document_title: PlayStation 4 technical specifications

question_text: what kind of processor is in a ps4

question_tokens: what kind of processor is in a ps4

text: PlayStation 4 technical specifications

text: Versions[edit]

text: The original released 500GB HDD PS4s had manufacture serial numbers of the form CUH-10XXA; a minor modification with a different form of WiFi Microstrip antenna was registered in mid 2014 as part numbers CUH-11XXA.[1][2]

text: In 2015, the CUH-12 series as variants CUH-1215A and CUH-1215B (with 500GB and 1TB storage respectively) were certified in the USA by the FCC. Differences between the CUH-11 and CUH-12 series included a reduction in rated power from 250W to 230W, a reduction in weight from 2.8 to 2.5 kg, and physical buttons.[3][4][5] The CUH-12xx series are also referred to as the "C chassis" variant of the PS4.[6]

text: In late June 2015, a 1TB CUH-11 series machine was announced for European/PAL markets.[7]

text: The CUH-1200 series was officially announced in June 2015, releasing first in Japan, then worldwide. Changes to the design included a matte black HDD cover replacing the original gloss black version.[8][9][10] Other minor changes to the design included mechanical buttons replacing electrostatic touch sensitive ones, and a shorter LED indicator on the top surface of the console.[11][12] Internally the CUH-12 series included a number of minor changes, including the change to 8 memory modules of 1 GB (from a previous 16 modules of 512 MB).[13]

text: At a PlayStation official event in New York (USA) in September 2016 Sony officially announced a new redesigned PS4, the CUH-2000 series, (known colloquially as the "PS4 slim") for sale from 15 Sep at $299, €299, £259, or 29,980 Yen for the base 500GB model.[14][15] According to a Sony press release the new model (CUH-2000) was 16% lighter and used 28% less energy than the CUH-1200 series.[14] A 1TB model at 34,980 Yen was also announced.[14] At the same event a more powerful variant, named the "PS4 Pro" was also announced, designed for 4K and HDR displays.[16]

text: PlayStation 4 Pro[edit]

text: The upgraded 'PS4 Pro' (originally codenamed 'Neo',[17][18] product code CUH-7000) uses a more powerful APU initially built with a 16 nm FinFET process from TSMC. While the number of logical processor cores (8) remained the same, CPU clock speed was increased from 1.6 GHz to 2.13 GHz (33.1% improvement in CPU core clockrate), but with the underlying architecture unchanged. The number of graphics Compute Units on the APU was doubled to 36 Graphics Core Next (GCN) Compute Units (from 18), with a clock speed increase to 911 MHz (from 800 MHz), resulting in a theoretical single precision floating point performance metric of 4.19 TeraFLOPs. Compared to the original PS4 GPU, this is a 2.27X increase in single precision FLOPs. Improvements in GPU 16-bit variable float calculations derived from the newer AMD Vega architecture result in the PS4 Pro having a theoretical half precision floating point performance of 8.39 TeraFLOPs.

text: Overall unified system memory architecture has been improved, with the addition of another 1GB segment of DDR3 DRAM. The PS4 Pro is able to use this increase in memory to swap out non-gaming applications that run in the background, like Netflix and Spotify. As a side benefit to this, an additional 512MB of GDDR5 is available for developers to use for games adding up to 5.5GB, as opposed to the 5GB available on base PS4 hardware. GDDR5 memory speed was increased from 5.5 Gbit/s (or 4x 1.375 GHz) to 6.8 Gbit/s (or 4x 1.7 GHz) increasing total memory bandwidth to 217.6GB/s which correlates to a 23.8% improvement.[19]

text: Some elements added to the design were derived from AMD's newer Polaris and newer architectures;[20][21] such new features of the processor included a HEVC video codec supporting up to 4k resolution. Other specification changes included HDMI output to HDMI 2.0b standard, with HDCP 2.2 compliance. Wireless networking included 5 GHz band support using the IEEE 802.11ac standard, and Bluetooth support was to version 4.0; wired LAN was as the original PS4. The rated power of the original PS4 Pro was 310W.[19]

text: The PS4 Pro does not support Ultra HD Blu-ray (UHD BD) discs, used for 4K content, as the BD-ROM internal drive does not support the BDXL format (100GB +) required for 4K video, on preliminary tests the console is able to recognize and play these discs on a 4K capable USB3.0 external disc drive. The decision not to upgrade was predicated primarily on cost.[19]

text: Processors and memory[edit]

text:
"[We] have not built an APU quite like that for anyone else in the market. It is by far the most powerful APU we have built to date".

— John Taylor, AMD[22]

tag: div

text: The PlayStation 4 uses a semi-custom Accelerated Processing Unit (APU) developed by AMD in cooperation with Sony and is manufactured by TSMC on a 28 nm process node.[23] Its APU is a single-chip that combines a central processing unit (CPU) and graphics processing unit (GPU), as well as other components such as a memory controller and video decoder/encoder.[24][25] The console also includes secondary custom chips that handle tasks associated with downloading, uploading, and social gameplay.[26][27] These tasks can be handled seamlessly in the background during gameplay or while the system is in sleep mode.[28]

text: Though not much is publicly known of the PS4's audio capabilities, the console also contains a dedicated hardware audio module, which can support in-game chat with minimal external resources as well as "a very large number" of MP3 streams for use in in-game audio.[29]

text: APU[edit]

text: The main APU (2013 release) had a die size of 19 by 18.3 mm (0.75 by 0.72 in), with GPUs, CPUs and memory controllers on the same die.[30] 2013 release version APUs contained 20 GCN compute units on die,[31] two of which are thought to be present to provide redundancy to improve manufacturing yield.[32] CPUs plus CPU caches make up approximately 15% of the chip area, and the GPU compute units take up approximately 33% of the 348 mm2 (0.539 sq in) die area.[32]

text:
Device
CPU
GPU
Memory (GDDR5)
Special features

µArch
Cores
Frequency[33]
L2 cache
GFLOPS
µArch
Cores1[34]
Frequency
GFLOPS
Pixel fillrate (GP/s)2
Texture fillrate (GT/s)3
Amount (GB)
Bus width (bit)
Bus type
Bandwidth (GB/s)

PS4
Jaguar
dual 4 core modules
1.6 GHz
2 × 2 MB
102.4
GCN 2nd[35]
1152:72:32
800 MHz
1843.2
(FP16/32)

