document_title: Mary, Queen of Scots

question_text: how old was mary queen of scots when she took the throne

text: Mary, Queen of Scots

text: Childhood and early reign[edit]

text: Mary was born on 8 December 1542 at Linlithgow Palace, Scotland, to King James V and his French second wife, Mary of Guise. She was said to have been born prematurely and was the only legitimate child of James to survive him.[4] She was the great-niece of King Henry VIII of England, as her paternal grandmother, Margaret Tudor, was Henry VIII's sister. On 14 December, six days after her birth, she became Queen of Scotland when her father died, perhaps from the effects of a nervous collapse following the Battle of Solway Moss,[5] or from drinking contaminated water while on campaign.[6]

text: A popular legend, first recorded by John Knox, states that James, hearing on his deathbed that his wife had given birth to a daughter, ruefully exclaimed, "It cam wi' a lass and it will gang wi' a lass!"[7] His House of Stuart had gained the throne of Scotland by the marriage of Marjorie Bruce, daughter of Robert the Bruce, to Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland. The crown had come to his family through a woman, and would be lost from his family through a woman. This legendary statement came true much later—not through Mary, but through her descendant Queen Anne.[8]

text: Mary was baptised at the nearby Church of St Michael shortly after she was born.[9] Rumours spread that she was weak and frail,[10] but an English diplomat, Ralph Sadler, saw the infant at Linlithgow Palace in March 1543, unwrapped by her nurse, and wrote, "it is as goodly a child as I have seen of her age, and as like to live."[11]

text: As Mary was an infant when she inherited the throne, Scotland was ruled by regents until she became an adult. From the outset, there were two claims to the regency: one from Catholic Cardinal Beaton, and the other from the Protestant Earl of Arran, who was next in line to the throne. Beaton's claim was based on a version of the king's will that his opponents dismissed as a forgery.[12] Arran, with the support of his friends and relations, became the regent until 1554 when Mary's mother managed to remove and succeed him.[13]

text: Treaty of Greenwich[edit]

text: King Henry VIII of England took the opportunity of the regency to propose marriage between Mary and his own son and heir, Edward, hoping for a union of Scotland and England. On 1 July 1543, when Mary was six months old, the Treaty of Greenwich was signed, which promised that at the age of ten Mary would marry Edward and move to England, where Henry could oversee her upbringing.[14] The treaty provided that the two countries would remain legally separate and that if the couple should fail to have children the temporary union would dissolve.[15] However, Cardinal Beaton rose to power again and began to push a pro-Catholic pro-French agenda, which angered Henry, who wanted to break the Scottish alliance with France.[16] Beaton wanted to move Mary away from the coast to the safety of Stirling Castle. Regent Arran resisted the move, but backed down when Beaton's armed supporters gathered at Linlithgow.[17] The Earl of Lennox escorted Mary and her mother to Stirling on 27 July 1543 with 3,500 armed men.[18] Mary was crowned in the castle chapel on 9 September 1543,[19] with "such solemnity as they do use in this country, which is not very costly" according to the report of Ralph Sadler and Henry Ray.[20]

text: Shortly before Mary's coronation, Scottish merchants headed for France were arrested by Henry, and their goods impounded. The arrests caused anger in Scotland, and Arran joined Beaton and became a Catholic.[21] The Treaty of Greenwich was rejected by the Parliament of Scotland in December.[22] The rejection of the marriage treaty and the renewal of the Auld Alliance between France and Scotland prompted Henry's "Rough Wooing", a military campaign designed to impose the marriage of Mary to his son. English forces mounted a series of raids on Scottish and French territory.[23] In May 1544, the English Earl of Hertford (later Duke of Somerset) raided Edinburgh, and the Scots took Mary to Dunkeld for safety.[24]

text: In May 1546, Beaton was murdered by Protestant lairds,[25] and on 10 September 1547, nine months after the death of Henry VIII, the Scots suffered a heavy defeat at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh. Mary's guardians, fearful for her safety, sent her to Inchmahome Priory for no more than three weeks, and turned to the French for help.[26]

text: The French king, Henry II, proposed to unite France and Scotland by marrying the young queen to his three-year-old son, the Dauphin Francis. On the promise of French military help, and a French dukedom for himself, Arran agreed to the marriage.[27] In February 1548, Mary was moved, again for her safety, to Dumbarton Castle.[28] The English left a trail of devastation behind once more and seized the strategic town of Haddington. In June, the much awaited French help arrived at Leith to besiege and ultimately take Haddington. On 7 July 1548, a Scottish Parliament held at a nunnery near the town agreed to a French marriage treaty.[29]

text: Life in France[edit]

text: With her marriage agreement in place, five-year-old Mary was sent to France to spend the next thirteen years at the French court. The French fleet sent by Henry II, commanded by Nicolas de Villegagnon, sailed with Mary from Dumbarton on 7 August 1548 and arrived a week or more later at Roscoff or Saint-Pol-de-Léon in Brittany.[30]

text: Mary was accompanied by her own court including two illegitimate half-brothers, and the "four Marys", four girls her own age, all named Mary, who were the daughters of some of the noblest families in Scotland: Beaton, Seton, Fleming, and Livingston.[31] Janet, Lady Fleming, who was Mary Fleming's mother and James V's half-sister, was appointed governess.[32]

text: Vivacious, beautiful, and clever (according to contemporary accounts), Mary had a promising childhood.[33] At the French court, she was a favourite with everyone, except Henry II's wife Catherine de' Medici.[34] Mary learned to play lute and virginals, was competent in prose, poetry, horsemanship, falconry and needlework, and was taught French, Italian, Latin, Spanish, and Greek, in addition to speaking her native Scots.[35] Her future sister-in-law, Elisabeth of Valois, became a close friend of whom Mary "retained nostalgic memories in later life".[36] Her maternal grandmother, Antoinette de Bourbon, was another strong influence on her childhood,[37] and acted as one of her principal advisors.[38]

text: Portraits of Mary show that she had a small, oval-shaped head, a long, graceful neck, bright auburn hair, hazel-brown eyes, under heavy lowered eyelids and finely arched brows, smooth pale skin, a high forehead, and regular, firm features. She was considered a pretty child and later, as a woman, strikingly attractive.[39] At some point in her infancy or childhood, she caught smallpox, but it did not mark her features.[40]

text: Mary was eloquent and especially tall by sixteenth-century standards (she attained an adult height of 5 feet 11 inches or 1.80 m),[41] while Henry II's son and heir, Francis, stuttered and was abnormally short. Henry commented that "from the very first day they met, my son and she got on as well together as if they had known each other for a long time".[42] On 4 April 1558, Mary signed a secret agreement bequeathing Scotland and her claim to England to the French crown if she died without issue.[43] Twenty days later, she married the Dauphin at Notre Dame de Paris, and he became king consort of Scotland.[44][45]

text: Claim to the English throne[edit]

text: In November 1558, Henry VIII's elder daughter, Mary I of England, was succeeded by her only surviving sibling, Elizabeth I. Under the Third Succession Act, passed in 1543 by the Parliament of England, Elizabeth was recognised as her sister's heir, and Henry VIII's last will and testament had excluded the Stuarts from succeeding to the English throne. Yet, in the eyes of many Catholics, Elizabeth was illegitimate, and Mary Stuart, as the senior descendant of Henry VIII's elder sister, was the rightful queen of England.[46] Henry II of France proclaimed his eldest son and daughter-in-law king and queen of England, and in France the royal arms of England were quartered with those of Francis and Mary.[47] Mary's claim to the English throne was a perennial sticking point between her and Elizabeth I.[48]

text: When Henry II died on 10 July 1559 from injuries sustained in a joust, fifteen-year-old Francis and sixteen-year-old Mary became king and queen of France.[49] Two of the Queen's uncles, the Duke of Guise and the Cardinal of Lorraine, were now dominant in French politics,[50] enjoying an ascendancy called by some historians la tyrannie Guisienne.[51]

text: In Scotland, the power of the Protestant Lords of the Congregation was rising at the expense of Mary's mother, who maintained effective control only through the use of French troops.[52] The Protestant Lords invited English troops into Scotland in an attempt to secure Protestantism, and a Huguenot rising in France, called the Tumult of Amboise, in March 1560 made it impossible for the French to send further support.[53] Instead, the Guise brothers sent ambassadors to negotiate a settlement.[54] On 11 June 1560, their sister (Mary's mother) died, and so the question of future Franco-Scots relations was a pressing one. Under the terms of the Treaty of Edinburgh, signed by Mary's representatives on 6 July 1560, France and England undertook to withdraw troops from Scotland and France recognised Elizabeth's right to rule England. However, the seventeen-year-old Mary, still in France and grieving for her mother, refused to ratify the treaty.[55]

text: Return to Scotland[edit]

text: King Francis II died on 5 December 1560, of a middle ear infection that led to an abscess in his brain. Mary was grief-stricken.[57] Her mother-in-law, Catherine de' Medici, became regent for the late king's ten-year-old brother Charles IX, who inherited the French throne.[58] Mary returned to Scotland nine months later, arriving in Leith on 19 August 1561.[59] Having lived in France since the age of five, Mary had little direct experience of the dangerous and complex political situation in Scotland.[60] As a devout Catholic, she was regarded with suspicion by many of her subjects, as well as by the Queen of England.[61] Scotland was torn between Catholic and Protestant factions, and Mary's illegitimate half-brother, the Earl of Moray, was a leader of the Protestants.[62] The Protestant reformer John Knox preached against Mary, condemning her for hearing Mass, dancing, and dressing too elaborately.[63] She summoned him to her presence to remonstrate with him unsuccessfully, and later charged him with treason, but he was acquitted and released.[64]

text: To the disappointment of the Catholic party, however, Mary tolerated the newly established Protestant ascendancy,[65] and kept her half-brother Lord Moray as her chief advisor.[66] Her privy council of 16 men, appointed on 6 September 1561, retained those who already held the offices of state and was dominated by the Protestant leaders from the reformation crisis of 1559–1560: the Earls of Argyll, Glencairn, and Moray. Only four of the councillors were Catholic: the Earls of Atholl, Erroll, Montrose, and Huntly, who was Lord Chancellor.[67] Modern historian Jenny Wormald found this remarkable, suggesting that Mary's failure to appoint a council sympathetic to Catholic and French interests was an indication of her focus on the goal of the English throne over the internal problems of Scotland. Even the one significant later addition to the council, Lord Ruthven in December 1563, was another Protestant whom Mary personally disliked.[68] In this, she was acknowledging her lack of effective military power in the face of the Protestant lords, while also following a policy that strengthened her links with England. She joined with Lord Moray in the destruction of Scotland's leading Catholic magnate, Lord Huntly, in 1562 after he led a rebellion in the Highlands against her.[69]

text: Mary sent William Maitland of Lethington as an ambassador to the English court to put the case for Mary as the heir presumptive to the English throne. Elizabeth refused to name a potential heir, fearing that to do so would invite conspiracy to displace her with the nominated successor.[70] However, Elizabeth assured Maitland that she knew no one with a better claim than Mary.[71] In late 1561 and early 1562, arrangements were made for the two queens to meet in England at York or Nottingham in August or September 1562, but Elizabeth sent Sir Henry Sidney to cancel in July because of the civil war in France.[72]

