they felt he would never abandon his friends. In addition, as most viewers were aware of Colasanto's death, the writing staff decided to handle the situation more openly. The season four opener, "Birth, Death, Love and Rice", dealt with Coach's death as well as introduced Woody Harrelson, Colasanto's replacement.[23][24]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Themes[edit]

text: Nearly all of Cheers took place in the front room of the bar, but the characters often went into the rear pool room or the bar's office.[28] Cheers did not show any action outside the bar until the first episode of the second season, which took place in Diane's apartment.

text: The show's main theme in its early seasons was the romance between intellectual waitress Diane Chambers and the bar's owner Sam Malone, a former major league baseball pitcher for the Boston Red Sox and a recovering alcoholic.[29] After Shelley Long (Diane) left the show, the focus shifted to Sam's new relationship with Rebecca Howe, a neurotic corporate-ladder climber.

text: Many Cheers scripts centered or touched upon a variety of social issues, albeit humorously. As Toasting Cheers puts it, "The script was further strengthened by the writers' boldness in successfully tackling controversial issues such as alcoholism, homosexuality, and adultery."[30]

text: Social class was a subtext of the show. The "upper class" – represented by characters like Diane Chambers, Frasier Crane and Lilith Sternin – rubbed shoulders with middle and working-class characters — Sam Malone, Carla Tortelli, Norm Peterson and Cliff Clavin. An extreme example of this was the relationship between Woody Boyd and a millionaire's daughter, Kelly Gaines. Many viewers enjoyed Cheers in part because of this focus on character development in addition to plot development.[31]

text: Feminism and the role of women were also recurring themes throughout the show, with some critics seeing each of the major female characters portraying an aspect as a flawed feminist in her own way.[32] Diane was a vocal feminist, and Sam was the epitome of everything she hated: a womanizer and a male chauvinist. (See "Sam and Diane".)

text: Homosexuality was dealt with from the first season, which was rare in the early 1980s on American television.[33] In the first-season episode "The Boys in the Bar" (the title being a reference to the play and subsequent movie The Boys in the Band), a friend and former teammate of Sam's comes out in his autobiography. Some of the male regulars pressure Sam to take action to ensure that Cheers does not become a gay bar. The episode won a GLAAD Media Award, and the script's writers, Ken Levine and David Isaacs, were nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award.

text: Addiction also plays a role in Cheers, almost exclusively through Sam. He is a recovering alcoholic who had bought a bar during his drinking days. Frasier has a notable bout of drinking in the fourth-season episode "The Triangle", while Woody develops a gambling problem in the seventh season's "Call Me Irresponsible".

text: Cheers owners[edit]

text:
Cheers had several owners before Sam, as the bar was opened in 1889. The "Est. 1895" on the bar's sign is a made-up date chosen by Carla for numerological purposes, revealed in season 8, episode 6, "The Stork Brings a Crane", which also revealed the bar's address as
112 1/2 Beacon Street and that it originated under the name Mom's. In the series' second episode, "Sam's Women", Coach tells a customer looking for Gus, the owner of Cheers, that Gus was dead. In a later episode, Gus O'Mally comes back from Arizona for one night and helps run the bar.

text: The biggest storyline surrounding the ownership of Cheers begins in the fifth-season finale, "I Do, Adieu", when Sam and Diane part ways, due to Shelley Long's departure from the series. In addition, Sam leaves on a trip to sail around the world. Before he leaves, Sam sells Cheers to the Lillian Corporation. He returns in the sixth-season premiere, "Home is the Sailor", having sunk his boat, to find the bar under the new management of Rebecca Howe. He begs for his job back and is hired by Rebecca as a bartender. In the seventh-season premiere, "How to Recede in Business", Rebecca is fired and Sam is promoted to manager. Rebecca is allowed to keep a job at Lillian vaguely similar to what she had before, but only after Sam had Rebecca (in absentia) "agree" to a long list of demands that the corporation had for her.

text: From there Sam occasionally attempted to buy the bar back with schemes that usually involved the wealthy executive Robin Colcord. Sam acquired Cheers again in the eighth-season finale, when it was sold back to him for 85¢ by the Lillian Corporation, after he alerted the company to Colcord's insider trading. Fired by the corporation because of her silence on the issue, Rebecca is hired by Sam as a hostess/office manager. For the rest of the episode, to celebrate Sam's reclaiming the bar, a huge banner hung from the staircase, reading "Under OLD Management"!

text: Production[edit]

text: Creation and concept[edit]

text: Three men developed and created the Cheers television series: The Charles brothers—Glen and Les—and James Burrows,[34] who identified themselves as "two Mormons and a Jew."[35] They aimed at "creating a show around a Spencer Tracy-Katharine Hepburn-type relationship" between their two main characters, Sam Malone and Diane Chambers.[34] Malone represents the average man, while Chambers represents class and sophistication.[34] The show revolves around characters in a bar under "humorous adult themes" and "situations."[34]

text: The original idea was a group of workers who interacted like a family, the goal being a concept similar to The Mary Tyler Moore Show. The creators considered making an American version of the British Fawlty Towers, set in a hotel or an inn. When the creators settled on a bar as their setting, the show began to resemble the radio show Duffy's Tavern, a program originally written and co-created by James Burrows' father Abe Burrows. They liked the idea of a tavern, as it provided a continuous stream of new people, for a variety of characters.[36]

text: Early discussions about the location of the show centered on Barstow, California, then Kansas City, Missouri. They eventually turned to the East Coast and finally Boston. The Bull & Finch Pub in Boston, which was the model for Cheers, was chosen from a phone book.[37] When Glen Charles asked the bar's owner, Tom Kershaw, to shoot exterior and interior photos, he agreed, charging $1. Kershaw has since gone on to make millions of dollars, licensing the pub's image and selling a variety of Cheers memorabilia. The Bull & Finch became the 42nd busiest outlet in the American food and beverage industry in 1997.[36] During initial casting, Shelley Long, who was in Boston at the time filming A Small Circle of Friends, remarked that the bar in the script resembled a bar she had come upon in the city, which turned out to be the Bull & Finch.[38]

text: Production team[edit]

text: The crew of Cheers numbered in the hundreds. The three creators—James Burrows and the Charles brothers, Glen and Les—kept offices on Paramount's lot for the duration of the Cheers run. The Charles Brothers remained in overall charge throughout the show's run, frequently writing major episodes, though starting with the third season they began delegating the day-to-day running of the writing staff to various showrunners. Ken Estin and Sam Simon were appointed as showrunners for the third season, and succeeded by David Angell, Peter Casey and David Lee the following year. Angell, Casey and Lee would remain as showrunners until the end of the seventh season when they left to develop their own sitcom, Wings, and were replaced by Cheri Eichen, Bill Steinkellner and Phoef Sutton for the eighth through tenth seasons. For the final season, Tom Anderson and Dan O'Shannon acted as the showrunners.

text: James Burrows is regarded as being a factor in the show's longevity, directing 243 of the 270 episodes and supervising the show's production.[39] Among the show's other directors were Andy Ackerman, Thomas Lofaro, Tim Berry, Tom Moore, Rick Beren, as well as cast members John Ratzenberger and George Wendt.[31]

text: Craig Safan provided the series' original music for its entire run except the theme song. His extensive compositions for the show led to him winning numerous ASCAP Top TV Series awards for his music.

text: Casting[edit]

text: The character of Sam Malone was originally intended to be a retired football player and was slated to be played by Fred Dryer, but, after casting Ted Danson, it was decided that a former baseball player (Sam "Mayday" Malone) would be more believable.[40][41] Dryer, however, would go on to play sportscaster Dave Richards, an old friend of Sam, in three episodes. The character of Cliff Clavin was created for John Ratzenberger after he auditioned for the role of Norm Peterson, which eventually went to George Wendt. While chatting with producers afterward, he asked if they were going to include a "bar know-it-all", the part which he eventually played.[42] Alley joined the cast when Shelley Long left, and Woody Harrelson joined when Nicholas Colasanto died. Danson, Perlman and Wendt were the only actors to appear in every episode of the series; Ratzenberger appears in all but one.

