document_title: List of That '70s Show characters

question_text: who played jackie's mom in that 70s show

question_tokens: who played jackie 's mom in that 70s show

text: List of That '70s Show characters

text: Main characters[edit]

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Eric Forman (portrayed by Topher Grace): The protagonist; Eric is a nice guy, generally geeky, physically slight, and somewhat clumsy. He is a smart-aleck with a fast wit and a deadpan sense of humor. He convinces his parents to let his best friend Steven Hyde move in with them, making Hyde like a brother. His father, Red, is always hard on him. Eric is in a relationship with his longtime love and neighbor Donna Pinciotti. He decides to become a teacher after high school, and he leaves the series at the end of the seventh season to teach in Africa, and returns at the series finale, reuniting with Donna.
Jackie Burkhart (portrayed by Mila Kunis): The youngest member of the group, Jackie starts the series as the pretty, rich, spoiled, selfish, conceited, and annoying immature girl. She likes to give thoughtless and superficial advice, which occasionally turns out to be correct. As the series progresses, she moves away from her self-centered ways and becomes sweeter. Partly as a result of these changes, she and Donna become better friends. By the end of the series, Jackie has dated three of the four males of the group: Kelso, Hyde, and Fez.
Michael Kelso (portrayed by Ashton Kutcher): The dim-witted pretty boy of the group who wants to coast through life on his good looks. He spends the first half of the series in a relationship with the equally vapid Jackie but their relationship comes to an end when Jackie wants to marry him and he isn't ready, so he runs away to California with Donna in the Season 4 finale. His best friend is Fez. He fathers a baby girl named Betsy during the seventh season. He becomes a police officer but gets kicked off the force because he does just about everything wrong. He gets a job as a security guard at a Playboy Club in Chicago, and leaves the series during the eighth and final season. He only appears in five episodes during season eight, including the series finale.
Steven Hyde (portrayed by Danny Masterson): Eric's best friend and the anti-establishment member of the group. By the end of season one, the Formans allow Hyde to move in after he was abandoned by his mother, making him a foster brother to Eric. Hyde has a witty, blunt, and sarcastic sense of humor, and a rebellious personality. He is also smart, and the other group members often ask for his advice. Although Hyde dates Jackie for three seasons, in the final season he marries an exotic dancer named Samantha. Hyde later discovers Samantha was still married when she married him. As Donna points out in "My Fairy King", that means Hyde and Samantha are not legally married. In the seventh season, Hyde meets his biological father (William Barnett, played by Tim Reid), a wealthy black businessman (making Hyde, who was presumed white, biracial). Barnett, who owns a chain of record stores, makes Hyde first the manager, and later the owner, of the Point Place store.
Donna Pinciotti (portrayed by Laura Prepon): Eric's longtime girlfriend (and briefly fiancée). Donna is intelligent, good-looking, and a feminist. Although she does not agree with what Jackie represents in the beginning of the series, they become friends. Donna is in a relationship with Eric for seven seasons (despite their break-up during season 4). She has brief romances with Casey, Michael's brother, and with Randy during the final season and quickly ends it. She rekindles her relationship with Eric at the end of the show's finale.
Fez (portrayed by Wilmer Valderrama): The foreign exchange student of the group whose hormones seem to be out of control. His secret country of origin is one of the longest-running gags on the show. He is sweet, friendly, perverted, gullible, and rather odd. He enjoys eating candy, drinking beer, and looking at pornography. His best friend is Kelso, and he shares a "younger brother" type relationship with Hyde and Eric. He constantly flirts with Jackie and Donna and often makes romantic advances toward them. Initially, he has a lot of trouble getting attention from girls, but during the eighth season he becomes a ladies' man. He is in love with Jackie throughout the series, but his love is not reciprocated until the eighth season when they become a couple.
Kitty Forman (portrayed by Debra Jo Rupp): Eric's mother and Red's wife, Kitty is a cheerful, doting mother, but can also be assertive when pushed. She is a nurse, and a former smoker. Her major mood swings are usually attributed to menopause. She is also a good mother figure to Eric's friends.
Red Forman (portrayed by Kurtwood Smith): Kitty's husband, Eric's and Laurie's father, and Hyde's adoptive father. Red is a Navy combat veteran, having served in World War II and the Korean War. Despite his mean exterior, Red occasionally displays a soft side. His hobbies include working with his power tools, drinking beer, watching television, reading the newspaper, hunting, and fishing.
Midge Pinciotti (portrayed by Tanya Roberts): Bob's wife, Donna's mother, and Kitty's best friend. Midge was the sexy neighborhood mom Eric and his male friends fantasized about when coming of age. Although often dim-witted, she is also a kind-hearted woman who develops feminist ideals. She and Bob divorce when she is written out of the series after the third season, however, returns during the sixth and seventh seasons in a recurring role where she and Bob almost reunite.
Bob Pinciotti (portrayed by Don Stark): Midge's husband, Donna's father. Bob often brags about his service in the National Guard, which invariably irritates Red. Bob is also known for walking around his house with his robe wide open and no underwear. He eats constantly, even in bed. Bob is almost always in a good mood and is a ladies' man. His best friend is Red, even though Red sees him as a nuisance. He usually takes the brunt of Red's abuse in a jolly manner.
Laurie Forman (portrayed by Lisa Robin Kelly/Christina Moore): Eric's beautiful but evil older sister. Laurie enjoys tormenting Eric and manipulating her parents. She is promiscuous, often seen with various men, mainly Eric's friend Kelso, who cheats on his girlfriend, Jackie. Eric, Hyde, and Donna often mock her promiscuity. She also has a strained relationship with her mother, who thinks of her as a freeloader. She leaves the series during the third season but returns in a recurring role during the fifth. In season five, she and Fez marry to prevent him from getting deported. In season six, she is portrayed by a different actress, Christina Moore.
Leo (portrayed by Tommy Chong): A hippie, and the owner of a Foto Hut at which Hyde once worked. Leo is an Army veteran who served in World War II, where he was awarded a Purple Heart. Leo often puts play before work and maintains an easy-going attitude in most things, business included. He disappears from the series after season four but is later referenced in season five's "The Battle of Evermore" when the gang goes on a mission to find him, but with no luck. He returns in season seven and remains on the series until the show's end. In season 8, he gets a new job working for Hyde at Grooves.
Randy Pearson (portrayed by Josh Meyers): The newest member of the group, who is introduced in the final season. Randy appears laid back, gentle, polite, and a ladies' man, although later many of his flaws surface. He forms a friendship with Red after showing Red how good he is at fixing things. While Hyde, Jackie, Donna, and Kelso accept him as a new member of their group, Fez does not. Randy dates Donna for the majority of season eight, but she eventually breaks up with him.

text: Recurring characters[edit]