text: Mary turned her attention to finding a new husband from the royalty of Europe. However, when her uncle, the Cardinal of Lorraine, began negotiations with Archduke Charles of Austria without her consent, she angrily objected and the negotiations foundered.[73] Her own attempt to negotiate a marriage to Don Carlos, the mentally unstable heir apparent of King Philip II of Spain, was rebuffed by Philip.[74] Elizabeth attempted to neutralise Mary by suggesting that she marry English Protestant Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester (Sir Henry Sidney's brother-in-law and the English queen's own favourite), whom Elizabeth trusted and thought she could control.[75] She sent an ambassador, Thomas Randolph, to tell Mary that if she would marry an English nobleman, Elizabeth would "proceed to the inquisition of her right and title to be our next cousin and heir".[76] The proposal came to nothing, not least because the intended bridegroom was unwilling.[77]

text: In contrast, a French poet at Mary's court, Pierre de Boscosel de Chastelard, was apparently besotted by Mary.[78] In early 1563, he was discovered during a security search hidden underneath her bed, apparently planning to surprise her when she was alone and declare his love for her. Mary was horrified and banished him from Scotland. He ignored the edict, and two days later he forced his way into her chamber as she was about to disrobe. She reacted with fury and fear, and when Moray rushed into the room, in reaction to her cries for help, she shouted, "Thrust your dagger into the villain!", which Moray refused to do, as Chastelard was already under restraint. Chastelard was tried for treason, and beheaded.[79] Maitland claimed that Chastelard's ardour was feigned, and that he was part of a Huguenot plot to discredit Mary by tarnishing her reputation.[80]

text: Marriage to Lord Darnley[edit]

text: Mary had briefly met her English-born first cousin Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, in February 1561 when she was in mourning for Francis. Darnley's parents, the Earl and Countess of Lennox, who were Scottish aristocrats as well as English landowners, had sent him to France ostensibly to extend their condolences while hoping for a potential match between their son and Mary.[81] Both Mary and Darnley were grandchildren of Margaret Tudor, sister of Henry VIII of England, and patrilineal descendants of the High Stewards of Scotland. Darnley shared a more recent Stewart lineage with the Hamilton family as a descendant of Mary Stewart, Countess of Arran, a daughter of James II of Scotland. They next met on Saturday 17 February 1565 at Wemyss Castle in Scotland,[82] after which Mary fell in love with the "long lad" (as Queen Elizabeth called him—he was over six feet tall).[83] They married at Holyrood Palace on 29 July 1565, even though both were Catholic and a papal dispensation for the marriage of first cousins had not been obtained.[84][85]

text: English statesmen William Cecil and the Earl of Leicester had worked to obtain Darnley's licence to travel to Scotland from his home in England.[86] Although her advisors had thus brought the couple together, Elizabeth felt threatened by the marriage, because as descendants of her aunt, both Mary and Darnley were claimants to the English throne[87] and their children, if any, would inherit an even stronger, combined claim.[88] However, Mary's insistence on the marriage seems to have stemmed from passion rather than calculation. The English ambassador Nicholas Throckmorton stated "the saying is that surely she [Queen Mary] is bewitched",[89] adding that the marriage could only be averted "by violence".[90] The union infuriated Elizabeth, who felt the marriage should not have gone ahead without her permission, as Darnley was both her cousin and an English subject.[91]

text: Mary's marriage to a leading Catholic precipitated Mary's half-brother, the Earl of Moray, to join with other Protestant lords, including Lords Argyll and Glencairn, in open rebellion.[92] Mary set out from Edinburgh on 26 August 1565 to confront them, and on the 30th Moray entered Edinburgh, but left soon afterward having failed to take the castle. Mary returned to Edinburgh the following month to raise more troops.[93] In what became known as the Chaseabout Raid, Mary and her forces and Moray and the rebellious lords roamed around Scotland without ever engaging in direct combat. Mary's numbers were boosted by the release and restoration to favour of Lord Huntly's son, and the return of James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, from exile in France.[94] Unable to muster sufficient support, Moray left Scotland in October for asylum in England.[95] Mary broadened her privy council, bringing in both Catholics (Bishop of Ross John Lesley and provost of Edinburgh Simon Preston of Craigmillar) and Protestants (the new Lord Huntly, Bishop of Galloway Alexander Gordon, John Maxwell of Terregles and Sir James Balfour).[96]

text: Before long, Darnley grew arrogant. Not content with his position as king consort, he demanded the Crown Matrimonial, which would have made him a co-sovereign of Scotland with the right to keep the Scottish throne for himself if he outlived his wife.[97] Mary refused his request, and their marriage grew strained even though they conceived by October 1565. He was jealous of her friendship with her Catholic private secretary, David Rizzio, who was rumoured to be the father of her child.[98] By March 1566, Darnley had entered into a secret conspiracy with Protestant lords, including the nobles who had rebelled against Mary in the Chaseabout Raid.[99] On 9 March, a group of the conspirators, accompanied by Darnley, murdered Rizzio in front of the pregnant Mary at a dinner party in Holyrood Palace.[100] Over the next two days, a disillusioned Darnley switched sides, and Mary received Moray at Holyrood.[101] On the night of 11–12 March, Darnley and Mary escaped from the palace and took temporary refuge in Dunbar Castle before returning to Edinburgh on 18 March.[102] The former rebels Lords Moray, Argyll and Glencairn were restored to the council.[103]

text: Murder of Darnley[edit]

text: Mary's son by Darnley, James, was born on 19 June 1566 in Edinburgh Castle, but the murder of Rizzio led inevitably to the breakdown of her marriage.[104] In October 1566, while staying at Jedburgh in the Scottish Borders, Mary made a journey on horseback of at least four hours each way to visit the Earl of Bothwell at Hermitage Castle, where he lay ill from wounds sustained in a skirmish with border reivers.[105] The ride was later used as evidence by Mary's enemies that the two were lovers, though no suspicions were voiced at the time and Mary had been accompanied by her councillors and guards.[106] Immediately after her return to Jedburgh, she suffered a serious illness that included frequent vomiting, loss of sight, loss of speech, convulsions and periods of unconsciousness. She was thought to be near death or dying. Her recovery from 25 October onwards was credited to the skill of her French physicians.[107] The cause of her illness is unknown; diagnoses include physical exhaustion and mental stress,[108] haemorrhage of a gastric ulcer,[109] and porphyria.[110]

text: At Craigmillar Castle, near Edinburgh, at the end of November 1566, Mary and leading nobles held a meeting to discuss the "problem of Darnley".[111] Divorce was discussed, but a bond was probably sworn between the lords present to remove Darnley by other means:[112] "It was thought expedient and most profitable for the common wealth ... that such a young fool and proud tyrant should not reign or bear rule over them; ... that he should be put off by one way or another; and whosoever should take the deed in hand or do it, they should defend."[113] Darnley feared for his safety, and after the baptism of his son at Stirling shortly before Christmas he went to Glasgow to stay on his father's estates.[114] At the start of the journey, he was afflicted by a fever, possibly smallpox, syphilis, or the result of poison, and he remained ill for some weeks.[115]

text: In late January 1567, Mary prompted her husband to return to Edinburgh. He recuperated from his illness in a house belonging to the brother of Sir James Balfour at the former abbey of Kirk o' Field, just within the city wall.[116] Mary visited him daily, so that it appeared a reconciliation was in progress.[117] On the night of 9–10 February 1567, Mary visited her husband in the early evening and then attended the wedding celebrations of a member of her household, Bastian Pagez.[118] In the early hours of the morning, an explosion devastated Kirk o' Field, and Darnley was found dead in the garden, apparently smothered.[119] There were no visible marks of strangulation or violence on the body.[120][121] Bothwell, Moray, Secretary Maitland, the Earl of Morton and Mary herself were among those who came under suspicion.[122] Elizabeth wrote to Mary of the rumours, "I should ill fulfil the office of a faithful cousin or an affectionate friend if I did not ... tell you what all the world is thinking. Men say that, instead of seizing the murderers, you are looking through your fingers while they escape; that you will not seek revenge on those who have done you so much pleasure, as though the deed would never have taken place had not the doers of it been assured of impunity. For myself, I beg you to believe that I would not harbour such a thought."[123]

text: By the end of February, Bothwell was generally believed to be guilty of Darnley's assassination.[124] Lennox, Darnley's father, demanded that Bothwell be tried before the Estates of Parliament, to which Mary agreed, but Lennox's request for a delay to gather evidence was denied. In the absence of Lennox, and with no evidence presented, Bothwell was acquitted after a seven-hour trial on 12 April.[125] A week later, Bothwell managed to convince more than two dozen lords and bishops to sign the Ainslie Tavern Bond, in which they agreed to support his aim to marry the queen.[126]

text: Imprisonment in Scotland and abdication[edit]

text: Between 21 and 23 April 1567, Mary visited her son at Stirling for the last time. On her way back to Edinburgh on 24 April, Mary was abducted, willingly or not, by Lord Bothwell and his men and taken to Dunbar Castle, where he may have raped her.[127] On 6 May, Mary and Bothwell returned to Edinburgh and on 15 May, at either Holyrood Palace or Holyrood Abbey, they were married according to Protestant rites.[128] Bothwell and his first wife, Jean Gordon, who was the sister of Lord Huntly, had divorced twelve days previously.[129]

text: Originally Mary believed that many nobles supported her marriage, but things soon turned sour between the newly elevated Bothwell (created Duke of Orkney) and his former peers, and the marriage proved to be deeply unpopular. Catholics considered the marriage unlawful, since they did not recognise Bothwell's divorce or the validity of the Protestant service. Both Protestants and Catholics were shocked that Mary should marry the man accused of murdering her husband.[130] The marriage was tempestuous, and Mary became despondent.[131] Twenty-six Scottish peers, known as the confederate lords, turned against Mary and Bothwell, raising an army against them. Mary and Bothwell confronted the lords at Carberry Hill on 15 June, but there was no battle as Mary's forces dwindled away through desertion during negotiations.[132] Bothwell was given safe passage from the field, and the lords took Mary to Edinburgh, where crowds of spectators denounced her as an adulteress and murderer.[133] The following night, she was imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle, on an island in the middle of Loch Leven.[134] Between 20 and 23 July, Mary miscarried twins.[135] On 24 July, she was forced to abdicate in favour of her one-year-old son James.[136] Moray was made regent,[137] while Bothwell was driven into exile. He was imprisoned in Denmark, became insane and died in 1578.[138]

text: Escape and imprisonment in England[edit]

text: On 2 May 1568, Mary escaped from Loch Leven Castle with the aid of George Douglas, brother of Sir William Douglas, the castle's owner.[139] Managing to raise an army of 6,000 men, she met Moray's smaller forces at the Battle of Langside on 13 May.[140] Defeated, she fled south; after spending the night at Dundrennan Abbey, she crossed the Solway Firth into England by fishing boat on 16 May.[141] She landed at Workington in Cumberland in the north of England and stayed overnight at Workington Hall.[142] On 18 May, local officials took her into protective custody at Carlisle Castle.[143]