text: Filming styles and locations[edit]

text:
"On Cheers, we never did everything twice. On Cheers, we went through the scene and I only reshot jokes that didn't work or I went back and picked up shots I missed."
James Burrows[43]

tag: div

text: Most Cheers episodes were, as a voiceover stated at the start of each, "filmed before a live studio audience" on Paramount Stage 25 in Hollywood, generally on Tuesday nights. Scripts for a new episode were issued the Wednesday before for a read-through, Friday was rehearsal day, and final scripts were issued on Monday. Burrows, who directed most episodes, insisted on using film stock rather than videotape. He was also noted for using motion in his directorial style, trying to constantly keep characters moving rather than standing still.[44] During the first season when ratings were poor Paramount and NBC asked that the show use videotape to save money, but a poor test taping ended the experiment and Cheers continued to use film.[45]

text: Due to a decision by Glen and Les Charles, the cold open was often not connected to the rest of the episode, with the lowest-ranked writers assigned to create the jokes for them. Some cold opens were taken from episodes that ran too long.[46]

text: The first year of the show took place entirely within the confines of the bar, the first location outside the bar being Diane's apartment. When the series became a hit, the characters started venturing further afield, first to other sets and eventually to an occasional exterior location. The exterior location shots of the bar were of the Bull & Finch Pub, located directly north of the Boston Public Garden. The pub has become a tourist attraction because of its association with the series, and draws nearly one million visitors annually.[36][47] It has since been renamed Cheers Beacon Hill; its interior is different from the TV bar. The Pub itself is at 84 Beacon Street (on the corner of Brimmer St). In August 2001, there was a replica made of the bar in Faneuil Hall to capitalize on the popularity of the show.

text: Theme song[edit]

text: Before "Where Everybody Knows Your Name", written by Gary Portnoy and Judy Hart Angelo, became the show's theme song, Cheers' producers rejected two of Portnoy's and Hart Angelo's songs. The songwriters had collaborated to provide music for Preppies, an unsuccessful Broadway musical. When told they could not appropriate "People Like Us", Preppies' opening song, the pair wrote another song "My Kind of People", which resembled "People Like Us" and intended to satirize "the lifestyle of old decadent old-money WASPs," but, to meet producers' demands, they rewrote the lyrics to be about "likeable losers" in a Boston bar. The show's producers rejected this song, as well. After they read the script of the series pilot, they created another song "Another Day". When Portnoy and Hart Angelo heard that NBC had commissioned thirteen episodes, they created an official theme song "Where Everybody Knows Your Name" and rewrote the lyrics.[48] On syndicated airings of Cheers, the theme song was shortened to make room for commercials.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Cheers was critically acclaimed in its first season, though it landed a disappointing 74th out of 77 shows in that year's ratings.[49] This critical support, the early success at the Primetime Emmy Awards, and the support of the president of NBC's entertainment division Brandon Tartikoff, are thought to be the main reasons for the show's survival and eventual success.[50] Tartikoff stated in 1983 that Cheers was a sophisticated adult comedy and that NBC executives, "never for a second doubted" that the show would not be renewed.[34] Writer Levine believes that the most important reason was that the network recognized that it did not have other hit shows to help promote Cheers; as he later wrote, "[NBC] had nothing else better to replace it with."[51]

text: Ratings improved for the summer reruns after the first season.[52] The cast went on various talk shows to try to further promote the series after its first season. By the second season Cheers was competitive with CBS' top rated show Simon & Simon.[34] With the growing popularity of Family Ties, which ran in the slot ahead of Cheers from January 1984 until Family Ties was moved to Sundays in 1987, and the placement of The Cosby Show in front of both at the start of their third season (1984), the line-up became a runaway ratings success that NBC eventually dubbed "Must See Thursday". The next season, Cheers ratings increased dramatically after Woody Boyd became a regular character as well. By the end of its final season, the show had a run of eight consecutive seasons in the Top Ten of the Nielsen ratings; seven of them were in the Top Five.[53]

text: Cheers was perhaps the first sitcom with a serialized storyline,[54] starting with the third season. The show's success helped make such multi-episode story arcs popular on television, which Les Charles regrets.

text: [W]e may have been partly responsible for what's going on now, where if you miss the first episode or two, you are lost. You have to wait until you can get the whole thing on DVD and catch up with it. If that blood is on our hands, I feel kind of badly about it. It can be very frustrating."[52]

text: Cheers began with a limited five-character ensemble consisting of Ted Danson, Shelley Long, Rhea Perlman, Nicholas Colasanto and George Wendt. By the time season 10 began, the show had eight front characters in its roster. Cheers was also able to gradually phase in characters such as Cliff, Frasier, Lilith, Rebecca, and Woody. During season 1, only one set, the bar, housed all of the episodes. Later seasons introduced other sets, but the show's ability to center the action in the bar and avoid straying was notable.

text: NBC dedicated a whole night to the final episode of Cheers, following the one-hour season finale of Seinfeld (which was its lead-in). The show began with a "pregame" show hosted by Bob Costas, followed by the final 98-minute episode itself. NBC affiliates then aired tributes to Cheers during their local newscasts, and the night concluded with a special Tonight Show broadcast live from the Bull & Finch Pub. Although the episode fell short of its hyped ratings predictions to become the most watched television episode, it was the most watched show that year, bringing in 93.5 million viewers (64 percent of all viewers that night), and ranked 11th all time in entertainment programming. The 1993 final broadcast of Cheers also emerged as the highest rated broadcast of NBC to date, as well as the most watched single episode from any television series throughout the decade 1990s on U.S. television.[55][56][57][N 1]

text: The episode originally aired in the usual Cheers spot of Thursday night, and was then rebroadcast on Sunday. While the original broadcast did not outperform the M*A*S*H finale, the combined non-repeating audiences for the Thursday and Sunday showings did. It should also be noted that television had greatly changed between the two finales, leaving Cheers with a broader array of competition for ratings.[58]

text: In 2013, GQ magazine held an online competition to find the best TV comedy. Cheers was voted the greatest comedy show of all time.[59] In 2017, James Charisma of Paste (magazine) ranked the show's opening sequence #5 on a list of The 75 Best TV Title Sequences of All Time.[60]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: Over its eleven-season run, the Cheers cast and crew earned many awards. The show garnered a record 111 Primetime Emmy Award nominations, with a total of 28 wins. In addition, Cheers earned 31 Golden Globe nominations, with a total of six wins. Danson, Long, Alley, Perlman, Wendt, Ratzenberger, Harrelson, Grammer, Neuwirth, and Colasanto all received Emmy nominations for their roles. Cheers won the Golden Globe Award for "Best TV-Series – Comedy/Musical" in 1991 and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series in 1983, 1984, 1989, and 1991. The series was presented with the "Legend Award" at the 2006 TV Land Awards, with many of the surviving cast members attending the event.[61]

text: The following are awards that have been earned by the Cheers cast and crew over its 11–season run:

text:
Winner

Award

Emmy

Year

Golden Globe

Year

Kirstie Alley

Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series

1991

Best Performance by an Actress in a TV-Series – Comedy/Musical

1991

Ted Danson

Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series

1990  1993

Best Performance by an Actor in a TV-Series – Comedy/Musical

1990  1991

Woody Harrelson

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series

1989

N/A

Shelley Long

Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series

1983

Best Performance by an Actress in a TV-Series – Comedy/Musical

1985

N/A

Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series, or Motion Picture Made for TV

1983

Bebe Neuwirth

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series

1990  1991

N/A

Rhea Perlman

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series

1984  1985  1986  1989

John Cleese

Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series

1987

Production Awards

Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series

1983  1991

Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series

1983 1984

Outstanding Individual Achievement in Graphic Design and Title Sequences

1983

Outstanding Film Editing for a Series

1984

Outstanding Editing for a Series – Multi-Camera Production

1988  1993

Outstanding Live and Tape Sound Mixing and Sound Effects for a Series

1985

Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy Series or Special

1986  1987  1990

text: Distribution[edit]

text: Syndication[edit]

text:
Cheers grew in popularity as it aired on American television and entered into off-network syndication in 1987, initially distributed by Paramount Domestic Television. When the show went off the air in 1993, Cheers was syndicated in 38 countries with 179 American television markets and 83 million viewers.[62] When the quality of some earlier footage of Cheers began to deteriorate, it underwent a careful restoration in 2001 due to its continued success.[63] The series aired on Nick at Nite from 2001 to 2004 and on TV Land from 2004 to 2008.[47]
with Nick at Nite airing week long Cheers "Everybody Knows Your Name" marathons. The show was removed from the lineup in 2004.
The series began airing on Hallmark Channel in the United States in October 2008, and WGN America in 2009, where it continues to air on both channels. In January 2011, Reelz Channel began airing the series in hour-long blocks. Me-TV began airing Cheers weeknights in 2010. More recently, USA Network is rerunning the series on Sunday early mornings and weekday mornings to allow it to show extended length films of 2 1/2 hours and maintain symmetric schedules.

text: As of April 2011, Netflix began including Cheers as one of the titles on its "watch instantly" streaming service. Amazon added it to its Prime service in July.[64]

text: A Cheers rerun notably replaced the September 4, 1992 airing of Australia's Naughtiest Home Videos on Australia's Nine Network. The latter was canceled mid-episode on its only broadcast by Kerry Packer, who pulled the plug after a phone call. It was repeated several years later on the Nine Network shortly after Packer's death in 2005. Cheers currently airs on Eleven (a digital channel of Network Ten) starting January 11, 2011 in Australia. When Cheers was aired by NCRV in the Netherlands, they showed all 275 episodes in sequence, once per night, repeating the series a total of three times.