25.6
57.6
8 GB
256
GDDR5
176
8 ACEs in the GPU and additional modules

PS4 Pro[36][37][38]
Jaguar
dual 4 core modules
2.13 GHz
2 x 2 MB
134.4
GCN 4th
2304:144:64
911 MHz
4197.8 (FP32) 8395.7 (FP16)
58.3
131.2
8 GB
256
GDDR5
217.6
1GB of DDR3 RAM for OS and Swapping
Calculates 2 half-precision floats simultaneously

text:
1 Unified shaders : texture mapping unit : render output unit
2 Pixel fillrate is calculated as the number of ROPs multiplied by the base core clock speed.
3 Texture fillrate is calculated as the number of TMUs multiplied by the base core clock speed.

text: Central processing units[edit]

text: The central processing unit (CPU) consists of two x86-64 quad-core modules for a total of eight cores,[39] which are based on the Jaguar CPU architecture from AMD.[24] Each core has 32 kB L1 instruction and data caches, with one shared 2 MB L2 cache per four core module.[40] The CPU's base clock speed is said to be 1.6 GHz. That produces a theoretical peak performance of 102.4 SP GFLOPS.

text: Graphics processing unit[edit]

text:
GPU specifications[41]

1152 Stream Processors

72 Texture mapping units

32 Raster operators

18 Compute units

8 Asynchronous compute units (64 queues)

1.843 TeraFLOPs

text: The graphics processing unit (GPU) is AMD's GPGPU-capable Radeon GCN architecture, consisting of 18 compute units (CUs) for a total of 1,152 cores (64 cores per CU), that produces a theoretical peak performance of 1.84 TFLOPS.[42] This processing power can be used for graphics, physics simulation, or a combination of the two, or any other tasks suited for general purpose compute. GPU is mostly based on the Bonaire architecture using GCN 1.1 technology.[35]

text: Though based on AMD's GCN architecture, there are several known differentiating factors between the PS4's GPU and current-gen PC graphics cards featuring first-gen GCN architecture:

text:
An additional dedicated 20 GB/s bus that bypasses L1 and L2 GPU cache for direct system memory access, reducing synchronisation challenges when performing fine-grain GPGPU compute tasks.
L2 cache support for simultaneous graphical and asynchronous compute tasks through the addition of a 'volatile' bit tag, providing control over cache invalidation, reducing the impact of simultaneous graphical and general purpose compute operations.
An upgrade from 2 to 64 sources for compute commands, improving compute parallelism and execution priority control. This enables finer-grain control over load-balancing of compute commands including superior game-engine integration.[43]

text: Audio processing unit[edit]

text: Sharing the die with the rest of the components of the APU is a Digital signal processing SIP block that is either identical to AMD TrueAudio or shares a certain amount of similarities with it.[44]

text: Memory controller[edit]

text: The rest of the microchip consists of the on-die memory controller, which is shared by the CPU and the GPU and some additional logic concerned with memory access. With AMD being a founding member of and Sony a contributor to the HSA Foundation the uncore of the PlayStation 4 supports several of the features promoted by the Heterogeneous System Architecture like e.g. hUMA (heterogeneous Uniform Memory Access). This means the system memory is not partitioned, so that a portion of it is exclusively available to the GPU, but unified, hence enabling hardware zero-copy.[45][46]

text: System memory (RAM)[edit]

text: The PS4 contains a total of 8 GB (16 × 0.5 GB (512 MiB) for CUH10XX/CUH11XX models or 8 x 1 GB (1024 MiB) for CUH12XX models memory chips[47]) of GDDR5 unified system memory, and is capable of running at a maximum clock frequency of 2.75 GHz (5500 MT/s) with a maximum bandwidth of 176 GB/s.[42][48] This is 16 times the amount of total RAM found in the PS3 and is expected to give the console considerable longevity.[49][50] The unified memory architecture allows the CPU and GPU to access a consolidated memory, removing the need for separate, dedicated memory pools.[50]

text: Auxiliary processor[edit]

text: PS4 includes a secondary ARM processor (with separate 256 MiB of RAM) to assist with background functions and OS features.[51]

text: Storage[edit]

text: Blu-ray disc[edit]

text: The read-only optical drive reads Blu-ray discs at 6× constant angular velocity for a maximum read speed of 27 MB/s –  a significant upgrade from the PS3's 2× speeds that were capped at 9 MB/s.[50][52] To further enhance optical drive performance, the PS4 features a hardware on-the-fly zlib decompression module (a special piece of hardware used to quickly decompress the data on the Blu-ray disc, which has been compressed to save space and bandwidth), allowing for greater effective bandwidth, whilst at the same time, the console continuously caches data onto its hard disk, even buffering unread data when a game is not actively accessing the optical drive, forming part of Sony's PlayGo strategy.[29]

text: Although a new Blu-ray disc technology was created specifically for 4K resolution, the console's disk drive does not support the new format due to cost. The console does however support photos and videos at 4K resolution with only the PlayStation 4 Pro model being capable of rendering games in 4K.

text: DVD[edit]

text: The read-only optical drive also reads DVDs. It does not read CDs as of right now.[53]

text: Hard drive[edit]

text: The console includes a 2.5" 500 GB or 1 TB hard drive,[54] which can be upgraded by the user.[55][56]

text: Other[edit]

text: An additional 256 MB chip (using a 2 Gbit DDR3 SDRAM chip in the 2013 release) is fitted, thought to be used by the auxiliary processor.[57] An additional 32 MB (256 Mbit) flash memory chip is also fitted.[58]

text: System Software 4.50, which was introduced on March 9, 2017,[59] enabled the use of external USB hard drives up to 8 TB for additional storage.[60]

text: Input and output[edit]

text: The PlayStation 4 features 802.11 b/g/n WiFi connectivity, Ethernet (10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX and 1000BASE-T), Bluetooth 2.1, and two USB 3.0 ports. An auxiliary port is also included for connection to the PlayStation Camera, a motion detection digital camera device first introduced on the PS2.[42] A mono headset, which can be plugged into the DualShock 4, comes bundled with the system.[61] Audio/video output options include HDMI and optical S/PDIF.[42] The PlayStation 4 does not have an analog audio/video output.[62] The PS4 Slim (CUH-2000 series) features IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac wifi, Bluetooth®v4.0 and Super-Speed USB (USB 3.1 Gen1) port × 2 while the PS4 PRO (CUH-7000 series) features Super-Speed USB (USB 3.1 Gen.1) port × 3, IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac wifi and Bluetooth® 4.0 (LE).[63][64][65]

text: Hardware modules[edit]

text:
Module Name
Purpose/capability
Ref.