text: Mary apparently expected Elizabeth to help her regain her throne.[144] Elizabeth was cautious, ordering an inquiry into the conduct of the confederate lords and the question of whether Mary was guilty of Darnley's murder.[145] In mid-July 1568, English authorities moved Mary to Bolton Castle, because it was further from the Scottish border but not too close to London.[146] A commission of inquiry, or conference as it was known, was held in York and later Westminster between October 1568 and January 1569.[147] In Scotland, her supporters fought a civil war against Regent Moray and his successors.[148]

text: Casket letters[edit]

text: As an anointed queen, Mary refused to acknowledge the power of any court to try her and refused to attend the inquiry at York personally (she sent representatives), but Elizabeth forbade her attendance anyway.[149] As evidence against Mary, Moray presented the so-called casket letters[150]—eight unsigned letters purportedly from Mary to Bothwell, two marriage contracts, and a love sonnet or sonnets said to have been found in a silver-gilt casket just less than one foot (30 cm) long, decorated with the monogram of King Francis II.[151] Mary denied writing them, arguing that her handwriting was not difficult to imitate,[152] and insisted they were forgeries.[153] They are widely believed to be crucial as to whether Mary shares the guilt for Darnley's murder.[154] The chair of the commission of inquiry, the Duke of Norfolk, described them as horrible letters and diverse fond ballads, and sent copies to Elizabeth, saying that if they were genuine they might prove Mary's guilt.[155]

text: The authenticity of the casket letters has been the source of much controversy among historians. It is impossible now to prove either way. The originals, written in French, were probably destroyed in 1584 by Mary's son.[156] The surviving copies, in French or translated into English, do not form a complete set. There are incomplete printed transcriptions in English, Scots, French, and Latin from the 1570s.[157] Other documents scrutinised included Bothwell's divorce from Jean Gordon. Moray had sent a messenger in September to Dunbar to get a copy of the proceedings from the town's registers.[158]

text: Mary's biographers, such as Antonia Fraser, Alison Weir, and John Guy, have come to the conclusion that either the documents were complete forgeries,[159] or incriminating passages were inserted into genuine letters,[160] or that the letters were written to Bothwell by some other person or by Mary to some other person.[161] Guy points out that the letters are disjointed, and that the French language and grammar employed in the sonnets are too poor for a writer with Mary's education.[162] However, certain phrases of the letters (including verses in the style of Ronsard) and certain characteristics of style would be compatible with known writings of Mary.[163]

text: The casket letters did not appear publicly until the Conference of 1568, although the Scottish privy council had seen them by December 1567.[164] Mary had been forced to abdicate and held captive for the best part of a year in Scotland. The letters were never made public to support her imprisonment and forced abdication. Historian Jenny Wormald believes this reluctance on the part of the Scots to produce the letters, and their destruction in 1584, whatever their content, constitute proof that they contained real evidence against Mary,[165] whereas Weir thinks it demonstrates the lords required time to fabricate them.[166] At least some of Mary's contemporaries who saw the letters had no doubt that they were genuine. Among them was the Duke of Norfolk,[167] who secretly conspired to marry Mary in the course of the commission, although he denied it when Elizabeth alluded to his marriage plans, saying "he meant never to marry with a person, where he could not be sure of his pillow".[168]

text: The majority of the commissioners accepted the casket letters as genuine after a study of their contents and comparison of the penmanship with examples of Mary's handwriting.[169] Elizabeth, as she had wished, concluded the inquiry with a verdict that nothing was proven, either against the confederate lords or Mary.[170] For overriding political reasons, Elizabeth wished neither to convict nor acquit Mary of murder, and there was never any intention to proceed judicially; the conference was intended as a political exercise. In the end, Moray returned to Scotland as its regent, and Mary remained in custody in England. Elizabeth had succeeded in maintaining a Protestant government in Scotland, without either condemning or releasing her fellow sovereign.[171] In Fraser's opinion, it was one of the strangest "trials" in legal history, ending with no finding of guilt against either party with one let home to Scotland while the other remained in custody.[172]

text: Plots[edit]

text: On 26 January 1569, Mary was moved to Tutbury Castle[175] and placed in the custody of the Earl of Shrewsbury and his formidable wife Bess of Hardwick.[176] Elizabeth considered Mary's designs on the English throne to be a serious threat and so confined her to Shrewsbury's properties, including Tutbury, Sheffield Castle, Wingfield Manor and Chatsworth House,[177] all located in the interior of England halfway between Scotland and London, and distant from the sea.[178] Mary was permitted her own domestic staff, which never numbered fewer than sixteen,[179] and needed thirty carts to transport her belongings from house to house.[180] Her chambers were decorated with fine tapestries and carpets as well as her cloth of state on which she had the French phrase En ma fin est mon commencement ("In my end lies my beginning") embroidered.[181] Her bedlinen was changed daily,[182] and her own chefs prepared meals with a choice of thirty-two dishes served on silver plates.[183] She was occasionally allowed outside under strict supervision,[184] spent seven summers at the spa town of Buxton, and spent much of her time doing embroidery.[185] Her health declined, perhaps through porphyria or lack of exercise, and by the 1580s she had severe rheumatism in her limbs, rendering her lame.[186]

text: In May 1569, Elizabeth attempted to mediate the restoration of Mary in return for guarantees of the Protestant religion, but a convention held at Perth rejected the deal overwhelmingly.[187] Norfolk continued to scheme for a marriage with Mary, and Elizabeth imprisoned him in the Tower of London between October 1569 and August 1570.[188] Early the following year, Moray was assassinated. Moray's death coincided with a rebellion in the North of England, led by Catholic earls, which persuaded Elizabeth that Mary was a threat. English troops intervened in the Scottish civil war, consolidating the power of the anti-Marian forces.[189] Elizabeth's principal secretaries Sir Francis Walsingham and William Cecil, Lord Burghley, watched Mary carefully with the aid of spies placed in Mary's household.[190]

text: In 1571, Cecil and Walsingham uncovered the Ridolfi Plot, which was a plan to replace Elizabeth with Mary with the help of Spanish troops and the Duke of Norfolk. Norfolk was executed, and the English Parliament introduced a bill barring Mary from the throne, to which Elizabeth refused to give royal assent.[191] To discredit Mary, the casket letters were published in London.[192] Plots centred on Mary continued. Pope Gregory XIII endorsed one plan in the latter half of the 1570s to marry her to the governor of the Low Countries and half-brother of Philip II of Spain, Don John of Austria, who was supposed to organise the invasion of England from the Spanish Netherlands.[193] After the Throckmorton Plot of 1583, Walsingham introduced the Bond of Association and the Act for the Queen's Safety, which sanctioned the killing of anyone who plotted against Elizabeth and aimed to prevent a putative successor from profiting from her murder.[194]

text: In 1584, Mary proposed an "Association" with her son, James. She announced that she was ready to stay in England, to renounce the Pope's bull of excommunication and to retire, abandoning her pretensions to the English Crown. She also offered to join an offensive league against France. For Scotland, she proposed a general amnesty, agreed that James should marry with Elizabeth's knowledge and agreed that there should be no change in religion. Her only condition was the immediate alleviation of the conditions of her captivity. James went along with the idea for a while but then rejected it and signed an alliance treaty with Elizabeth, abandoning his mother.[195] Elizabeth also rejected the Association because she did not trust Mary to cease plotting against her during the negotiations.[196]

text: In February 1585, William Parry was convicted of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth, without Mary's knowledge, though her agent Thomas Morgan was implicated.[197] In April, Mary was placed in the stricter custody of Sir Amias Paulet,[198] and at Christmas she was moved to a moated manor house at Chartley.[199]

text: Death[edit]

text: Trial[edit]

text: On 11 August 1586, after being implicated in the Babington Plot, Mary was arrested while out riding and taken to Tixall.[200] In a successful attempt to entrap her, Walsingham had deliberately arranged for Mary's letters to be smuggled out of Chartley. Mary was misled into thinking her letters were secure, while in reality they were deciphered and read by Walsingham.[201] From these letters it was clear that Mary had sanctioned the attempted assassination of Elizabeth.[202] She was moved to Fotheringhay Castle in a four-day journey ending on 25 September, and in October was put on trial for treason under the Act for the Queen's Safety before a court of 36 noblemen,[203] including Cecil, Shrewsbury, and Walsingham.[204][205] Spirited in her defence, Mary denied the charges.[206] She told her triers, "Look to your consciences and remember that the theatre of the whole world is wider than the kingdom of England".[207] She protested that she had been denied the opportunity to review the evidence, that her papers had been removed from her, that she was denied access to legal counsel and that as a foreign anointed queen she had never been an English subject and thus could not be convicted of treason.[208]

text: Mary was convicted on 25 October and sentenced to death with only one commissioner, Lord Zouche, expressing any form of dissent.[209] Nevertheless, Elizabeth hesitated to order her execution, even in the face of pressure from the English Parliament to carry out the sentence. She was concerned that the killing of a queen set a discreditable precedent and was fearful of the consequences, especially if, in retaliation, Mary's son, James, formed an alliance with the Catholic powers and invaded England.[210] Elizabeth asked Paulet, Mary's final custodian, if he would contrive a clandestine way to "shorten the life" of Mary, which he refused to do on the grounds that he would not make "a shipwreck of my conscience, or leave so great a blot on my poor posterity".[211] On 1 February 1587, Elizabeth signed the death warrant, and entrusted it to William Davison, a privy councillor.[212] On 3 February,[213] ten members of the Privy Council of England, having been summoned by Cecil without Elizabeth's knowledge, decided to carry out the sentence at once.[214]

text: Execution[edit]

text: At Fotheringhay on the evening of 7 February 1587, Mary was told that she was to be executed the next morning.[215] She spent the last hours of her life in prayer, distributing her belongings to her household, and writing her will and a letter to the King of France.[216] The scaffold that was erected in the Great Hall was two feet high and draped in black. It was reached by two or three steps and furnished with the block, a cushion for her to kneel on and three stools, for her and the earls of Shrewsbury and Kent, who were there to witness the execution.[217] The executioners (one named Bull and his assistant) knelt before her and asked forgiveness, as it was typical for the executioner to ask the pardon of the one being put to death. She replied, "I forgive you with all my heart, for now, I hope, you shall make an end of all my troubles."[218] Her servants, Jane Kennedy and Elizabeth Curle, and the executioners helped Mary to remove her outer garments, revealing a velvet petticoat and a pair of sleeves in crimson brown, the liturgical colour of martyrdom in the Catholic Church,[219] with a black satin bodice and black trimmings.[220] As she disrobed she smiled and said that she "never had such grooms before ... nor ever put off her clothes before such a company".[221] She was blindfolded by Kennedy with a white veil embroidered in gold, knelt down on the cushion in front of the block, on which she positioned her head, and stretched out her arms. Her last words were, In manus tuas, Domine, commendo spiritum meum ("Into thy hands, O Lord, I commend my spirit").[222]