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Suzy Simpson (played by Alyson Hannigan) appears in three episodes of season 6. She is Kelso's buddy from police academy who is also attracted to him. Fez has a crush on Suzy and it is because of her that he and Kelso fight after Kelso lies to Fez saying that Suzy has agreed to go on a date with him when really she thinks that she is dating Kelso.
Angie Barnett (played by Megalyn Echikunwoke) is Steven Hyde's half-sister. Hyde did not know he had a sister until the 7th season. Angie graduated from college as a mathematics major. Angie and Hyde worked together managing their father's record store, but Angie did not always like working with him. She dated Kelso, which sometimes annoyed Hyde. Angie got her name because, in the seventh season, all episodes were named after Rolling Stones songs, and "Angie" was a song by the Stones.
Annette Berkardt (played by Jessica Simpson) was Michael Kelso's girlfriend for a brief period of time in season 5. She acts and talks very similar to Jackie, constantly bossing Kelso around. Eric and Donna once referred to her as a blonde version of Jackie, or "Blackie." Despite this, Jackie and Annette hated each other. Once at The Hub, Jackie said to Annette "I did not know they let 'slutballs' in here". Annette said since she saw Jackie in there she thought it was okay. Later in the episode, when Annette and Kelso were kissing, Jackie yelled "Get off my boyfriend!" to Annette, even though it was months after Kelso and Jackie broke up. This led to Hyde wanting to break up with Jackie.
Beatrice Dorothy "Bea" Sigurdson (née Heprage) (played by Betty White) is Kitty Forman's mother. Bea seems like a friendly old lady, but is cold and critical, especially of Kitty. She appeared in a few episodes in season five, often nagging at Burt or saying something rude to Kitty in a faux-friendly manner. She was widowed in "Your Time is Gonna Come" when Burt collapses in the driveway and is rushed to the hospital where he dies. She stays with the Formans for a while after Burt's death.
Bernice Rose Forman (née Larson) (September 16, 1904 – January 22, 1977) (played by Marion Ross) is Red Forman's mother. Bernice hated Kitty, and she was always mean to her, because Red married Kitty instead of another woman Bernice liked. She appeared in the episodes "Sunday, Bloody Sunday", "The Best Christmas Ever" and "Grandma's Dead" of season 1, and flashback in the episode "Halloween" of season two. In the episode Grandma's Dead she dies in Eric's car while he is driving her home.
Brooke Leslie Rockwell (played by Shannon Elizabeth) was the valedictorian of the high school class two years before Eric's class. The summer after Kelso's graduation, she had sex with him at a Molly Hatchet concert in a bathroom stall and got pregnant. Initially, Brooke did not trust Kelso because of his immaturity and did not want him in the child's life. Eventually, Kelso convinced her to give him another chance. Brooke gave birth to their daughter, Betsy in 1979.
Steven James "Bud" Hyde Jr. (played by Robert Hays) is Steven Hyde's stepfather. Bud Hyde worked as a bartender and is an alcoholic. Until the end of the 6th season, Steven Hyde thought Bud was his biological father. Bud Hyde abandoned Steven when he was a child and Steven was always angry at Bud for this. They temporarily reconciled in season 3, with Hyde even moving in with him. However, he would leave again at the beginning of season 4 after getting back together with Edna – forcing Hyde to move back to the Forman house. Hyde mentioned that Bud did attempt to get in touch with him again. (Bud was passed out drunk on Hyde's car.)
Bertrum Wayne "Burt" Sigurdson (October 4, 1901- February 6, 1978) (played by Tom Poston) is Kitty Forman's father. He is often seen avoiding his wife, Bea. In one episode, he bought an ostrich farm, which was right next to a coyote farm. The coyotes ate all the ostriches and the Sigurdsons had to sell the house. Burt died in the episode Your Time is Gonna Come.
Caroline "Crazy Caroline" Dupree (played by Allison Munn) was Fez's girlfriend in season 3. Fez quickly learned Caroline is very jealous and paranoid. She made threats against Donna and Jackie because Caroline felt they were going to steal Fez from her, when in fact Jackie and Donna had no intention of doing so. Caroline was once found hiding in the men's bathroom looking for Fez. Fez did not want to be with someone that aggressive and paranoid so he broke up with her. Fez and Caroline were together one last time in the eighth season. She got extremely angry when she found out that Fez had lied to her about Jackie being his roommate, and when she found nude photos of Donna in Fez's Barry White album (Leo hid the nude photos in the album without Fez's knowledge, but Caroline believed they were put there by Fez). Caroline appeared again in "Sheer Heart Attack". Fez was having sex with women once and not seeing them again and then decided that he wanted to be with only one woman, so he called Caroline. Later in the episode, Jackie told Fez that she loved him and then kissed him as Caroline walked in. This, as always, made Caroline angry with Fez and attack him viciously.
Casey (played by Luke Wilson) is Michael Kelso's brother who was in the military. Towards the end of season 4 he was dating Donna Pinciotti. During their relationship, there were instances of them engaging in bad behavior, such as Donna drinking and skipping school to hang out with Casey. Donna's father, Bob, felt that Casey was a bad influence and did not want Donna to date him anymore. Eric was jealous of Casey because he wanted to be with Donna, so Eric wanted them to break up. When Red Forman and Bob were discussing Casey's negative influence with Donna and Casey, Casey broke up with Donna, deciding the conflict with Bob and Red to be too much hassle. Donna felt that she and Casey were in love, but Casey felt "I love you" is just something you could say and do not have to really mean. Michael Kelso said that his brother Casey got bored with his girlfriends and broke up with them. During the summer of 1979, Casey was teaching physical education at Eric's old high school, and Eric was in Casey's class. He likes to call Eric "Foreplay". his last episode was Season 7's 2120 So. Michigan Ave.
Charlie Richardson (played by Bret Harrison) is the son of one of Red's war buddies. Eric held a grudge against him from the time that he let some sick children win "Eric's" goldfish in an egg toss. Charlie only appeared in about three episodes towards the end of Season 7. Before the beginning of Season 8, Charlie accidentally fell off the water tower and died. The water tower is named the Charlie Richardson Memorial Water Tower in his honor. The original idea was to have Charlie stay on the show the entire 8th season as a replacement for Eric, but the actor got an offer for his own show so they killed his character off.
Christine St. George (played by Mary Tyler Moore) is a talk show host of What's Up Wisconsin. In the episode "Sweet Lady", Jackie felt she was destined to be Christine's co-host on the show. She persistently tries to get the job, but Christine St. George makes Jackie her assistant instead. After a few episodes, Jackie was fired for knowing too much about her.
Earl (played by Robert Clendenin) is a friend of Red's who worked for Red at Price Mart. Earl frequently came to work late and slacked off on his job, so Red fired him. After that, Earl sued Red for wrongful termination, however, Earl arrived too late to his own hearing, so the judge ruled in favor of Red. Later, Earl got a job working at a fast food restaurant, where he is again fired for his poor work ethic (this time for repeatedly eating the restaurant's food while on work). Earl appears in the episodes "Red Fired Up", "Roller Disco" and "Radio Daze".
Edna Hyde (played by Katey Sagal) is Steven Hyde's biological mother. She is only in the Season 1 episodes "Career Day", "Prom Night", and "Punk Chick", though she only appears in "Career Day". She plays a large part in "Career Day", playing opposite Hyde when on Career Day, he has to help her in the kitchen (she was the school chef, "Gross Edna" at the time). In other episodes she only has lines yelling at Hyde on the porch from the inside of the house such as:

In Prom Night Edna: "They're all gonna laugh at you!" (a reference to the 1976 film Carrie) Steven: "Shut up ma, you're makin' the night too damn special!"
In Punk Chick Steven: "It's still my suitcase!" Edna: "Nothing in this house is yours!" Steven: "Shut up!"

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Fenton, also known as Clerk in Season 5, (played by Jim Rash) is someone with whom Fez has a feud due to a "half-off sale, a crowded parking lot and a pair of pants that made Fez's ass look like an oil painting" in Fez's own words. In the fifth season, he was an employee at the jewelry store where Eric bought Donna's engagement ring. He is also the landlord of the apartment that Fez and Kelso moved into in the seventh season, which later became Fez and Jackie's apartment when Kelso moved to Chicago. At first, Fenton did not want to let Kelso and Fez move in because of his feud with Fez, but later when he found out Kelso wanted the apartment to have a place to take care of his daughter, and Fenton got the impression that Kelso and Fez were "life partners", he let them have it. Though Fenton does not state this explicitly, his frequent innuendos about men and his lack of experience with women imply he is gay. Whenever he sees Fez, he says "Oh, It's you" in an evil manner. Fenton later becomes good friends with Jackie, who persuades him not to evict Fez and end their feud when she accidentally floods their apartment.
Hilary Robinson (played by Lara Everly) is Fez's co-worker at the salon where Fez works in season 8. Fez tried to impress her by trying to look cool which intimidated her, but when Jackie explained to her who Fez really was, she fell in love with him. Fez and Hilary dated for a few weeks, before Hilary suddenly decided to become a nun and left Fez.
Jack Burkhart (played by Paul Kreppel) is the father of Jackie Burkhart. He was arrested for bribery and embezzling $60,000.
Joanne (played by Mo Gaffney) is a girlfriend of Bob Pinciotti, who appears in Seasons 4 and 5. She met Bob at the supermarket when Bob, being unable to cook, was about to buy a dozen TV dinners. Joanne decided to teach Bob to make a meatloaf so he would not have to buy the TV dinners. She does not get along well with Red. When Red and Joanne first met, they got into an argument about who would cook the meat and who would make the salad. Joanne works at the dog food factory and hires Eric to work there to put coupons in the dog food bags. Eric would eventually lose that job after Joanne broke up with Bob.
Mitch Miller (played by Seth Green) is a student in the same class as Eric. Mitch had a feud with Fez and because of this conflict, Mitch published a photo of Fez and Kelso kissing each other in the school newspaper. Mitch had a crush on Donna Pinciotti, and one time Donna went to a wedding with Mitch. Eric was angered when Mitch embarrassed Donna, and Eric and Mitch agreed to fight each other the next day at 5:15 PM. Not wanting to fight, Mitch persuaded Eric not to fight with him by offering him a French-made GI Joe called "GI Jacques". Mitch has a father, Charlie Miller, played by Fred Willard.
Nina Jo Bartell (played by Joanna Canton) is a girlfriend of Fez in season 5 who worked with him at the DMV. Fez lost his virginity to her, but it went badly, so she suggested they needed to do it more often to get better. They broke up a while later because Nina thought he was too needy.
Officer Phillip Otis Kennedy II (played by James Avery) is Kelso's training officer when he joins the police force. He appears mostly in the 6th season, playing a straight ace to the bumbling Kelso.
Pam Burkhart (played by Eve Plumb in Season 1 and Brooke Shields in Season 6) is the mother of Jackie Burkhart who was dating Bob Pinciotti in season 6. Once a serious business lady, she fled to Mexico when Jackie's councilman father was arrested for bribery and embezzling $60,000. She returned to try to fix her relationship between her and Jackie.
Pam Macy (played by Jennifer Lyons) is a classmate of the main characters of the show. She has been mentioned in more episodes than she appeared. She appeared in the episodes "Prom Night", "Romantic Weekend", and "It's a Wonderful life". In "Prom Night", Michael Kelso took Pam to the prom while temporarily broken up with Jackie. In "Romantic Weekend", Kelso was about to have sex with Pam but was unable to perform, telling his friends "The buffer wouldn't buff". Pam told this to the whole school, which caused everyone to tease Kelso about it.
Pastor Dave (played by Kevin McDonald), Pastor Dave is the local pastor at the church. He is overly cheerful and (incorrectly) thinks he is up to date with the trends, and is "hip and cool". He is often greeted by Eric and his friends with deadpan voices, and they typically just agree with Dave in the hopes he'll go away. Dave is good friends with Kitty, who helps with the church fundraisers, and has an uneasy friendship with Red (mostly because Red is not used to having friends). His friendship with Red seems to have brought out a less-pure side of Dave, as he spends a day with Red watching football and drinking beer, and once even quit the church because he wanted to watch more football on Sundays (he later rejoins as the pastor again). He appears primarily in Season 3 and 4, but has a few cameos in Season 2.
Rhonda (played by Cynthia Lamontagne) Often called Big Rhonda by her classmates, she was a recurring character during season 4. She was Fez's girlfriend during this season. When she and Fez were stuck in the school during a tornado, he was about to have sex with Big Rhonda, but after the tornado was gone, she did not want to anymore. She broke up with Fez after she choked him after he wanted to get to third base, which came from bad advice from Casey Kelso. Like Fez, she loves candy. The episode "It's a Wonderful Life" featured an alternate timeline, where Rhonda went to the prom with Eric (in this timeline, Eric and Donna were never in a relationship). Later in the same episode, she is seen at their 10-year reunion but now as a trim and beautiful woman (which Rhonda attributes to being dumped by a gigantic loser like Eric). It was also mentioned in the season three episode "Kitty's Birthday" that she was hit by a car but was apparently uninjured.
Roy Keen (played by Jim Gaffigan) is the kitchen manager of the Holliday Hotel who employed Eric, Hyde, and Kelso to work as waiters in the hotel's restaurant during seasons 5 and 6. The character serves as the replacement of Leo who was written out during season 5, although he had been absent for several episodes. It was mentioned by Hyde that Roy was like a father figure when his father abandoned him. Roy has stated that his standards for food service are low and he goes days without washing his hands. Roy served in the Vietnam War, once describing Eric as "scrawny, but strong... like the Vietcong". He suffers from serious trouble connecting to people. At one time he got the impression a woman was in love with him, after she insulted him when he got her some butter, and hid in her shower to surprise her with flowers. He once mentioned he was living with a woman, but moved out when she found out he was living with her in secret. It is revealed in the season 6 episode "A Legal Matter" that he was a police cadet who was oust of the police academy for shooting a police horse.
Samantha Hyde (played by Judy Tylor) is Hyde's wife during season 8. They got married while Hyde was drunk in Las Vegas. The two barely knew each other when they got married. Hyde did not even remember the wedding and did not know he was married until after Samantha came to Point Place to see Hyde. In the episode "My Fairy King", Hyde learned that Samantha was already married to someone else. After this, Hyde and Samantha's relationship ended.
Schatzie is a Dachshund that Red gave Kitty in an attempt to make her happy. Schatzie was in several episodes of season 5, was absent for all of season 6, then returned for only one episode towards the beginning of season 7. Red claimed that his absence was due to hiding under the house because he was afraid of the garden hose. "Schatzie" is German and means "little treasure" or "darling" (diminutive of "Schatz").
Timmy Thompson (played by Paul Connor) is a student who went to high school with Eric, Donna, Hyde, Fez, Kelso, and Jackie. To the annoyance of some of the gang, he announces comments to the room that start with "Heeey...", such as:

"Heeey, Forman and Donna got a motel room and they're going to do it!"
"Heeey, I'm taking off my pants!"
"Heeey, Forman's on a date with his mom!"
"Heeey, Donna's showed her ass!" (while showing everyone a yearbook photo where Donna mooned the camera).
He only has real dialogue in the episode "Burning Down The House".

William James "WB" Barnett (played by Tim Reid) is Steven Hyde's biological father. Hyde originally thought Bud Hyde was his biological father until the cliffhanger between the 6th and 7th seasons, where Kitty discovers that Steven's real father is a man who lives in Milwaukee. Sometimes people call William Barnett by his initials, WB. Barnett is wealthy and owns Grooves, a chain of record stores. Barnett put Steven in charge of the Point Place record store along with his daughter (and Hyde's half sister), Angie. Barnett is black, which Hyde believes explains his "coolness, afro and suspicion of the man" (it can also be noted that when Hyde asked him who killed Kennedy his father stated "I don't know, because they don't want me to know"). WB's last on-screen appearance is in the first half of the series finale which is the twenty-first episode of the eighth season, "Love of My Life" (WB had already appeared in the fourteenth episode of that season, "Son and Daughter").

text: Intended recurring roles[edit]

text: Several characters on the series were written as recurring, but made only one appearance. Among them:

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Tina Pinciotti (played by Amanda Fuller) was the younger sister of regular Donna Pinciotti. She first appeared in "Eric's Burger Job", but made no appearances following that, except for a brief mention in the episode "Vanstock". A similar situation occurred with unseen Valerie Pinciotti. The two are later written out with no explanation, as demonstrated in the season seven premiere, when Kitty refers to Donna as Bob and Midge's only daughter
Valerie Pinciotti was the older sister of Donna Pinciotti and Tina Pinciotti, who in "Eric's Birthday" was said to be away at college but never mentioned again.
Matthew and Rebecca Erdman (played by Kevin Farley and Shannon Holt) were the prudish host parents of Fez. They first appeared in "Drive-In" and convince Fez the rock they detest is diabolical by playing KISS album backwards. Fez's host parents make no further appearances in the show.
Buddy Morgan (played by Joseph Gordon-Levitt) was introduced in "Eric's Buddy", and was intended to become a recurring character. However, the introduction of homosexual Buddy as a love interest for Eric (at a time when both Eric and Hyde were competing for Donna) did not go over well with audiences, and Buddy was cut from the show.
Melissa (played by Reagan Gomez-Preston) appeared in "Hyde Gets the Girl" as a potential love interest for Hyde. She was intended to become his on-off girlfriend.
Patty (played by Lindsay Sloane) appeared in two episodes in the series' second season. She is introduced in "Eric Gets Suspended" along with her best friend, Mary (played by Melissa Joan Hart). The two go on a double blind date with Hyde and Fez. Hyde initially pairs with Mary, and Fez with Patty; but in the course of the date Hyde tells Fez to swap dates because he is hitting it off with Patty. Patty then returned in "Eric and Kitty's Night Out". In the episode, Fez and Patty become boyfriend and girlfriend. Patty's role and impact in the episode implies an intention to continue the character's appearance in the series. However, with no explanation in the show Patty is not seen or mentioned again.


document_title: June 1946

question_text: who was serving as president of u.s. on june 14 1946

root

text: June 1946

text: June 1, 1946 (Saturday)[edit]

text:
Penicillin first went on sale to the general public in the United Kingdom.  The antibiotic had been made available at pharmacies in the United States beginning March 15, 1945.[1]
Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University's "Marching 100" was founded by the late William P. Foster
By a 61-20 vote, the U.S. Senate granted President Truman emergency powers to end strikes.  The bill had passed the House the previous week.[2]

tag: ul

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In violation of the Ho–Sainteny agreement[3] of March 6, French High Commissioner d'Argenlieu recognized an "Autonomous Republic of Cochin-China"  in French Indochina, predecessor state of South Vietnam.  Located in the southern part of what is now Vietnam, with a capital at Saigon, the Republic's first head of government was Nguyen Van Thinh, overseen by French administrator Jean Henri Cedile.  The announcement followed the creation, in March, of the Democratic Republic of Viet Nam (later known as North Vietnam) in Hanoi.[4]
Died:
Ion Antonescu, prime minister and "Conducator" (Leader) of Romania during World War II was executed after being found guilty of betraying the Romanian people to German occupiers.
Leo Slezak, 72, German opera tenor

text: June 2, 1946 (Sunday)[edit]

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By a 12,718,641 to 10,718,502 vote, the monarchy in Italy was abolished, ending the brief reign of King Umberto II.  The election, first since the end of World War II and the Fascist Party dictatorship of Benito Mussolini, was also the first in which women were allowed to vote, and determined representation for the Constituent Assembly.  The Christian Democrat party, led by Prime Minister Alcide De Gasperi, won 207 out of 556 seats and formed a coalition government with the Socialists (115) and Communist (104) parties.[5]
In the French Parliamentary election, the French Communist Party (PCF) lost its plurality (from 159 to 153), and the Popular Republican Movement (MRP) gained 16 seats (from 150 to 166).  The Socialist Party dropped from 146 to 128.  With 586 seats in Parliament, no party had a majority.[6]
Born: Peter Sutcliffe, English serial killer known as the "Yorkshire Ripper", in Bingley, West Yorkshire
Died: Carrie Ingalls (Caroline Ingalls Swanzey), 75, American newspaper typesetter known from bestselling Little House on the Prairie books written by her older sister, Laura Ingalls Wilder and the subsequent television series.

text: June 3, 1946 (Monday)[edit]

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By a 6-1 vote, the United States Supreme Court ruled in Morgan v. Virginia that a Virginia law, requiring segregation of white and African-American bus passengers, was illegal for interstate travel.  The suit had been brought by Irene Morgan, who had refused to sit in the Negro section of a bus traveling from Gloucester County, Virginia, to Baltimore, Maryland.[7]
Died:
Mikhail I. Kalinin, 70, former President of the U.S.S.R.
Ch'en Kung-po, 54, founding member of Chinese Communist Party and collaborator, was executed

text: June 4, 1946 (Tuesday)[edit]

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The United States Army recovered a treasure trove of jewelry and manuscripts that had been stolen by a group of American officers from the Friedrichshof Castle in Kronberg, Germany.  Women's' Army Corps Captain Kathleen Nash Durant had hidden part of the loot at her sister's home in Hudson, Wisconsin, and her husband, Colonel Jack W. Durant, had hidden hundreds of diamonds and other gems in a locker at the Illinois Central railway station in Chicago.[8]
The National School Lunch Act was signed into law by U.S. President Harry S. Truman, permanently establishing federal financial support for free or low-cost meals for schoolchildren.[9]
The largest solar prominence observed up to that time occurred. The prominence, extending 865,000 miles (1,392,000 km) above the surface of the Sun, was seen from the at Climax, Colorado, by astronomer Walter Orr Roberts. The prominence had been measured at only 300,000 miles (480,000 km) an hour earlier.  At its height, the prominence was nearly as long as the Sun’s diameter; in a few more hours, it disappeared completely."[10]

text: June 5, 1946 (Wednesday)[edit]

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A fire at the La Salle Hotel in Chicago killed 57 people.  When the blaze broke out at 12:20 am, there were 1,059 guests and 108 employees in the 20-story building.  Firefighters were not called until 15 minutes after the flames were spotted, and by 12:35, the blaze had spread from the hotel's Silver Grill Cocktail Lounge throughout the lower floors.  Most of the dead were guests on 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th floors of the twenty-story building.  At least ten people jumped to their deaths.[11]
Died: George A. Hormel, 85, American multi-millionaire and founder of Hormel Foods

text: June 6, 1946 (Thursday)[edit]