AMD TrueAudio
This package of user-programmable audio DSPs offloads audio processing from the CPU. Possible effects include 3D audio effects, audio compression and decompression, reverberation, and voice stream processing.
[66]

Upload/download
Capable of uploading and downloading data to the hard disk

Video compression/decompression
Capable of encoding/decoding video formats on-the-fly. These modules are AMD's UVD for hardware video decoding and AMD's VCE for hardware video encoding, used for recording SharePlay videos in the background.[examples needed]

Zlib decoder
Decoding of compressed data from the Blu-ray optical drive

WiFi module
Marvell Wireless Avastar 88W8797 Wireless communication: IEEE 802.11 b/g/n, Bluetooth 2.1 (EDR).
Skyworks 2614B 315BB

[67]

HDMI module
HDMI output
[57]

Ethernet controller
Marvell Alaska 88EC060-NNB2 Ethernet 10/100/1000 support
[58]

USB controller
USB 3.0 support
[68]

text: Power usage[edit]

text:
Power usage[69]

Standby mode
10 W

Standby mode (with download)
70 W

Idle on menu
89–91 W

Blu-ray
93–96 W

Netflix
93 W

Game installation
108–116 W

Gaming (Resogun)
130–139 W

Gaming (Killzone)
144–151 W

text: The PS4 is powered via an internal wide voltage range (110–240 V AC 50Hz/60Hz) switched-mode power supply.[70] The originally released version had a maximum power rating of 250 W.[71] According to tests by Eurogamer, initial consoles drew approximately 80 W when operational in menu mode, rising to around 110–120 W in gameplay, with peaks of 140 W with both gameplay and menus active,[72] tests by the Natural Resources Defense Council showed similar power consumption figures with 137 W gameplay peaks (with PS4 Camera connected); power consumption in (internet connected) standby mode was measured at 8.8 W under the same conditions, with a lower power "off" state drawing 0.5 W.[73]

text: The PS4 cooling system uses a single centrifugal fan, which draws air in from both sides of the console, split into flows above and below the main PCB, before entering the fan from top and bottom; the fan exhaust then cools the main APU via a heat pipe-connected heatsink, with the exhaust passing over the main power supply before being emitted from the rear of the console.[71][74][75]

text: The CUH-1200 model update power supply rating reduced from 250W to 230W, with gameplay, and standby download power usages reduced to around 82% of the previous version's values (148.6 to 122W running Dragon Quest Heroes, 70 to 58W in standby download mode).[76]

text: The "PS4 slim" (official CUH-2000 series) released in Sep 2016 reduced the rating of the powersupply to 165W;[77] according to Tweaktown the reduction in power requirements was due to the main APU being made at a 16 nm scale, down from 28 nm.[78] Sony claimed power use reductions of 28% compared to the CUH-1200 series, and 34% compared to the original CUH-1000 series.[14]


document_title: Fried Green Tomatoes

question_text: what state was fried green tomatoes set in

root

text: Fried Green Tomatoes

text: Plot[edit]

text: Evelyn Couch, a timid, unhappy housewife in her forties, meets elderly Ninny Threadgoode in an Anderson, Alabama, nursing home. Over several encounters with Evelyn, Ninny tells her the story of the now abandoned town of Whistle Stop, and the people who lived there. The film's subplot concerns Evelyn's dissatisfaction with her marriage, her life, her growing confidence, and her developing friendship with Ninny. The narrative switches several times between Ninny's story, which is set between World War I and World War II, and Evelyn's life in 1980s Birmingham.

tag: p

text: Ninny's story begins with tomboy Idgie Threadgoode, the youngest of the Threadgoode children, whom Ninny describes as her sister-in-law. Idgie's close relationship with her charming older brother, Buddy, is cut short when he is hit by a train and killed. Devastated, she recedes from formal society for much of her childhood and adolescence until Buddy's former girlfriend, the straitlaced Ruth Jamison, intervenes at the request of the concerned Threadgoode family.

text: Idgie initially resists Ruth's attempts at friendship, but gradually a deep attachment develops between them. Ruth leaves Whistle Stop to marry Frank Bennett and moves to Valdosta, Georgia. Idgie tries to forget her but later visits her house to find her pregnant and subject to physical abuse from Frank. Against his wishes and violent attempts to stop her, she returns to Whistle Stop with Idgie, where her baby, a boy whom she names Buddy, Jr., is born. Papa Threadgoode gives Idgie money to start a business so she can care for Ruth and Buddy, Jr. She and Ruth open the Whistle Stop Cafe, employing the family cook, Sipsey, and her son, Big George, who excels with a barbecue that becomes popular with their patrons.

text: Frank eventually returns to Whistle Stop to kidnap Buddy, Jr., but his attempt is thwarted by an unseen assailant, and he is later reported missing. Once his truck appears at the bottom of a nearby drying lake without its owner, Idgie is immediately a suspect, as she had publicly threatened violence against him for beating Ruth. She is detained along with Big George for his murder by Grady Kilgore, the local sheriff, who offers to release her and pin the crime solely on Big George; she refuses to sacrifice him. During the subsequent trial, the local minister, Reverend Scroggins, has no problem lying, providing Idgie and Big George with sound alibi for the time of Frank's disappearance. Taking into account his reputation for getting drunk, the judge rules his death an accident and dismisses the case. Idgie and Big George are cleared of all charges.

text: After the trial, Ruth is diagnosed with cancer, becomes very ill, and eventually dies. Following her death, the café closes. Over time, many Whistle Stop residents eventually move away, bringing Ninny to the end of her story, but not before the revelation of what really happened to Frank. Sipsey killed him with a blow to the head with a heavy cast iron frying pan while trying to prevent him from kidnapping Buddy, Jr. Idgie got Big George to barbecue Frank's body, which was later served to an investigator from Georgia searching for him. The investigator ate with gusto, proclaiming his meal the best pork barbecue he'd ever tasted.