text: As of 2012, Cheers has been repeated on UK satellite channel CBS Drama. Cheers is also shown on the UK free-to-air channel ITV4 where it is shown two episodes every weekday night. Because of the ITV syndication it is also available to watch on the online ITV Player for seven days after broadcast. On March 16, 2015, the series began airing on UK subscription channel Gold on weekdays at 9:30am and 10:00am.

text: They are also currently airing on ReelzChannel.

text: High definition[edit]

text: A high-definition transfer of Cheers began running on HDNet in the United States in August 2010. Originally shot on film (but transferred to and edited on videotape) the program was broadcast in a 4:3 aspect ratio, the newly transferred versions are in 16:9.[original research?] However, in the United Kingdom, the HD repeats on ITV4 HD are shown in the original 4:3 aspect ratio.

text: Home media[edit]

text:
Paramount Home Entertainment and (from 2006 onward) CBS Home Entertainment have released all 11 seasons of Cheers on DVD in Region 1, Region 2 and Region 4.
In the US, the last three seasons had music substitutions.  In "Grease", "I Fought the Law" was replaced; its removal affected the comedic value of the scenes it was originally in.

text: On March 6, 2012, they released Fan Favorites: The Best of Cheers. Based on the 2012 Facebook poll, the selected episodes are:[65]

text:
"Give Me a Ring Sometime" (season 1, episode 1)
"Diane's Perfect Date" (season 1, episode 17)
"Pick a Con, Any Con" (season 1, episode 19)
"Abnormal Psychology" (season 5, episode 4)
"Thanksgiving Orphans" (season 5, episode 9)
"Dinner at Eight-ish" (season 5, episode 20)
"Simon Says" (season 5, episode 21)
"An Old Fashioned Wedding", parts one and two (season 10, episodes 25)

text: On May 5, 2015, CBS DVD released Cheers- The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1.[66]

text: Digital media distribution[edit]

text: The complete eleven seasons of Cheers are available through the United States Netflix streaming service, the ITunes Store, Amazon Prime Video, and Hulu Plus. In Canada all seasons of Cheers are available on streaming service Crave TV.[67]

text: Licensing[edit]

text: The series lent itself naturally to the development of Cheers bar-related merchandise, culminating in the development of a chain of Cheers themed pubs. Paramount's licensing group, led by Tom McGrath, developed the Cheers pub concept initially in partnership with Host Marriott, which placed Cheers themed pubs in over 15 airports around the world.[68] Boston boasts the original Cheers bar, historically known to Boston insiders as the Bull and Finch, as well as a Cheers restaurant in the Faneuil Hall marketplace, and Sam's Place, a spin-off sports bar concept also located at Faneuil Hall. In 1997 Europe's first officially licensed Cheers bar opened in London's Regent's Street W1. Like Cheers Faneuil Hall, Cheers London is a replica of the set. The gala opening was attended by James Burrows and cast members George Wendt and John Ratzenberger.[69] The Cheers bar in London closed on 31st Dec 2008. The actual bar set had been on display at the Hollywood Entertainment Museum until the museum's closing in early 2006.[70]

text: The theme song to the show was eventually licensed to a Canadian restaurant, Kelsey's Neighbourhood Bar & Grill.[71]

text: CBS currently holds the rights to the Cheers franchise as the result of the 2006 Viacom split which saw Paramount transfer its entire television studio to CBS.

text: Spin-offs, crossovers, and cultural references[edit]

text: Some of the actors and actresses from Cheers brought their characters into other television shows, either in a guest appearance or in a new spin-off series. The most successful Cheers spin-off was Frasier, which featured Frasier Crane following his relocation back to Seattle, Washington. Sam, Diane, and Woody all individually appeared in Frasier episodes, with Lilith appearing as a guest on multiple episodes. In the season nine episode "Cheerful Goodbyes", Frasier returns to Boston and meets up with the Cheers gang, later attending Cliff's retirement party.

text: Although Frasier was more successful, The Tortellis was the first series to spin-off from Cheers, premiering in 1987. The show featured Carla's ex-husband Nick Tortelli and his wife Loretta, but was canceled after 13 episodes and drew protests for its stereotypical depictions of Italian-Americans.

text: In addition to direct spin-offs, several Cheers characters had guest appearance crossovers with other shows, including Wings and St. Elsewhere (episode "Cheers"). Cheers has also been spoofed or referenced in other media, including The Simpsons (spoofing the title sequence and theme song in "Flaming Moe's"; actually visiting the place with vocal role reprises of the majority of the principal cast in  "Fear of Flying"), Scrubs (episode "My Life in Four Cameras"), Adventure Time (episode "Simon & Marcy"), the 2012 comedy film Ted, and the 2011 video game Dragon Age II.

text: In the season 4 episode of Seinfeld entitled "The Pitch", Jerry and George are presenting their idea for a sitcom to NBC executives. George is unhappy with their offer and feels that he deserves the same salary as Ted Danson which he claims was $800,000 per episode, being that Cheers is also an NBC show. Danson's reported salary was actually $250,000 per episode. At this point Cheers was in it's 10th season and Ted Danson had won an Emmy and a Golden Globe the year before.

text: In the 2015 video game Fallout 4, set in Boston, there is a bar named 'Prost Bar' near Boston Common which, when entered, is an almost exact replica of the bar used in the series. It even includes 2 dead bodies sat at the end of the bar, with one of them wearing a Mail Carrier's uniform, a direct reference to regular barfly Cliff Clavin.[72]

text: The eighth anniversary special of Late Night with David Letterman, airing in 1990, began with a scene at Cheers, in which the bar's TV gets stuck on NBC, and all of the bar patrons decide to go home instead of staying to watch Letterman. The scene was re-used to open Letterman's final episode in 1993. A similar scene aired in the Super Bowl XVII Pregame Show on NBC, in which the characters briefly discuss the upcoming game.

text: In the second-season episode "Swarley" of the sitcom How I Met Your Mother, in the final scene, Barney walks into the bar and everyone shouts "Swarley," same as when the characters traditionally yelled "Norm!" whenever Norm Peterson entered the Cheers bar, and he turns and walks out dejectedly as Carl the bartender plays "Where Everybody Knows Your Name." The camera angle also changes to show the same bar set-up and framing for the main interior bar shots featured in Cheers. Additionally, the end credits are done in the gold "Cooper Black" font of the Cheers credits (which was a highly popular font for sitcoms of the early-to-mid-1980s).

text: The Star Trek: Deep Space Nine character Morn is named for Norm Peterson due to Armin Shimerman calling the originally nameless character "Norm" between takes.

text: The theatrical play Cheers: Live On Stage reenacts a condensed version of the first two seasons of the show.[73]

text: One episode of Cheers has a crossover reference to Spenser: For Hire (a Cheers bartender has a cameo appearance as an unspeaking extra).

text: In Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, Peter Quill makes numerous references to the show Cheers.

text: In the season 2 finale of the NBC sitcom The Good Place, Ted Danson's character Michael appears as a bartender while wearing a blue plaid button-down, in a clear homage to Danson's character in Cheers.[74]

text: In A Night at the Roxbury, Dan Hedya's character Kamehl Butabi and his friends are listening to Emily (Molly Shannon) play the piano. She was playing the song "Where Everybody Knows Your Name" which is clearly a reference to Hedya's past as Nick Tortelli on Cheers.

text: Remake[edit]

text: In September 2011, Plural Entertainment debuted a remake of the series on Spanish television, also titled Cheers. Set at an Irish pub, it starred Alberto San Juan as Nicolás "Nico" Arnedo, the equivalent of Sam Malone in the original series. It also used the original theme song, rerecorded in Spanish by Dani Martín, under the title of "Dónde la gente se divierte."

text: In December 2012, The Irish Film and Television Network announced that casting is underway on an Irish language version of Cheers produced by production company Sideline. The new show, tentatively titled Teach Seán, would air on Ireland's TG4 and features a main character who, like Sam Malone, is a bar owner, a retired athlete and a recovering alcoholic. Except because of the setting in Ireland, the barman is a "former hurling star" rather than an ex-baseball player.[75]

text: Cheers: Live On Stage[edit]

text: On September 9, 2016, a stage adaptation called, Cheers: Live On Stage, opened at the Schubert Theatre in Boston. Comprising pieces of the original TV series, the play was adapted by Erik Forrest Jackson. It is produced by Troika/Stageworks. The director was Matt Lenz. It starred Grayson Powell as "Sam Malone," Jillian Louis as "Diane Chambers," Barry Pearl as "Ernie 'Coach' Pantusso," Sarah Sirotta as "Carla Tortelli," Paul Vogt as "Norm Peterson", and Buzz Roddy as "Cliff Clavin." The production is scheduled to tour through 2017.[73][76]


document_title: List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates

question_text: who won the noble peace prize in 1993

question_tokens: who won the noble peace prize in 1993

root

text: List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates

text: Laureates

text: As of 2016[update], the Peace Prize has been awarded to 104 individuals and 23 organizations. Sixteen women have won the Nobel Peace Prize, more than any other Nobel Prize.[11] Only two recipients have won multiple Prizes: the International Committee of the Red Cross has won three times (1917, 1944, and 1963) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has won twice (1954 and 1981).[10] There have been 19 years since its creation in which the Peace Prize was not awarded, more times than any other Nobel Prize.

