document_title: Coins of the Indian rupee

question_text: when was 1 rupee coin introduced in india

text: Coins of the Indian rupee

text: History[edit]

text: After Indian independence, British Indian coins were in use as a frozen currency until India became a republic in 1950. The first rupee coins of the Republic of India were minted in 1950. These included 1/2 rupee, 1/4 rupee, 2 anna, 1 anna, 1/2 anna & 1 pice coins, and are referred to as the anna series or pre-decimal coinage. Under the anna series, one rupee was divided into 16 annas or 64 pice, with each anna equal to 4 pice.

text: In 1957, India shifted to the decimal system, though for a short period of time, both decimal and non-decimal coins were in circulation. To distinguish between the two pice coins in circulation, the coins minted between 1957 and 1964 were printed with the legend “Naya Paisa” (“New Paisa”). The denominations in circulation were 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50 (naya) paisa and one rupee. Since rupees retained their pre-decimal value, pre-decimal coins of one, half and quarter rupees remained in circulation after decimalisation.

text: The word "naya" was dropped in 1964 and a new denomination, the 3 paisa, was introduced into circulation. A 20 paisa coin was minted in 1968. Neither of these coins gained much popularity. The 1, 2 and 3 paisa coins were phased out gradually in the 1970s. In 1982, a new 2 rupee coin was introduced experimentally to replace 2 rupee notes. The 2 rupee coin was not minted again till 1990, after which it was minted every following year.

text: Stainless steel coinage of 10, 25 and 50 paisa was introduced in 1988. In 1992, a new stainless steel rupee coin, smaller and lighter than the older rupee, was minted, alongside a 5 rupee Cupronickel coin.

text: In 2005, the 10 rupee coin was minted for the first time. Higher denomination coins were introduced due to an increasing demand for change and the increasing cost of printing 2, 5 and 10 rupee banknotes.

text: On 30 June 2011, all coins in denominations of 25 paisa and below were officially demonetised. Commemorative coins in circulation can be found in various denominations. They depict various special events or people, including Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi, B. R. Ambedkar, Rajiv Gandhi, Dnyaneshwar, the 1982 Asian Games, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Subhas Chandra Bose, Sri Aurobindo, Chittaranjan Das, Chhatrapati Shivaji, the 2010 Commonwealth Games, Bhagat Singh and Rabindranath Tagore.

text: Coin series: 1947-1950 (pre-decimalization)[edit]

text: Union of India 1947–1950[edit]

text: At Independence on 15 August 1947, India was partitioned into the new British Dominions of India and Pakistan. The new Dominion (or Union) of India retained the previous imperial currency with images of British monarchs. The basic unit of currency was the Indian rupee, which was itself divided into annas (16 annas to a rupee) and pice (the old spelling of paisa - 64 pice to a rupee).[1] The lowest-denomination Indian coins, the half-pice (128 to a rupee) and the pie (192 to a rupee) were officially demonetized in 1947; while both denominations had continued to circulate up to that time, new examples were not minted after 1942 as they were practically worthless (India remained a member of the sterling area after independence and the rupee remained pegged to the pound sterling. Until 1966, the rupee was worth 1s.6d, or 18 old British pence; a half-pice was therefore worth 0.141 old pence and a pie 0.09 old pence.)[2]

text: From 15 August 1947 until 26 January 1950, the Indian coinage structure was as follows: (bold - denominations minted)[3]

text:
Rupee and its fractions
Annas
Pice
Pies (demonetized after 1947)

Rupee
16 annas
64 pice
192 pies

Half rupee
8 annas
32 pice
96 pies

Quarter rupee
4 annas
16 pice
48 pies

1/8 rupee
2 annas
8 pice
24 pies

1/16 rupee
1 anna
4 pice
12 pies

1/32 rupee
Half anna
2 pice
6 pies

1/64 rupee
1/4 anna
1 pice
3 pies

text: This represented the currency arrangements during the transition period up to the establishment of the Indian Republic.

text: The coins used after 1947 until the introduction of Republic of India - Pre decimalisation series were as follows:

text:
George VI series (Independent India) (1947 - 1950)

Denomination
Image
Metal
Shape
Diameter
Minted in Year

Obverse
Reverse

One Rupee

Nickel
Circular
28 mm
1947

Half Rupee

24 mm
1946 - 1947

Quarter Rupee

19 mm
1946 - 1947

2 Annas

Nickel - Brass
Square
25.1 mm
1945

Copper - Nickel
22 mm
1946 - 1947

1 Anna

Nickel - Brass
12 Scalloped
21 mm
1945

Copper - Nickel
21 mm
1946 - 1947

1/2 Anna

Square
19.7 mm
1946 - 1947

1 Pice

Bronze
Circular with a hole
21.32 mm
1943 - 1947

text: Republic of India 1950-1957[edit]

text: On 26 January 1950, India became a sovereign republic. This series was introduced on 15 August 1950 and represented the first coinage of Republic India. The British King's portrait was replaced by the Lion Capital of the Ashoka Pillar. A corn sheaf replaced the Tiger on the one rupee coin. In some ways this symbolised a shift in focus to progress and prosperity. Indian motifs were incorporated on other coins. The previous monetary system and the old units of currency were retained unchanged.

text:
Republic of India Pre-decimalization series (1950 - 1957)

Denomination
Image
Metal
Shape
Diameter
Minted in Year

Obverse
Reverse

One Rupee

Nickel
Circular
27.9 mm
1950 - 1954

Half Rupee

24 mm
1950 - 1956

Quarter Rupee

19 mm
1950 - 1956

Two Annas

Cupro-Nickel
Square
25.4 mm
1950 - 1955

One Anna

12 Scalloped
21 mm
1950 - 1955

Half Anna

Square
19.5 mm
1950 - 1955

One Pice

Bronze
Circular
21 mm
1950 - 1955

text: Decimalization[edit]

text: The move towards decimalization was afoot for over a century. However, it was in September, 1955 that the Indian Coinage Act was amended for the country to adopt a metric system for coinage. The Act came into force with effect from 1 April 1957, after which anna and pice denominations were demonetised. The rupee remained unchanged in value and nomenclature. It, however, was now divided into 100 'paisa' instead of 16 annas or 64 pice. Effective from 30 June 2011, all coins in denominations of 25 paisa and below were officially demonetized.[4]

text:
Pre-decimal currency (1950-1957; minting ceased in 1955)
Decimal currency replacement (1957–present)
Decimal currency (dates minted)

N/A
10 rupees
2006–present

N/A
5 rupees
1992–present

N/A
2 rupees
1982–present

Rupee
Rupee (divided into 100 new paisa 1957-1964; divided into 100 paisa 1964–present.
1962–present

Half rupee
50 paisa
1960–present

Quarter rupee
25 paisa
1957-2002. Demonetized from 2011.

N/A
20 paisa
1968-1994. Demonetized from 2011.

2 annas
10 paisa
1957-1998. Demonetized from 2011.

Anna
5 paisa
1957-1994. Demonetized from 2011.

N/A
3 paisa
1964-1972; proofs minted until 1981. Demonetized from 2011.

Half anna
2 paisa
1957-1979; proofs minted until 1981. Demonetized from 2011.

Pice
Paisa
1957-1972; proofs minted until 1981. Demonetized from 2011, but retained as a unit of currency.

text: Coin series 1957-present (decimal)[edit]

text: Naya paisa series 1957–1963[edit]

text: The antiquated spelling of "pice" was modified to "paisa" in the singular and "paise" in the plural. For public recognition, the new decimal paisa was termed 'Naya Paisa' (New Paisa) till 1 June 1964 when the term 'Naya' was dropped. The coins of 50p, 25p, 10p, 5p, 2p, and 1p had a legend in Devanagari script explaining the value of coin in terms of fraction of a rupee.

text:
Naya Paisa Series (1957 - 1963)

Denomination
Image
Metal
Shape
Diameter
Minted in Year

Obverse
Reverse

One Rupee

Nickel
Circular
28 mm
1962 - 1974

Fifty Naye paisa

24 mm
1957 - 1963

Twenty Five Naye paisa

19 mm
1957 - 1963

Ten Naye paisa

Cupro-Nickel
Eight Scalloped
23 mm (across scallops)
1957 - 1963

Five Naye paisa

Square
22 mm (across corners)
1957 - 1963

Two Naye paise

Eight Scalloped
18 mm (across scallops)
1957 - 1963

One Naya Paisa

Bronze
Circular
16 mm
1957 - 1962

Nickel Brass
1962 - 1963

text: Paisa series I with Devanagari Legend 1964 onwards[edit]

text: In June 1964, the term 'Naya' was dropped and the coins were reminted. The legend in Devanagari script explaining the value of coin in terms of fraction of a Rupee continued till it was finally dropped from the new design minted 1964 onwards.