text: Mary was not beheaded with a single strike. The first blow missed her neck and struck the back of her head. The second blow severed the neck, except for a small bit of sinew, which the executioner cut through using the axe. Afterwards, he held her head aloft and declared, "God save the Queen." At that moment, the auburn tresses in his hand turned out to be a wig and the head fell to the ground, revealing that Mary had very short, grey hair.[223] A small dog owned by the queen is said to have emerged from hiding among her skirts[224]—though eye-witness Emanuel Tomascon does not include it in his report.[225] Items supposedly worn or carried by Mary at her execution are of doubtful provenance;[226] contemporary accounts state that all her clothing, the block, and everything touched by her blood was burnt in the fireplace of the Great Hall to obstruct relic-hunters.[224]

text: When the news of the execution reached Elizabeth, she became indignant and asserted that Davison had disobeyed her instructions not to part with the warrant and that the Privy Council had acted without her authority.[227] Elizabeth's vacillation and deliberately vague instructions gave her plausible deniability to attempt to avoid the direct stain of Mary's blood.[228] Davison was arrested, thrown into the Tower of London, and found guilty of misprision. He was released nineteen months later after Cecil and Walsingham interceded on his behalf.[229]

text: Mary's request to be buried in France was refused by Elizabeth.[230] Her body was embalmed and left in a secure lead coffin until her burial, in a Protestant service, at Peterborough Cathedral in late July 1587.[231] Her entrails, removed as part of the embalming process, were buried secretly within Fotheringhay Castle.[232] Her body was exhumed in 1612, when her son, King James VI and I, ordered that she be reinterred in Westminster Abbey in a chapel opposite the tomb of Elizabeth.[233] In 1867, her tomb was opened in an attempt to ascertain the resting place of James I; he was ultimately found with Henry VII, but many of her other descendants, including Elizabeth of Bohemia, Prince Rupert of the Rhine and the children of Anne, Queen of Great Britain, were interred in her vault.[234]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Assessments of Mary in the sixteenth century divided between Protestant reformers such as George Buchanan and John Knox, who vilified her mercilessly, and Catholic apologists such as Adam Blackwood, who praised, defended and eulogised her.[235] After the accession of James I in England, historian William Camden wrote an officially sanctioned biography that drew from original documents. It condemned Buchanan's work as an invention,[236] and "emphasized Mary's evil fortunes rather than her evil character".[237] Differing interpretations persisted into the eighteenth century: William Robertson and David Hume argued that the casket letters were genuine and that Mary was guilty of adultery and murder, while William Tytler argued the reverse.[238] In the latter half of the twentieth century, the work of Antonia Fraser was acclaimed as "more objective ... free from the excesses of adulation or attack" that had characterised older biographies,[239] and her contemporaries Gordon Donaldson and Ian B. Cowan also produced more balanced works.[240] Historian Jenny Wormald concluded that Mary was a tragic failure, who was unable to cope with the demands placed on her,[241] but hers was a rare dissenting view in a post-Fraser tradition that Mary was a pawn in the hands of scheming noblemen.[242] There is no concrete proof of her complicity in Darnley's murder or of a conspiracy with Bothwell. Such accusations rest on assumptions,[243] and Buchanan's biography is today discredited as "almost complete fantasy".[244] Mary's courage at her execution helped establish her popular image as the heroic victim in a dramatic tragedy.[245]

text: Family tree[edit]

text:
hideFamily tree of Mary, Queen of Scots

James II of Scotland

James III of ScotlandMary Stewart

James Hamilton, 1st Earl of ArranElizabeth Hamilton

James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of ArranJohn Stewart, 3rd Earl of LennoxHenry VII of EnglandElizabeth of York

Claude, Duke of GuiseAntoinette de BourbonJames IV of ScotlandMargaret TudorArchibald Douglas, 6th Earl of AngusHenry VIII of England

Francis, Duke of GuiseCharles, Cardinal of LorraineMary of GuiseJames V of ScotlandMatthew Stewart, 4th Earl of LennoxMargaret Douglas

James Stewart, 1st Earl of MorayMary, Queen of ScotsHenry Stuart, Lord DarnleyEdward VI of EnglandMary I of EnglandElizabeth I of England

James VI and I


document_title: United States Women's Open Championship (golf)

question_text: who won the women's golf us open

question_tokens: who won the women 's golf us open

root

text: Qualification[edit]

text: The U.S. Women's Open is open to any professional or amateur female golfer. Amateurs must have an up-to-date USGA Handicap Index not exceeding 2.4,[7] lowered in 2014 from 4.4 in 2013.[8] Players may obtain a place by being exempt or by competing successfully in qualifying.

tag: p

text: In 2002, a two-stage method of qualification was introduced: 18 holes for local qualifying and 36 holes for sectional qualifying. In 2010, the qualification process reverted to a single sectional stage of 36 holes played on a single day.

text: The criteria for exemption from qualifying has changed through the years. In 2010, there were eleven exemption categories, including winners of the U.S. Women's Open for the last ten years, winners of the other three majors for the last five years, the top 50 from the previous year's LPGA Tour money list, the top five from the previous year's Japan LPGA Tour, Korea LPGA Tour, and Ladies European Tour money lists, and official winners of LPGA co-sponsored events for the 52-week period prior to the U.S. Women's Open.[9]

text: There is no upper or lower age limit. The youngest-ever qualifiers were 11-year-old Lucy Li in 2014,[10] and 12-year-old Lexi Thompson in 2007.[11]

text: Winners of major amateur tournaments are also exempt. Currently, winners of theU.S. Girls' Junior, U.S. Women's Amateur (and finalist), and U.S. Women's Mid-Amateur (all USGA events) are exempt provided they did not turn professional beforehand. Winners of the Augusta National Women's Amateur Championship will qualify effective with the inaugural tournament in 2019.

text: Winners[edit]

text: The number following some winners' names indicates the cumulative number of U.S. Women's Open wins for that player.

text:
Year
Champion
Country
Venue
Location
Score
To par
Purse ($)[12]
Winner'sshare ($)

2018
Ariya Jutanugarn
 Thailand
Shoal Creek Golf and Country Club
Shoal Creek, Alabama
277
−11 PO
5,000,000
900,000

2017
Park Sung-hyun
 South Korea
Trump National Golf Club
Bedminster, NJ
277
−11
5,000,000
900,000

2016
Brittany Lang
 United States
CordeValle Golf Club
San Martin, CA
282
−6 PO
4,500,000
810,000

2015
Chun In-gee
 South Korea
Lancaster Country Club
Lancaster, PA
272
−8
4,500,000
810,000

2014
Michelle Wie
 United States
Pinehurst Resort, Course No. 2
Pinehurst, NC
278
−2
4,000,000
720,000

2013
Inbee Park (2)
 South Korea
Sebonack Golf Club
Southampton, NY
280
−8
3,250,000
585,000

2012
Choi Na-yeon
 South Korea
Blackwolf Run, composite course
Kohler, WI
281
−7
3,250,000
585,000

2011
Ryu So-yeon
 South Korea
Broadmoor Golf Club, East Course
Colorado Springs, CO
281
−3 PO
3,250,000
585,000

2010
Paula Creamer
 United States
Oakmont Country Club
Oakmont, PA
281
−3
3,250,000
585,000

2009
Ji Eun-hee
 South Korea
Saucon Valley Country Club
Bethlehem, PA
284
E
3,250,000
585,000

2008
Inbee Park
 South Korea
Interlachen Country Club
Edina, MN
283
−9
3,250,000
585,000

2007
Cristie Kerr
 United States
Pine Needles Lodge and Golf Club
Southern Pines, NC
279
−5
3,100,000
560,000

2006
Annika Sörenstam (3)
 Sweden
Newport Country Club
Newport, RI
284
E PO
3,100,000
560,000

2005
Birdie Kim
 South Korea
Cherry Hills Country Club
Cherry Hills Village, CO
287
+3
3,100,000
560,000

2004
Meg Mallon (2)
 United States
The Orchards Golf Club
South Hadley, MA
274
−10
3,100,000
560,000

2003
Hilary Lunke
 United States
Pumpkin Ridge Golf Club, Witch Hollow Course
North Plains, OR
283
−1 PO
3,100,000
560,000