tag: p

text: Lê Đức Thọ is the only person to refuse to accept a Nobel Peace Prize.[12] He was jointly awarded the 1973 award with Henry Kissinger but declined the prize on grounds that such "bourgeois sentimentalities" were not for him[93] and that the Paris Peace Accords were not being adhered to in full.

text:
Year
Laureate
Country
Rationale

1901

Henry Dunant
  Switzerland
For his role in founding the International Committee of the Red Cross[9][13]

Frédéric Passy
 France
"[For] being one of the main founders of the Inter-Parliamentary Union and also the main organizer of the first Universal Peace Congress"[9][13]

1902

Élie Ducommun
  Switzerland
"[For his role as] the first honorary secretary of the International Peace Bureau"[9][14]

Charles Albert Gobat
"[For his role as the] first Secretary General of the Inter-Parliamentary Union"[9][14]

1903

William Randal Cremer
 United Kingdom
"[For his role as] the 'first father' of the Inter-Parliamentary Union"[9][15]

1904

Institute of International Law
 Belgium
"[F]or its efforts as an unofficial body to formulate the general principles of the science of international law"[9][16]

1905

Bertha von Suttner
 Austria-Hungary
For writing Lay Down Your Arms and contributing to the creation of the Prize[9][17]

1906

Theodore Roosevelt
 United States
"[F]or his successful mediation to end the Russo-Japanese war and for his interest in arbitration, having provided the Hague arbitration court with its very first case"[9][18]

1907

Ernesto Teodoro Moneta
 Italy
"[For his work as a] key leader of the Italian peace movement"[9][19]

Louis Renault
 France
"[For his work as a] leading French international jurist and a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague"[9][19]

1908

Klas Pontus Arnoldson
 Sweden
"[For his work as] founder of the Swedish Peace and Arbitration League"[9][20]

Fredrik Bajer
 Denmark
"[For being] the foremost peace advocate in Scandinavia, combining work in the Inter-Parliamentary Union with being the first president of the International Peace Bureau"[9][20]

1909

Auguste Beernaert
 Belgium
"[For being a] representative to the two Hague conferences, and a leading figure in the Inter-Parliamentary Union"[9][21]

Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant
 France
"[For] combined diplomatic work for Franco-German and Franco-British understanding with a distinguished career in international arbitration"[9][21]

1910

Permanent International Peace Bureau
  Switzerland
"[For acting] as a link between the peace societies of the various countries"[22][23]

1911

Tobias Asser
 Netherlands
"[For being a] member of the Court of Arbitration as well as the initiator of the Conferences on International Private Law"[9][24]

Alfred Fried
 Austria-Hungary
"[For his work as] founder of the German Peace Society"[9][24]

1912

Elihu Root[A]
 United States
"[F]or his strong interest in international arbitration and for his plan for a world court"[9][25]

1913

Henri La Fontaine
 Belgium
"[For his work as] head of the International Peace Bureau"[9][26]

1914
Not awarded due to World War I.

1915

1916

1917

International Committee of the Red Cross
  Switzerland
"[For undertaking] the tremendous task of trying to protect the rights of the many prisoners of war on all sides [of World War I], including their right to establish contacts with their families"[9][27]

1918
Not awarded due to World War I.

1919

Woodrow Wilson
 United States
"[F]or his crucial role in establishing the League of Nations"[9][28]

1920

Léon Bourgeois
 France
"[For his participation] in both the Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907" and for his work towards "what became the League to such an extent that he was frequently called its 'spiritual father'"[9][29]

1921

Hjalmar Branting
 Sweden
"[F]or his work in the League of Nations"[9][30]

Christian Lange
 Norway
"[For his work as] the first secretary of the Norwegian Nobel Committee" and "the secretary-general of the Inter-Parliamentary Union"[9][30]

1922

Fridtjof Nansen
"[For] his work in aiding the millions in Russia struggling against famine" and "his work for the refugees in Asia Minor and Thrace"[31][32]

1923
Not awarded

1924

1925

Sir Austen Chamberlain[A]
 United Kingdom
For work on the Locarno Treaties[9][33]

Charles G. Dawes[A]
 United States
"[F]or [work on] the Dawes Plan for German reparations which was seen as having provided the economic underpinning of the Locarno Pact of 1925"[9][33]

1926

Aristide Briand
 France
For work on the Locarno Treaties[9][34]

Gustav Stresemann
 Germany

1927

Ferdinand Buisson
 France
"[For] contributions to Franco-German popular reconciliation"[9][35]

Ludwig Quidde
 Germany

1928
Not awarded

1929

Frank B. Kellogg[A]
 United States
"[F]or the Kellogg-Briand pact, whose signatories agreed to settle all conflicts by peaceful means and renounced war as an instrument of national policy"[9][36]

1930

Nathan Söderblom
 Sweden
"[F]or his efforts to involve the churches not only in work for ecumenical unity, but also for world peace"[9][37]

1931

Jane Addams
 United States
"[F]or her social reform work" and "leading the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom"[9][38]

Nicholas Murray Butler
"[For his promotion] of the Briand-Kellogg pact" and for his work as the "leader of the more establishment-oriented part of the American peace movement"[9][38]

1932
Not awarded

1933

Sir Norman Angell[A]
 United Kingdom
For authoring The Great Illusion and for being a "supporter of the League of Nations as well as an influential publicist [and] educator for peace in general"[39]

1934

Arthur Henderson
"[F]or his work for the League, particularly its efforts in disarmament"[9][40][41]

1935

Carl von Ossietzky[B]
 Germany
"[For his] struggle against Germany's rearmament"[9][42]

1936

Carlos Saavedra Lamas
 Argentina
"[F]or his mediation of an end to the Chaco War between Paraguay and Bolivia"[9][43]

1937

The Viscount Cecil of Chelwood
 United Kingdom
For his work with the League of Nations[9][44]

1938

Nansen International Office for Refugees
 League of Nations
For its work in aiding refugees[45]

1939
Not awarded due to World War II.

1940

1941

1942

1943

1944

International Committee of the Red Cross
  Switzerland
"[F]or the great work it has performed during the war in behalf of humanity"[46]

1945

Cordell Hull
 United States
"[For] his fight against isolationism at home, his efforts to create a peace bloc of states on the American continents, and his work for the United Nations Organization"[47]

1946

Emily Greene Balch
"Formerly Professor of History and Sociology; Honorary International President, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom"[48]

John Raleigh Mott
"Chairman, International Missionary Council; President, World Alliance of Young Men's Christian Associations"[48]

1947

Friends Service Council
 United Kingdom
"compassion for others and the desire to help them"[49]

American Friends Service Committee
 United States

1948
Not awarded because "there was no suitable living candidate." (A tribute to the recently assassinated Gandhi in India.)[8]

1949

The Lord Boyd-Orr
 United Kingdom
"Physician; Alimentary Politician; Prominent organizer and Director, General Food and Agricultural Organization; President, National Peace Council and World Union of Peace Organizations"[50]

1950

Ralph Bunche
 United States
"Professor, Harvard University Cambridge, MA; Director, division of Trusteeship, U.N.; Acting Mediator in Palestine, 1948"[51]

1951

Léon Jouhaux
 France
"President of the International Committee of the European Council, vice president of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, vice president of the World Federation of Trade Unions, member of the ILO Council, delegate to the United Nations"[52]

1952

Albert Schweitzer
"Missionary surgeon; Founder of Lambaréné (République de Gabon)"[53]

1953

George C. Marshall
 United States
"General President American Red Cross; Former Secretary of State and of Defense; Delegate U.N.; Originator of [the] 'Marshall Plan'"[54]

1954

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
 United Nations
"An international relief organization founded by the U.N. in 1951"[55]

1955
Not awarded

1956

1957

Lester Bowles Pearson
 Canada
"former Secretary of State for External Affairs of Canada; former President of the 7th Session of the United Nations General Assembly";[56] "for his role in trying to end the Suez conflict and to solve the Middle East question through the United Nations."[9]

1958

Dominique Pire
 Belgium
"Father in the Dominican Order; Leader of the relief organization for refugees "L'Europe du Coeur au Service du Monde""[57]