text:
Paisa Series I with Devanagari Legend (1964 - 1980s)

Denomination
Image
Metal
Shape
Diameter
Minted in Year

Obverse
Reverse

50 paisa

Nickel
Circular
24 mm
1964 - 1971

25 paisa

Nickel
19 mm
1964 - 1972

10 paisa

Copper Nickel
8 Scalloped
23 mm
1964 - 1967

Nickel Brass
1968 - 1971

5 paisa

Copper Nickel
Square
22 mm
1964 - 1966

Aluminium
1967 - 1971

2 paisa

Copper Nickel
8 Scalloped
18 mm
1964

1 paisa

Nickel Brass
Circular
16 mm
1964

text: Series II without the Devanagari Legend (1964 - 1983)[edit]

text: The coin minted from 1965 did not have the legend in Devanagari, explaining the value of the coin as a fraction of the rupee. Small denomination coins which were made of bronze, nickel-brass, cupro-nickel, and aluminium-bronze were gradually minted in aluminium.The first coin minted in such type was the 3 Paisa coin in 1964, which was a new denomination, and continued to be minted till 1971. One and Two paisa coins were changed to Aluminium and were minted without the Devanagari legend from 1965. 20 paisa coin was introduced in 1968, which continued to be minted till 1971.

text:
Series II without Devanagari Legend (1964 - 1983)

Denomination
Image
Metal
Shape
Diameter
Minted in Year

Obverse
Reverse

1 rupee

Copper Nickel
Circular
28 mm
1975 - 1982

50 paisa

24 mm
1972 - 1973

1974 - 1983

25 paisa

19 mm
1972 - 1990

20 paisa

Nickel Brass
22 mm
1968 - 1971

10 paisa

Aluminium
12 Scalloped
25.91 mm
1971 - 1982

5 paisa

Square
22 mm
1972 - 1984

3 paisa

Hexagonal
21 mm
1964 - 1971

2 paisa

8 Scalloped
20 mm
1965 - 1981

1 paisa

Square
17 mm
1965 - 1981

text: Series III 1982 Onwards[edit]

text: From 1982, New series was launched. the 20 paisa coin which was last minted in 1971, was reintroduced again, but in Aluminium. The size and the design of 10 paisa, 50 paisa and 1 rupee was changed, though they continued to be minted in the same metal. Coins of 3p, 2p and 1p were discontinued but continued to be the legal tender.

text:
Denomination
Image
Metal
Shape
Diameter
Minted in Year

Obverse
Reverse

1 Rupee

Copper - Nickel
Circular
26 mm
1983 - 1991

50 paisa

24 mm
1984 - 1990

20 paisa

Aluminium
Hexagonal
26 mm
1982 - 1997

10 paisa

8 Scalloped
23 mm
1983 - 1993

5 paisa

Square
22 mm
1984 - 1994

text: Series IV 1988 Onwards[edit]

text: In Series IV, 5 paisa and 20 paisa coins were discontinued though they continued to be minted in Series III till 1994 and 1997 respectively. 10 paisa, 25 paisa and 50 paisa coins were minted in Stainless Steel. 1992 onwards, 1 Re coin was also minted in Steel and Rs. 2 and Rs. 5 coins in Copper Nickel were introduced. The very considerable costs of managing note issues of Re 1, Rs 2, and Rs 5 led to the gradual coinage of these denominations. These coins continued to be minted till 2004, when the Unity in diversity series was launched.

text: Cupro-Nickel coins are not minted anymore. Ferritic Stainless Steel coins of Two and Five Rupee denominations are currently in production.[5]

text: 2004 Unity in diversity Series[edit]

text: In 2004, RBI issued a series in denominations of 1 rupee, followed by 2 rupee and 10 rupee in 2005. These issues however came into circulation in 2006, and created a controversy over their design. 10 rupee coins were the first bimetallic coins issued in India, and because of the controversy and being minted in only one mint, most of the coinage never found its way into circulation. The ones which did were hoarded by Coin collectors and Coin hoarders.

text:
2004 Unity in Diversity Series

Denomination
Image
Metal
Shape
Diameter
Minted in Year

Obverse
Reverse

10 rupee

Bimetallic
Copper Nickel Center in
Aluminium Bronze ring

Circular
27 mm
2005 - 2007

2 rupee

Stainless Steel
26.75 mm

1 rupee

25 mm
2004 - 2006

text: 2007 Hasta Mudra Series[edit]

text: in 2007 RBi issued a new series of Coins, The Hasta Mudra Series, in coins of denominations 50 p, 1 rupee and 2 rupee. These coins were Stainless steel coins, and displayed various Hasta Mudras, - hand gestures in Indian Classical dance. 5 rupee Stainless Steel coin with waves in its design was also issued in 2007, as well as a new 10 rupee coin with changed design in 2008. 5 rupee coin design was again reverted to the previous design, though now it was issued in Nickel-brass instead of Copper-nickel. However these 5 rupee and 10 rupee coins were not the part of the Hasta Mudra series.

text:
2007 Hasta Mudra Series

Denomination
Image
Metal
Shape
Diameter
Minted in Year

Obverse
Reverse

2 rupee

Stainless Steel
Circular
27 mm
2007 - 2011

1 rupee

25 mm

50 p

22 mm
2008 - 2010

text: The 5 rupee and 10 rupee coins were issued for common circulation in 2007, 2008, 2009 with changed designs and continued to be minted until the introduction of the Rupee Symbol series in 2011.

text:
2007 - 2010 Common Circulation Coins for 5 rupee and 10 rupee

Denomination
Image
Metal
Shape
Diameter
Minted in Year

Obverse
Reverse

5 rupee

Stainless Steel
Circular
23 mm
2007 - 2008

10 rupee

Bimetallic
Copper Nickel Center in Aluminium Bronze ring

27 mm
2008 - 2010

5 rupee

Nickel - Brass
23 mm
2009 - 2010

text: 2011 New Series with the Rupee Symbol (₹)[edit]

text: In 2011, RBI issued a series in denominations of 50p, ₹1, ₹2, ₹5, and ₹10. The 50p, ₹1, ₹2, and ₹5 designs are identical except the absence of the rupee symbol in 50p coin. The ₹10 coin continued to be issued in bimetallic issues as previously.

text:
2011 Rupee Symbol Series

Denomination
Image
Metal
Shape
Diameter
Minted in Year

Obverse
Reverse

₹10
Ten rupees

Bimetallic
Copper Nickel Center in
Aluminium Bronze ring

Circular
27 mm
2011 -

₹ 5
Five Rupees

Nickel Brass
27 mm
2011 -

₹ 2
Two Rupees

Stainless Steel
25 mm
2011 -

₹ 1
One Rupee

21.93 mm
2011 -

50 p
Fifty paisa

19 mm
2011 -

text: Mints[edit]

text: Domestic mint marks[edit]

text:
Kolkata - either no mint mark beneath the date of coin or a C is seen at 6'o clock position in British India coins.
Mumbai - diamond mint mark under the date of the coin.
Hyderabad - split diamond or a dot in diamond or five pointed star under the date of coin.
Noida - a small or thick dot under the date of the Coin.

text: Because of the increasing demand for coins, the Indian government was forced to mint coins in foreign countries at various points in the country's history.

text: Foreign Mint Marks[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Pretoria - diamond mark under the date 1943.
Seoul - a five pointed star under the date of the coin but exactly below the first or Last Digits of dates 1985 and 1997.
Birmingham (Royal Mint, UK) - small dot under the date of the coin but exactly below the first digit of date 1985.
Heaton Press - Ornamental/decorated letter "H" under the last digit of the date 1985.
Ottawa - a "C" mint mark under the date of the coin.
Mexico City - "M" mint mark under the date of the coin.

text: Mints in Daegu, Korea, Slovakia (Kremnca), and Russia (Moscow) have also been used.

text: Commemorative coins[edit]

text: The first Indian commemorative coin was issued in 1964 to mourn the death of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India. Since then, numerous coins of these type on almost all denomination from 5 paisa to 10 rupees have been issued. These coins based on famous personalities (usually issued on their birth or death centenary, or in rare cases on their death), government programmes and social messages.

text: Mints[edit]

text: Commemorative coins are made at various mints across India including the ones at Mumbai, Noida, Kolkata and Hyderabad.

text: The First Commemorative Coins[edit]

text: The first commemorative coins was dated 1964 and had a bust of Jawaharlal Nehru on observe and was issued in one and half rupee.

text: List of Commemorative Coins[edit]

text:
Commemorative
Year
5P
10P
20P
25P
50P
1₹
2₹
5₹
10₹
20₹
25₹
50₹
60₹
75₹
100₹
125₹
150₹
200₹
500₹
1000₹