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The Basketball Association of America was formed in New York City.  The forerunner of the NBA, the BAA awarded 13 big-city franchises, of which three — the Boston Celtics, the New York Knicks and the Golden State Warriors (in 1946, the Philadelphia Warriors) — still exist.  Other teams were in Chicago (Stags), Detroit (Falcons), Pittsburgh (Ironmen), Providence (Steamrollers), St. Louis (Bombers), Toronto (Huskies) and Washington (Capitols), while franchises in Buffalo and Indianapolis failed to play.[12]
U.S. Treasury Secretary Fred M. Vinson was nominated by President Truman to be the new Chief Justice of the United States.[13]
Died: Gerhart Hauptmann, 83, German dramatist, winner of the 1912 Nobel Prize in Literature

text: June 7, 1946 (Friday)[edit]

text:
The BBC Television network went back on the air for the first time since it had halted abruptly halted broadcasting, in the middle of a Mickey Mouse cartoon, at noon on September 1, 1939, when World War II had begun.  The first program shown when broadcasting resumed was the very same cartoon that had been halted almost seven years earlier.[14]
After setting a Friday evening deadline for walking out on strike two days earlier, the Pittsburgh Pirates baseball team voted to go ahead with their scheduled game against the New York Giants.  On June 5, the players voted unanimously to walk off the job  unless they were allowed to join a labor union.  An unidentified player reported that the vote had been 20 to 17 against a walkout.  The team went on to beat the Giants 10-5.[15]

text: June 8, 1946 (Saturday)[edit]

text:
Thirteen months after V-E Day, the United Kingdom celebrated its victory in World War II with a program that featured "all the pomp and circumstance it had given up during the war" and that was witnessed by "nearly one fourth of England's people" [16]  Tens of thousands of uniformed marchers represented the Allied nations in a nine-mile-long procession, while the Royal Air Force flew overhead.
Born: Pearlette Louisy, Governor-General of Saint Lucia since 1997, in Laborie

text: June 9, 1946 (Sunday)[edit]

text:
Ananda Mahidol, the 20-year-old King of Thailand, was found in his bedroom dead, from a single gunshot to his forehead, and with his Colt .45 pistol next to him.  He was succeeded by his teenaged brother, Bhumibol Adulyadej, who became King Rama IX[17] and ruled until his death in October 2016.  Although the death was initially ruled an accidental shooting, and speculated by author Rayne Kruger in The Devil's Discus (Cassell, 1964) to have been a suicide, royal secretary Chaleo Pathumros and two others were executed in 1955 after being convicted of King Ananda's murder.[18]
A fire at the Canfield Hotel in Dubuque, Iowa, killed 16 people.[19]

text: June 10, 1946 (Monday)[edit]

text: Jack Johnson, the world heavyweight boxing champion from 1908 to 1915, and the first African-American to win that title, was killed in an automobile accident.  In 1910, Johnson had defended his title in what was called then "The Fight of the Century", matching him against "The Great White Hope", former champion Jim Jeffries.  Johnson had been driving from Texas to New York when his car crashed into a light pole near Franklinton, North Carolina.[20]

text: June 11, 1946 (Tuesday)[edit]

text: The Administrative Procedure Act, which governs the rulemaking and judicial functions of all United States government agencies, was signed into law.[21]   The law has been described as "the most important statute affecting the administration of justice in the federal field since the passage of the Judiciary Act of 1789".[22]

text: June 12, 1946 (Wednesday)[edit]

text:
After the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry had unanimously recommended that up to 100,000 European Jews be allowed to immigrate to Palestine, British Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin declared that the United Kingdom would reject the plan.[23]  Speaking at the annual conference of Britain's Labour Party, Bevin commented that the motive for American support for a Jewish state was "because they did not want too many of them in New York."  Following the rejection of the proposal, Zionist leaders began a campaign of violence against the British government in the future state of Israel.[24]
Died: John H. Bankhead II, 73, U.S. Senator from Alabama since 1931

text: June 13, 1946 (Thursday)[edit]

text:
After a reign of 31 days, King Umberto II of Italy elected not to further contest the results of the June 2 referendum that abolished the monarchy, and flew into exile.  Earlier in the day, Parliament had granted Prime Minister Alcide De Gasperi power to serve as the acting head of state until the election results could be certified.[25]
Died:
Edward Bowes, 72, American creator and host of radio program Major Bowes Amateur Hour
Charles Butterworth, 49, American film actor, in an automobile accident
Jules Guérin, 79, American mural painter.

text: June 14, 1946 (Friday)[edit]

text:
As the United States representative to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission, financier Bernard Baruch spoke at the UNAEC's temporary headquarters at New York's Hunter College, and presented the Baruch Plan, the American proposal for United Nations' control of all nuclear weapons.  At the time, the United States was the only nation to have produced an atomic bomb.  Baruch opened his remarks by saying, "We are here to make a choice between the quick and the dead.".[26]  Under the plan, the U.N.'s member nations would have agreed to not develop nuclear weapons and to allow inspections by the UNAEC to verify compliance, with punishments for violation of the agreement.  No member of the U.N. Security Council would have been allowed to veto a resolution for enforcement.  In return, the UNAEC would have assisted member nations in developing nuclear energy for peaceful uses.  A week later, the Soviet Union made a counterproposal that would have delayed discussion of enforcement procedures until after weapons were destroyed.[27]  No agreement was ever reached, and the world's nations developed their own nuclear arsenals.[28]  One historian later offered the opinion that "the Baruch Plan was the nearest approach to a world government proposal ever offered by the United States",[29]
Born: Donald Trump, 45th President of the United States, American businessman and television personality in New York City.
Died:
John Logie Baird, 57, Scottish inventor of television technology
Jorge Ubico, 67, former Guatemalan dictator.

text: June 15, 1946 (Saturday)[edit]

text:
The Blue Angels, the aerial demonstration team for the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Marine Corps, made its very first performance, with four pilots under the leadership of Lt. Commander Butch Voris flying at an airshow at the  Jacksonville Naval Air Station in Florida.[30]
In golf's U.S. Open, Byron Nelson, Lloyd Mangrum and Vic Ghezzi finished 72 holes of golf in a three-way tie, each having 283, at the tournament in Cleveland.  Nelson would have won outright, but his caddy had accidentally brushed his foot against the ball when Nelson's fans crowded the area, costing a penalty stroke.[31]  The next day, the three men tied again at 72 in an 18-hole playoff.  In the second playoff, played during a violent thunderstorm, Mangrum — who had been wounded twice during the Battle of the Bulge finished at 72, a stroke ahead of Nelson and Ghezzi.[32]

text: June 16, 1946 (Sunday)[edit]

text: The "Night of the Bridges" took place as agents of the Palmach, a strike force of the Zionist group Haganah, destroyed eleven highway and railway bridges on the night of June 16–17.[33] Author Joseph Heller commented later "Ten bridges connecting Palestine with the neighboring states were destroyed with no casualties.  British occupying forces rounded many of the Haganah members in Operation Agatha days later.[34]

text: June 17, 1946 (Monday)[edit]

text:
Jordan achieved independence when the Treaty of London officially came into effect.
Mobile Telephone Service (MTS), the first "car phone" service in the United States, was introduced by AT&T in St. Louis, Missouri, working in conjunction with Southwestern Bell.  With the aid of a radio tower that transmitted on 120 kHz and could handle only one call at a time, customers could place and receive phone calls in  their automobiles.  The service was then instituted in other American cities.  To call someone on an MTS phone, a person would first call an AT&T operator, who would then send a signal to the designated MTS telephone number.  Calls from an auto were also operator assisted.[35]
A tornado swept through Detroit and then across the U.S.-Canada border into Windsor, Ontario, killing 17 people.[36]
Born: Marcy Kaptur, U.S. Representative (D-Ohio) since 1983, in Toledo, Ohio

text: June 18, 1946 (Tuesday)[edit]

text:
In Goa, at that time part of the colony of Portuguese India, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia began the passive resistance movement against the Portuguese administration to become part of an independent India.  The resistance continued for 15 years until Goa and other Portuguese colonies were invaded by the Indian army and annexed.  Goa became India's 25th state in 1987.[37]
Born:
Russell Ash, British author, in Surrey
Bruiser Brody, professional wrestler, as Frank Goodish in Detroit(d. 1988)

text: June 19, 1946 (Wednesday)[edit]

text:
Georges Bidault was elected as the Provisional President of France by the National Assembly, with 389 votes out of the 586   possible.  Communist legislators refused to participate in the vote.[38]
A rematch between world heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis and challenger Billy Conn attracted 45,266 fight fans to Yankee Stadium, while another 140,000 viewed the fight on the NBC television network (including broadcasts in theaters).  After a lackluster fight, Louis knocked Conn out in the eighth round.;[39]
Andrei Gromyko, the Soviet Union's representative to the United Nations submitted a response to the Baruch Plan proposed by the United States six days earlier, with a disarmament plan of his own.  The Soviet proposal was that the world's nations ratify a treaty pledging not to build nuclear weapons, and that within 90 days after ratification, the United States would destroy its atomic weapons arsenal.[40]
Sixty-three Germans and twenty Ukrainian refugees were killed in the explosion of ammunition that had been stored by the Nazi German regime in a salt mine at Hänigsen, near Celle.[41]

text: June 20, 1946 (Thursday)[edit]

text:
An agreement to withdraw all Allied occupation forces from Italy, over a 90-day period, was approved in Paris by the representatives of the "Big Four" powers (France, the Soviet Union, the United States and the United Kingdom).  The Soviets also agreed to withdraw their troops from Bulgaria.[42]
Fred M. Vinson was confirmed as the new Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court by unanimous vote of the U.S. Senate.  Vinson, the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, was sworn in four days later.[43]
The drama film Anna and the King of Siam starring Irene Dunne and Rex Harrison was released.
Born: Xanana Gusmão, first President of East Timor (2002–2007), Prime Minister since 2007, in Manatuto
Died: Wan Rong, 39, the last Empress Consort of China following her marriage to Emperor Puyi