1959

Philip Noel-Baker
 United Kingdom
"Member of Parliament; lifelong ardent worker for international peace and co-operation"[58]

1960

Albert Lutuli
 South Africa
(Born in Southern Rhodesia)
"President of the African National Congress,"[59] "was in the very forefront of the struggle against apartheid in South Africa."[9]

1961

Dag Hammarskjöld[C]
 Sweden
"Secretary General of the U.N.,"[60] awarded "for strengthening the organization."[9]

1962

Linus Pauling
 United States
"for his campaign against nuclear weapons testing"[61]

1963

International Committee of the Red Cross
  Switzerland
For their work in the protection of human rights in the ICRC's 100 years of existence.[62]

League of Red Cross Societies

1964

Martin Luther King, Jr.
 United States
Campaigner for civil rights, "first person in the Western world to have shown us that a struggle can be waged without violence." King spent his time working in various areas of the civil rights movement; from equal education to economic disenfranchisement of minorities. King also organized the March on Washington, where he gave his famous “I Have a Dream Speech”.[63]

1965

United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
 United Nations
"An international aid organization." [64]

1966
Not awarded

1967

1968

René Cassin
 France
"President of the European Court for Human Rights"[65]

1969

International Labour Organization
 United Nations
[66]

1970

Norman E. Borlaug
 United States
"International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center;"[67] "for his contributions to the "green revolution" that was having such an impact on food production particularly in Asia and in Latin America."[9]

1971

Willy Brandt
 West Germany
"Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany; for West Germany's Ostpolitik"[68]

1972
Not awarded

1973

Henry Kissinger
 United States
(Born in  Germany)
"For the 1973 Paris agreement intended to bring about a cease-fire in the Vietnam war and a withdrawal of the American forces"[9][69]

Lê Đức Thọ[D]
 Vietnam (North)

1974

Seán MacBride
 Ireland
(Born in  France)
"President of the International Peace Bureau; President of the Commission of Namibia."[70] "For his strong interest in human rights: piloting the European Convention on Human Rights through the Council of Europe, helping found and then lead Amnesty International and serving as secretary-general of the International Commission of Jurists"[9]

Eisaku Satō
 Japan
"Prime Minister of Japan,"[70] "for his renunciation of the nuclear option for Japan and his efforts to further regional reconciliation"[9]

1975

Andrei Sakharov[E]
 Soviet Union
"[for his] struggle for human rights, for disarmament, and for cooperation between all nations"[71]

1976

Betty Williams
 United Kingdom
"Founder[s] of the Northern Ireland Peace Movement (later renamed Community of Peace People)"[72]

Mairead Corrigan

1977

Amnesty International
"[for] protecting the human rights of prisoners of conscience"[9][73]

1978

Mohamed Anwar Al-Sadat
 Egypt
"for the Camp David Agreement, which brought about a negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel"[74]

Menachem Begin
 Israel
 Poland
(Born in  Russia)

1979

Mother Teresa
 India
(Born in Skopje, now  Republic of Macedonia)
"Founder of Missionaries of Charity"[75]

1980

Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
 Argentina
"Human rights leader;"[76] "founded non-violent human rights organizations to fight the military junta that was ruling his country (Argentina)."[9]

1981

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
 United Nations
"An international relief organization founded by the U.N. in 1951"[77]

1982

Alva Myrdal
 Sweden
"[for] their magnificent work in the disarmament negotiations of the United Nations, where they have both played crucial roles and won international recognition"[78][79]

Alfonso García Robles
 Mexico

1983

Lech Wałęsa
 Poland
"Founder of Solidarność; campaigner for human rights"[80]

1984

Desmond Tutu
 South Africa
"Bishop of Johannesburg; former Secretary General, South African Council of Churches"[81]

1985

International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
 United States
For "authoritative information and by creating an awareness of the catastrophic consequences of atomic warfare. The committee believes that this in turn contributes to an increase in the pressure of public opposition to the proliferation of atomic weapons and to a redefining of priorities, with greater attention being paid to health and other humanitarian issues."[82]

1986

Elie Wiesel
 United States
(Born in  Romania)
"Chairman of "The President's Commission on the Holocaust""[83]

1987

Óscar Arias
 Costa Rica
"for his work for peace in Central America, efforts which led to the accord signed in Guatemala on August 7 this year"[84]

1988

United Nations Peace-Keeping Forces
 United Nations
"[for] their efforts [that] have made important contributions towards the realization of one of the fundamental tenets of the United Nations"[85][86]

1989

Tenzin Gyatso,
14th Dalai Lama
 India
(Born in  Tibet)[87]
"In his struggle for the liberation of Tibet [he] consistently has opposed the use of violence. He has instead advocated peaceful solutions based upon tolerance and mutual respect in order to preserve the historical and cultural heritage of his people."[88][89]

1990

Mikhail Gorbachev
 Soviet Union
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and President of the Soviet Union, "for his leading role in the peace process which today characterizes important parts of the international community"[90]

1991

Aung San Suu Kyi[F]
 Burma
"for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights"[91]

1992

Rigoberta Menchú
 Guatemala
"for her work for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples"[92]

1993

Nelson Mandela
 South Africa
"for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa"[93]

Frederik Willem de Klerk

1994

Yasser Arafat
 Palestine
(Born in  Egypt)
"to honour a political act which called for great courage on both sides, and which has opened up opportunities for a new development towards fraternity in the Middle East."[94]

Yitzhak Rabin
 Israel

Shimon Peres
 Israel
(Born in  Poland)

1995

Joseph Rotblat
 United Kingdom
(Born in  Poland)
"for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms"[95]

Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
 Canada

1996

Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo
 East Timor
"for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor."[96]

José Ramos-Horta

1997

International Campaign to Ban Landmines
  Switzerland
"for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines"[97]

Jody Williams
 United States

1998

John Hume
 Ireland
"for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland"[98]

David Trimble
 United Kingdom

1999

Médecins Sans Frontières
  Switzerland
"in recognition of the organization's pioneering humanitarian work on several continents"[99]

2000

Kim Dae-jung
 South Korea
"for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular"[100]

2001

United Nations
 United Nations
"for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world"[101]

Kofi Annan
 Ghana

2002

Jimmy Carter
 United States
"for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development"[102]

2003

Shirin Ebadi
 Iran
"for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children."[103]

2004

Wangari Muta Maathai
 Kenya
"for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace"[104]

2005

International Atomic Energy Agency
 United Nations
"for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way"[105]

Mohamed ElBaradei
 Egypt

2006

Muhammad Yunus
 Bangladesh
"for advancing economic and social opportunities for the poor, especially women, through their pioneering microcredit work"[106]

Grameen Bank

2007

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
 United Nations
"for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change"[107]

Al Gore
 United States

2008

Martti Ahtisaari
 Finland
"for his efforts on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts"[108]

2009

Barack Obama
 United States
"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples."[109]

2010

Liu Xiaobo
 China
"for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China"[110]

2011

Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
 Liberia
"for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work"[111]

Leymah Gbowee

Tawakkul Karman
 Yemen

2012

European Union
 European Union
"for over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe."[112]

2013

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
International
"for its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons."[113]

2014

Kailash Satyarthi
 India
"for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education"[114]

Malala Yousafzai
 Pakistan

2015

Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet
 Tunisia
"for its decisive contribution to the building of a pluralistic democracy in Tunisia in the wake of the Jasmine Revolution of 2011"[115]

2016

Juan Manuel Santos
 Colombia
"for his resolute efforts to bring the country's more than 50-year-long civil war to an end, a war that has cost the lives of at least 220,000 Colombians and displaced close to six million people"[116]

2017

International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
  Switzerland
"for its work to draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and for its ground-breaking efforts to achieve a treaty-based prohibition of such weapons"[117].

tag: table


document_title: King Arthur: Legend of the Sword

question_text: king arthur legend of the sword arthur's mother

question_tokens: king arthur legend of the sword arthur 's mother

text: King Arthur: Legend of the Sword

text: Plot[edit]

text: Mordred, an iron fisted warlock, and his armies lay siege to Camelot, seeking to establish the dominance of magic-wielding mages over humankind. Uther Pendragon, king of the Britons, infiltrates Mordred's lair and beheads him, saving Camelot. Uther's treacherous brother Vortigern, who covets the throne, orchestrates a coup and sacrifices his wife Elsa to moat hags to become a demon knight, who kills Uther's wife and slays him in combat. The only survivor is Uther's son, who drifts away in a boat and ends up in Londinium, where he is found and raised by prostitutes.

text: Arthur grows into a skilled fighter and man of the streets. Arthur and his friends confront a group of Vikings who had mistreated one of the prostitutes, forcing him to pay her restitution. Afterwards, the brothel is raided by the Blacklegs, Vortigern's minions, and Arthur learns that the Vikings were under the king's protection. Arthur tries to escape the city but is caught and put on a ship with hundreds of other men; the Blacklegs have been forcing all men of Arthur's age to try to pull a sword that has appeared near the castle from the surrounding stone. Arthur is able to remove the sword but is quickly overwhelmed by its power and passes out. Vortigern meets with him in the dungeon, revealing his true lineage.