text: Evelyn discovers that during Ninny's temporary stay at the nursing home, her house was condemned and torn down. Evelyn, having become friends with her, offers her a room in her house which she accepts. As they walk away from the empty lot where her house used to be, they pass Ruth's grave, freshly adorned with a jar of honey, a honeycomb, and a card which reads, "I'll always love you, the Bee Charmer". The Bee Charmer is Ruth's old nickname for Idgie, and the note reveals that she is still alive.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Kathy Bates as Evelyn Couch
Mary Stuart Masterson & Nancy Moore Atchison as Imogene "Idgie" Threadgoode
Mary-Louise Parker as Ruth Jamison
Jessica Tandy as Ninny Threadgoode
Cicely Tyson as Sipsey
Chris O'Donnell as Buddy Threadgoode
Stan Shaw as Big George
Gailard Sartain as Ed Couch
Timothy Scott as Smokey Lonesome
Gary Basaraba as Grady Kilgore
Lois Smith as Mama Threadgoode
Danny Nelson as Papa Threadgoode
Jo Harvey Allen as Women's Awareness Teacher
Macon McCalman as Prosecutor
Richard Riehle as Reverend Scroggins
Raynor Scheine as Curtis Smoot
Grace Zabriskie as Eva Bates
Reid Binion as Young Julian
Nick Searcy as Frank Bennett
Constance Shulman as Missy

tag: ul

text: Differences between the film and novel[edit]

text: Unlike the novel, the film does not make the lesbian romance between the two central characters explicit, instead leaving the relationship between Idgie and Ruth ambiguous.[2] The DVD contains an audio commentary in which the director acknowledges the relationship and points out that a scene between Idgie and Ruth engaging in a food fight was intended to be seen as symbolic love-making. At the time of the film's debut, it was criticized by reviewers and activists for what was seen as "glossing over" the lesbian relationship.[2][3] However, it won an award from the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation for best feature film with lesbian content.[4] It shows examples of discrimination against African Americans, women, and the disabled, but the novel's examination of sexuality-based prejudice through a robust lesbian plot, is made more ambiguous.[5]

text: Though in the book, Idgie and Ninny are two separate characters, at the end of the film it's largely hinted that they are one and the same[citation needed], although this runs counter to Ninny's earlier comment that "I was practically adopted by the Threadgoodes; I married her [Idgie's] brother, Cleo".

text: Production[edit]

text: Conception and casting[edit]

text: Avnet first read the novel in 1987.[6] He was introduced to it by producer Lisa Lindstrom, with whom he worked on television films Heat Wave and Breaking Point. Although he wanted her to give him a synopsis of the story, she insisted he read the book and like her, he loved it. He decided to turn the story into a film and pitched the idea to Norman Lear's company, Act III Communications, who were interested and gave him a small budget for a screenwriter.[7] He hired Carol Sobieski who had written the screenplay for 1982's Annie. She wrote a draft for it as a musical, which he was unhappy with.[7] Sobieski left the project and he hired Flagg, who had been surprised that anyone would want to turn the novel into a film, to develop the script. Although she had some screenwriting experience, she found the process of turning her own novel into a script a strange one. The job was made somewhat easier by the work done by Sobieski and Avnet in choosing which characters from the book were going to be featured, but she found it difficult and also left the project, after writing 70 pages of the screenplay. With no money left to hire another writer, Avnet took the script over himself and spent the next 2–3 years developing it. Flagg gave her blessing to the final draft.[7]

text: Avnet wrote the film with Jessica Tandy in mind; she expressed excitement about making the film.[7] He had worked with Kathy Bates and Chris O'Donnell on the 1990 film Men Don't Leave before offering them the roles of Evelyn Couch and Buddy Threadgoode respectively.[6] When Bates read the script she loved the characters and was particularly keen to work with Tandy.[6] Mary-Louise Parker was casting director David Rubin's first choice for the role of Ruth Jamison. She read for the part several times, initially unhappy with her own tests. When she read along with Mary Stuart Masterson, they – and the producers – agreed that they had good chemistry.

text: Setting[edit]

text: Avnet hired Barbara Ling as production designer. Scouting for a location, she found Juliette, Georgia, a town that was, according to Avnet, nearly deserted.[7][8] The building chosen to be the Whistle Stop Café was formerly an antique and hardware store. It was redesigned as a cafe, with a horseshoe shaped counter to allow for optimal camera angles.[7]

text: After the release of the film, Juliette saw an influx of tourists and, with Jon Avnet's encouragement, locals opened the Whistle Stop Café, recreated to mirror the film set.[9] Although "Whistle Stop Café" is now a registered trademark, other establishments have appeared using that name.[10] While writing the novel, Flagg based Whistle Stop on Irondale, Alabama, and the café on a real-life restaurant, the Irondale Café.[8] She was a frequent visitor there which was formerly owned by her great-aunt.[11]

text: The scene where Idgie goes to collect honey from a beehive for Ruth was originally intended to be performed by a stunt double. However, after the latter backed out at the last minute, Masterson volunteered to do it herself. The footage of her covered in a swarm of live bees is seen in the final version of the film.[6]

text: The steam locomotive used in the film is A&WP 290, then in use pulling steam excursions for the New Georgia Railroad.[citation needed]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was given a limited release in the US on December 27, 1991, opening in five theaters.[12] It got a wide release four weeks later on January 24, 1992, in 673 theaters. It ran for 19 weeks in total, with its widest release having been 1,331 theaters.[12]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film grossed a total of $82,418,501 in the United States alone, and took in $37,000,000 outside the US, bringing the total to $119,418,501 worldwide.[12] In its opening weekend it earned $105,317, and at its wide release opening weekend it earned $5,235,940, which was 6.4 percent of its total gross.[12] According to Box Office Mojo, it ranked at no. 11 for all films released in the US in 1991, and no. 5 for PG‑13 rated films released that year.[citation needed]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film was generally well received by critics. Film review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes gave it a "fresh" score of 73% based on 41 reviews.[13]

text: Critics enjoyed the narrative, but found it conventional and predictable.[3][14] The adaptation of the separate narrative of book to the screen was criticised by Time Out as "clumsy", Roger Ebert praised the performances, Janet Maslin praised the costume and production design and Emanuel Levy praised the cinematography and score.[3][15] The cast drew praise for their performances, particularly Masterson and Tandy.[3][15]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film was nominated at the 64th Academy Awards for Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Jessica Tandy) and for Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium (Fannie Flagg and Carol Sobieski).[16]

text: At the 46th British Academy Film Awards in 1992, Tandy was nominated for the Best Actress award, and Bates was nominated as Best Actress in a Supporting Role. Both also received Golden Globe nominations for their work, and the film got a Best Picture (Comedy or Musical) nomination.[16] At the 28th Guldbagge Awards in Sweden, it was nominated for the Best Foreign Film award.[17]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Fried Green Tomatoes

Studio album by Various Artists

Released
December 31, 1991

Genre
Soundtrack

Length
39:24

Label
MCA

tag: table

text: Fried Green Tomatoes: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack to the film, and featured a new song by Patti LaBelle. For the original score, composed by Thomas Newman, see Fried Green Tomatoes (score).