Jawaharlal Nehru
1964

KM
KM

Mahatma Gandhi
1969

KHM

KM
KM

KM

Food For All
1970

KM

KM

Food For All
1971

KM

M

25th Independence
1972

KM

KM

Grow More Food
1973

KM

M
M

M

Planned Families Food for All
1974

KHM

Women Year
1975

KHM

M

M

Food & Work For All
1976
KHM
KM

M

M

Save for Development
1977
KHM
KM

M

M

Food & Selter For All
1978
KHM
KHM

M

M

International Year of the Child (P)
1978

M

International Year of the Child
1979
KHM
KHM

M

M

M

Rural Women's Advancement
1980

KHM

KHM

M

M

World Food Day
1981

KM

KHM

M

M

IX Asian Games
1982

KHM

KHM

KM

M

M

World Food Day
1982

KHM
KH

National Integration
1982

KM

KM

M

M

Fisheries
1983

KH

Forestry for Development
1985

KHM

Reserve Bank of India
1985

KHM

KM

M

Indira Gandhi
1985

KHM

HM

M

International Youth Year
1985

KHM

K

M

Fisheries
1986

KHM

M

M

Small Farmer
1987

KHM

M

M

Rainfed Farming
1988

KHM

Jawaharlal Nehru
1989

KHM

HM

M

M

World Food Day
1989

KHM

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
1990

HM

ICDS
1990

HM

SAARC Year - Girl Child
1990

HM

Food For the Future
1990

KH

Rajiv Gandhi
1991

HM

Commonweath Parliamentary
1991

M

M
M

Tourism Year
1991

HM
M
M

Food & Nutrition
1992

K

Land Vital Resource
1992

K

Quit India Movement
1993

KHM

M

M

M

Inter Parliamentary Union
1993

M

Small Family Happy Family
1993

HM

Bio Diversity
1993

HM

International Year of the Family
1994

MN

Water for Life
1994

KHM

ILO
1994

HMN

M

M

World Tamil Conference
1995

KHMN
M
MN

Globalizing Indian Agriculture
1995

KM

UNO
1995

MN

FAO
1995

HMN

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
1995

M

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
1996

KHMN

M

M

M

Mother's Health is Child's Health
1996

KHMN

International Crop Science
1996

K

Subhash Chandra Bose
1996

KN

Subhash Chandra Bose
1997

KHMN

M

M

M

50 year of Independence
1997

KHMN

M

Cellular Jail
1997

KHMN

Sri Aurobindo
1998

KMN

M

M

M

Deshbandhu Chittranjan Das
1998

KHN

K

Saint Dnyaneshwar
1999

KMN

M

Chattrapati Shivaji
1999

KHMN

M

M

Suprime Court of India
2000

KMN

M

Dr. Syama Prasad
2001

KHN

K

M

K

Bhagwan Mahabir
2001

MN

M

Loknayak Jayprakash Narayan
2002

HM

Saint Tukaram
2002

KHMN

K

M

M

Maharana Pratap
2003

HM

M

M

Veer Durgadas
2003

HM

M

M

Indian Railway
2003

KHMN

K

Dadabhai Naoraji
2003

KHM

Kumarasami Kamraj
2003

KHM

M

India Post
2004

K

K

Telecommunication
2004

K

K

Lal Bahadur Sastri (CuNi)
2004

K

K

Lal Bahadur Sastri (SS)
2004

KHM

Dandi March (CuNi)
2005

M

M

Dandi March (SS)
2005

M

Mahatma Basaveshwara (CuNi)
2006

M

M

Mahatma Basaveshwara (SS)
2006

M

ONGC (CuNi)
2006

K

M

ONGC (SS)
2006

KH

Sree Narayan Gurudev (CuNi)
2006

M

M

Sree Narayan Gurudev (SS)
2006

M

SBI (CuNi)
2006

K

K

SBI (CuNi)
2006

KH

Indian Airforce
2007

K

K

Lokamanya Bal Gandhar Tilak (CuNi)
2007

M

K

Lokamanya Bal Gandhar Tilak (SS)
2007

M

Tilakji Error (CuNi)
2007

M

First War of Independence
2007

M

M

Khadi & Village Industries (CuNi)
2007

M

M

Khadi & Village Industries (SS)
2007

M

Bhagat Singh
2007

KH

K

Shri Guru Granth Sahib
2008

HM

M

Saint Alphonsa
2009

KHM

M

Louis Braille
2009

KHM

K

Perarignar Anna
2009

KHM

K

60 years of Commonwealth
2009

KHM

M

Dr. Rajendra Prasad
2009

KHMN

K

Homi Bhaba
2009

MN

M

Reserve Bank of India
2010

HM
KHM
HM
HMN

KMHN

XIX Commonwealth Games
2010

KHN
KHMN

C. Subramaniam
2010

KHMN

HM

Brihadeswarar Temple Thanjaveer
2010

KHMN

M

Mother Teresa
2010

KHMN

K

Comptroller & Auditor General
2010

KHMN

K

Income Tax - Chanakya
2010

KHM

K

Income Tax - Chanakya
2011

KN

Civil Aviation
2010

H

Civil Aviation
2011

KHMN

M

Rabindra Nath Tegore
2011

KHMN

K

Indian Council of Medical Research
2011

KHMN

HM

Madan Mohan Malviya
2011

KHMN

M

Parliament of India
2012

KHMN

Shree Mata Vaishno Devi
2012

HMN
HMN

M

Kolkata Mint
2012

KHMN

K

Motilal Nehru
2012

KHMN

M

Kuka Movement
2013

KHMN

M

Swami Vivekananda
2013

KHMN

K

Coir Board
2013

KHMN

M

Acharya Tulsi
2014

KHMN

M

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
2014

KHMN

K

Jawaharlal Nehru
2014

KHMN

K

Komagata Maru Incident
2014

HMN

Jamshetji Nusserawanji Tata
2015

KM

Begum Aktar
2015

KM

K

Rani Gaidiliu
2015

K

1965 Operation
2015

M

M

BHEL
2015

KM

K

Allahabad High Court
2015

HM

M

Biju Patnaik
2015

K

K

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
2015

HM

K

Dr. Sarvapalli Radha Krishnan
2015

M

K

3rd Indo Africa Forum
2015

K

K

Maharana Pratap
2015

M

M

Swami Chimayananda
2015

KM

K

Gandhi Return from Africa
2015

KHMN

International Yoga Day
2015

MN

Nabakalebar Rath Yatra
2015

M

M

University of Mysore
2016

M

M

Lala Lajpat Rai
2016

K

Tatya Tope
2016

K

K

Banaras Hindu University
2016

M

M

National Archive of India
2016

K

K

Pt Dindayal Upadhyai
2016

M

M

Biju Patnik
2016

M

M

Chaitanya Mahaprabhu
2016

M

M

Shrimad Rajchandra
2017

M

M

text: Note: Bold Marks are Silver Coins, Mint index: K = Kolkata (no mark), H = Hyderabad (⋆), M = Mumbai (◆ or B), Noida = (●).

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Controversy over 2006 two-rupee coin[edit]

text: The two-rupee coin issued from 2006 by the Reserve Bank, in stark contrast to the earlier coin, is rounded and simpler in design, without the map of India. The coin has already been criticized for being difficult to recognize by the visually impaired.[6] Most controversially, it features an equal-armed cross with the beams divided into two rays and with dots between adjacent beams. According to RBI, this design represents "four heads sharing a common body" under a new "unity in diversity" theme.[7] However, Hindu nationalists have charged that the symbol is a Christian cross resembling the symbol on the deniers issued by Louis the Pious.[8]

text: Bimetallic Coin[edit]

text: This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Non-encyclopedic style Please help improve this section if you can. (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: India's much awaited first ever bimetallic 10 rupee coin was released in 2005 under the theme "Unity in Diversity". But, due to its controversial design resembling a cross, it was criticised and was not minted in large numbers. Another reason for its availability being scarce is that it was minted only in one (Noida) of four mints in India. Coin dealers and the public who got this coin hoarded it and it never came into circulation. It is available for sale on some auction websites, but the price of this coin is very high in comparison to its denomination due to the uncertain number of issued coins. Some coin sellers claim that this coin is a limited edition. However, official information is not yet available on the number of mintage. A press release from Reserve Bank of India mentioned that there will be two themes of 10 rupee coins: "Unity in Diversity" and "Connectivity and Information technology". From 2008 coins based on the second theme, "Connectivity and Information technology", were also released. The coin depicts 15 rays above the numeric 10. It was again minted only by the Noida mint and was not easily available in circulation. From 2011, the same theme was continued with a slight design change showing 10 rays instead of the earlier 15 and the introduction of the new Re symbol. Now it is being minted in all four mints, which are Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad, and Noida. Apart from these definitive coins, 10 rupee bi-metallic commemorative coins have also been released as follows: 2008 – Tri Centenary of Gur-ta-Gaddi 2009 – Homi Bhabha Birth Centenary 2010 – RBI Platinum Jubilee 2012 – 60 Years of Parliament's first sitting.