2002
Juli Inkster (2)
 United States
Prairie Dunes Golf Club
Hutchinson, KS
276
−4
3,000,000
535,000

2001
Karrie Webb (2)
 Australia
Pine Needles Lodge and Golf Club
Southern Pines, NC
273
−7
2,900,000
520,000

2000
Karrie Webb
 Australia
Merit Club
Libertyville, IL
282
−6
2,750,000
500,000

1999
Juli Inkster
 United States
Old Waverly Golf Club
West Point, MS
272
−16
1,750,000
315,000

1998
Pak Se-ri
 South Korea
Blackwolf Run, composite course
Kohler, WI
290
+6 PO
1,500,000
267,500

1997
Alison Nicholas
 England
Pumpkin Ridge Golf Club, Witch Hollow Course
North Plains, OR
274
−10
1,300,000
232,500

1996
Annika Sörenstam (2)
 Sweden
Pine Needles Lodge and Golf Club
Southern Pines, NC
272
−8
1,200,000
212,500

1995
Annika Sörenstam
 Sweden
Broadmoor Golf Club, East Course
Colorado Springs, CO
278
−2
1,000,000
175,000

1994
Patty Sheehan (2)
 United States
Indianwood Golf and Country Club, Old Course
Lake Orion, MI
277
−7
850,000
155,000

1993
Lauri Merten
 United States
Crooked Stick Golf Club
Carmel, IN
280
−8
800,000
144,000

1992
Patty Sheehan
 United States
Oakmont Country Club
Oakmont, PA
280
−4 PO
700,000
130,000

1991
Meg Mallon
 United States
Colonial Country Club
Fort Worth, TX
283
−1
600,000
110,000

1990
Betsy King (2)
 United States
Atlanta Athletic Club, Riverside Course
Duluth, GA[N 1]
284
−4
500,000
85,000

1989
Betsy King
 United States
Indianwood Golf and Country Club, Old Course
Lake Orion, MI
278
−2
450,000
80,000

1988
Liselotte Neumann
 Sweden
Baltimore Country Club, Five Farms, East Course
Baltimore, MD
277
−7
400,000
70,000

1987
Laura Davies
 England
Plainfield Country Club
Edison, NJ
285
−3 PO
325,000
55,000

1986
Jane Geddes
 United States
NCR Country Club
Kettering, OH
287
−1 PO
300,000
50,000

1985
Kathy Baker
 United States
Baltusrol Golf Club, Upper Course
Springfield, NJ
280
−8
250,000
41,975

1984
Hollis Stacy (3)
 United States
Salem Country Club
Peabody, MA
290
+2
225,000
36,000

1983
Jan Stephenson
 Australia
Cedar Ridge Country Club
Broken Arrow, OK
290
+6
200,000
32,780

1982
Janet Alex
 United States
Del Paso Country Club
Sacramento, CA
283
−5
175,000
27,315

1981
Pat Bradley
 United States
La Grange Country Club
La Grange, IL
279
−9
150,000
22,000

1980
Amy Alcott
 United States
Richland Country Club
Nashville, TN
280
−4
140,000
20,047

1979
Jerilyn Britz
 United States
Brooklawn Country Club
Fairfield, CT
284
E
125,000
19,000

1978
Hollis Stacy (2)
 United States
Country Club of Indianapolis
Indianapolis, IN
289
+5
100,000
15,000

1977
Hollis Stacy
 United States
Hazeltine National Golf Club
Chaska, MN
292
+4
75,000
11,040

1976
JoAnne Carner (2)
 United States
Rolling Green Golf Club
Springfield, PA
292
+8 PO
60,000
9,054

1975
Sandra Palmer
 United States
Atlantic City Country Club
Northfield, NJ
295
+7
55,000
8,044

1974
Sandra Haynie
 United States
La Grange Country Club
La Grange, IL
295
+7
40,000
6,073

1973
Susie Berning (3)
 United States
Country Club of Rochester
Rochester, NY
290
+2
40,000
6,000

1972
Susie Berning (2)
 United States
Winged Foot Golf Club, East Course
Mamaroneck, NY
299
+11
40,000
6,000

1971
JoAnne Carner
 United States
Kahkwa Club
Erie, PA
288
E
31,000
5,000

1970
Donna Caponi (2)
 United States
Muskogee Country Club
Muskogee, OK
287
−1
30,000
5,000

1969
Donna Caponi
 United States
Scenic Hills Country Club
Pensacola, FL
294
+6
31,040
5,000

1968
Susie Berning
 United States
Moselem Springs Golf Club
Fleetwood, PA
289
+5
25,000
5,000

1967
Catherine Lacoste (a)
 France
The Homestead
Hot Springs, VA
294
+6
25,000
0

1966
Sandra Spuzich
 United States
Hazeltine National Golf Club
Chaska, MN
297
+9
20,000
4,000

1965
Carol Mann
 United States
Atlantic City Country Club
Northfield, NJ
290
+2
17,780
3,800

1964
Mickey Wright (4)
 United States
San Diego Country Club
Chula Vista, CA
290
−2 PO
9,900
2,090

1963
Mary Mills
 United States
Kenwood Country Club
Cincinnati, OH
289
−3
9,000
1,900

1962
Murle Lindstrom
 United States
Dunes Golf and Beach Club
Myrtle Beach, SC
301
+13
8,000
1,800

1961
Mickey Wright (3)
 United States
Baltusrol Golf Club, Lower Course
Springfield, NJ
293
+5
8,000
1,800

1960
Betsy Rawls (4)
 United States
Worcester Country Club
Worcester, MA
292
+4
7,200
1,710

1959
Mickey Wright (2)
 United States
Churchill Valley Country Club
Pittsburgh, PA
287
−1
7,200
1,800

1958
Mickey Wright
 United States
Forest Lake Country Club
Bloomfield, MI
290
−2
7,200
1,800

1957
Betsy Rawls (3)
 United States
Winged Foot Golf Club, East Course
Mamaroneck, NY
299
+7
7,200
1,800

1956
Kathy Cornelius
 United States
Northland Country Club
Duluth, MN
302
+11 PO
6,000
1,500

1955
Fay Crocker
 Uruguay
Wichita Country Club
Wichita, KS
299
+11
7,500
2,000

1954
Babe Zaharias (3)
 United States
Salem Country Club
Peabody, MA
291
+3
7,500
2,000

1953
Betsy Rawls (2)
 United States
Country Club of Rochester
Rochester, NY
302
+10 PO
7,500
2,000

1952
Louise Suggs (2)
 United States
Bala Golf Club
Philadelphia, PA
284
+8
7,500
1,750

1951
Betsy Rawls
 United States
Druid Hills Golf Club
Atlanta, GA
293
+5
7,500
1,500

1950
Babe Zaharias (2)
 United States
Rolling Hills Country Club
Wichita, KS
291
−9
5,000
1,250

1949
Louise Suggs
 United States
Prince Georges Golf and Country Club
Landover, MD
291
−9
7,500
1,500

1948
Babe Zaharias
 United States
Atlantic City Country Club
Northfield, NJ
300
E
7,500
1,200

1947
Betty Jameson
 United States
Starmount Forest Country Club
Greensboro, NC
295
−9
7,500
1,200

1946
Patty Berg †
 United States
Spokane Country Club
Spokane, WA
5&4
19,700
5,600

tag: table

text:
PO  - Won in playoff
(a) = Amateur
† = Won 5 and 4 over Betty Jameson in 36-hole match play final

text: Jump up ^ The club is located in a portion of the Duluth postal area that became part of the newly incorporated city of Johns Creek in 2006. Although the club is still served by the Duluth post office, it now lists its mailing address as Johns Creek.

tag: ol

text: Multiple champions[edit]

text: This table lists the golfers who have won more than one U.S. Women's Open.

text:
Deceased golfer †

Grand Slam winners ‡

text:
Golfer

Country

Total

Years

Betsy Rawls

 United States

4

1951, 1953, 1957, 1960

Mickey Wright ‡

 United States

4

1958, 1959, 1961, 1964

Babe Zaharias †

 United States

3

1948, 1950, 1954

Susie Berning

 United States

3

1968, 1972, 1973

Hollis Stacy

 United States

3

1977, 1978, 1984

Annika Sörenstam ‡

 Sweden

3

1995, 1996, 2006

Louise Suggs ‡

 United States

2

1949, 1952

Donna Caponi

 United States

2

1969, 1970

JoAnne Carner

 United States

2

1971, 1976

Betsy King

 United States

2

1989, 1990

Patty Sheehan

 United States

2

1992, 1994

Karrie Webb ‡

 Australia

2

2000, 2001

Juli Inkster ‡

 United States

2

1999, 2002

Meg Mallon

 United States

2

1991, 2004

Inbee Park

 South Korea

2

2008, 2013

text: The defending champion has retained the title on seven occasions, most recently 17 years ago in 2001:

text:
2001 - Karrie Webb
1996 - Annika Sörenstam
1990 - Betsy King
1978 - Hollis Stacy
1973 - Susie Berning
1970 - Donna Caponi
1959 - Mickey Wright

tag: ul

text: Through 2018, three consecutive championships has not been achieved.

text: Champions by nationality[edit]

text: This table lists the total number of titles won by golfers of each nationality.

text:
Nationality
Wins

 United States
51

 South Korea
8

 Sweden
4

 Australia
3

 England
2

 France
1

 Uruguay
1

 Thailand
1

text: Future sites[edit]

text:
Year
Course
Location
Dates

2019
Country Club of Charleston
Charleston, South Carolina
May 30 – June 2

2020
Champions Golf Club, Cypress Creek Course
Houston, Texas
June 4–7

2021
The Olympic Club, Lake Course
San Francisco, California
June 3–6

2022
Pine Needles Lodge and Golf Club
Southern Pines, North Carolina
June 2–5

2023
Pebble Beach Golf Links
Pebble Beach, California
June 1–4


document_title: Creature from the Black Lagoon

question_text: where did they film the creature from the black lagoon

text: Creature from the Black Lagoon

text: Plot[edit]

text: A geology expedition in the Amazon uncovers fossilized evidence (a skeletal hand with webbed fingers) from the Devonian period that provides a direct link between land and sea animals. Expedition leader Dr. Carl Maia (Antonio Moreno) orders his two assistants to stay in camp while he visits the marine biology institute.

text: Maia reunites with his friend and former student, ichthyologist Dr. David Reed (Richard Carlson). Dr. Reed works at an aquarium in California, but more recently he has been a guest at Maia's institute in Brazil to study lungfish. Reed persuades his boss, the financially minded Dr. Mark Williams (Richard Denning), to fund a return expedition to the Amazon to look for the remainder of the skeleton.

text: Soon after Dr. Maia leaves camp, a piscine amphibious humanoid, a living member of the same species from which the fossil originated, becomes curious about the expedition's camp. When its sudden appearance frightens the assistants, they panic and attack, and in response the enraged creature kills them both.

text: The group goes aboard the tramp steamer Rita, captained by crusty Lucas (Nestor Paiva). The expedition consists of David, Carl, Mark, as well as Reed's girlfriend and colleague, Kay Lawrence (Julie Adams), and another scientist, Dr. Edwin Thompson (Whit Bissell). When they arrive at the camp, they discover Maia's assistants have been killed while he was away. Lucas suggests it was likely done by a jaguar, but the others are unsure.

text: A further excavation of the area where Carl found the fossil turns up nothing. Mark is ready to give up the search, but David suggests that perhaps thousands of years ago the part of the embankment containing the rest of the skeleton fell into the water and was washed downriver, broken up by the current. Carl says the tributary empties into a lagoon. Lucas calls it the "Black Lagoon", a paradise from which no one has ever returned. The scientists decide to risk it, unaware that the amphibious "Gill-man" that killed Carl's assistants has been watching them. Taking notice of the beautiful Kay, the creature follows the Rita all the way downriver to the Black Lagoon. Once the expedition arrives, David and Mark go diving to collect rock samples from the lagoon floor. After they return, Kay goes swimming and is stalked underwater by the Gill-man, who then gets briefly caught in one of the ship's drag lines. Although it escapes, the creature leaves a claw behind in the net, revealing its existence.