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
"I'll Remember You" (Grayson Hugh) – 5:08
"What Becomes of the Brokenhearted" (Paul Young) – 4:34
"Cherish" (Hip Hop Version) (Jodeci) – 3:58
"Danger Heartbreak Dead Ahead" (Taylor Dayne) – 3:20
"Rooster Blues" (Peter Wolf) – 3:15
"Barbecue Bess" (Patti LaBelle) – 2:54
"If I Can Help Somebody" (Aaron Hall) – 3:49
"Cool Down Yonder" (Marion Williams) – 3:10
"Cherish" (Movie Version) (Jodeci) – 2:29
"Ghost Train" (Main Title) (Thomas Newman) – 3:11
"Visiting Ruth" (Newman) – 1:46
"A Charge To Keep I Have" (Newman) – 1:50

tag: ol


document_title: The Skin I'm In

question_text: who are the main characters in the skin i'm in

question_tokens: who are the main characters in the skin i 'm in

text: The Skin I'm In

text: Summary[edit]

text: Bullying in school can be a terrible experience, and yet sometimes it can be quite hard to see the reason for the bullying. Why, for instance, would a black boy tease a black girl about being black?

text: "John-John McIntyre is the smallest seventh grader in the world. Even fifth graders can see over his head. Sometimes I have a hard time believing he and me are both thirteen. He's my color, but since second grade he's been teasing me about being too black. At first, there doesn't seem to be a reason why John-John might be teasing Maleeka. Perhaps he's jealous because Maleeka is a tall, cute, smart young lady even if she doesn't quite realize it yet, she's rather gorgeous too. And perhaps he's also jealous of her perfect relationship with Caleb.

text: "He stared at me half the year. I thought he saw what everybody else saw. Skinny, poor, black Maleeka. But Caleb saw something different. He said I was pretty. He said he liked my eyes and sweet cocoa brown skin. He wrote me poems and letters. He put spearmint gum inside. Walked me to class. Gave me a ring. I ain't told Momma."[1]

text: So when John-John ruined it for Maleeka and Caleb, Maleeka was left with no-one on her side. Maybe it wasn't a very clever move, but Maleeka teamed up with Charlese and her gang, out of self-protection. That didn't improve things much, but it was better than nothing. Until Charlese decided to see how far she could push Maleeka, too ...

text: Maleeka is in a difficult situation and there doesn't seem to be anyone she can turn to. She makes some pretty bad mistakes before she finally realises that the new English teacher, the outspoken Miss Saunders, really is on her side.

text: Main characters[edit]

text:
Maleeka Madison- A poor, African-American girl who gets teased harshly at her Middle School because of her dark skin color and homemade clothes. Maleeka learns to come to terms in the skin she is in.
Charlese Jones (Char)- The antagonist of the story. She is a fast talking trouble making girl who is one of Maleeka's top teasers. She lends Maleeka her expensive outfits in exchange for Maleeka doing her homework.
Miss Saunders- Maleeka's English teacher. She has a rare skin disorder on her face that she says no one was able to get rid of. So instead, she doesn't let it get in her way. She is confident and essentially is what Maleeka dreams of being.
Caleb- Maleeka's love interest. He's a caring boy who really cares about his school and doesn't care about what people think about him. He's a little shy when it comes to Maleeka.
Raina and Raise- Charlese's "sidekicks" in a way. They agree with everything and go along with everything Char does.
Momma/ Mrs. Madison (Maleeka's mother)- Maleeka's loving mother. Though devastated after the death of her husband, Mrs. Madison still pushes Maleeka to do well in school and tries to relieve some of her depression through sewing Maleeka clothes. Some people believe that she is crazy although Maleeka believes that she is a very smart and bright mother.
John-John-Maleeka's enemy since 2nd grade.

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Coretta Scott King/John Steptoe Award for New Talent
Publishers Weekly Author to Watch
New York Public Library Top Ten Book for the Teen Age
YALSA Best Books for Young Adult Readers
YALSA Quick Picks for Reluctant Readers
Texas Lonestar Reading List
Bank Street College of Education Best Children’s Books of the Year
YWCA Racial Justice Award
Detroit Free Library Author of the Year Award
Starred Review in Publishers Weekly


document_title: List of Super Bowl champions

question_text: who won the super bowl back to back

question_tokens: who won the super bowl back to back

text: List of Super Bowl champions

text: Super Bowl Championship (1966–present)

text: Numbers in parentheses in the table are Super Bowl appearances as of the date of that Super Bowl and are used as follows:

text:
Winning team and losing team columns indicate the number of times that team has appeared in a Super Bowl as well as each respective teams' Super Bowl record to date.
Venue column indicates number of times that stadium has hosted a Super Bowl.
City column indicates number of times that metropolitan area has hosted a Super Bowl.

text:
National Football League (NFL, 1967–1970)
American Football League (AFL, 1967–1970)

NFL champion‡
(4, 2–2)
AFL champion^
(4, 2–2)

National Football Conference (NFC, 1971–present)
American Football Conference (AFC, 1971–present)

NFC champion*
(48, 25–23)
AFC champion†
(48, 23–25)

text:
Game
Date
Winning team
Score
Losing team
Venue
City
Attendance
Ref

01 !I
000000001967-01-15-0000January 15, 1967
Green Bay Packers 01 !Green Bay Packers‡
(1, 1–0)
3510 !35–10
Kansas City Chiefs 01 !Kansas City Chiefs^
(1, 0–1)
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 01 !Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
Los Angeles, California 01 !Los Angeles, California[note 1]
061946 !61,946
[11]

02 !II
000000001968-01-14-0000January 14, 1968
Green Bay Packers 02 !Green Bay Packers‡
(2, 2–0)
3314 !33–14
Oakland Raiders 01 !Oakland Raiders^
(1, 0–1)
Miami Orange Bowl 01 !Miami Orange Bowl
Miami, Florida 01 !Miami, Florida[note 2]
075546 !75,546
[12]

03 !III
000000001969-01-12-0000January 12, 1969
New York Jets 01 !New York Jets^
(1, 1–0)
1607 !16–7
Indianapolis Colts 01 !Baltimore Colts‡
(1, 0–1)
Miami Orange Bowl 02 !Miami Orange Bowl (2)
Miami, Florida 02 !Miami, Florida (2)[note 2]
075389 !75,389
[13]