document_title: Acorn worm

question_text: acorn worms and pterobranchs have a body plan consisting of a

root

text: Acorn worm

text: Anatomy[edit]

text: Most acorn worms range from 9 to 45 centimetres (3.5 to 17.7 in) in length, with the largest species, Balanoglossus gigas, reaching 1.5 metres (5 ft) or more. The body is made up of three main parts: an acorn-shaped proboscis, a short fleshy collar that lies behind it, and a long, worm-like trunk. The creature's mouth is located at the collar behind the proboscis.[12]

tag: p

text: The skin is covered with cilia as well as glands that secrete mucus. Some produce a bromide compound that gives them a medicinal smell and might protect them from bacteria and predators. Acorn worms move only sluggishly, using ciliary action and peristalsis of the proboscis.[12]

text: Digestive system[edit]

text: Many acorn worms are detritus feeders, eating sand or mud and extracting organic detritus. Others feed on organic material suspended in the water, which they can draw into the mouth using the cilia on the gill bars.[13] A groove lined with cilia lies just in front of the mouth and directs suspended food into the mouth and may allow the animal to taste.[12]

text: The mouth cavity is tubular, with a narrow diverticulum or stomochord extending up into the proboscis. This diverticulum was once thought to be homologous with the notochord of chordates, hence the name "hemichordate" for the phylum. The mouth opens posteriorly into a pharynx with a row of gill slits along either side. The remainder of the digestive system consists of an oesophagus and intestine; there is no stomach.[12]

text: In some families there are openings in the dorsal surface of the oesophagus connecting to the external surface, through which water from the food can be squeezed, helping to concentrate it. Digestion occurs in the intestine, with food material being pulled through by cilia, rather than by muscular action.[12]

text: Acorn worms breathe by drawing in oxygenated water through their mouth. The water then flows out the animal's gills which are on its trunk. Thus, the acorn worm breathes about the same way as fish.

text: Circulatory system[edit]

text: Acorn worms have an open circulatory system, in which the blood flows through the tissues sinuses. A dorsal blood vessel in the mesentery above the gut and delivers blood to a sinus in the proboscis that contains a muscular sac acting as a heart. Unlike the hearts of most other animals, however, this structure is a closed fluid-filled vesicle whose interior does not connect directly to the blood system. Nonetheless, it does regularly pulsate, helping to push blood through the surrounding sinuses.[12]

text: From the central sinus in the collar, blood flows to a complex series of sinuses and peritoneal folds in the proboscis. This set of structures is referred to as a glomerulus and may have an excretory function, since acorn worms otherwise have no defined excretory system. From the proboscis, blood flows into a single blood vessel running underneath the digestive tract, from which smaller sinuses supply blood to the trunk, and back into the dorsal vessel.[12]

text: The blood of acorn worms is colourless and acellular.[12]

text: Respiratory system[edit]

text: Acorn worms continually form new gill slits as they grow in size, with some older individuals having more than a hundred on each side. Each slit consists of a branchial chamber opening to the pharynx through a U-shaped cleft and to the exterior through a dorso-lateral pore (see diagram below). Cilia push water through the slits, maintaining a constant flow. The tissues surrounding the slits are well supplied with blood sinuses.[12]

text: Nervous system[edit]

text: A plexus of nerves lies underneath the skin, and is concentrated into both dorsal and ventral nerve cords. While the ventral cord runs only as far as the collar, the dorsal cord reaches into the proboscis, and is partially separated from the epidermis in that region. This part of the dorsal nerve cord is often hollow, and may well be homologous with the brain of vertebrates. In acorn worms, it seems to be primarily involved with coordinating muscular action of the body during burrowing and crawling.[12]

text: Acorn worms have no eyes, ears or other special sense organs, except for the ciliary organ in front of the mouth, which appears to be involved in filter feeding and perhaps taste (3). There are, however, numerous nerve endings throughout the skin.[12]

text: Similarities to chordates[edit]

text: Acorn worms are considered more highly specialised and advanced than other similarly shaped worm-like creatures. They have a circulatory system with a heart that also functions as a kidney.[citation needed] Acorn worms have gill-like structures that they use for breathing, similar to the gills of primitive fish. Therefore, acorn worms are sometimes said to be a link between classical invertebrates and vertebrates. Some also have a postanal tail which may be homologous to the post-anal tail of vertebrates. An interesting trait is that its three-section body plan is no longer present in the vertebrates, except for the anatomy of the frontal neural tube, later developed into a brain which is divided into three main parts. This means some of the original anatomy of the early chordate ancestors is still present even if it is not always visible.

text: One theory is that the three-part body originates from an early common ancestor of all the deuterostomes, and maybe even from a common bilateral ancestor of both the deuterostomes and protostomes.[citation needed] Studies have shown that the gene expression in the embryo share three of the same signaling centers that shape the brains of all vertebrates, but instead of taking part in the formation of their neural system,[14] they are controlling the development of the different body regions.[15]

text: Lifestyle[edit]

text: Acorn worms are rarely seen by humans because of their lifestyle. They live in U-shaped burrows on the sea-bed, from the shoreline down to a depth of 10,000 ft. (3,050 m). The worms lie there with the proboscis sticking out of one opening in the burrow. Acorn worms are generally slow burrowers.

text: To obtain food, many acorn worms swallow sand or mud that contains organic matter and microorganisms in the manner of earthworms (this is known as deposit feeding). At low tide, they stick out their rear ends at the surface and excrete coils of processed sediments (casts).

text: Another method that some acorn worms use to obtain food is to collect suspended particles of organic matter and microbes from the water. This is known as suspension feeding.[13]

text: Reproduction[edit]

text: Acorn worms are dioecious, having separate biological sexes, although at least some species are also capable of asexual reproduction. They have paired gonads, which lie close to the pharynx and release the gametes through a small pore near to the gill slits. The female lays a large number of eggs embedded in a gelatinous mass of mucus, which are then externally fertilized by the male before water currents break up the mass and disperse the individual eggs.[12]

text: In most species, the eggs hatch into planktonic larvae with elongated bodies covered in cilia. In some species, these develop directly into adults, but in others, there is a free-swimming intermediate stage referred to as a tornaria larva. These are very similar in appearance to the bipinnaria larvae of starfishes, with convoluted bands of cilia running around the body. Since the embryonic development of the blastula within the egg is also very similar to that of echinoderms, this suggests a close phylogenetic link between the two groups.[12]

text: After a number of days or weeks, a groove begins to form around the larval midsection, with the anterior portion eventually destined to become the proboscis, while the remainder forms the collar and trunk. The larvae eventually settle down and change into tiny adults to take on the burrowing lifestyle. A few species, such as Saccoglossus kowalevskii, lack even the planktonic larval stage, hatching directly as miniature adults.[12]


document_title: The Vampire Diaries (season 3)

question_text: when does stefan come back to mystic falls in season 3

text: The Vampire Diaries (season 3)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Nina Dobrev as Elena Gilbert (22 episodes) / Katherine Pierce (5 episodes)
Paul Wesley as Stefan Salvatore (22 episodes)
Ian Somerhalder as Damon Salvatore (22 episodes)
Steven R. McQueen as Jeremy Gilbert (14 episodes)
Kat Graham as Bonnie Bennett (17 episodes)
Zach Roerig as Matt Donovan (15 episodes)
Candice Accola as Caroline Forbes (19 episodes)
Michael Trevino as Tyler Lockwood (himself; possessed by Klaus) (15 episodes)
Matt Davis (himself; possessed by Klaus) as Alaric Saltzman (18 episodes)
Joseph Morgan as Niklaus Mikaelson (18 episodes)

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Claire Holt as Rebekah Mikaelson (herself; possessed by Esther) (17 episodes)
Susan Walters as Carol Lockwood (10 episodes)
Torrey DeVitto as Dr. Meredith Fell (9 episodes)
Marguerite MacIntyre as Sheriff Elizabeth "Liz" Forbes (7 episodes)
Malese Jow as Annabelle "Anna" (6 episodes)
Daniel Gillies as Elijah Mikaelson (6 episodes)
Alice Evans as Esther (6 episodes)
Sebastian Roché as Mikael (5 episodes)
Persia White as Abby Bennett Wilson (5 episodes)
Kayla Ewell as Vicki Donovan (4 episodes)
Nathaniel Buzolic as Kol Mikaelson (4 episodes)
Casper Zafer as Finn Mikaelson (4 episodes)
Jack Coleman as Bill Forbes (5 episodes)