text: Subsequent encounters with the Gill-man claim the lives of Lucas's crew members, before the creature is captured and locked in a cage aboard the Rita. It escapes during the night, attacking Thompson, who was guarding it. Kay smashes the creature with a lantern, driving it off, but Thompson is severely injured. Following this incident, David decides they should return to civilization. Mark, obsessed with capturing (or killing) the creature, objects. As the Rita tries to leave, they find the lagoon's entrance blocked by fallen logs, courtesy of the Gill-man. While the others attempt to remove the logs, Mark is mauled to death while trying to capture the creature single-handedly, underwater. It then abducts Kay and takes her to its cavern lair. David, Lucas and Carl give chase, and Kay is rescued. The creature is riddled with bullets before retreating to the lagoon, where its body sinks into the watery depths.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Richard Carlson as Dr. David Reed
Julie Adams as Kay Lawrence
Richard Denning as Dr. Mark Williams
Antonio Moreno as Dr. Carl Maia
Nestor Paiva as Captain Lucas
Whit Bissell as Dr. Edwin Thompson
Bernie Gozier as Zee
Henry A. Escalante as Chico
Perry Lopez as Tomas
Rodd Redwing as Luis
Sydney Mason as Dr. Matos
Ben Chapman as Gill-man (land)
Ricou Browning as Gill-man (underwater)

text: Production[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2017)

text: Producer William Alland was attending a 1941 dinner party during the filming of Citizen Kane (in which he played the reporter Thompson) when Mexican cinematographer Gabriel Figueroa told him about the myth of a race of half-fish, half-human creatures in the Amazon River. Alland wrote story notes titled "The Sea Monster" 10 years later. His inspiration was Beauty and the Beast. In December 1952, Maurice Zimm expanded this into a treatment, which Harry Essex and Arthur Ross rewrote as The Black Lagoon. Following the success of the 3D film House of Wax in 1953, Jack Arnold was hired to direct the film in the same format.[3]

text: The designer of the approved Gill-man was Disney animator Milicent Patrick, though her role was deliberately downplayed by make-up artist Bud Westmore, who for half a century would receive sole credit for the creature's conception.[4] Jack Kevan, who worked on The Wizard of Oz (1939) and made prosthetics for amputees during World War II, created the bodysuit, while Chris Mueller Jr. sculpted the head.[citation needed]

text: Ben Chapman portrayed the Gill-man for the majority of the scenes shot at Universal City, California. Many of the on-top of the water scenes were filmed at Rice Creek near Palatka, Florida. The costume made it impossible for Chapman to sit for the 14 hours of each day that he wore it, and it overheated easily, so he stayed in the back lot's lake, often requesting to be hosed down. He also could not see very well while wearing the headpiece, which caused him to scrape Julie Adams' head against the wall when carrying her in the grotto scenes. Ricou Browning played the Gill-Man in the underwater shots, which were filmed by the second unit in Wakulla Springs, Florida.[3]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Creature from the Black Lagoon received positive reviews from critics upon its release and is now considered a classic.[citation needed] Leonard Maltin awarded the film three out of a possible four stars, writing, "Archetypal '50s monster movie has been copied so often that some of the edge is gone, but ... is still entertaining, with juicy atmosphere and luminous underwater photography sequences."[5] Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 84%, based on 32 reviews, with a overall rating average of 6.9/10.[6] The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2001: AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – Nominated[7]
2003: AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains:

Gill-man – Nominated Villain[8]

text: Novelization[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Creature from the Black Lagoon was novelized in 1954 by John Russell Fearn under the pseudonym of "Vargo Statten", then later, in 1977, in mass market paperback under the pseudonym of "Carl Dreadstone". This was part of a short-lived series of books based on the classic Universal horror films. The 1977 book was introduced by Ramsey Campbell, but was written by Walter Harris. The 1977 novel offers a completely different Gill-man, who in this version of the story is gigantic, almost as big as the Rita herself, weighing in at 30 tons. It is both coldblooded and warmblooded, is a hermaphrodite, and also possesses a long whip-like tail. The gigantic creature is dubbed "AA", for "Advanced Amphibian", by the expedition team members. After slaying most of the team members, destroying a Sikorsky helicopter, and kidnapping Kay more than once, the creature is killed by the crew of a United States Navy torpedo boat.

text: The 1977 novel also differs greatly with respect to the human characters. Only David Reed and Kay Lawrence remain the same. Mark Williams is a German named "Bruno Gebhardt" and dies not as a result from drowning, but by the monster falling on him. Lucas is named "Jose Goncalves Fonseca de Souza" and is a mostly sympathetic character, until his suggestion of throwing the wounded and unconscious Reed to the monster makes an enraged Gebhardt/Williams throw "him" to the beast instead. Dr. Thompson and Dr. Maia both die grisly deaths, whereas in the movie they survive; Maia is eaten by the monster, and Thompson is impaled on a long tree branch flung at him by the creature like a spear (in an apparent nod to a deleted scene from Revenge of the Creature wherein the Gill-man killed a guard in this fashion).

text: Home media[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In 1980, Universal released Creature from the Black Lagoon on video cassette in an anaglyph 3D version, using the Deep Vision anaglyph 3D release as its source. Subsequent releases on VHS, Beta and DVD were the 2D version. On October 2, 2012, Universal Pictures Home Entertainment released the film on Blu-ray as a 2D / Blu-ray 3D dual format disc as part of the "Universal Classic Monsters: The Essential Collection" box set. On June 4, 2013, the Creature from the Black Lagoon Blu-ray disc was released as a stand-alone title.

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Cancelled remake[edit]

text: This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (August 2016)

text: In 1982, John Landis wanted Jack Arnold to direct a remake of the film, and Nigel Kneale was commissioned to write the screenplay. Kneale completed the script, which involved a pair of creatures, one destructive and the other calm and sensitive, being persecuted by the United States Navy.[9] A decision to make the film in 3D led to the remake being canceled by producers at Universal, both for budgetary concerns and to avoid a clash with Jaws 3-D.[9] In 1992, John Carpenter was developing the remake at Universal.[10] He originally hired Bill Phillips to write the script while Rick Baker was hired to create the 3D model of the Creature, but the project never got green-lit. Herschel Weingrod and Timothy Harris wrote a new script,[11] and Universal offered Peter Jackson the director's position in 1995, but he chose to work on King Kong instead.[12] In February 1996, Ivan Reitman was planning to direct the remake, but the outing never materialized.[11] With the financial success of The Mummy remake in May 1999, development of the Creature from the Black Lagoon remake was revived.[13]

text: In December 2001, Gary Ross signed on to write and produce the remake with his father, Arthur A. Ross, one of the original's writers. He told The Hollywood Reporter, "The story my father wrote embodies the clash between primitive men and civilized men, and that obviously makes it a fertile area for re-examination."[14] In August 2002, Guillermo del Toro, a fan of the original, was attached as director.[15] He had hoped to do a story focused more on the Creature's perspective and letting him have romantic success, which he would later turn into the 2017 film The Shape of Water, but Universal heads rejected this concept. [16] Because of these creative clashes and his commitments to numerous other projects, Universal was forced to go without del Toro and hired Tedi Sarafian (credited on Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines) to write a script in March 2003.[17]

text: In October 2005, Breck Eisner signed on as director. "As a kid, I remember loving Jack Arnold's original version of this film", he explained. "What I really want to do is update an iconic image from the '50s and bring in more of the sci-fi sensibility of Alien or John Carpenter's The Thing (1982)."[18] Ross said in March 2007 the Gill-man's origin would be reinvented, with him being the result of a pharmaceutical corporation polluting the Amazon. "It's about the rainforest being exploited for profit", he said.[19]

text: However, the production was delayed by the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike; as a result, Eisner made The Crazies (2010) the number one on his priority list instead. His new goal was to finish filming The Crazies and then begin filming Creature from the Black Lagoon in Manaus, Brazil and on the Amazon River in Peru. Eisner was inspired to shoot on location by the film Fitzcarraldo, and the boat set had been built. Eisner continued to rewrite the script, which was to be a summer blockbuster full of "action and excitement, but [still] scary". Eisner spent six months designing the new incarnation of the Gill-man with Mark McCreery (Jurassic Park, and Davy Jones' designer). The director said the design was "very faithful to the original, but updated" and that the Gill-man would still be sympathetic.[20]

text: In 2009, it was reported that Carl Erik Rinsch might direct a 2010 remake that would be produced by Marc Abraham, Eric Newman and Gary Ross;[21][22] however, a project featuring this ensemble had been abandoned by 2011.[citation needed]

text: In March 2012, Universal announced that a remake was in production, and would simply be titled The Black Lagoon rather than Creature from the Black Lagoon, in order to distinguish the two versions. In October 2012, the studio hired Dave Kajganich to write the film.[23] The film was expected to hit theaters by May 2014, but was ultimately cancelled.[citation needed]

text: Reboot[edit]

text: Universal Pictures is developing a shared universe of rebooted modern-day versions of their classic Universal Monsters, with various films in different stages of development. The series begins with The Mummy (2017) and will continue with Bride of Frankenstein (2019). The Creature from the Black Lagoon has a story written by Jeff Pinkner and a script written by Will Beall. In June 2017, Kurtzman revealed that the Gill-man will be from the Amazon.[24] But on November 8, 2017, Alex Kurtzman and Chris Morgan moved on to other projects, leaving the future of the Dark Universe in doubt.[25]


document_title: Just Go with It

question_text: where was the film just go with it filmed

text: Just Go with It

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1988, Daniel "Danny" Maccabee (Adam Sandler), a 22-year old man, leaves his wedding right before the ceremony is about to begin after learning that his fiancee is cheating on him, and was only marrying him because he was going to be a doctor. He goes to drink alone at a bar, where a young, beautiful woman walks in. She sees that Danny has a wedding ring on his hand, and asks him about his wife, to which he explains how she recently left him for someone else, and the woman from the bar ends up sleeping with him.

text: Twenty-three years later, Danny (now 45-years old) is now a successful plastic surgeon in Los Angeles who feigns unhappy marriages to get women, and to avoid romantic commitment that may lead to heartbreak. The only woman aware of his schemes is his office manager and best friend Katherine Murphy (Jennifer Aniston), a divorced mother of two. At a party, Danny meets Palmer (Brooklyn Decker), a sixth grade math teacher, without his wedding ring on, and they have a connection together. The next morning, she finds the ring and assumes he is married. She refuses to date him because her parents divorced due to adultery.

text: Instead of telling her the truth, Danny tells her that he is getting divorced from a woman named Devlin. Danny tells Palmer that they are getting divorced because she cheated on him with a man named "Dolph Lundgren" (not the actor). Palmer then insists on meeting Devlin. Danny asks Katherine to pose as "Devlin" and they go shopping for new clothes to dress like a trophy wife.

text: A made-over Katherine/"Devlin" then meets with Danny and Palmer and gives them her blessing. However, after hearing Katherine talking on the phone with her kids, Palmer assumes that her kids are Danny's as well. Danny then privately meets with Katherine's kids, Maggie (Bailee Madison) and Michael (Griffin Gluck), to get them to play along and gives them the aliases of "Kiki Dee" and "Bart" respectively. Danny accepts their demands for being his fake children.

text: Palmer meets the kids at a play center where Maggie has adopted a fake british accent, and Michael acts very morose. They blackmail Danny in front of Palmer to take them all to Hawaii. At the airport, they are all surprised by Danny's goofball cousin Eddie (Nick Swardson), who has adopted an Austrian disguise as the "Dolph Lundgren" that Danny had made up earlier. To maintain the lies, Danny and Katherine are forced to bring him along.

text: At the resort in Hawaii, Danny tells Eddie that he is considering asking Palmer to marry him. Katherine and Danny also run into the real-life Devlin Adams (Nicole Kidman) and her husband Ian Maxtone-Jones (Dave Matthews). Because of Katherine and Devlin's long-time rivalry, Katherine introduces Danny as her husband rather than admit she is a single mother. Over time, Katherine is impressed by Danny and his way of fun with her kids.

text: Katherine again runs into Devlin, who invites her and Danny out to dinner. Eddie agrees to take Palmer out to dinner so that Danny can go with Katherine. Since he is supposed to be a sheep salesman, Eddie's cover is nearly blown when he is forced to save the life of an actual sheep who choked on a toy whistle. At dinner, Devlin asks Danny and Katherine to tell each other what they admire most about each other, and, as Danny and Katherine talk, they start to feel a connection. Later, when Palmer and Eddie return from their dinner date, Palmer suggests that she and Danny get married now, since a drunken Eddie told her about Danny's plans of engagement. Danny and Katherine are both surprised by her proposition, but Danny ultimately agrees. Danny later calls Katherine regarding his confusion, but Katherine says that she will be taking a job in New York City to get a fresh start to her life.