text: Meanwhile, a mage identifying herself as an acolyte of Merlin presents herself to Uther's former general, Sir Bedivere. At Arthur's planned execution, the mage uses her magic to stage a diversion while Bedivere's men rescue Arthur. Taken to Bedivere's hideout, Arthur initially refuses to help them. The mage persuades Bedivere to take Arthur to a realm called the "Darklands," where he's given a vision of how Uther sacrificed himself to save Arthur and entomb the sword in stone. Arthur learns Vortigern was responsible for persuading Mordred to rebel against humanity, and he returns determined to destroy Vortigen.

text: With his friends and Bedivere's men, Arthur stages a series of ambushes against Vortigern, culminating in an assassination attempt in Londinium. The rebels sense a trap but attack anyway, fleeing to a fighters' school run by Arthur's mentor George, where they are overrun by the Blacklegs. Seeing the mage held at knifepoint, Arthur unleashes Excalibur's potential, single-handedly killing all of the soldiers. The rebels are able to escape the city except for Arthur's injured friend Back Lack, who is killed at Vortigern's hand.

text: Ashamed of his failures, Arthur tries to throw away the sword, but the Lady of the Lake returns it and shows him a vision of England's future under Vortigern's rule. Coming to terms with his responsibility, Arthur reunites with Bedivere. When they return to the rebel hideout, however, they discover all of their allies dead, Vortigern having found them and delivered an ultimatum: if Arthur does not surrender himself, the captured mage and Back Lack's son Blue will die.

text: Arthur surrenders himself, but as Vortigern is about to execute his nephew, a giant snake summoned by the mage attacks and devours Vortigern's men. While Bedivere and the others lead an attack on the castle, a desperate Vortigern sacrifices his only daughter and is transformed into the demon knight, confronting Arthur in a separate dimension. Despite his fighting skill, Arthur is beaten, and he is about to submit when he witnesses a vision of his father, convincing him to accept the sword and his character as his own. Arthur violently slays Vortigern but blesses him as he dies.

text: In the aftermath, Arthur dissolves Vortigern's pact with the Vikings and begins building a Round Table where his knighted friends will meet. Blue and the prostitutes arrive with the crown of Uther, which Arthur accepts, holding the sword aloft.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Charlie Hunnam as King Arthur, Uther's son, Vortigern's nephew and the would-be king of Britain who was raised by prostitutes.
Àstrid Bergès-Frisbey as the Mage, a woman working for Merlin who supports Arthur and the resistance.
Djimon Hounsou as Sir Bedivere, the leader of the resistance and a former knight of Uther.
Aidan Gillen as Goosefat Bill, a skilled archer, Bedivere's friend, former knight of Uther and member of the resistance.
Jude Law as Vortigern, Uther's brother, Elsa's husband, Catia's father, Arthur's uncle and the tyrannical ruthless king of Britain.
Eric Bana as Uther Pendragon, Vortigern's brother, Arthur's father and the king of Britain.
Kingsley Ben-Adir as Sir Tristan "Wet Stick", Arthur and Back Lack's childhood friend who is later knighted by Bedivere.
Craig McGinlay as Sir Percival, a member of the resistance who is later turned knighted by Bedivere.
Tom Wu as Sir George, Arthur's mentor and a skilled fighter who helps the resistance and is later knighted by Bedivere.
Neil Maskell as Back Lack, Arthur and Tristan's childhood friend and Blue's father, who helps the resistance.
Freddie Fox as Rubio, a member of the resistance who later betrays them under torture and helps Vortigern.
Annabelle Wallis as Maggie, Vortigern's maid who helps the resistance.
Bleu Landau as Blue, Back Lack's son.
Mikael Persbrandt as Greybeard, a viking who has deals with Vortigern.
Poppy Delevingne as Igraine, Arthur's mother and Uther's wife: she is killed by Vortigern in the beginning of the film.

tag: ul

text: Kamil Lemieszewski, Jacqui Ainsley and Rob Knighton portrays Merlin, the Lady of the Lake and Mordred, three important characters from the Arthurian Mythology, respectively. Katie McGrath and Millie Brady portrays Vortigern's wife, Elsa, and daughter, Catia, respectively. David Beckham appears in a cameo. Lorraine Bruce, Eline Powell and Hermione Corfield appears as the three Syrens. Michael McElhatton portrays Jack's Eye, Arthur's scout on the kingdom. Nicola Wren portrays Lucy, the prostitute who raises Arthur.

text: Production[edit]

text: After 2004's King Arthur, Warner Brothers made multiple attempts to make a new film based on Arthurian legend: One was to be a remake of Excalibur, helmed by Bryan Singer, while the other was a movie to have been titled Arthur & Lancelot, which would have starred Kit Harington and Joel Kinnaman, as King Arthur and Lancelot respectively.[8] Warner Brothers suits worried that names were not big enough, and attempted to replace both actors with more profitable ones, before eventually dropping the project all together.[8]

text: Warner's next attempt to create a new King Arthur film was an attempt to create an Arthurian cinematic universe which would span six films, following different charters before their eventual team up.[8] For this endeavour they hired director Guy Ritchie, who has himself attempted to make a King Arthur movie prior to that. According to The Guardian, the script soon became "a strange Frankenstein's Monster-style screenplay" incorporating elements from several of the unproduced Arthurian scripts.[8]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In August 2014, Charlie Hunnam, Ritchie's choice for the role, was cast to play King Arthur.[9] Elizabeth Olsen was in talks for the female lead,[10] but on 18 September, Àstrid Bergès-Frisbey landed the role instead.[11] On 14 November, Jude Law was in talks to play the lead villain role in the film.[12] On 11 February 2015, Eric Bana was added to the cast to play Uther, the father of King Arthur.[13] Mikael Persbrandt joined the film on 6 March 2015, to play a villainous role.[14] Although there were reports Idris Elba had been cast, he would confirm, in a Reddit AMA, this was a rumour.[15][16]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming in Windsor Great Park was underway in February 2015,[17] then later in North Wales from 2 March 2015.[18] Later on 10 March 2015, Ritchie tweeted a photo and confirmed the first day of shooting.[citation needed] In April 2015, filming took place in Snowdonia, where locations used were Tryfan, Nant Gwynant near Beddgelert and Capel Curig.[19] Early in July filming continued in the Shieldaig, Loch Torridon and Applecross areas of Wester Ross in the Scottish Highlands. One day of filming also took place at The Quiraing on the Isle of Skye. Filming also took place at Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden.

text: Release[edit]

text: In April 2014, Warner Bros. set the film for a July 22, 2016 release, alongside Lights Out, but it was then moved by Warner Bros. to February 17, 2017, alongside Maze Runner: The Death Cure.[20] However, The Great Wall, A Cure for Wellness and Fist Fight were also scheduled to be released on that date and Warner Bros. moved the release date from February 17, 2017 to March 24, 2017.[21] The title was changed to King Arthur: Legend of the Sword in July 2016.[22] In December 2016 the release date was again moved, this time to May 12, 2017, possibly so as not to compete with CHiPs.[23][24]

text: Promotion[edit]

text: The trailer was released on 23 July 2016, during the 2016 San Diego Comic-Con and was attached to screenings of Mechanic: Resurrection, Don't Breathe, Shut In, and Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them.

text: It was originally planned for an IMAX release on 22 July 2016, as evident in the Comic-Con trailer,[25] but was cancelled due to it being postponed and only received non-IMAX presentations. The first extended TV spot was released on 22 January 2017, and was shown on the 2017 NFC Championship Game on Fox Broadcasting Company between the Atlanta Falcons and the Green Bay Packers and the 2017 AFC Championship Game on CBS between the Pittsburgh Steelers and the New England Patriots.