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Robert Ri'chard as Jamie Wilson (3 episodes)
Cassidy Freeman as Sage (3 episodes)
Kimberly Drummond as Mindy (3 episodes)
David Gallagher as Ray Sutton (2 episodes)
Taylor Kinney as Mason Lockwood (2 episodes)
Zane Stephens as Tony (2 episodes)
Daniel Newman as Daniel Warren (2 episodes)
Kelly Hu as Pearl (1 episode)
Arielle Kebbel as Alexia "Lexi" Branson (1 episode)
Jasmine Guy as Sheila Bennett (1 episode)
Stephen Martines as Frederick (1 episode)
Dawn Olivieri as Andie Starr (1 episode)
Cherilyn Wilson as Sofie (1 episode)
Lauren Cohan as Rosemary "Rose" (1 episode)
Sara Canning as Jenna Sommers (1 episode)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: This section's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)451"The Birthday"John BehringKevin Williamson & Julie PlecSeptember 15, 2011 (2011-09-15)2J60013.10[1]
Elena's eighteenth birthday arrives and Caroline holds a party. Klaus and Stefan hunt for werewolves so Klaus can create more hybrids. Stefan returns home to warn Damon to stop tracking them by killing Andie. Stefan later calls Elena, but doesn't say anything and she promises she will find him. Jeremy continues to see Vicki and Anna's ghosts. Alaric moves out. Caroline is jealous when Tyler brings a date to the party, and the two end up sleeping together. As Caroline leaves, Carol shoots her.
462"The Hybrid"Joshua ButlerAl Septien & Turi MeyerSeptember 22, 2011 (2011-09-22)2J60022.52[2]
Elena and Alaric head to Tennessee and are followed by Damon. Klaus continues to try to create hybrids but fails when the hybrids end up bleeding to death or went crazy and Klaus had to kill them himself. Apparently so because Elena is still alive. Stefan meets up with Damon and tells him to protect Elena. Damon tells Elena that he's wrong about his brother and that Stefan can still be saved. Matt tries to connect with Vicki's ghost through Jeremy. Tyler realises his mother had captured Caroline, who is still being held captive. Tyler then shows his mother he's a werewolf as it was a full moon that night, showing that he was also a monster. Bill, Caroline's dad goes to see Caroline.
473"The End of the Affair"Chris GrismerCaroline DriesSeptember 29, 2011 (2011-09-29)2J60032.74[3]
Klaus and Stefan arrive in Chicago, where they knew each other during one of Stefan's previous periods as a Ripper in the 1920s. It is revealed that Klaus knew Stefan in the 1920s. Stefan met Klaus and Rebekah in a bar where they became close. Klaus and Rebekah had to leave and Klaus compelled Stefan to forget them. Klaus then daggers Rebekah. In present day, he removes the dagger keeping her demobilized as she has what Gloria (a powerful witch) needs to help Klaus create hybrids. It is revealed that what Gloria needs is the necklace Stefan had given Elena. Damon gets a tip on Stefan and Klaus' whereabouts from Katherine so he and Elena follow the trail. They go to Stefan's old apartment, where Elena sees Stefan's list of victims. While there, Stefan and Klaus arrive. Stefan sees Elena, however doesn't tell Klaus. Tyler tries to rescue Caroline, who is being tortured by her father, who believes he can change her urge to feed on blood by burning her in sunlight every time she feels the urge.
484"Disturbing Behavior"Wendey StanzlerBrian YoungOctober 6, 2011 (2011-10-06)2J60042.63[4]
In Chicago, Klaus uses Gloria the witch to find out why his hybrids aren't turning out the way he planned and Gloria discovers that Stefan is hiding the fact that the doppelgänger is still alive. She tortures Stefan, but Katherine saves him. Back in Mystic Falls, Damon changes his attitude and kills Alaric but Alaric comes back to life. Damon then tries to kill Bill. Caroline saves her father by giving him her blood and has a confrontation with Damon. Meanwhile, Bonnie returns to Mystic Falls and Jeremy tells her about seeing his ex-girlfriends as ghosts. Stefan also tries to find out what Klaus and his sister Rebekah are running from. The answer turns out to be Mikael. Katherine steals Elena's necklace that can contact the Original Witch and teams up with Damon. Klaus brings Stefan back to Mystic Falls to find out what he is hiding.
495"The Reckoning"John BehringMichael NarducciOctober 13, 2011 (2011-10-13)2J60052.89[5]
A senior prank night takes a deadly turn when Klaus finds out that Elena is still alive. Klaus threatens Elena by feeding Tyler his blood and kills him. He tells Bonnie that if she doesn't find a way to create hybrids, Tyler dies. He also tells Stefan to feed on Elena. Stefan tries to stop his urge, but Klaus makes him turn off his emotions and feed on her. Klaus finds out that Elena's blood is needed to create more hybrids. Meanwhile, Katherine and Damon go on a road trip to find a way to kill Klaus. Katherine remembers that Pearl told her about Mikael, the vampire hunter who was also a vampire. Matt, in an attempt to connect with Vicki, commits suicide. In a vision he sees her, and she tells him she can come back to life and has a message for Bonnie. Elena is in the hospital while a nurse, compelled by Klaus, takes her blood. Klaus is waiting to abduct Elena, but he flees when Damon tells him that Mikael is coming. Damon then saves Elena. Moments later, Stefan returns. Jeremy and Katherine find Mikael's tomb and watch as he opens his eyes.
506"Smells Like Teen Spirit"Rob HardyJulie Plec & Caroline DriesOctober 20, 2011 (2011-10-20)2J60063.03[6]
Elena and her friends begin their senior year of high school and she remembers that it has been one year since she met Stefan. Elena is frustrated by her helplessness, so she convinces Alaric to teach her about protecting herself from vampires. Mikael wakes up and bites Katherine. Bonnie and Jeremy are having issues since Jeremy keeps seeing Anna. Klaus' sister, Rebekah, moves in with the Salvatores and attends school. Matt continues to see the ghost of Vicki, and she convinces him to perform a ritual that allows her to come and go from his world as she pleases. She says a witch from the other side promised her that if she killed Elena she can come back forever. The gang attends a bonfire, where Elena and Alaric try to capture Stefan. Tyler feels beholden to Klaus since Klaus essentially made him who he is. Elena saves Stefan from a fire after Vicki tries to kill Elena in Alaric's van. Vicki is eventually restored back to the other side by Bonnie while Damon goes home, where Mason Lockwood appears in front of him.
517"Ghost World"David JacksonRebecca SonnenshineOctober 27, 2011 (2011-10-27)2J60073.28[7]
Bonnie learns about the ghosts and tries to send them away but instead gives them physical form. Elena catches Jeremy kissing Anna, Bonnie is reunited with Grams, Damon can see Mason, Stefan sees Lexi, and the tomb vampires come back. Mason tells Damon that he knows where to find a weapon that can kill Klaus, so they search for it. Lexi attempts to help Stefan find his humanity, and the tomb vampires attack the founding families. In the end, Bonnie sends all the ghosts away. But before that, Mason shows Damon a secret cave containing the story of the Originals.
528"Ordinary People"J. Miller TobinStory by: Nick WautersTeleplay by: Julie Plec & Caroline DriesNovember 3, 2011 (2011-11-03)2J60083.51[8]
With help from Elena and Bonnie, Alaric tries to decipher the meaning behind his recent discovery. From the writings on the cave wall, he deciphers that Mikael is 'Papa Original', as Damon puts it, the father of Elijah, Rebekah and their other siblings. Elena and Rebekah engage in a mean-girl power struggle, until Rebekah reveals some of her family's ancient secrets and the violent past she shares with Klaus and Elijah. She reveals how the family became vampires. They were once neighbors to a village of werewolves and one night, Klaus and their brother, Henrik, snuck out to see the men change into wolves when it went wrong, and Henrik was killed. The family was distraught and the loss made Mikael obsessed with making the family invulnerable. His wife, a witch, the Original witch, aided them in becoming vampires but nature found ways of ensuring that they had weaknesses. Rebekah also tells Elena that it was Mikael who killed their mother when he found out about her infidelity to him but it is later on deciphered from the writings on the cave wall that it was actually the hybrid, Klaus, who killed his mother, in a fit of temper and rage. This new revelation causes Rebekah to lose faith in her brother. Damon tries a reckless new approach to make a breakthrough with Stefan by releasing him from his imprisonment and they're both surprised by an unlikely ally, Mikael, who has been freed by Katherine.
539"Homecoming"Joshua ButlerEvan BleiweissNovember 10, 2011 (2011-11-10)2J60093.17[9]
On the night of the Homecoming dance, Rebekah opens up to Elena about why the evening is so important to her, leaving Elena with conflicting emotions, Elena then stakes Rebekah leaving her unable to attend the Homecoming dance, Meanwhile, Damon and Elena team up with Mikael to come up with a plan to kill Klaus. However Klaus is saved by Stefan as he pushes Damon out of the way as he is attempting to stake Klaus, Klaus then stakes Mikeal leaving him to burn to death. Caroline and Matt are shocked at Tyler's behavior throughout the evening, it is then revealed that Tyler's action were to keep Caroline safe. The night takes a surreal turn when Klaus puts his latest plan in action. Determined to outsmart Klaus, Damon enters in a dangerous partnership leading to a terrifying turn of events. Stefan is finally able to trap Klaus in a conflicting position.