text: The next day, Palmer confronts Katherine about Danny's feelings for her, which Katherine dismisses. Katherine then runs into Devlin at a bar and admits that she pretended to be married to Danny to avoid embarrassment. Devlin confesses that she is divorcing Ian because he is gay and also that he did not invent the iPod, but made his money by suing the Los Angeles Dodgers after getting hit by a foul ball. Katherine confides in Devlin about being in love with Danny, but then Danny shows up behind her, saying that he is not marrying Palmer and that he is in love with Katherine. Meanwhile, on the plane ride back to the mainland, Palmer meets a professional tennis player (Andy Roddick) who shares her interests. Sometime later, Danny and Katherine get married.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Adam Sandler as Dr. Daniel "Danny" Maccabee
Jennifer Aniston as Katherine Murphy, later Maccabee / Devlin Maccabee
Bailee Madison as Maggie Murphy / Kiki Dee Maccabee
Griffin Gluck as Michael Murphy / Bart Maccabee
Nick Swardson as Eddie Simms / Dolph Lundgren
Brooklyn Decker as Palmer Dodge
Nicole Kidman as Devlin Adams
Dave Matthews as Ian Maxtone-Jones
Rachel Dratch as Kirsten Brant
Kevin Nealon as Adon
Heidi Montag as Kimberly
Minka Kelly as Joanna Damon
Rakefet Abergel as Patricia
Dan Patrick as Tanner Patrick
Mario Joyner as Henderson
Keegan-Michael Key as Ernesto
Allen Covert as Brian (Soul Patch)
Andy Roddick as Himself
Unknown as the Kangaroo

text: Production[edit]

text: Originally titled "Holiday in Hawaii", and then "Pretend Wife",[3] it was released as "Just Go with It".

text: The film was shot in Los Angeles and the Hawaiian islands of Maui and Kauai between March 2, 2010 and May 25, 2010.[citation needed] The film is deliberately vague about which Hawaiian island its latter portion depicts; thus, the characters hike across a rope bridge on Maui and arrive in the next scene at a spectacular waterfall on Kauai, rather than the ordinary irrigation dam and pond on Maui where the actual trail terminates.

text: The characters stay at a Hawaiian hotel called the Waldorf Astoria. In actuality, the film was shot at the Grand Wailea in Maui, which is owned by Waldorf Astoria Hotels and Resorts.[4]

text: One of the film's in-jokes is the scene wherein Decker's character meets her obvious soulmate - professional tennis player Andy Roddick - as Decker and Roddick are actually married.

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was released in theaters in the United States and Canada on February 11, 2011 and in Bulgaria on March 25, 2011.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Just Go with It grossed $103 million in the U.S. and Canada and $111.9 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $214.9 million.[5]

text: The film topped its opening weekend box office with $30.5 million.[6]  The biggest market in other territories being Russia, where it grossed $13,174,937.[7]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film received a rating of 18%, based on 137 reviews, with an average rating of 3.8/10. The site's consensus reads: "Just Go With It may be slightly better than some entries in the recently dire rom-com genre, but that's far from a recommendation."[8] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 33 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[9]

text: The Telegraph named Just Go with It in its "ten worst films of 2011" list, saying it is "a crass and overpopulated remake of Cactus Flower, served up as a mangy romcom of serial deceptions."[10] Christopher Orr of The Atlantic noted that "the title itself seems a plea for audiences' forbearance" and is part of a disappointing trend involving "the reimagining of good, if perhaps not quite classic, films associated with the latter 1960s and early 1970s."[11] Entertainment Weekly's Lisa Schwarzbaum wrote that Just Go With It "is saved from utter disaster, though, by Jennifer Aniston" who has "expert comic timing" and "plays like a grown-up."[12]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Award

Date of ceremony

Category

Recipients

Result

Ref

Golden Raspberry Awards

April 1, 2012

Worst Actor

Adam Sandler (also for Jack and Jill)

Won

[citation needed]

Worst Supporting Actor

Nick Swardson (also for Jack and Jill)

Nominated

Worst Supporting Actress

Nicole Kidman

Nominated

Worst Screen Couple

Adam Sandler and either Jennifer Aniston or Brooklyn Decker

Nominated

Worst Director

Dennis Dugan (also for Jack and Jill)

Won

Teen Choice Awards

August 7, 2011

Choice Movie: Romantic Comedy

Just Go with It

Nominated

[13]

Choice Movie Actor: Romantic Comedy

Adam Sandler

Nominated

Choice Movie Actress: Romantic Comedy

Jennifer Aniston

Nominated

Choice Movie Breakout: Female

Brooklyn Decker

Won

Choice Movie: Chemistry

Adam Sandler and Jennifer Aniston

Won

text: Home media[edit]

text: Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released Just Go with It on DVD and Blu-ray disc on June 7, 2011. It has so far grossed $14,535,543 in North America DVD sales.[14]


document_title: Ride Along (film)

question_text: who plays kevin hart girlfriend in ride along

text: Ride Along (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: James Payton is a detective, on an undercover operation where fake passports are being smuggled into Atlanta by a man named "Omar". After a shootout with the smugglers, and a car chase that leaves one injured, the lieutenant leading the case ask James to drop the case on "Omar", something James doesn't do.

text: Ben Barber, a fast-talking, jumpy high school security guard who plays video games on his spare time, applies for the Atlanta City Police Academy. When he gets in, he decides to ask James for his blessings to marry his sister Angela. James then says Ben has to be worthy of Angela, making him go on a "ride along" to prove it.

text: After picking up Ben and taking him to the police station, James tells dispatch to give him all the 1-26's that are called into the station. James makes Ben take care of all the 1-26's. James then arrives at the park to question an informant Runflat, about a connection of Serbia and "Omar". He finds out that a shipment will come in later that day. After leaving the park, James takes Ben to the local shooting range where he finds out that Zastava M92's have been given to the store, Ben realizes he has a clue for James. When a 1-26 is called in, Ben and James are called to the Sweet Auburn Curb Market where a drunk man named Crazy Cody is being disorderly. Ben tries to subdue him but is unable to, so James arrests him.

text: Ben asks to be taken home before he receives a call from Angela. He tells her about his stressful day, before Angela says that James plays poker with a guy named Crazy Cody, along with telling him that 1-26's are a code for annoying situations for new-comers as a joke. He then goes into the police station and sees Cody laughing with James and his partners Santiago and Miggs.

text: Upset at James, Ben refuses to go home and instead takes a 1-26 call to respond to a disturbance at a strip club, where two men get into a mexican standoff with James and Ben, which Ben thinks it's another joke call, so he fools around. James subdues the men, and the two are then tipped off about a gun deal involving Omar's men. Ben then confronts James about the 1-26's. James receives a call from Santiago in the car, when he finds out that Runflat had turned himself in, Ben says how Runflat's brother in the park said that Runflat had just got out of prison. James then contradicts, saying that Runflat hadn't been in prison for over two years, leading to another clue.

text: The men go to talk Runflat's other brother, J, trying to find out the location of the gun deal, during the confrontation, Ben accidentally shoots J, who subsequently reveals that the deal will take place at an old abandoned warehouse at 9 PM.

text: James decides to infiltrate the warehouse with Santiago and Miggs, after leaving Ben behind in the car. James is then betrayed by Santiago and Miggs, who turn out to be crooked cops working for Omar. James is then tied up, just when Ben witnesses. Santiago not only mocks James, but also criticizes him for his unsociable, egocentric personality. As the deal begins, Ben enters pretending to be Omar (since no one has ever actually seen the real Omar). Having successfully fooled the crooks, Ben then wreaks havoc at the deal, and right as Ben is about to leave with James, the real Omar appears. A shootout ensues, and many of Omar's men are killed. Ben reveals his sharp reflexes and extensive knowledge of battle (a result of his video game experience). James and Ben take the money meant for the deal and escape right before the warehouse blows up because of Ben's grenade that hit a box of explosives and destroys James's car. Unbeknownst to them, Santiago, Miggs and Omar all escape.

text: Santiago and Miggs arrive at Angela's apartment and tie her up. As she was playing one of Ben's video games, Ben's fellow players hear the confrontation ensuing between Angela, Miggs and Santiago from Ben's headset. At the hospital after being shot in the leg, Ben receives a call from the fellow player, and tells James that there's something going on at the apartment. After seeing some dirty cops arrive at the hospital, James takes Ben and leaves to go to the apartment, along with Omar's money. James then injures Miggs, before getting into a fight with Santiago. As Santiago is about to shoot James, Angela knocks him out with a frying pan. Ben gets knocked out by Omar in a fight, before Omar takes the bag of money and Angela, and leaves the apartment.

text: James follows Omar and Angela and confronts them. Right as Omar is about to shoot James, Ben slides over a car and kicks him, and James shoots Omar twice, injuring him. Police arrest Omar, Miggs and Santiago, and James finally gives Ben his blessing.

text: In a mid-credits scene Ben and Angela are engaged, and Ben is weeks away from graduating from the police academy. At a barbecue at James' house Ben blows up the barbecue grill and is sent flying back into the bushes, killing the neighbor's dog.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Ice Cube as James Payton,[3] a detective on an undercover operation in Atlanta to catch a smuggler boss named Omar. Despite being a loving and protective older brother to his sister, he is rough around the edges and is disapproving of Ben. Cube joined the film in November 2009, to both star and produce.
Kevin Hart as Benjamin "Ben" Barber,[4] a fast-talking high school security guard who applies for the Atlanta City Police Academy. He loves his girlfriend and is willing to do whatever it takes to convince her brother that he is the right guy. He goes on a ride along with Payton to prove himself worthy of Payton's sister, Angela. Hart joined the cast in July 2012.
Tika Sumpter as Angela Payton,[5] James's sister and Ben's girlfriend, for whom Ben has to prove himself worthy. Sumpter joined the film in October 2012.
John Leguizamo as Santiago,[6] a detective and Miggs' partner. Leguizamo joined the film in October 2012.
Bryan Callen as Miggs,[5] a detective and Santiago's partner. Callen joined the film in October 2012.
Laurence Fishburne as Omar,[7] a boss of Serbian smugglers, who has never been seen by anyone, and is considered as a ghost. Fishburne was cast in December 2012.
Bruce McGill as Lt. Brooks,[8] a lieutenant in the Atlanta Police department, and boss of Payton, Santiago, and Miggs.

text: Additional cast includes Gary Owen as Crazy Cody,[9] Jay Pharoah as Runflat,[5] David Banner as Pawnshop Jay, Dragoș Bucur as Marko, Gary Weeks as Dr. Cowan, Jacob Latimore as Ramone and Benjamin Flores, Jr. as Morris, Runflat's brother.