text: June 21, 1946 (Friday)[edit]

text:
At the Nuremberg trials, Albert Speer, who had been the German Minister of Armaments and War Production, testified before the War Crimes Tribunal that the Nazis had been "a year or two away from splitting the atom" before the end of World War II.   Speer said that Germany's development of a nuclear bomb had been delayed because many of its atomic scientists had fled to the United States to escape Adolf Hitler's regime.[44]
A cloud of ammonia killed seven people and injured 41 at the Baker Hotel in Dallas.  Most of the victims were hotel employees who were overcome when an air conditioning unit, in the hotel's basement, exploded.[45]

text: June 22, 1946 (Saturday)[edit]

text:
U.S. Senator Theodore G. Bilbo of Mississippi, running for re-election in the Democratic primary, said in a radio broadcast that he was calling on every "red-blooded Anglo-Saxon man in Mississippi to resort to any means to keep hundreds of Negroes from the polls in the July 2 primary", then added "And if you don't know what the means, you are just not up on your persuasive measures.".[46]  Bilbo won re-election in the primary and general election, but as a result of his call for violence against African-American voters, the United States Senate refused to let him be sworn in for a new term.[47]
The first delivery of the United States mail by jet plane was made by two P-80 Shooting Star planes.  The inaugural flight left Schenectady, New York at 12:18 and arrived in Washington, D.C. at 1:07 pm, with an air mail letter delivered to President Truman.[48]
Born: Kay Redfield Jamison, American psychiatrist and bipolar disorder specialist

text: June 23, 1946 (Sunday)[edit]

text:
The Monnet Plan, France's proposal to dismantle 200 factories in the French Zone of Occupation in southeast Germany to offset France's war losses of 4,869,000,000,000 francs (40 billion dollars) was presented.  Over the next three years, the machinery from 22 factories in the occupation zone would be moved to France, and another 88 factories would be destroyed.[49]
The National Democratic Front won a landslide victory in the  municipal elections in French India. {{fact}}
Born: Ted Shackelford, American actor (Gary Ewing on Knots Landing, 1979–93), in Oklahoma City
Died: William S. Hart, 81, American film actor and star of Westerns during silent era

text: June 24, 1946 (Monday)[edit]

text:
Seven players on the Spokane Indians minor league baseball team, and their manager, were killed when their bus veered through a guard rail on the Snoqualmie Pass Highway and plunged down a 500-foot embankment and into a ravine.[50]  The Indians, in fifth place in the Western International League (now the Northwest League) had been on their way to Bremerton, Washington, for a seven-game series against the Bluejackets.[51]
Born:
Ellison Onizuka, American astronaut, in Kealakekua, Hawaii (killed in Challenger disaster 1986)
Robert Reich, U.S. Secretary of Labor 1993-97, in Scranton, Pennsylvania

text: June 25, 1946 (Tuesday)[edit]

text:
The World Bank (officially the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) began operations, with Eugene Meyer, former chairman of the U.S. Federal Reserve Board, as the IBRD's first President.[52]
Ten middle school students were killed and twenty wounded at Xuzhou (Hsuchow), in China's Jiangsu province, after Nationalist Army officer Feng Yu-xiang Fang Jingxing  ordered them to be fired on by machine guns.  The massacre followed an angry confrontation between the students and the officer.[53]

text: June 26, 1946 (Wednesday)[edit]

text:
Taking the Chinese Civil War into a new phase, President Chiang Kai-shek launched a nationwide military campaign against the Communist Chinese forces of Mao Zedong, with Chiang's Nationalist Army moving into central China to take back rural areas that were under Communist control.   The Nationalists had superior weapons and more troops, and Chiang received American aid for a strategy that he hoped would defeat Mao's forces within six months.  Within nine months, it was clear that the campaign was failing, and by the end of 1949, China's mainland was under control of the Communist forces.[54]
On the day the campaign started, Nationalist Chinese pilot Liu Shanben defected to the Communists and delivered a B-24 Liberator bomber to the opposition, and starting a wave of similar acts.  Within three years, 54 pilots and 20 airplanes joined the Communist side.[55]
William Heirens, a 17-year-old student at the University of Chicago, was arrested for burglary, and soon charged with three murders tied to "The Lipstick Killer", including the January 7 murder of 6-year old Suzanne Degnan.[56]
Died: Alexander Duncan McRae, 71, Canadian multimillionaire

text: June 27, 1946 (Thursday)[edit]

text:
The Spanish submarine C-4 sank after a collision off the Balearic Islands with the Spanish destroyer Lepanto, with a loss of all 46 persons on board.[57]
The Canadian Citizenship Act was approved by Canada's House of Commons, separating Canadian citizenship from British nationality, effective January 1, 1947; Canada was the first Commonwealth country to create its own citizenship laws.[58][59]
Born: Sally Priesand, first woman rabbi in the United States, in Cleveland.
Died: Juan Antonio Ríos, 57, President of Chile since 1942, of cancer

text: June 28, 1946 (Friday)[edit]

text:
The first recorded birth in Japan of a baby born of a Japanese mother and one of the American soldiers occupying Japan, was announced on Japanese radio.  The birth, the first of tens of thousands that would follow, came a little more than nine months after the first American occupation forces had arrived on the Honshu island.[60]
Born: Gilda Radner, American comedian and actress, in Detroit (d. 1989)
Died: Antoinette Perry, 58, American actress for whom the Tony Awards are named

text: June 29, 1946 (Saturday)[edit]

text:
In Palestine, the British Army oversaw "Operation Agatha", the arrest of 2,700 suspected Jewish terrorists in retaliation of the destruction of 11 bridges two weeks earlier.,[61] detaining them at a prison camp at Latrun.  The Haganah escalated terror attacks in response, with the King David Hotel bombing taking place the following month.[62]
Born: Egon von Fürstenberg, Swiss fashion designer who created "the power look"; in Lausanne (d. 2004)

text: June 30, 1946 (Sunday)[edit]

text:
After nearly five years of  price and wage controls by the United States Office of Price Administration, the OPA's emergency wartime powers ended at midnight.  Two days earlier, the U.S. Senate declined to extend the OPA's authority,[63] and a final appeal to the American public by President Truman failed.[64]  Expiring at midnight also were the mandates of the Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC), which had acted against discrimination by race,[65] and the War Relocation Authority, which carried out racial discrimination, most notably in the internment of more than 100,000 Japanese Americans during World War II, was abolished.[66]
In a national referendum, voters in Poland were presented with a yes-or-no choice on three issues: abolishing the Senate; supporting nationalization of industries and land, and conforming the border with the Soviet Union to reflect the loss of lands east of the Odra and Nysa rivers.  Official results showed two-thirds approval of all three measures, placed Poland under Communist rule for the next 43 years, by  the Polish Workers' Party.[67]


document_title: Star Trek: Discovery

question_text: how much does each episode of star trek discovery cost

text: Star Trek: Discovery

text: Premise[edit]

text: Set roughly ten years before the events of Star Trek: The Original Series,[1] the show sees the united Klingon houses in a war with the United Federation of Planets that involves the crew of the USS Discovery.[2][3]

tag: p

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Sonequa Martin-Green as Michael Burnham:
A Science Specialist on USS Discovery. Burnham was First Officer of the USS Shenzhou, where she was referred to as "Number One" to honor the character of the same name portrayed by Majel Barrett in the original Star Trek pilot "The Cage".[4][5][6] Burnham is a human who was raised following Vulcan culture and traditions by Sarek.[4][7] Unlike the protagonists of previous Star Trek series, she was not made a starship captain, in order "to see a character from a different perspective on the starship—one who has different dynamic relationships with a captain, with subordinates, it gave us richer context".[1] Fuller deliberately gave the character a traditionally male name, which he had done with the female leads of his previous series.[8]

Doug Jones as Saru:
First Officer of the USS Discovery, Saru was previously Science Officer of the USS Shenzhou.[9] Saru is the first Kelpien to enter Starfleet. Kelpiens, a new species created for Discovery, were hunted as prey on their home planet and thus evolved the ability to sense the coming of death, giving them a reputation for cowardice.[10] Jones based Saru's walk on that of a supermodel,[7] out of necessity thanks to the boots he had to wear to portray the character's hooved feet, forcing Jones to walk on the balls of his feet.[11] The producers compared Saru to the characters Spock and Data from previous series.[10]

Shazad Latif as Ash Tyler:
Chief of Security of the USS Discovery, Lieutenant Tyler was previously held as a prisoner of war by the Klingons. Latif was originally cast in the role of Kol.[12][13] Latif noted that Tyler's PTSD would be explored in the show as he attempts to return to his Starfleet life, calling Tyler "a very complex and painful and deep character."[13] The character explores these issues with different characters, including Lorca due to their shared military background, and Burnham with whom "there's a chemistry, a relationship".[14]

Anthony Rapp as Paul Stamets:
Chief engineer aboard the USS Discovery and science officer specializing in astromycology (the study of fungi in space) whose research led to development of an experimental organic propulsion system on the Discovery.[9][15][16] The character is inspired by a real-life mycologist of the same name.[17] He is the first openly gay character in a Star Trek series, and the showrunners "wanted to roll out that character's sexuality the way people would roll out their sexuality in life." Rapp noted that Hikaru Sulu was portrayed as gay in the film Star Trek Beyond, calling that "a nice nod. But in this case, we actually get to see me with my partner in conversation, in our living quarters, you get to see our relationship over time, treated as any other relationship would be treated".[18]