text: A second trailer was released on 20 February 2017 and was attached to Logan, Kong: Skull Island, Power Rangers and Ghost in the Shell. The third and final trailer was released on 1 April 2017 and was attached to The Fate of the Furious, The Lost City of Z (which also starred Hunnam) and Free Fire. All-in-all, Warner Bros. spent $135 million on marketing the film.[7]

text: The film was shown at select AMC Theatres in a special preview on 27 April 2017, in a promotional event titled "King for a Day." Demand for tickets led AMC to expand the event to 200 theatres.[26]

text: Home media[edit]

text: King Arthur: Legend of the Sword was released on DVD, Blu-ray, 3D Blu-ray and Ultra HD on 8 August 2017.[27]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: King Arthur: Legend of the Sword grossed $39.2 million in the United States and Canada and $107 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $146.2 million, against a production budget of $175 million.[5]

text: In North America, the film was released alongside Snatched and was initially projected to gross around $25 million from 3,702 theatres during its opening weekend.[4] It made $1.15 million from Thursday night previews at about 3,200 theatres, but after making just $5.3 million on Friday, weekend projections were lowered to $15 million.[28] It ended up debuting to $15.4 million, finishing third at the box office. Deadline.com noted that due to the film's $175 million production budget, as well as at least an additional $100 million spent on marketing, the film was destined to be a box office bomb.[29] Regarding the cost of the film, the site quoted one finance expert as saying: "Make original IP [intellectual property] for a cost effective price. If it works then spend more if necessary on the sequel. King Arthur should have been done for $60M-$80M. Warner Bros. had no reason to spend $175M-plus on this picture."[7] Comparing its opening to cost, IndieWire called the film's failings "historic".[30] The Hollywood Reporter noted that the film would likely lose about $150 million.[31] In its second weekend the film grossed $7.2 million (a drop of 53.5%), finishing 5th at the box office.[32]

text: The film debuted at No. 1 in an estimated 29 countries, including Russia and Scandinavia, with openings to follow in the United Kingdom, France, South Korea, and Australia.[33] Over its opening weekend, it made only $29.1 million worldwide, in 51 non-American countries.[34]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 28% based on 201 reviews and an average rating of 4.6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "King Arthur: Legend of the Sword piles mounds of modern action flash on an age-old tale – and wipes out much of what made it a classic story in the first place."[35] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating, the film has a score 41 out of 100 based 45 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[36] On CinemaScore, audiences gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale; 56% of the opening weekend filmgoers were under the age of 35, and 59% were men.[7]

text: Writing for The Guardian, Peter Bradshaw gave the film a generally positive review: "Guy Ritchie’s cheerfully ridiculous Arthur is a gonzo monarch, a death-metal warrior-king. Ritchie’s film is at all times over the top, crashing around its digital landscapes in all manner of beserkness, sometimes whooshing along, sometimes stuck in the odd narrative doldrum. But it is often surprisingly entertaining, and whatever clunkers he has delivered in the past, Ritchie again shows that a film-maker of his craft and energy commands attention, and part of his confidence in reviving King Arthur resides here in being so unselfconscious and unconcerned about the student canon that has gone before."[37]

text: In a pan of the film for the Chicago Tribune, Michael Phillips questioned the long-term longevity of the projected series of six Arthur films from Ritchie: "I'm no businessman, but plans for a six-film franchise may be optimistic. Optimism is nowhere to be found in Ritchie's movie itself. It is a grim and stupid thing, from one of the world's most successful mediocre filmmakers, and if Shakespeare's King Lear were blogging today, he'd supply the blurb quote: 'Nothing will come of nothing.'."[38] Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film one-and-a-half out of four stars, stating that despite the potential for a revisionist King Arthur story with "[t]he Ritchie sense of style", the overall problem is the film's lack of modulation: "Ritchie keeps rushing us along for two hours, as if to make absolutely certain that we never have time to absorb any character or moment, much less revel in the glorious, cheeky ridiculousness of the whole thing."[39]

text: Alissa Wilkinson of Vox writes that the film is "surprisingly good, and surprisingly political" in relation to the British withdrawal from the European Union, and "occasionally, it's even pretty great".[40]


document_title: Aldi

question_text: where was the first aldi store opened in australia

text: Aldi

text: History[edit]

text: The earliest roots of the company trace back to 1913, when the mother of Karl and Theo Albrecht opened a small store in a suburb of Essen.[8] Their father was employed as a miner and later as a baker's assistant. Karl Albrecht was born in 1920, Theo Albrecht in 1922. Theo Albrecht completed an apprenticeship in his mother's store, while Karl Albrecht worked in a delicatessen.

text: Karl Albrecht took over a food shop formerly run by F. W. Judt who already advertised that they were the "cheapest food source". Karl Albrecht served in the German Army during World War II. In 1946, the brothers took over their mother's business and soon opened another retail outlet nearby.[8] By 1950, the Albrecht brothers owned 13 stores in the Ruhr Valley.[citation needed]

text: The brothers' idea, which was new at the time, was to subtract the legal maximum rebate of 3% before sale. The market leaders at the time, which often were co-operatives, required their customers to collect rebate stamps, and to send them at regular intervals to reclaim their money. The Albrecht brothers also rigorously removed merchandise that did not sell from their shelves, cutting costs by neither advertising nor selling fresh produce, and keeping the size of their retail outlets small.[8]

text: When the brothers split the company in 1960 over a dispute whether they should sell cigarettes,[9] they owned 300 shops with a cash flow of DM90 million yearly. In 1962, they introduced the name Aldi—short for Albrecht-Diskont. Aldi Nord and Aldi Süd have been financially and legally separate since 1966, although both divisions' names may appear as if they were a single enterprise with certain store brands or when negotiating with contractor companies.

text: The individual groups were originally owned and managed jointly by the brothers. Karl Albrecht (d. 2014) retained ownership of Aldi Süd, and with a personal wealth of €17.2 billion, making him the richest man in Germany, while the co-owners of Aldi Nord, Berthold and Theo Albrecht Jr., close behind at €16 billion. Dieter Schwarz, owner of Lidl and Kaufland came in third, with a fortune of €11.5 billion.[10]

text: Aldi started to expand internationally in 1967, when Aldi Süd acquired the grocery chain Hofer in Austria;[11] Aldi Nord opened its first stores abroad in the Netherlands in 1973,[12] and other countries followed. In 1976, Aldi opened its first store in the United States in Iowa,[a] and, in 1979, Aldi Nord acquired Trader Joes.[8] After German reunification and the fall of the Iron Curtain, Aldi experienced a rapid expansion. The brothers retired as CEOs in 1993; control of the companies was placed in the hands of private family foundations, the Siepmann Foundation (Aldi Süd) and the Markus Foundation (Aldi Nord, Trader Joe's).[4]

text: Business organization[edit]

text: Germany[edit]

text: The Aldi Nord group currently consists of 35 independent regional branches with approximately 2,500 stores. Aldi Süd is made up of 31 companies with 1,600 stores. The border between their territories is commonly known as ″Aldi-Äquator″ (literally: Aldi equator)[14][15] and runs from the Rhine via Mülheim an der Ruhr, Wermelskirchen, Marburg, Siegen, and Gießen east to just north of Fulda.

text: The former East Germany is served by Aldi Nord, except for one Aldi Süd in Sonneberg, Thuringia, whose regional office is in Bavaria. The regional branches are organised as limited partnerships with a regional manager for each branch who reports directly to the head office in Essen (Aldi Nord) or Mülheim an der Ruhr (Aldi Süd).

text: In December 2002, a survey conducted by the German market research institute Forsa found 95% of blue-collar workers, 88% of white-collar workers, 84% of public servants, and 80% of self-employed Germans shop at Aldi.[16] One of Aldi's direct competitors internationally is Lidl.[citation needed]

text: Internationally[edit]

text: The Aldi group operates over 8,000 stores worldwide. Aldi Nord is responsible for its stores in Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Poland, Spain, Denmark, and Portugal, and also operates the Trader Joe's markets in the United States. Aldi Süd's responsibilities are in the United States (operating under the Aldi name), Austria and Slovenia (as Hofer), Great Britain, Ireland, Australia, and Switzerland. Aldi Süd's first Switzerland store opened in 2005, while it has operated in Hungary since 2007. Aldi Süd had invested an estimated €800m ($1bn; £670m) in Greece from November 2008 until pulling out on 31 December 2010.[17]

text: While Aldi Nord has renamed its Dutch and Belgian subsidiaries Combi and Lansa to the Aldi Markt/Aldi Marché brand, Aldi Süd tries to maintain a regional appearance, branding its stores Aldi Süd in Germany, Aldi Suisse in Switzerland, and Hofer in Austria and Slovenia.[18]

text: Aldi launched in Great Britain, on 5 April 1990, when it opened its first store there in Stechford, Birmingham, using the wholly owned English registered company of ALDI Stores Limited and Aldi sales in Britain grew consistently. In October 2013, Aldi opened the 300th store in Great Britain.[19] By 2017 Aldi had over 600 stores there, and was opening them at a rate of more than one a week with the aim of having a thousand stores by 2022.[20]

text: It was still a small player in Great Britain, with a grocery share of less than 3.6%, but its importance, along with that of continental no-frills competitor Lidl was growing, with half of shoppers in Great Britain visiting Lidl or Aldi over Christmas that year. Aldi opened stores in affluent locations, including Knutsford and Bury St Edmunds.[21]

text: In much of Australia, Aldi filled a void in the discount supermarket business that arose when the discount grocery chain Franklins went out of business. Aldi opened its first store in Sydney, 2001 and has grown rapidly since, maintaining a 12.6% market share as of early 2016.[22][23]

text: Aldi Süd expanded to the United States under the Aldi banner, having expanded throughout the Eastern and Midwestern U.S., mostly through organic expansion, though it did buy Bottom Dollar Food in late 2014 from Delhaize Group.[24] Aldi Süd revealed expansion plans in 2015 and expanded into the Southern California market, where Aldi Nord's Trader Joe's is based.[25] On 25 November 2016 Aldi Süd confirmed that it will expand to China in late 2017.[26]

text: Geographic distribution[edit]

text:
Country
Name
Aldi group
Since
Outlets

 Germany
Aldi
Nord
1961[7]
2,339[27]