04 !IV
000000001970-01-11-0000January 11, 1970
Kansas City Chiefs 02 !Kansas City Chiefs^
(2, 1–1)
2307 !23–7
Minnesota Vikings 01 !Minnesota Vikings‡
(1, 0–1)
Tulane Stadium 01 !Tulane Stadium
New Orleans, Louisiana 01 !New Orleans, Louisiana
080562 !80,562
[14]

05 !V
000000001971-01-17-0000January 17, 1971
Indianapolis Colts 02 !Baltimore Colts†
(2, 1–1)
1613 !16–13
Dallas Cowboys 01 !Dallas Cowboys*
(1, 0–1)
Miami Orange Bowl 03 !Miami Orange Bowl (3)
Miami, Florida 03 !Miami, Florida (3)[note 2]
079204 !79,204
[15]

06 !VI
000000001972-01-16-0000January 16, 1972
Dallas Cowboys 02 !Dallas Cowboys*
(2, 1–1)
2403 !24–3
Miami Dolphins 01 !Miami Dolphins†
(1, 0–1)
Tulane Stadium 02 !Tulane Stadium (2)
New Orleans, Louisiana 02 !New Orleans, Louisiana (2)
081023 !81,023
[16]

07 !VII
000000001973-01-14-0000January 14, 1973
Miami Dolphins 02 !Miami Dolphins†
(2, 1–1)
1407 !14–7
Washington Redskins 01 !Washington Redskins*
(1, 0–1)
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 02 !Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (2)
Los Angeles, California 02 !Los Angeles, California (2)[note 1]
090182 !90,182
[17]

08 !VIII
000000001974-01-13-0000January 13, 1974
Miami Dolphins 03 !Miami Dolphins†
(3, 2–1)
2407 !24–7
Minnesota Vikings 02 !Minnesota Vikings*
(2, 0–2)
Rice Stadium 01 !Rice Stadium
Houston, Texas 01 !Houston, Texas
071882 !71,882
[18]

09 !IX
000000001975-01-12-0000January 12, 1975
Pittsburgh Steelers 01 !Pittsburgh Steelers†
(1, 1–0)
1606 !16–6
Minnesota Vikings 03 !Minnesota Vikings*
(3, 0–3)
Tulane Stadium 03 !Tulane Stadium (3)
New Orleans, Louisiana 03 !New Orleans, Louisiana (3)
080997 !80,997
[19]

10 !X
000000001976-01-18-0000January 18, 1976
Pittsburgh Steelers 02 !Pittsburgh Steelers†
(2, 2–0)
2117 !21–17
Dallas Cowboys 03 !Dallas Cowboys*
(3, 1–2)
Miami Orange Bowl 04 !Miami Orange Bowl (4)
Miami, Florida 04 !Miami, Florida (4)[note 2]
080187 !80,187
[20]

11 !XI
000000001977-01-09-0000January 9, 1977
Oakland Raiders 02 !Oakland Raiders†
(2, 1–1)
3214 !32–14
Minnesota Vikings 04 !Minnesota Vikings*
(4, 0–4)
Rose Bowl 01 !Rose Bowl
Los Angeles, California 03 !Pasadena, California (3)[note 1]
103438 !103,438
[21]

12 !XII
000000001978-01-15-0000January 15, 1978
Dallas Cowboys 04 !Dallas Cowboys*
(4, 2–2)
2710 !27–10
Denver Broncos 01 !Denver Broncos†
(1, 0–1)
Louisiana Superdome 01 !Louisiana Superdome
New Orleans, Louisiana 04 !New Orleans, Louisiana (4)
076400 !76,400
[22]

13 !XIII
000000001979-01-21-0000January 21, 1979
Pittsburgh Steelers 03 !Pittsburgh Steelers†
(3, 3–0)
3531 !35–31
Dallas Cowboys 05 !Dallas Cowboys*
(5, 2–3)
Miami Orange Bowl 05 !Miami Orange Bowl (5)
Miami, Florida 05 !Miami, Florida (5)[note 2]
079484 !79,484
[23]

14 !XIV
000000001980-01-20-0000January 20, 1980
Pittsburgh Steelers 04 !Pittsburgh Steelers†
(4, 4–0)
3119 !31–19
Los Angeles Rams 01 !Los Angeles Rams*
(1, 0–1)
Rose Bowl 02 !Rose Bowl (2)
Los Angeles, California 04 !Pasadena, California (4)[note 1]
103985 !103,985
[24]

15 !XV
000000001981-01-25-0000January 25, 1981
Oakland Raiders 03 !Oakland Raiders†
(3, 2–1)
2710 !27–10
Philadelphia Eagles 01 !Philadelphia Eagles*
(1, 0–1)
Louisiana Superdome 02 !Louisiana Superdome (2)
New Orleans, Louisiana 05 !New Orleans, Louisiana (5)
076135 !76,135
[25]

16 !XVI
000000001982-01-24-0000January 24, 1982
San Francisco 49ers 01 !San Francisco 49ers*
(1, 1–0)
2621 !26–21
Cincinnati Bengals 01 !Cincinnati Bengals†
(1, 0–1)
Pontiac Silverdome 01 !Pontiac Silverdome
Detroit, Michigan 01 !Pontiac, Michigan[note 1]
081270 !81,270
[26]

17 !XVII
000000001983-01-30-0000January 30, 1983
Washington Redskins 02 !Washington Redskins*
(2, 1–1)
2717 !27–17
Miami Dolphins 04 !Miami Dolphins†
(4, 2–2)
Rose Bowl 03 !Rose Bowl (3)
Los Angeles, California 05 !Pasadena, California (5)[note 1]
103667 !103,667
[27]

18 !XVIII
000000001984-01-22-0000January 22, 1984
Oakland Raiders 04 !Los Angeles Raiders†
(4, 3–1)
3809 !38–9
Washington Redskins 03 !Washington Redskins*
(3, 1–2)
Tampa Stadium 01 !Tampa Stadium
Tampa, Florida 01 !Tampa, Florida
072920 !72,920
[28]

19 !XIX
000000001985-01-20-0000January 20, 1985
San Francisco 49ers 02 !San Francisco 49ers*
(2, 2–0)
3816 !38–16
Miami Dolphins 05 !Miami Dolphins†
(5, 2–3)
Stanford Stadium 01 !Stanford Stadium
San Francisco, California 01 !Stanford, California[note 1]
084059 !84,059
[29]