Mary Wiseman as Sylvia Tilly:
A cadet in her final year at Starfleet Academy, assigned to the Discovery.[19][20] She works under Stamets aboard the Discovery, where she becomes roommates with Burnham.[20] The character was included to represent people "at the very bottom of this ladder" of the Starfleet hierarchy. She is "the most optimistic ... has the biggest heart", and showrunner Aaron Harberts described her as "sort of the soul of our show."[21]

Jason Isaacs as Gabriel Lorca:
Captain of the Discovery,[22] a "brilliant military tactician".[23] Isaacs described the character as "probably more f-d up than any of" the previously seen Star Trek captains.[7] He plays the character with a slight southern U.S. accent, and had initially wanted to ad-lib a catchphrase for the character feeling that all Star Trek captains should have one, coming up with "git'r done" which the writers turned down due to it being widely used and trademarked by Larry the Cable Guy.[24]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

1
"The Vulcan Hello"
David Semel
Story by : Bryan Fuller & Alex Kurtzman
Teleplay by : Akiva Goldsman & Bryan Fuller
September 24, 2017 (2017-09-24)[a]

2
"Battle at the Binary Stars"
Adam Kane
Story by : Bryan Fuller
Teleplay by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts
September 24, 2017 (2017-09-24)

3
"Context Is for Kings"
Akiva Goldsman
Story by : Bryan Fuller & Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts
Teleplay by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts & Craig Sweeny
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)

4
"The Butcher's Knife Cares Not for the Lamb's Cry"
Olatunde Osunsanmi
Jesse Alexander & Aron Eli Coleite
October 8, 2017 (2017-10-08)

5
"Choose Your Pain"
Lee Rose
Story by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts & Kemp Powers
Teleplay by : Kemp Powers
October 15, 2017 (2017-10-15)

6
"Lethe"
Douglas Aarniokoski
Joe Menosky & Ted Sullivan
October 22, 2017 (2017-10-22)

7
"Magic to Make the Sanest Man Go Mad"
David M. Barrett
Aron Eli Coleite & Jesse Alexander
October 29, 2017 (2017-10-29)

8
"Si Vis Pacem, Para Bellum"
John S. Scott
Kirsten Beyer
November 5, 2017 (2017-11-05)

9
"Into the Forest I Go"
Chris Byrne
Bo Yeon Kim & Erika Lippoldt
November 12, 2017 (2017-11-12)

10
"Despite Yourself"[27]
TBA
TBA
January 7, 2018 (2018-01-07)

11
"The Wolf Inside"[27]
TBA
TBA
January 14, 2018 (2018-01-14)

12
"Vaulting Ambition"[27]
TBA
TBA
January 21, 2018 (2018-01-21)

13
"What's Past is Prologue"[27]
TBA
TBA
January 28, 2018 (2018-01-28)

14
"The War Without, The War Within"[27]
TBA
TBA
February 4, 2018 (2018-02-04)

15
"Will You Take My Hand?"[27]
TBA
TBA
February 11, 2018 (2018-02-11)

tag: table

text: Jump up ^ The first episode had a special premiere on CBS alongside its release on CBS All Access.[25][26]

tag: ol

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: On November 2, 2015, CBS announced a new Star Trek television series to premiere in January 2017, "on the heels" of the original series' 50th anniversary in 2016. It is the first Star Trek series since Star Trek: Enterprise concluded in 2005, and the first show to be developed specifically for the CBS All Access on demand service. Alex Kurtzman, co-writer of the films Star Trek and Star Trek Into Darkness, and Heather Kadin were set as executive producers on the series, which is "not related" to the 2016 film Star Trek Beyond.[28][29] The January 2017 date was the earliest that CBS could release a new Star Trek series after an agreement the company made when it split with Viacom in 2005.[30] Showtime, Netflix, and Amazon Video all offered "a lot of money" for the rights to release the series,[31] but after heavily investing in the new All Access service, CBS believed that a returning Star Trek could be "the franchise that really puts All Access on the map" and could earn more money in the long run.[30][31]

text: In January 2016, CBS president Glenn Geller revealed that he and the CBS network were not involved in the production of the series, saying, "It really is for All Access. While the network will be broadcasting the pilot, I actually can't answer any creative questions about it."[32] The next month, Bryan Fuller, who began his career writing for the series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine and Star Trek: Voyager, was announced as the new series' showrunner and co-creator alongside Kurtzman.[33][34] Nicholas Meyer, writer and director of Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan and Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country, also joined the series as a writer and consulting producer.[35] In March, Rod Roddenberry, the son of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry, and Trevor Roth of Roddenberry Entertainment also joined the series, as executive producers.[36] Fuller said that working with people previously involved with Star Trek was "really about making sure that we maintain authenticity", and said that Meyer—who is widely considered to have made the best Star Trek film in The Wrath of Khan—brings "a clarity and a cleanliness to the storytelling. An ability to ground science-fiction in a relatable way, and also making sure that we're telling character stories."[37] Fuller had publicly called for Star Trek to return to television for years, particularly because of its impact on minority groups, as he explained, "I couldn't stop thinking about how many black people were inspired by seeing Nichelle Nichols on the bridge of a ship. I couldn't stop thinking about how many Asian people were inspired by seeing George Takei and feeling that gave them hope for their place in the future. I wanted to be part of that representation for a new era."[38] When Fuller first met with CBS about the series, the company did not have a plan for what the new show would be.[39] He proposed an anthology series with each season being a standalone, serialized show set in a different era, beginning with a prequel to the original series, then stories set during the original series, during Star Trek: The Next Generation, and then "beyond to a time in Trek that's never been seen before". Fuller compared this to what American Horror Story did for horror, and described the proposal as a platform for "a universe of Trek shows". CBS instead suggested a single serialized show to see how that performed first, and he began further developing the concept of a prequel to the original series.[38]

text: Fuller announced in June 2016 that the first season would consist of 13 episodes,[39] though he would prefer to produce 10 episodes a season.[6] A month later, Fuller announced the series' title to be Star Trek: Discovery,[40] and revealed that it would be set in the "Prime Timeline" (which includes the previous Star Trek series, but not the modern reboot films) to keep the concurrent series and films separate, so "we don't have to track anything [happening in the films] and they don't have to track what we're doing".[41][6] Also in July, CBS Studios International licensed the series to Netflix for release outside the United States and Canada,[34] a "blockbuster" deal that paid for the show's entire budget (around US$6–7 million per episode).[42][43] During pre-production on the series, Fuller and CBS continued to disagree on the direction of the show, which was starting to overrun its per-episode budget, and was falling behind schedule due to Fuller supervising all aspects of the series as well as another new show, American Gods. This caused frustration among CBS executives who felt Fuller should be focused on having Discovery ready for release by the January 2017 premiere date.[38] By August 2016, Fuller had hired Gretchen J. Berg and Aaron Harberts, who he had worked with on Pushing Daisies, to serve as co-showrunners with him.[6][43] A month later, he and Kurtzman asked CBS to delay the series' release so they could meet the high expectations for it, and the studio pushed the series premiere back to May 2017."[44] At the end of October, CBS asked Fuller to step down as showrunner,[38] and announced a restructuring of the production: Berg and Harberts were made sole showrunners, working from a broad story arc and overall mythology established by Fuller; Kurtzman and Fuller would continue as executive producers, but with Fuller moving his attention fully to American Gods; and Akiva Goldsman would join the series in a supporting producer role, similar to the role he held on Fringe alongside Kurtzman. CBS reiterated that they were "extremely happy with [Fuller's] creative direction" for the series,[43] though some elements of the series that came directly from Fuller were dropped, including some designs and "more heavily allegorical and complex story" points.[38] Fuller later confirmed that he was no longer involved with the series, but expressed interest in returning for future seasons.[45]

text: With production set to finally begin in January, "a lot of careful deliberation [was] continuing to go into making Discovery special, from the choice of directors, to set design, to the special effects."[46] Ted Sullivan also joined the series to serve as supervising writing producer.[47][48] At CBS's 2017 upfront presentation, CBS Interactive president Marc DeBevoise confirmed a "fall" release date for the series, and announced that the episode order for the first season had been expanded to 15 episodes.[49][50] In June, CBS announced a new premiere date of September 24, 2017, with the season airing through November 2017, and then beginning again in January 2018. This break gave more time to complete post-production on the second half of the season.[25] Also that month, Kurtzman said that he and Fuller had discussed future seasons before the latter's departure, and promised that "what's there in terms of story and certainly in terms of set-up, character, big ideas, the big movement of the season, that's all stuff that Bryan and I talked about" and would not be altered.[51] Goldsman said in August that the producers wanted "a hybridized [anthology] approach. I don't think we're looking for an endless, continuing nine or 10 year story. We're looking at arcs which will have characters that we know and characters that we don't know."[8] Kurtzman added that the success of Discovery could lead to other new Star Trek series that could potentially use the anthology format.[52] By the end of August, Berg and Harberts had developed a "road map" for a second season, and "the beginnings of one" for a third. It was also revealed that an average episode of the first season had ultimately cost US$8–8.5 million each, making it one of the most expensive television series ever and exceeding the original Netflix deal, though CBS still considered the series to be paid for already due to the number of new All Access subscribers that the show was expected to draw.[53] After the series' premiere, Kurtzman said that the producers wanted to avoid announcing release dates and having to delay those for any future seasons, due to the external pressure that caused with the first season, but that he hoped a second season would be available in early 2019.[54] The second season was officially ordered a month later in October 2017.[55]

text: Writing[edit]

text:
"The defining factor of Roddenberry's vision is the optimistic view of the future ... Once you lose that, you lose the essence of what Star Trek is. That being said... Star Trek has always been a mirror to the time it reflected and [the topical question now] is how do you preserve and protect what Starfleet is in the weight of a challenge like war and the things that have to be done in war."