text: Production[edit]

text: On November 29, 2009, The Hollywood Reporter announced that comedian Jason Mantzoukas had been hired to write cop-buddy comedy film Ride Along for New Line Cinema, originally written by Greg Coolidge, with Ice Cube set to star in and produce the film along with Matt Alvarez, through Cube's film company, Cube Vision Productions.[3] On July 11, 2012, Universal Pictures acquired the distribution rights to the film from New Line, with production starting in October, Tim Story was set to direct the film, rewritten by Matt Manfredi and Phil Hay, and produced by Will Packer and Larry Brezner.[4] On October 31, the studio announced the film would be released on January 17, 2014.[10]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Ice Cube joined the cast on November 29, 2009, to play the lead role, Detective James; the story was then about a rogue cop who tries to break off his sister's engagement to an upper-crust white psychiatrist by inviting his future brother-in-law on a ride-along.[3] Kevin Hart joined the cast on July 11, 2012 to play Ben, a high school security guard, with his character changed from white to black.[4] On October 16, John Leguizamo joined the cast of the film to play an undercover cop.[6] On October 30, Tika Sumpter, Bryan Callen, and Jay Pharoah joined the cast; Sumpter plays Angela, Ben's fiancee and James' sister, while Callen plays an undercover cop, and Pharaoh plays a street informant.[5]

text: On November 9, Backstage posted that the film's director was looking for adult extras of all ethnicities for the background in the film.[11] On November 16, Bruce McGill joined the cast of the film to play a hard-nosed lieutenant.[8] On December 7, Gary Owen also joined the cast,[9] followed by Laurence Fishburne.[7]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography on the film began on October 31, 2012 in Atlanta, and crews were filming some scenes at Underground Atlanta on October 31 and November 1.[12] On October 31, CBS Atlanta posted the news that Atlanta police are warning residents that there would be a simulated gun battle inside the mall area during the filming on Thursday, November 1.[13] It was a 35-day shoot, which wrapped up filming on December 19 in Atlanta.[14]

text: Music[edit]

text: On April 29, 2013, Christopher Lennertz was hired to score the film. Lennertz previously collaborated with Story on the 2012 comedy Think Like A Man.[15] The soundtrack was released digitally on January 14, 2014 by Back Lot Music, while a CD version was released on January 28 by Varèse Sarabande.[16]

text:
Ride Along (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)Film score by Christopher LennertzReleased
January 28, 2014Recorded
2014Genre
ScoreLength
43:39Label
Back Lot MusicChristopher Lennertz film scores chronology

Thanks for Sharing(2013)Thanks for Sharing2013

Ride Along(2014)

Think Like a Man Too(2014)Think Like a Man Too2014

text: Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRating

text: All music composed by Christopher Lennertz (Tracks 1–21)[17].

text: Ride Along (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)No.TitleLength1."Ride Along"0:322."Serbian Negotiations"1:183."Car Chase"2:084."Ben's First Ride Along"0:555."Police Academy Acceptance"0:466."Stranger Danger"3:117."Ben's Goodbyes"1:278."Crazy Cody"2:519."Ben Overhears The Prank"2:1110."Strip Club Drama"3:0611."Interrogating Jay"1:3512."Drive To Warehouse"0:5113."Warehouse Pt. 1"4:2414."Warehouse Pt. 2"4:0515."Warehouse Pt. 3"1:5216."Ben To Hospital"1:3417."Shootout"3:1918."Omar At Angela's / James Was Wrong"1:4919."Angela Held Hostage"1:4720."Apartment Fight"1:4421."Omar Shot"2:14Total length:43:39

text: Promotion and release[edit]

text: A teaser trailer and an image were released on July 1, 2013.[18] On September 26, studio revealed the first teaser poster featuring Cube and Hart.[19] On November 5, eight new images from the set and the poster were revealed.[20] A second trailer of the film was revealed from studio on November 7.[21] On December 19, Universal released a full length trailer for the film.[22]

text: On the night of January 6, 2014, the film's first premiere was held at Atlantic Station in Atlanta.[23] On January 13, the Los Angeles premiere was held at TCL Chinese Theatre in Hollywood, California.[24] Following the two premieres, the film was released worldwide on January 17, 2014.[10]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film's 3-day opening weekend gross was $41,516,170, at 2,663 US and Canadian theaters (an average $15,590 per theater gross), giving Ride Along the then-record for highest domestic opening weekend gross in the month of January, ahead of 2008's Cloverfield.[25] For the 4-day record-breaking MLK weekend, the film grossed $48,626,380.[26][27] The film held the number one spot at the US box office for three weeks, grossing $21 million and $12 million in its second and third weekends.[28] The North American domestic gross was $134,202,565, with the international gross being $19,059,619, bringing the worldwide total to $153,262,184.[2]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Ride Along was released on DVD and Blu-ray on April 15, 2014.[29] This release included an alternate ending, a gag reel, deleted scenes, a behind-the-scenes documentary and a feature commentary of the film by Story.[30] In the United States, the film has grossed $13.5 million from DVD sales and $8.7 million from Blu-ray sales, making a total of $22.2 million.[31]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Ride Along received generally negative reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 18%, based on 121 reviews, with a rating average of 4.2/10. The site's consensus states: "Kevin Hart's livewire presence gives Ride Along a shot of necessary energy, but it isn't enough to rescue this would-be comedy from the buddy-cop doldrums."[32] Metacritic assigns the film a score of 41 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[33] Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[34]

text: British critic Mark Kermode gave the film one out of five stars, describing it as "an action-comedy short on both action and comedy."[35]

text: Scott Foundas of Variety called the film "a lazy and listless buddy-cop action-comedy that fades from memory as quickly as its generic title."[36] Entertainment Weekly′s film critic Chris Nashawaty gave the film a "C+" grade."[37]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film received several award nominations, a 2014 BET Award for Best Actor for Kevin Hart,[38] and two 2014 MTV Movie Awards nominations, Best On-Screen Duo for Ice Cube and Hart,[39] and Best Comedic Performance for Hart.[40] On April 13, 2014, after the best-screen-duo award went to Vin Diesel and Paul Walker for Fast & Furious 6, Ice Cube joked to USA Today that they were robbed.[41]

text:
Awards and nominations

Award

Category

Nominees

Result

Ref(s)

BET Awards

Best Actor

Kevin Hart

Nominated

[42][43][44]

MTV Movie Awards

Best On-Screen Duo

Ice Cube and Kevin Hart

Nominated

[45]

Best Comedic Performance

Kevin Hart

Nominated

Teen Choice Awards

Choice Movie: Comedy

Ride Along

Nominated

[46]

Choice Movie Actor: Comedy

Ice Cube

Nominated

Kevin Hart

Won

Choice Movie: Chemistry

Ice Cube and Kevin Hart

Nominated

Choice Movie: Hissy Fit

Kevin Hart

Nominated

text: Sequels[edit]

text: On April 23, 2013, the studio announced that there would be a sequel to the film.[47] On February 18, 2014, it was announced that after the success of the first Ride Along film, Universal was moving forward with the sequel, which Tim Story would return to direct.[48] Ice Cube and Kevin Hart reprised their roles, with Will Packer producing, and Phil Hay and Matt Manfredi on board again as screenwriters. Ride Along 2 started filming on July 7, 2014; filming locations included Miami, Florida and Atlanta, Georgia.[49] Universal released the film on January 15, 2016.[50]


document_title: Eccrine sweat gland

question_text: how many eccrine glands are in the body

question_tokens: how many eccrine glands are in the body

text: Eccrine sweat gland

text:
Eccrine sweat gland

A sectional view of the skin (magnified), with eccrine glands highlighted.

Details

Precursor
Ectoderm[1]

System
Integumentary[1]

Nerve
Cholinergic sympathetic nerves[2]

Identifiers

Latin
Glandula sudorifera merocrina;
Glandula sudorifera eccrina

MeSH
A10.336.899.480

TH
H3.12.00.3.03009

FMA
59154

Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]

text: Eccrine glands (/ˈɛkrən/, /ˈɛˌkraɪn/, or /ˈɛˌkrin/; from ekkrinein "secrete";[3] sometimes called merocrine glands) are the major sweat glands of the human body, found in virtually all skin, with the highest density in palms and soles, then on the head, but much less on the trunk and the extremities. In lower mammals, they are relatively sparse, being found mainly on hairless areas such as foot pads. They reach their peak of development in humans, where they may number 200–400/cm² of skin surface.[4][5] They produce a clear, odorless substance, consisting primarily of water.

text: Eccrine glands are composed of an intraepidermal spiral duct, the "acrosyringium"; a dermal duct, consisting of a straight and coiled portion; and a secretory tubule, coiled deep in the dermis or hypodermis.[6] The eccrine gland opens out through the sweat pore. The coiled portion is formed by two concentric layer of columnar or cuboidal epithelial cells.[7] The epithelial cells are interposed by the myoepithelial cells. Myoepithelial cells support the secretory epithelial cells. The duct of eccrine gland is formed by two layers of cuboidal epithelial cells.[8]

text: Eccrine glands are active in thermoregulation by providing cooling from water evaporation of sweat secreted by the glands on the body surface and emotional induced sweating (anxiety, fear, stress, and pain).[5][6] The white sediment in otherwise colorless eccrine secretions is caused by evaporation that increases the concentration of salts.

text: The odour from sweat is due to bacterial activity on the secretions of the apocrine sweat glands, a distinctly different type of sweat gland found in human skin.

text: Eccrine glands are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system, primarily by cholinergic fibers whose discharge is altered primarily by changes in deep body temperature (core temperature), but by adrenergic fibers as well.[9] The glands on palms and soles do not respond to temperature but secrete at times of emotional stress.

text: Secretion[edit]

text: The secretion of eccrine glands is a sterile, dilute electrolyte solution with primary components of bicarbonate, potassium, and sodium chloride (NaCl),[5] and other minor components such as glucose, pyruvate, lactate, cytokines, immunoglobulins, antimicrobial peptides (e.g., dermcidin), and many others.[5]

text: Relative to the plasma and extracellular fluid, the concentration of Na+ ions is much lower in sweat (~40 mM in sweat versus ~150 mM in plasma and extracellular fluid). Initially, within the eccrine glands, sweat has a high concentration of Na+ ions. The Na+ ions are re-absorbed into the tissue via the epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) that are located on the apical membrane of the cells that form the eccrine gland ducts (see Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 of the reference).[8] This re-uptake of Na+ ions reduces the loss of Na+ during the process of perspiration. Patients with the systemic pseudohypoaldosteronism syndrome who carry mutations in the ENaC subunit genes have salty sweat as they cannot reabsorb the salt in sweat.[10] [11] In these patients, Na+ ion concentrations can greatly increase (up to 180 mmol/L).[10] [12]

text: In people who have hyperhidrosis, the sweat glands (eccrine glands in particular) overreact to stimuli and are just generally overactive, producing more sweat than normal. Similarly, cystic fibrosis patients also produce salty sweat. But in these cases, the problem is in the CFTR chloride transporter that is also located on the apical membrane of eccrine gland ducts.[8]

text: Dermcidin is a newly isolated antimicrobial peptide produced by the eccrine sweat glands.[13]