5410"The New Deal"John BehringMichael NarducciJanuary 5, 2012 (2012-01-05)2J60103.32[10]
Bonnie has a dream about the witches' massacre house, where she finds the coffins of the Originals. One coffin opens and she sees the body of Klaus with the Original Witch's necklace. Back in reality, Stefan asks Bonnie for help in hiding the coffins from Klaus. Bonnie, with help from the dead witches, can make the coffins invisible. She informs Stefan that the coffin she saw opening in her dream is the key to tormenting Klaus but it is sealed with a spell. Klaus wants Elena and Damon to find Stefan in order to get his coffins back but when they refuse, he gets a hybrid to run over Jeremy who has been off vervain due to Tyler's influence and has been compelled by Klaus. Alaric pushes Jeremy out of the way and gets run over. His ring brings him back to life but doesn't heal him; he needs vampire blood to heal him. Alaric meets Dr. Meredith Fell (Torrey DeVitto), who is intrigued with his amazing ability to heal. Stefan reveals to Damon that he stopped the plan to kill Klaus to save Damon's life. Stefan then reveals his plan to torment Klaus in revenge for what Klaus turned him into and refuses to return the coffins, despite Klaus' attempts to kill Jeremy. Elena makes a deal with Klaus to spare Jeremy's life in return for Rebekah's daggered body. When Elena reveals to Klaus that Rebekah wants him dead because he killed their mother, Klaus keeps the dagger in her. Elena asks Damon to compel Jeremy to leave Mystic Falls and move away with family friends so he can have a normal life away from the supernatural. Elena thanks Damon for everything and Damon admits that because Stefan saved him, he can't feel guilty for wanting what he wants (Elena, his brother's girl). He then says "if I'm going to feel guilty, I'll feel guilty about this" and kisses Elena.
5511"Our Town"Wendey StanzlerRebecca SonnenshineJanuary 12, 2012 (2012-01-12)2J60112.86[11]
Although Caroline is in no mood to celebrate her eighteenth birthday, Elena, Bonnie and Matt surprise her with a small party in an unusual location. Damon and Stefan disagree on the best way to handle Klaus, and a reckless Stefan decides to test his theory by taking things to dangerous extremes. Bonnie is concerned when Elena tells her about Jeremy's new plans. At a Founder's meeting, Alaric once again runs into Dr. Fell, who is in the middle of an argument with her ex-boyfriend, the medical examiner. Klaus asked Tyler to bite Caroline. Tyler refuses to go along with Klaus' latest demand, and is surprised when Klaus seems to accept his decision. Tyler went to meet Caroline where she was having her birthday party and told her that he loves her and kisses her but accidentally bites her. Klaus gives Caroline his blood and saves her. Jeremy left Mystic Falls as he was compelled by Damon. Dr. Fell's ex-boyfriend is found dead in the woods with a stake in his heart although he is not a vampire.
5612"The Ties That Bind"John DahlBrian YoungJanuary 19, 2012 (2012-01-19)2J60122.71[12]
Bonnie is reunited with her estranged mother Abby, Klaus negotiates with Stefan to control the coffins of his family members, Tyler tries to regain his free will with the help of Caroline's father Bill, and Damon becomes intrigued by Alaric's new friend Dr. Meredith Fell which leads Alaric to discover a new secret about her: she uses vampire blood to treat her patients. Elena tells Stefan about her kiss with Damon. At the end of episode Klaus gets his family back by compelling Abby to get the location of the coffins out of Bonnie, but Damon hides the big, sealed coffin. Also, Damon resurrects Elijah.
5713"Bringing Out the Dead"Jeffrey HuntTuri Meyer & Al SeptienFebruary 2, 2012 (2012-02-02)2J60132.74[13]
Elena and Alaric are shocked when they learn of Elena's fingerprints on the wooden stake that killed medical examiner Brian Walters. After being accidentally attacked by Tyler, Bill suffers the consequences of having vampire blood in his system which was given by Dr. Meredith Fell; when someone stabs him, killing him and turning him into a vampire. Along with the lively company of Elijah; Damon, Stefan and Klaus agree to consult a truce over dinner, except everything takes a turn when the daggers are pulled out of Kol (Nathaniel Buzolic), Finn (Casper Zafer), and Rebekah (Claire Holt), who are Klaus's siblings. Bill decides not to complete the transition leaving Caroline distraught, and Elena and Matt arrive back home to find Alaric wounded, and to save him Elena being a supernatural doppelganger had to kill him, so that he could come back to life. Bonnie and her mother Abby manage to open up the locked coffin, which contains the supposedly deceased mother of the original family. Stefan told Damon that he loved Elena and Damon said "so do I".
5814"Dangerous Liaisons"Chris GrismerCaroline DriesFebruary 9, 2012 (2012-02-09)2J60143.08[14]
Elena is surprised to receive an invitation to a formal ball, and when Damon and Stefan hear the party is being hosted at Klaus's newly renovated mansion, they both insist on attending the event with her. Caroline and Matt also receive invitations to the ball from unexpected admirers. Caroline ends up with Klaus as her date and Matt - with Rebekah. At the elegant party, Elena learns that Esther intents to kill the originals by linking them all together and then sacrificing Finn by his own will. Then she must decide who she can trust with her new information. Caroline discovers a more sensitive and romantic side of Klaus no one would have suspected. Elena reaches out to Stefan but he says that if he feels again all he feels is pain. Finally, after an evening of violence and dashed hopes, Damon finds a new way to cope by sleeping with Rebekah.
5915"All My Children"Pascal VerschoorisEvan Bleiweiss & Michael NarducciFebruary 16, 2012 (2012-02-16)2J60152.90[15]
After Elena finds out about Damon's latest indiscretion, she is frustrated with her friends for not agreeing with her on how they should react about the Original family's internal power struggle. Meanwhile, Bonnie and her mother, Abby, find themselves playing a part in a ritual to appease the spirits of nature (by killing all the Original vampires with a spell requiring 2 generations of Bennett witches). Stefan and Damon are given an ultimatum from Elijah that puts Elena in danger: they either stop Esther from completing the ritual or Rebekah kills Elena. This they turn to Meredith and Alaric for help in killing Kol, which ends up being a terrible choice: Klaus finds out about the ritual as well. Finally, the only solution is for Damon to turn Abby, thus preventing her to be a witch anymore. Esther and Finn flee after they are discovered by the other originals.
6016"1912"John BehringJulie Plec & Elisabeth R. FinchMarch 15, 2012 (2012-03-15)2J60162.64[16]
The present-day murders in Mystic Falls remind Damon of a similar crime spree a century earlier. In flashbacks to 1912, Damon recalls a beautiful vampire, named Sage (Cassidy Freeman), who showed him a whole new way to exist: a woman is not only a prey, but also a pleasure. Sheriff Forbes warns Damon not to get involved in her investigation of the murders, but Damon is convinced she's going after the wrong suspect, Alaric. Meanwhile, Elena and Matt resort to breaking and entering in their search for evidence to prove Meredith is the killer, they find a hidden door in her closet with a Gilbert journal that belonged to the original Jonathan Gilbert's granddaughter.
6117"Break On Through"Lance AndersonRebecca SonnenshineMarch 22, 2012 (2012-03-22)2J60172.69[17]
Damon finds the way to kill the originals with the help of Sage: the old Wickery Bridge was made of white oak tree. However, Sage finds out that the Originals are linked and that Finn, whom she loves, will be killed as well, so she betrays Damon. Alaric attacks Meredith, but luckily Stefan and Elena arrive in time. Bonnie's mother leaves after losing control and attacking her "son". Bonnie heals Alaric while Stefan and Damon find another way to kill the Originals, at the end of the episode.
6218"The Murder of One"J. Miller TobinCaroline DriesMarch 29, 2012 (2012-03-29)2J60182.44[18]