—Executive producer Alex Kurtzman on the balance between classic Star Trek and new elements in Discovery[56]

tag: div

text: The series' writers are based in Los Angeles,[57] and include "fans who all have very different relationships to Trek," which Kurtzman said is "a healthy thing and it's a good thing".[51] Fuller wanted to differentiate the series from the previous 700+ episodes of Star Trek by taking advantage of the streaming format of All Access and telling a single story arc across the entire first season. He and Kurtzman developed this story from "so many elements of Star Trek", taking certain episodes of the original series and using their "DNA" to find "the spirit of what Star Trek offers, both in terms of high-concept science fiction storytelling and really wonderful metaphors for the human condition".[39] Berg said that the series' writers "are so in love with" The Original Series, The Next Generation, and the family aspect of those series, while Harberts added that Meyer's Star Trek films were an especial influence on Discovery because "his storytelling is complex and intellectual and yet there's a lot of room for character voices".[58]

text: The titular ship was named after Discovery One from 2001: A Space Odyssey, NASA's Space Shuttle Discovery, and "the sense of discovery ... what [that] means to Star Trek audiences who have been promised a future by Gene Roddenberry where we come together as a planet and seek new worlds and new alien races to explore and understand and collaborate with".[59] Fuller saw the series as a bridge between Enterprise and the original series—which are set around 150 years apart—but set much closer to the latter to allow the series to "play with all the iconography of those ships and those uniforms".[60] In May 2017, Sullivan described the series as "a genuine prequel" to the original series,[61] with Goldsman later adding that there were many classic Star Trek elements that fans among the writers wished to include in the series, but couldn't because they were included in the original series as something being discovered by Starfleet for the first time then.[62] The choice to feature a single serialized story throughout the first season was inspired by the general change in television to tell more realistic and serialized stories rather than the "new destination-based adventure each week" format mostly used in previous Star Trek series. Fuller had been one of several writers during the 1990s pushing for Deep Space Nine and Voyager to move towards this style.[63] Also inspired by modern, "peak television" series such as Game of Thrones was a willingness to kill off major characters for dramatic reasons, though the writers wanted to avoid doing so gratuitously or for "shock value".[64]

text: Fuller said the series could "push the content envelope since it won't be constrained by broadcast standards", but "it's still Star Trek. It will probably be slightly more graphic content ... I imagine we're going to shoot scenes a couple of ways and see what feels more authentic in the editing room."[1] Harberts ultimately described the series as a "hard PG-13", saying the series could include "some violent things or [a] tiny bit of language" but they still wanted the show to be for families and to "honor what the franchise is."[65] On using time travel in the series, a plot device used in at least two episodes of every previous live-action Star Trek season, Fuller said that it had not yet been used for any episode by the end of August 2016, and, "You never know when you want to pull out that device but I am not anticipating an over-reliance on time travel to tell this season's stories."[6] The series' writers also chose to ignore Gene Roddenberry's longstanding rule that Starfleet crew members not have any significant conflict with one another or be depicted negatively (a rule that Roddenberry himself did not always strictly follow). Harberts explained, "We're trying to do stories that are complicated, with characters with strong points of view and strong passions. People have to make mistakes—mistakes are still going to be made in the future. We're still going to argue in the future ... the thing we're taking from Roddenberry is how we solve those conflicts."[63] Because of the show's position as a prequel to the original series, the producers felt it was more important for Discovery to build towards Roddenberry's ideals, and to show that "you can't simply be accepting and tolerant without working for it, and so this show is about that struggle."[62]

text: Casting[edit]

text: By June 2016, Fuller had met with several actors, and said that "we want to carry on what Star Trek does best, which is being progressive. So it's fascinating to look at all of these roles through a colorblind prism and a gender-blind prism".[39] A month later, Kadin clarified that the series would feature minority, female, and LGBTQ characters.[66] In August, Fuller said the series would feature "about seven" lead characters,[67] and would star a lieutenant commander, rather than a starship captain like previous Star Trek series, to be played by a non-white actress. He said the series would also include more alien characters than other Star Trek series, and would feature at least one openly gay character. Fuller, who is gay himself, had been determined to see this happen since receiving hate mail while working on Voyager when a character on that show was rumored to be coming out as gay.[1] By this time, Fuller had discussed the series' casting with Mae Jemison, the first black woman in space (who made a cameo appearance in an episode of The Next Generation).[1][68]

text: Fuller anticipated casting announcements in October 2016,[6] but none had been made by the end of that month. The majority of the series main characters were believed to have been cast by then, but no actress had been cast for the series' lead role. This was a source of "some internal stress" at CBS.[43] Several African American and Latina actresses were being looked at for the role, with CBS "not seeking a huge star and [preferring] a fresh face for the part."[69] In October, the cast was believed to include "a female admiral, a male Klingon captain, a male admiral, a male adviser and a British male doctor", with one of those male leads played by an openly gay actor.[70] The next month, Doug Jones and Anthony Rapp were revealed to be cast, as Science Officers Saru and Stamets, respectively.[9] The former is a Kelpien, an alien race created for the series,[10] while the latter is the first Star Trek character to be conceived and announced as gay.[9] Sonequa Martin-Green was cast in the lead role in December,[71] which was officially confirmed in April 2017, with the character's name revealed to be Michael Burnham.[5] Also in December, Shazad Latif was cast as the Klingon Kol.[72] In March 2017, Jason Isaacs was cast as Captain Lorca of the USS Discovery,[22] and Mary Wiseman joined as Tilly, a cadet.[19] At the end of April, Latif was revealed to have been recast to the role of Starfleet Lieutenant Tyler.[12]

text: Design[edit]

text: Mark Worthington and Todd Cherniawsky served as initial production designers for the series;[73] Gersha Phillips and Suttirat Anne Larlarb designed the costumes;[3][74] veteran Star Trek designer John Eaves designed starships, along with Scott Schneider;[75][76] and Glenn Hetrick and Neville Page of Alchemy Studios provided prosthetics, props, and armor.[3][77] Page previously served as the concept and creature designer on the three "Kelvin Timeline" Star Trek films.[78] The series also employed seven art directors, over nine illustrators, more than thirty-five set designers, and over four hundred and fifty painters, carpenters, sculptors, model makers, welders, set dressers, and prop builders.[76]

text: Fuller said on the general approach to design on the show, "we're producing the show in 2016. We have to update the style of the effects, the style of the sets, the style of the makeup ... all of the other series have been produced [at a time that] isn't as sophisticated as we are now with what we can do production-wise, we're going to be reestablishing an entire look for the series" and for Star Trek moving forward.[1] Fuller had wanted the series' uniforms to reflect the primary colors of the original series, but this was discarded after his departure.[38] However, Fuller's designs for the Klingons, which he "really, really wanted" to redesign, were retained.[8][2] 3D Systems' "cutting edge" 3D printing techniques were widely used in the making of the series.[3][78] For the prosthetics, Page and Hetrick took detailed laser scans of the actors so they could simulate make-up and prosthetics in a virtual environment before creating the practical version.[79] Fabric for the Starfleet uniforms seen in the series were custom-dyed in Switzerland; the costumes were cut and assembled in Toronto by Phillips and her department. The main uniforms seen in the series are a navy blue specifically mixed for the show, with gold or silver embellishments depending on the division of the officer. Medical officers wear a "hospital white" variant, also custom-dyed in Switzerland, while the captain's uniform is the standard navy blue but with additional gold piping on the shoulders.[80] Starfleet insignia badges were molded from silicon bronze, and then polished and plated by a jeweler to create custom colors for the series, based on the division of the officer wearing the uniform: gold for command, silver for sciences and medical, and copper for operations. Props such as tricorders and hand scanners, communicators, and phasers were produced with 3D printing and heavily inspired by their designs in the original Star Trek series.[80]

text: The design of the USS Discovery is based on an unused Ralph McQuarrie design for the USS Enterprise from the unproduced film Star Trek: Planet of the Titans, which Fuller had noted in July 2016 was "to a point that we can't legally comment on it until [our legal team] figures out some things".[41] McQuarrie's designs were based on the concepts created by Ken Adam to feature a vessel with a flattened secondary hull.[81][82] Fuller wanted "something distinct about what our Star Trek was going to look" like, and after seeing McQuarrie's design "saw sort of harder lines of a ship and started talking about race cars and Lamborghinis in the '70s and James Bond cars and started working on the designs, taking those inspirations and coming up with something completely unique to us."[83] The design for the Discovery went through several revisions and refinements before the final version was approved in December 2016.[84] The sickbay on the Discovery was inspired by that of the Enterprise from the original series.[85] Other Federation starships created for the show include the USS Shenzhou and the USS Europa.[86][87] Sets for the Discovery's interiors were described as a "tangle of corridors and rooms",[53] and were designed to match with the exterior design of the ship, so "the rooms [could believably] fit inside the house", but there was some artistic license taken in places. The graphics used for the Starfleet computer systems were designed to be believably more advanced than modern technology, but to also "honor the look and feel" of the designs used in previous series. The initial colors allowed for the graphics were mostly restricted to blues, with the intention of these becoming more colorful the closer the series gets to the time period of the original series.[76]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Star Trek: Discovery is filmed at Pinewood Toronto Studios,[88] with Vincenzo Natali serving as producing director for the series.[39] Some of the series' sets took over six weeks to create,[86] and new sets were being built up until the end of production of the season.[89] Discovery took advantage of multiple soundstages at the studio, including the largest soundstage in North America.[53] Some episodes for the show were filmed solely on existing sets, making them bottle episodes, though Harberts said the series would not do anything "as bottle-y as 'everyone is stuck in the mess hall!'"[89]