Aldi
Süd
1962[28]
1,850[28]

 Australia
Aldi
Süd
2001
457[29]

 Austria
Hofer
Süd
1968
480[28]

 Belgium
Aldi
Nord
1973
449

 Denmark
Aldi
Nord
1977
220

 France
Aldi Marché
Nord
1988
899

 Hungary
Aldi
Süd
2008
100 [30]

 Ireland
Aldi
Süd
1999
111

 Luxembourg
Aldi
Nord
1990
12

 Netherlands
Aldi
Nord
1975
498

 Poland
Aldi
Nord
2008
113[31]

 Portugal
Aldi
Nord
2006
53

 Slovenia
Hofer
Süd
2005
80

 Spain
Aldi
Nord
2002
266[32]

  Switzerland
Aldi Suisse
Süd
2005
180[28]

 United Kingdom
Aldi UK
Süd
1990
726[33][34][35]

 United States
Aldi US
Süd
1976
1,600[36]

Trader Joe's
Nord
1979
418[37]

total number of Aldi Nord stores
4,843

total number of Trader Joe's stores
418

total number of Aldi Süd stores
5,105

combined total of Aldi stores
10,366

text: Business practices[edit]

text: Some Aldi practices are common in German supermarkets but largely unique to Aldi in other countries.[citation needed] These include the system of metal gates and turnstiles forcing customers to exit through the checkout, and charging customers for shopping bags. Until 2004, Aldi stores accepted only cash (since then, German stores have accepted domestic Girocard debit cards). Debit cards also are accepted in the United States, Great Britain, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Ireland, Australia, Slovenia, and Hungary. All 4 major credit cards are accepted in the United States as of 1 March 2016. Electronic Benefit Transfer cards are also accepted in the United States.[38]

text: Outside of Great Britain, United States and France, Aldi generally does not accept credit cards, though Aldi Australia accepts MasterCard and Visa for a 0.5% surcharge and Aldi Ireland accepts Visa and MasterCard with no surcharge. In the United States, as of February, 2016, Aldi accepts all four major credit cards (MasterCard, Visa, American Express and Discover Card), and from the beginning all credit cards "Carte Bleue" (Visa, American Express or MasterCard) in France due to the banking system in France where debit cards don't exist; before this, Aldi only accepted debit cards. Aldi has accepted Visa/MasterCard without surcharge throughout Great Britain from October 2014, which had previously been accepted only in Scotland,[39] and throughout Germany from September 2015.[40][41][42]

text: Aldi Suisse became one of the first companies to accept the Apple Pay contactless payment system in Switzerland on 7 July 2016.[43][44]

text: In-store layout[edit]

text: Aldi specialises in staple items, such as food, beverages, toilet paper, sanitary articles, and other inexpensive household items. Many of its products are own brands, with the number of other brands usually limited to a maximum of two for a given item. This increases sales for each article, and lets Aldi shops be smaller than stores with more brand choice. This practice let Aldi avoid price tags, even before the introduction of barcode scanners. On many of its own brands, if feasible, Aldi will place multiple barcodes on products to speed the check out process.

text: Branded products carried include HARIBO in Germany, Knoppers in Belgium and France, Marmite and Branston Pickle in Great Britain; and Vegemite and Milo in Australia. In the United States, major brand-name products, such as Oscar Mayer bacon, sometimes are offered as a 'special purchase': name-brand items that Aldi has received at a special price from the vendor and can offer for a reduced price. Unlike most shops, Aldi does not accept manufacturers' coupons, although some US stores successfully experimented with store coupons (e.g. $10 off a $25 purchase).

text: In addition to its standard assortment, Aldi has weekly special offers, some of them on more expensive products such as electronics, tools, appliances, or computers, usually from in-house electronics brand Medion. Discount items can include clothing, toys, flowers, and gifts. Specials have strict limits on quantities, and are for one week. Aldi's early computer offers in Germany (such as a Commodore 64 in 1987) resulted in those products selling out in a few hours.[45]

text: Aldi is the largest wine retailer in Germany.[46] Some Australian stores now sell alcoholic beverages. Some US stores also sell alcoholic beverages (mainly beer and wine) where permitted by local state laws.

text: Aldi mainly sells exclusively produced, custom-branded products (often identical to and produced by major brands[47]) with brand names including Grandessa and Fit & Active.

text: Advertising policy[edit]

text: Aldi has a policy in Germany of not advertising, apart from a weekly newsletter of special prices called "Aldi informs" that is distributed in stores and by direct mail and often printed in local newspapers. It claims this is a cost saving that can be passed on to consumers. In Germany, Aldi has never used an external advertising agency.[16]

text: In the United States, it advertises in newspapers and on television, as well as print ads distributed in stores, and via the Internet.

text: In Great Britain, print and television ads have appeared since May 2005.

text: In Australia, television advertising is common and the current ads are listed on the Australian website.[48]

text: Logos and branding[edit]

text: The two stores Nord and Süd have distinct logos with Nord displaying the entire 'A' for ALDI while Süd unveiled a logo in 1982 which displays only half. In 2006, ALDI Süd modified the logo slightly and then in March 2017, unveiled a new logo which removed the blue box line around the artistic 'A' and revealed a more rounded, 3D look for the logo as well as a new font for the word 'ALDI', further differentiating it from the ALDI Nord logo which had shared the same font for the brand until then.[49][50]

text: Reputation[edit]

text: Originally, Aldi shops were often ridiculed as being cheap shops selling low-quality goods, whose customers could not afford to shop elsewhere.[51]

text: In the United Kingdom, Aldi has won Supermarket of the Year two years in a row (2012/13),[52] and in 2013, Aldi won the Grocer of the Year Award.[53] However, in February 2015, Aldi narrowly lost to Waitrose for the title of Supermarket of the Year 2015. In April 2015, Aldi overtook Waitrose to become the United Kingdom's sixth-largest supermarket chain.[54] In February 2017, Aldi overtook Co-op to become the United Kingdom's fifth largest supermarket chain. [55]

text: In the United States, due to the relatively low staffing of Aldi locations compared to other supermarket chains, Aldi has a reputation of starting employees out at significantly higher than minimum wage, unusual among American supermarkets.[56][57]

text: In Ireland, Aldi has been accused of a "lack of corporate responsibility" to their farmer suppliers by the Irish Farmers' Association.[58]

text: Subsidiaries and joint ventures[edit]

text: Aldi Talk[edit]

text: Aldi has a mobile virtual network operator in Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands, called Aldi Talk. Aldi also operates a similar network in Australia using Telstra's 4G network, called Aldimobile.[59]

text: Aldi Liquor[edit]

text: Aldi sells low cost liquor from its liquor stores. Until March 2016, Aldi had a liquor website serving the east coast of Australia. This has now been closed down, citing it wishes to focus on expanding the supermarket chain across Australia.

text: Diskont[edit]

text: In Austria through its subsidiary Hofer, Aldi has a joint venture with the local petrol retailer Free Energy (FE) Trading GmbH, to create some no frills petrol stations called Diskont.[60] The 66 stations are on or nearby the stores, providing self-serve unleaded or diesel fuel by card-operated pumps. These have been in operation since 2009.

text: Criticism[edit]

text: In May 2004, German Aldi stores sold garden furniture made of Indonesian Meranti wood. Because it was not able to show that it was sourced legally (70% of Indonesian timber is illegally logged), environmental organisations pressured Aldi to stop selling the furniture.[61] Within days Aldi announced that all of the timber used in its products would bear the FSC certificate, which promotes sustainable forestry.[62]

text: In January 2013, Aldi Germany was caught up in the horse meat scandal along with Tesco and others.[63] On 8 February 2013, the store group admitted that some of its frozen lasagne and spaghetti bolognese products contained 30%–100% horse meat rather than the advertised beef and that it had terminated its relationship with the supplier responsible for the adulterated product.[64]

text: In January 2014, following a mislabelling of turkey meat as halal, Aldi apologised and said, "Aldi does not label any products as halal-certified".[65] In May 2015, Aldi apologised again after it sold pork products labelled as halal.[66][67]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Aldi purchased the Iowa's Benner Tea chain and opened its first United States store at Burlington in 1976.[13]

tag: ol