Damon and Stefan make plans to destroy Klaus with their new weapon. Klaus and Rebekah convince Finn to cooperate with their plans to break the link when they reunite him with Sage. Rebekah gets carried away with her own plans out of revenge against Damon for using her to steal her memories of the remaining white oak wood. She stakes Damon with a dagger, then takes him to Klaus' mansion, chains him to the ceiling and cuts him to bleed out his protective vervain. Klaus coerces Bonnie into breaking Esther's linking spell. Bonnie is unsure if she can perform the unlinking spell, but Klaus threatens her mother and shows her that he has Kol watching Jeremy. Stefan lures Finn out of the bar where he was having tequila with Sage, and fails to stake him, but Elena and Matt manage to use Matt's stake to kill Finn. As Finn expires, Bonnie successfully breaks the linking spell making Finn the only Original to die. At the mansion, Rebekah manipulates Damon's hallucinations so he believes he and Elena are about to kiss after she saves Damon and urges him to drink her blood to recover. But then Damon realizes how desperate Rebekah is for attention and love, and that she is actually torturing him for violating these feelings rather than for tricking her to access her memories. Stefan is attacked by Sage, who is upset over Finn's demise. Sage is about to end Stefan when she coughs up blood and dies. Stefan, Elena, and Caroline realize that if an Original is killed, their entire vampire bloodline dies. Stefan goes to negotiate with Klaus and finds Damon bloody and half-conscious. To Damon's disappointment he brings eight of the stakes with him in exchange for his brother. Klaus compels Damon to admit there are actually eleven stakes in total. After failing to use his own stake to kill Klaus Stefan hands it over and promises to bring the other two. Tired of revenge, Rebekah releases Damon as a sign of good faith and leaves with the eight stakes. Caroline and Elena puzzle over the vampire bloodlines and realize that Tyler is a part of Klaus', and he would die if Klaus were killed. Stefan and Elena share a conversation about their feelings and Elena admits she doesn't know how to feel about her love for both Stefan and Damon. Damon goes to retrieve the last white oak stake but finds that Alaric's vampire hating alter ego has hidden it and Alaric can not even guess where.
6319"Heart of Darkness"Chris GrismerBrian Young & Evan BleiweissApril 19, 2012 (2012-04-19)2J60192.21[19]
Stefan tells Elena he believes she has feelings for Damon. He sends them on a trip together: first, to make sure Jeremy is safe in Denver and to see if his special abilities can reveal from which Original they are descended and second, to find out if Elena has feelings for Damon. While they are gone, Stefan will try to get the location of the final white oak stake out of Alaric's alter-ego. Damon and Elena find Jeremy and ask him to talk to Rose on the other side, but they are interrupted by Kol, whom Damon neutralizes with a stake. Damon and Elena take Jeremy to a motel where he speaks to Rose who sired Katharine who in turn sired the Salvatore brothers. She tells them she was sired by Mary Porter and that she'll find out where Mary is. Meanwhile, Stefan fails at trying to get the location of the stake out of Alaric until Klaus comes by and snaps Alaric's neck. Back in the motel, Damon and Elena give in to their passion and kiss. Meanwhile, Stefan is forced to beat up Alaric to trigger his evil alter-ego, who, after some persuasion, tells Stefan that the last white oak stake is in the cave, where no vampire can get it. Meanwhile, Damon, Elena and Jeremy go to the house where Mary lives. Damon and Elena go inside and find Mary staked on the wall. Kol has murdered Mary before Damon and Elena talk to her. Kol then beats Damon up with a metal baseball bat to get even with him. Damon later asks Elena about the kiss, and she admits that Stefan thinks she loves him and was testing her feelings. Damon becomes upset and tells her he's not going to make this decision easy for her, that she must decide completely on her own. Caroline is thrilled when Tyler returns to town, but Tyler soon suspects that something has been going on between Caroline and Klaus, when he finds the picture Klaus drew for Caroline. Elsewhere, Matt has his hands full trying to keep Rebekah busy organizing the school's upcoming 1920s Decade Dance so Caroline can spend some romantic time with Tyler. Esther shows up at Klaus' house where she confronts Rebekah and dies after undergoing a strange fit. At the end of the episode it is revealed that Esther tricked Rebekah into giving her body to her and she wants alter-ego Alaric to work with her.
6420"Do Not Go Gentle"Joshua ButlerMichael NarducciApril 26, 2012 (2012-04-26)2J60202.22[20]
Alaric finds an unexpected ally, Esther, to guide him on his dangerous new path of killing vampires, while Damon and Meredith try to figure out what their next move should be to bring the real Alaric back from his alter-ego form. At the school's 1920s Decade Dance, Bonnie asks Jamie to go with her, and, at Caroline's suggestion, Elena asks Stefan to be her date. Caroline is pleasantly surprised when Tyler shows up at the dance determined to sweep her off her feet, but Klaus does his best to come between them and tells her that he believes Caroline will eventually come to him, even if she's not ready at the present moment to let go of her "small town boy [and her] small town life" because he knows that eventually "it won't be enough" for her. The dance takes a deadly turn when Damon and Stefan realize they need the help of Matt and Jeremy to protect Elena because the two Salvatore brothers are immobilized on one side of a boundary Esther created. They asked Bonnie to undo the spell that could prove devastating for everyone. Finally, Esther turns Alaric into an Original vampire to kill Klaus and other Originals. Esther also uses Alaric's ring to render the last White Oak stake indestructible so that it can be used multiple times on all the Originals. However, the real Alaric kills Esther and decides not to complete the transition. Stefan, Elena, Damon, Jeremy, Meredith, Bonnie, Caroline, Matt and Tyler mourn Alaric's last moments before he isolates himself to die. Elena finds comfort with Stefan, while Damon stays with Alaric until his last breath. Alaric seems to have died, but Esther compels Bonnie to give Alaric some blood to complete the transition to an Original.
6521"Before Sunset"Chris GrismerStory by: Charlie Charbonneau & Daphne MilesTeleplay by: Caroline DriesMay 3, 2012 (2012-05-03)2J60212.54[21]
Klaus acts on his intentions to leave town with Elena, but finds resistance from a surprising new enemy, Alaric the new Original vampire hunter. Bonnie calls on Abby to help her with a difficult spell that will stop Alaric's heart, the same desiccation spell Abby used on Mikael. Abby warns Bonnie that this will make her subject to temptation she might not be able to resist. Alaric forces Elena to come to the school after he captures and tortures Caroline and tries to persuade her to kill Caroline, as Elena had previously expressed her interest in killing vampires. When Elena tries unsuccessfully to save Caroline and is held captive by Alaric, the Salvatore brothers and Klaus rush to save her. Klaus reveals that it is his bloodline to which the Salvatore brothers and Caroline are linked. As Caroline is escaping, Klaus grabs her and makes sure that Caroline gets home safely. A stunned Caroline agrees to let Klaus, Damon and Stefan save Elena, thanks Klaus, and leaves. Klaus goes to save Elena, taking on Alaric, but Alaric quickly turns the tables and is ready to stake him, but just as Alaric is ready to kill Klaus, Elena correctly assumes that she is Alaric's lifeline and that if she dies, so does he. Klaus escapes with Elena, intending to bleed her dry before he leaves town because he wants to kill Alaric. Tyler, Stefan, and Damon use the desiccation spell on Klaus, "killing" him without killing Tyler. Damon and Stefan have a surprisingly candid conversation about the future: if Elena chooses one brother, the other leaves town. Alaric outs both the Sheriff and the Mayor in front of the Council for failing to protect the town from vampires as both their children are vampires. Elena collapses at the end of the episode.
6622"The Departed"John BehringStory by: Brett Matthews & Elisabeth R. FinchTeleplay by: Julie PlecMay 10, 2012 (2012-05-10)2J60222.53[22]
Determined to protect his sister, Jeremy makes a decision that will change everything. In the harsh reality of the present situation, Elena longs for simpler times when her parents, Grayson and Miranda, and Aunt Jenna were still alive and her biggest concern was her relationship with Matt. Stefan and Damon leave Mystic Falls together on a mission, but soon split up when Elena needs one of them. When Alaric reveals to the founder's council that they are vampires, Caroline and Tyler are forced to make a life-changing decision and flee from Mystic Falls at the urging of their parents. Alaric kills Klaus (who was revealed to have made Damon's, Stefan's, Caroline's, Abby's and Tyler's bloodline). Bonnie finally makes a secret deal to reincarnate Klaus in the body of Tyler so that her friends wouldn't die (however no one else knows this, as they all believe that Klaus was lying about being the head of their bloodline). Elena has to decide, not knowing Klaus is still alive, to see Damon or Stefan. She rings Damon to tell him that she is going to Stefan and that is who she chooses to be with and says "Maybe if we met first..." It is then shown in a flash back that Damon and Elena met the night of the car crash involving Elena and her parents, but after meeting her, Damon compelled her saying that "No one can know I'm in town yet." Elena and Matt get into a car crash (while this is happening Elena is having flashbacks to when she and her parents were dying in the car). When Stefan comes to save them, she signals him to save Matt instead of her, killing her, which made Alaric go down with her (he then says goodbye to Jeremy in ghost form). At the end of the episode Dr. Fell reveals to Damon that Elena wasn't suffering from a concussion, but a bleeding in the brain and that she did what she had to do to save her, by giving her vampire blood.