20 !XX
000000001986-01-26-0000January 26, 1986
Chicago Bears 01 !Chicago Bears*
(1, 1–0)
4610 !46–10
New England Patriots 01 !New England Patriots†
(1, 0–1)
Louisiana Superdome 03 !Louisiana Superdome (3)
New Orleans, Louisiana 06 !New Orleans, Louisiana (6)
073818 !73,818
[30]

21 !XXI
000000001987-01-25-0000January 25, 1987
New York Giants 01 !New York Giants*
(1, 1–0)
3920 !39–20
Denver Broncos 02 !Denver Broncos†
(2, 0–2)
Rose Bowl 04 !Rose Bowl (4)
Los Angeles, California 06 !Pasadena, California (6)[note 1]
101063 !101,063
[31]

22 !XXII
000000001988-01-31-0000January 31, 1988
Washington Redskins 04 !Washington Redskins*
(4, 2–2)
4210 !42–10
Denver Broncos 03 !Denver Broncos†
(3, 0–3)
Qualcomm Stadium 01 !San Diego–Jack Murphy Stadium[note 3]
San Diego, California 01 !San Diego, California
073302 !73,302
[32]

23 !XXIII
000000001989-01-22-0000January 22, 1989
San Francisco 49ers 03 !San Francisco 49ers*
(3, 3–0)
2016 !20–16
Cincinnati Bengals 02 !Cincinnati Bengals†
(2, 0–2)
Hard Rock Stadium 01 !Joe Robbie Stadium[note 3]
Miami, Florida 06 !Miami Gardens, Florida (6)[note 2]
075129 !75,129
[33]

24 !XXIV
000000001990-01-28-0000January 28, 1990
San Francisco 49ers 04 !San Francisco 49ers*
(4, 4–0)
5510 !55–10
Denver Broncos 04 !Denver Broncos†
(4, 0–4)
Louisiana Superdome 04 !Louisiana Superdome (4)
New Orleans, Louisiana 07 !New Orleans, Louisiana (7)
072919 !72,919
[34]

25 !XXV
000000001991-01-27-0000January 27, 1991
New York Giants 02 !New York Giants*
(2, 2–0)
2019 !20–19
Buffalo Bills 01 !Buffalo Bills†
(1, 0–1)
Tampa Stadium 02 !Tampa Stadium (2)
Tampa, Florida 02 !Tampa, Florida (2)
073813 !73,813
[35]

26 !XXVI
000000001992-01-26-0000January 26, 1992
Washington Redskins 05 !Washington Redskins*
(5, 3–2)
3724 !37–24
Buffalo Bills 02 !Buffalo Bills†
(2, 0–2)
Metrodome 01 !Metrodome
Minneapolis, Minnesota 01 !Minneapolis, Minnesota
063130 !63,130
[36]

27 !XXVII
000000001993-01-31-0000January 31, 1993
Dallas Cowboys 06 !Dallas Cowboys*
(6, 3–3)
5217 !52–17
Buffalo Bills 03 !Buffalo Bills†
(3, 0–3)
Rose Bowl 05 !Rose Bowl (5)
Los Angeles, California 07 !Pasadena, California (7)[note 1]
098374 !98,374
[37]

28 !XXVIII
000000001994-01-30-0000January 30, 1994
Dallas Cowboys 07 !Dallas Cowboys*
(7, 4–3)
3013 !30–13
Buffalo Bills 04 !Buffalo Bills†
(4, 0–4)
Georgia Dome 01 !Georgia Dome
Atlanta, Georgia 01 !Atlanta, Georgia
072817 !72,817
[38]

29 !XXIX
000000001995-01-29-0000January 29, 1995
San Francisco 49ers 05 !San Francisco 49ers*
(5, 5–0)
4926 !49–26
San Diego Chargers 01 !San Diego Chargers†
(1, 0–1)
Hard Rock Stadium 02 !Joe Robbie Stadium (2)[note 3]
Miami, Florida 07 !Miami Gardens, Florida (7)[note 2]
074107 !74,107
[39]

30 !XXX
000000001996-01-28-0000January 28, 1996
Dallas Cowboys 08 !Dallas Cowboys*
(8, 5–3)
2717 !27–17
Pittsburgh Steelers 05 !Pittsburgh Steelers†
(5, 4–1)
Sun Devil Stadium 01 !Sun Devil Stadium
Phoenix, Arizona 01 !Tempe, Arizona[note 1]
076347 !76,347
[40]

31 !XXXI
000000001997-01-26-0000January 26, 1997
Green Bay Packers 03 !Green Bay Packers*
(3, 3–0)
3521 !35–21
New England Patriots 02 !New England Patriots†
(2, 0–2)
Louisiana Superdome 05 !Louisiana Superdome (5)
New Orleans, Louisiana 08 !New Orleans, Louisiana (8)
072301 !72,301
[41]

32 !XXXII
000000001998-01-25-0000January 25, 1998
Denver Broncos 05 !Denver Broncos†
(5, 1–4)
3124 !31–24
Green Bay Packers 04 !Green Bay Packers*
(4, 3–1)
Qualcomm Stadium 02 !Qualcomm Stadium (2)[note 3]
San Diego, California 02 !San Diego, California (2)
068912 !68,912
[42]

33 !XXXIII
000000001999-01-31-0000January 31, 1999
Denver Broncos 06 !Denver Broncos†
(6, 2–4)
3419 !34–19
Atlanta Falcons 01 !Atlanta Falcons*
(1, 0–1)
Hard Rock Stadium 03 !Pro Player Stadium (3)[note 3]
Miami, Florida 08 !Miami Gardens, Florida (8)[note 2]
074803 !74,803
[43]

34 !XXXIV
000000002000-01-30-0000January 30, 2000
Los Angeles Rams 02 !St. Louis Rams*
(2, 1–1)
2316 !23–16
Tennessee Titans 01 !Tennessee Titans†
(1, 0–1)
Georgia Dome 02 !Georgia Dome (2)
Atlanta, Georgia 02 !Atlanta, Georgia (2)
072625 !72,625
[44]

35 !XXXV
000000002001-01-28-0000January 28, 2001
Baltimore Ravens 01 !Baltimore Ravens†
(1, 1–0)
3407 !34–7
New York Giants 03 !New York Giants*
(3, 2–1)
Raymond James Stadium 01 !Raymond James Stadium
Tampa, Florida 03 !Tampa, Florida (3)
071921 !71,921
[45]