text: For the visual scope of the series, Kurtzman felt that the show had to "justify being on a premium cable service".[90] The showrunners were particularly inspired by Star Trek: The Motion Picture and its "wider scope", with Harberts explaining that the series is shot in a 2:1 aspect ratio which "just lends itself to a very lyrical way of telling the story." He added that some of the series' visuals were influenced by the modern Star Trek films from J. J. Abrams.[58] Some of these influences, per Goldsman, are "the ability to be creative cinematically...the intimate discourse, the humanistic storytelling with the giant canvas that is Star Trek. A more kinetic camera, a more dynamic way of existing, a much greater use of practical sets so when you’re running down a corridor, you’re running down a corridor. A sense of rhythm...there is a sense of litheness, a kind of fluidity in the characterizations."[91] The producers worked closely with pilot director David Semel to make the series look as cinematic as possible, including filming the bridge of Starfleet's ships in such a way as "not to shoot in a sort of proscenium box...to be able to get the camera into spaces where, you know, to shoot it in interesting ways, which is a combination of choreographing a scene to motivate the camera moving, and also lighting."[56] The cinematographers for the series wanted to emphasize on set sourcing, with lighting built in wherever it would naturally appear to help create a more realistic feel, and distance the series from the "stage" feel of the original series.[89] The lighting could also be controlled to create completely different situations, such as the lighting of a Starfleet red alert.[76] Harberts said that the cinematographers wanted the series to have a "Rembrandt texture".[89]

text: Visual effects[edit]

text: Visual effects producers were hired to begin work on the series during the initial writing period, with Fuller explaining that the series would require such things as "digital augmentation on certain alien species" and "the transporter beams". He said, "We're trying to cultivate distinct looks for all of those things that are unique to our version of Star Trek and carry through the themes we love seeing in fifty years of Star Trek, but doing a slightly different approach."[39] Pixomondo is the primary visual effects vendor for the series,[87] with Spin VFX also working on the show.[92] Kurtzman noted that the series utilizes multiple CG environments which take several months to properly render.[56] The shuttle bay of the Discovery is completely computer-generated, with actors performing in front of a green screen for scenes in that environment; using the digital set is more expensive than any other set created for the series, including the practically-built ones.[93]

text: Music[edit]

text: The first teaser for the series featured music composed by Fil Eisler, which he "threw together as an audition" within three weeks.[66] Before production on the series began, Charles Henri Avelange had also composed and recorded music for the series, which he described as "a showcase for CBS".[94] In July 2017, Jeff Russo was announced as composer for the series.[7] Russo recorded the series' score with a 60-piece orchestra.[90] The show's main theme incorporates elements from the original Star Trek theme.[62]

text: Release[edit]

text: The first episode of Star Trek: Discovery aired in a "preview broadcast" on CBS in the United States on September 24, as well as being made available with the second episode on CBS All Access. Subsequent first-run episodes, making up the first chapter of the season, were streamed weekly on All Access through November 12. The second chapter will begin streaming January 2018.[25][26][95]

text: CBS Studios International licensed the series to Bell Media for broadcast in Canada, and to Netflix for another 188 countries.[34] In Canada, the premiere was simulcast with CBS on September 24, 2017, on both the CTV Television Network and on the specialty channel Space before being streamed on CraveTV; it was also broadcast in French on the specialty channel Z.[34] Subsequent episodes will be released through Space, Z, and CraveTV,[34] with Space airing each episode 30 minutes before it's streamed on All Access.[96][97] In the other countries, Netflix will release each episode of the series for streaming within 24 hours of its U.S. debut.[34] This agreement also saw Bell Media and Netflix acquire all previous Star Trek series to stream in their entirety, and to broadcast on Bell Media television channels.[34]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The first full trailer for the series was released in May 2017.[98] Forbes's Merrill Barr noted that the trailer was a good sign for many who believed the series would never be released following the many production setbacks and delays, saying, "Having a legitimate trailer that can be watched over and over again brings signs of hope, particularly for fans that have been waiting over a year for this moment. Star Trek: Discovery is real, and now we have proof."[99] Chris Harnick of E! News described the trailer as "gorgeous" and "truly cinematic", and because of the appearances of Sarek and the Klingons in the footage, "this is the Star Trek you know and love."[100] Aja Romano at Vox called the trailer's visuals "sumptuous" and "modern, but still very much in keeping with the aesthetic of previous Trek series". She continued, "What gets short shrift in this trailer is the series' overarching plot ... In any case, seeing the Klingons in all their combative glory feels a bit like coming home for Trek fans."[101] Also in May, McFarlane Toys signed a toy license deal with CBS to produce "figures, role play weapons and accessories" for Discovery. CBS Consumer Products senior vice president Veronica Hart explained that McFarlane was chosen as the first licensee for the series because of its "commitment to quality and dedication to fans". The deal will also see the company "create merchandise from the entire Star Trek universe, ranging from the classic Star Trek: The Original Series to its popular movie franchise." The first merchandise produced under the deal are set for release in mid-2018.[102]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings and viewership[edit]

text: According to Nielsen Media Research, the CBS broadcast of the first episode was watched by a "decent" audience of 9.5 million viewers.[103][104] The premiere of the series led to record subscriptions for All Access, with the service having its biggest day of signups, as well as its biggest week and month of signups thanks to the series.[105] According to "app analytics specialist" App Annie, the premiere of the series also caused the number of downloads of the All Access mobile app to more than double, with revenue from the app for CBS doubling compared to the average in-app revenue during the previous 30 days.[106]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 83% approval rating for the first season, with an average rating of 7.14/10 based on 54 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Although it takes an episode to achieve liftoff, Star Trek: Discovery delivers a solid franchise installment for the next generation—boldly led by the charismatic Sonequa Martin-Green."[107] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 72 out of 100 based on 20 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[108]

text: Other media[edit]

text: After Trek[edit]

text: By July 2016, CBS was working on an aftershow companion series to Discovery similar in format to AMC's Talking Dead, a companion to The Walking Dead. The show would air live after each episode of Discovery, and would feature "guests, celebrity Trekkies, former Star Trek actors, along with cast members and crew" from Discovery.[109] The companion series was confirmed in 2017, with the title After Trek and host Matt Mira. It is produced by Embassy Row in association with Roddenberry Entertainment.[110]

text: Publishing[edit]

text: In September 2016, Discovery writer Kirsten Beyer announced that CBS was working with IDW and Simon & Schuster to produce more content revolving around the setting of the series, starting with at least one novel and a comic series tied to the television show. Beyer, the writer of many Star Trek: Voyager novels, explained that she would work with fellow Star Trek novelist David Mack and Star Trek comic writer Mike Johnson to ensure that all three media "are coming from the same place". The release of the books and comics was set to coincide with the series' premiere.[111] Mack described writing around the continuity of Discovery as "tricky to get right", as the time period "is light on detail and almost unique within the Star Trek continuity. That made it a challenge to represent that era faithfully while also staying true to the new elements being introduced" in the new series.[112]

text: In August 2017, Beyer explained the series' writers' intentions for the additional content, saying, "We want to be able to take the story opportunities that we're just frankly not going to have time to cover in the show, and go as deep into those into the various formats as we can. It's not that you have to read these stories to understand everything, but the story will be incredibly enhanced if you do." Regarding whether this content would be considered canonical, Beyer said that the stories of the comics and novels are briefed back to the show's writing staff so "the stories we created get integrated into their brains", but she also said, "Because of the collaborative nature of this process, we're able to go farther, take bigger risks. The danger is that, in the future, somebody will come upon with an amazing story idea that would be incompatible with what we've already established and just like always, the series is going to take priority. But the hope is that we can carve out these places that are safe and that we can continue to protect because as much as possible we want this to be one integrated universe...we're doing what we can to make sure these stories all fit together moving forward."[113]

text: Novels[edit]

text: The first tie-in to the show is Desperate Hours, a prequel set a year before Discovery and a year after "The Cage". Written by Mack, the novel was released on September 26, and follows Burnham as she serves aboard the Shenzhou. Fuller had asked for a book to be written based on that premise, and Mack had worked with the Discovery writers to stay "in the loop throughout the season with all the scripts and the story development. There were a few false starts, but eventually it allowed us to collaboratively create this story". Mack hinted that the USS Enterprise could also appear in the novel. The second Discovery novel is being written by Dayton Ward, is set 10 years before the show, and is intended to be released in early 2018.[113]

text: Comics[edit]

text: In July 2017, IDW announced the first tie-in comic series, also titled Star Trek: Discovery, to be written by Johnson and Beyer with art by Tony Shasteen, who previously worked with Johnson on the comic Star Trek: Boldly Go. IDW described the comic as "Klingon-centric", and set the first issue for release on October 25.[114] Johnson compared working with Beyer on the comic to his work on the Star Trek: Countdown comic, a tie-in to the 2009 Star Trek film that he wrote with Kurtzman and Roberto Orci, saying that her position as a staff writer on the Discovery show "means we have all the inside access that we need. So the story in the comic will really matter and not just feel like a one-off. It is actually able to expand the story you guys are going to see in the show itself."[115]

text: In August, it was clarified that the first comic would be a four-issue miniseries focused on T'Kuvma and his followers, and that IDW intended to create a series of comic miniseries based on different aspects of the series to create "targeted stories on some different subjects". Johnson stated that they were "building out the characters in the Klingon world with these comics, and we can't wait to show you." He added that discussions were being held regarding the subject of the next miniseries. IDW editor Sarah Gaydos said, "The access we're getting to the show to create these comics that are integral to fleshing out the backstories of the characters is unheard of, and I do a lot of licensed comics."[113]

text: Star Trek Timelines[edit]

text: In late 2017, "hours" of Discovery-based content will be added to the role playing video game Star Trek Timelines, including Michael Burnham and Saru as new crew members for the game and new ships from the show, both Federation and otherwise. A month long "Mega-Event" based on the series will also take place.[116]