text: Production[edit]

text: On April 26, 2011, The CW officially renewed The Vampire Diaries for a third season.[23] On May 19, 2011, with the reveal of The CW's 2011-12 schedule, it was announced the series would stay on Thursday's at 8:00 pm Eastern/7:00 pm Central as a lead-in to The Secret Circle which is also produced by Kevin Williamson.[24] Kevin Williamson, Julie Plec, Leslie Morgenstein and Bob Levy are executive producers for the series.[25]

text: The third season premiered on Thursday, September 15, 2011.[26]

text: Casting[edit]

text: The series stars Nina Dobrev as Elena Gilbert and Katherine Pierce, Paul Wesley as Stefan Salvatore and Silas, Ian Somerhalder as Damon Salvatore, Steven R. McQueen as Jeremy Gilbert, Kat Graham as Bonnie Bennett, Candice Accola as Caroline Forbes, Zach Roerig as Matt Donovan, Michael Trevino as Tyler Lockwood, Matt Davis as Alaric Saltzman and Joseph Morgan as Klaus.[27]

text: 7th Heaven's David Gallagher was cast as werewolf Ray Sutton who has a run-in with Klaus in Tennessee.[28] Australian actress, Claire Holt has been cast as Rebekah the sister of Klaus and Elijah, a beautiful vampire who had the pleasure of Stefan's company back in the early days when he was feasting on human blood.[29] Sebastian Roché has also been cast as Mikael a vampire hunter, who is more specifically after his son Klaus. He feeds on vampires and is hunting Klaus.[30] It is later revealed that he is the father of the Originals and Klaus's stepfather. When his plan to kill Klaus backfires, Mikael is killed by Klaus instead.[31] Heroes star Jack Coleman was cast as Bill, a former resident of Mystic Falls and the father of resident vampire Caroline, who first believes his daughter has become a monster, but later accepts her.[32][32]

text: Alice Evans joined the cast as the original witch Esther, Klaus' mother. She was first seen in a flashback in episode eight.[33] Daniel Gillies will also return first appearing in a flashback during episode eight as Klaus' brother, Elijah.[34] Persia White has been cast as Bonnie's mother, Abby Bennett.[35] On November 10, 2011, it was announced that Paul Wesley's wife Torrey DeVitto was cast as Meredith Fell (based off Meredith Sulez from the source novel), a young doctor who is fascinated by Alaric, when she notices how quickly he recovers from an injury. She uses vampire blood to cure people and starts dating Alaric.[36] On November 16, 2011, it was announced that Robert Ri'chard was cast as Jamie a new love interest for resident witch Bonnie.[37] On November 22, 2011, it was announced that Daniel Newman was cast as Daniel Warren, appearing in one episode.[38] Australian actor Nathaniel Buzolic has been cast to play Klaus and Elijah's brother Kol[39] and English actor Caspar Zafer has been cast as their other brother Finn.[39] On January 13, 2012, it was announced that Cassidy Freeman was cast as Sage.[40] On March 31, 2012, Sara Canning was confirmed to return as Jenna Sommers in a flashback in the last episode of the season, "The Departed".[41] On April 9, 2012, Jason MacDonald and Erin Beute were confirmed as Elena's parents, will appear in a flashback in the last episode of the season.[42] Lauren Cohan re-appeared in the episode 'Heart of Darkness,' as ghost Rose, to contact Jeremy and find Mary, who turned Rose into a vampire.

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Season three begins in the aftermath of Jenna's death and the ceremony which lead the creation of Klaus being the first hybrid this has heavily affected Alaric, Elena, and Jeremy. Stefan is on a ripper binge where he can not control his urges for human blood and continues to become a darker character. In trying to help Stefan, Elena and Damon spend time together and they begin to realize that they have feelings for each other. The both feel guilt over this and do not speak about it out loud but it is a silent truth between the two of them.

text: Jeremy is still having trouble with his ghosts and they are trying to convey an important message to him. He and Bonnie are becoming more distant as the distractions of ghosts from his past in his every day life are distracting him.

text: Klaus is intent on creating an army of hybrids (half vampire half werewolf) that are sired to him. In the beginning he enlists Stefan to help him but Stefan eventually leaves. The season also has an focus on how the Original family of vampires came to be vampires by their father, Michael Mikaelson, asking Esther to make them stronger than their neighbors who were werewolves. It also delves deeper into the physiology of the family specifically the siblings and shows the reason behind their motto "Always and Forever" and how bonds formed between some of the siblings.

text: Ratings[edit]

text: DVR viewers[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
18–49 rating (Live + SD)
Viewers(millions) increase
Total 18-49 increase
Total viewers(millions)
Ref

1
"The Birthday"
September 15, 2011 (2011-09-15)
1.5
1.1
2.0
3.98

2
"The Hybrid"
September 22, 2011 (2011-09-22)
1.2
1.00
1.7
3.52
[43]

3
"The End of the Affair"
September 29, 2011 (2011-09-29)
1.3
1.05
1.8
3.79
[44]

4
"Disturbing Behavior"
October 6, 2011 (2011-10-06)
1.2
1.05
1.7
3.68
[45]

5
"The Reckoning"
October 13, 2011 (2011-10-13)
1.4
1.4
1.2
3.76

6
"Smells Like Teen Spirit"
October 20, 2011 (2011-10-20)
1.3
1.6
1.7
3.88

7
"Ghost World"
October 27, 2011 (2011-10-27)
1.5
1.31
2.1
4.59
[46]

8
"Ordinary People"
November 3, 2011 (2011-11-03)
1.6
1.12
2.2
4.63
[47]

9
"Homecoming"
November 10, 2011 (2011-11-10)
1.4
2.0
1.8
4.78

10
"The New Deal"
January 5, 2012 (2012-01-05)
1.5
0.88
1.9
4.20
[48]

11
"Our Town"
January 12, 2012 (2012-01-12)
1.2
1.43
1.8
4.29
[49]

12
"The Ties That Bind"
January 19, 2012 (2012-01-19)
1.2
1.13
1.7
3.84
[50]

13
"Bringing Out the Dead"
February 2, 2012 (2012-02-02)
1.2
1.37
1.8
4.11
[51]

14
"Dangerous Liaisons"
February 9, 2012 (2012-02-09)
1.3
1.17
1.8
4.25
[52]

15
"All My Children"
February 16, 2012 (2012-02-16)
1.4
1.04
1.9
3.94
[53]

16
"1912"
March 15, 2012 (2012-03-15)
1.2
1.32
1.8
3.96
[54]

17
"Break on Through"
March 22, 2012 (2012-03-22)
1.3
1.03
1.8
3.72
[55]

18
"The Murder of One"
March 29, 2012 (2012-03-29)
1.2
1.02
1.7
3.46
[56]

19
"Heart of Darkness"
April 19, 2012 (2012-04-19)
1.0
1.32
1.6
3.53
[57]

20
"Do Not Go Gentle"
April 26, 2012 (2012-04-26)
1.1
1.01
1.6
3.23
[58]

21
"Before Sunset"
May 3, 2012 (2012-05-03)
1.1
0.88
1.7
3.42
[59]

22
"The Departed"
May 10, 2012 (2012-05-10)
1.2
0.98
1.8
3.51
[60]

text: DVD and Blu-ray release[edit]

text:
The Vampire Diaries - The Complete Third Season

Set Details

Special Features

22 Episodes
5 DVD discs or 4 Blu-ray discs Set
DVD: English (Dolby Digital 5.1)
Blu-ray: English (DTS-HD Master Audio 5.1)
Audio Commentaries

The Vampire Diaries:  Stefan's Descent into Darkness (Featurette)
The Original Vampires: The Beginning (Featurette)
Second Bite:  Bloopers
Exclusive bonus features for Blu-ray Disc version:

The Producer's Pages (The Writer's Pack, The Producer's Spells and Sound FX, Score and Suspense)
Favorite Scenes - The Series' Most Heart-Stopping Moments
Digital copy of all episodes of season

Release Dates

Region 1

Region 2

Region 4

September 11, 2012[61]

August 20, 2012[62]

October 3, 2012[63]