36 !XXXVI
000000002002-02-03-0000February 3, 2002
New England Patriots 03 !New England Patriots†
(3, 1–2)
2017 !20–17
Los Angeles Rams 03 !St. Louis Rams*
(3, 1–2)
Louisiana Superdome 06 !Louisiana Superdome (6)
New Orleans, Louisiana 09 !New Orleans, Louisiana (9)
072922 !72,922
[46]

37 !XXXVII
000000002003-01-26-0000January 26, 2003
Tampa Bay Buccaneers 01 !Tampa Bay Buccaneers*
(1, 1–0)
4821 !48–21
Oakland Raiders 05 !Oakland Raiders†
(5, 3–2)
Qualcomm Stadium 03 !Qualcomm Stadium (3)[note 3]
San Diego, California 03 !San Diego, California (3)
067603 !67,603
[47]

38 !XXXVIII
000000002004-02-01-0000February 1, 2004
New England Patriots 04 !New England Patriots†
(4, 2–2)
3229 !32–29
Carolina Panthers 01 !Carolina Panthers*
(1, 0–1)
NRG Stadium 01 !Reliant Stadium[note 3]
Houston, Texas 02 !Houston, Texas (2)
071525 !71,525
[48]

39 !XXXIX
000000002005-02-06-0000February 6, 2005
New England Patriots 05 !New England Patriots†
(5, 3–2)
2421 !24–21
Philadelphia Eagles 02 !Philadelphia Eagles*
(2, 0–2)
ALLTEL Stadium 01 !Alltel Stadium
Jacksonville, Florida 01 !Jacksonville, Florida
078125 !78,125
[49]

40 !XL
000000002006-02-05-0000February 5, 2006
Pittsburgh Steelers 06 !Pittsburgh Steelers†
(6, 5–1)
2110 !21–10
Seattle Seahawks 01 !Seattle Seahawks*
(1, 0–1)
Ford Field 01 !Ford Field
Detroit, Michigan 02 !Detroit, Michigan (2)[note 1]
068206 !68,206
[50]

41 !XLI
000000002007-02-04-0000February 4, 2007
Indianapolis Colts 03 !Indianapolis Colts†
(3, 2–1)
2917 !29–17
Chicago Bears 02 !Chicago Bears*
(2, 1–1)
Hard Rock Stadium 04 !Dolphin Stadium (4)[note 3]
Miami, Florida 09 !Miami Gardens, Florida (9)[note 2]
074512 !74,512
[51]

42 !XLII
000000002008-02-03-0000February 3, 2008
New York Giants 04 !New York Giants*
(4, 3–1)
1714 !17–14
New England Patriots 06 !New England Patriots†
(6, 3–3)
University of Phoenix Stadium 01 !University of Phoenix Stadium
Phoenix, Arizona 02 !Glendale, Arizona (2)[note 1]
071101 !71,101
[52]

43 !XLIII
000000002009-02-01-0000February 1, 2009
Pittsburgh Steelers 07 !Pittsburgh Steelers†
(7, 6–1)
2723 !27–23
Arizona Cardinals 01 !Arizona Cardinals*
(1, 0–1)
Raymond James Stadium 02 !Raymond James Stadium (2)
Tampa, Florida 04 !Tampa, Florida (4)
070774 !70,774
[53]

44 !XLIV
000000002010-02-07-0000February 7, 2010
New Orleans Saints 01 !New Orleans Saints*
(1, 1–0)
3117 !31–17
Indianapolis Colts 04 !Indianapolis Colts†
(4, 2–2)
Hard Rock Stadium 05 !Sun Life Stadium (5)[note 3]
Miami, Florida 10 !Miami Gardens, Florida (10)[note 2]
074059 !74,059
[54]

45 !XLV
000000002011-02-06-0000February 6, 2011
Green Bay Packers 05 !Green Bay Packers*
(5, 4–1)
3125 !31–25
Pittsburgh Steelers 08 !Pittsburgh Steelers†
(8, 6–2)
Cowboys Stadium 01 !Cowboys Stadium
Arlington, Texas 01 !Arlington, Texas
103219 !103,219
[55]

46 !XLVI
000000002012-02-05-0000February 5, 2012
New York Giants 05 !New York Giants*
(5, 4–1)
2117 !21–17
New England Patriots 07 !New England Patriots†
(7, 3–4)
Lucas Oil Stadium 01 !Lucas Oil Stadium
Indianapolis, Indiana 01 !Indianapolis, Indiana
068658 !68,658
[56][57]

47 !XLVII
000000002013-02-03-0000February 3, 2013
Baltimore Ravens 02 !Baltimore Ravens†
(2, 2–0)
3431 !34–31
San Francisco 49ers 06 !San Francisco 49ers*
(6, 5–1)
Louisiana Superdome 07 !Mercedes-Benz Superdome (7)
New Orleans, Louisiana 10 !New Orleans, Louisiana (10)
071024 !71,024
[56][58]

48 !XLVIII
000000002014-02-02-0000February 2, 2014
Seattle Seahawks 02 !Seattle Seahawks*
(2, 1–1)
4308 !43–8
Denver Broncos 07 !Denver Broncos†
(7, 2–5)
MetLife Stadium 01 !MetLife Stadium
East Rutherford, New Jersey 01 !East Rutherford, New Jersey
082529 !82,529
[59]

49 !XLIX
000000002015-02-01-0000February 1, 2015
New England Patriots 08 !New England Patriots†
(8, 4–4)
2824 !28–24
Seattle Seahawks 03 !Seattle Seahawks*
(3, 1–2)
University of Phoenix Stadium 02 !University of Phoenix Stadium (2)
Phoenix, Arizona 03 !Glendale, Arizona (3)[note 1]
070288 !70,288
[60][61]

50 !50 [note 4]
000000002016-02-07-0000February 7, 2016
Denver Broncos 08 !Denver Broncos†
(8, 3–5)
2410 !24–10
Carolina Panthers 02 !Carolina Panthers*
(2, 0–2)
Levi's Stadium 01 !Levi's Stadium
San Francisco, California 02 !Santa Clara, California (2)[note 1]
071088 !71,088
[61][62][63]

51 !LI
000000002017-02-05-0000February 5, 2017
New England Patriots 09 !New England Patriots†
(9, 5–4)
3428 !34–28 (OT)
Atlanta Falcons 02 !Atlanta Falcons*
(2, 0–2)
NRG Stadium 02 !NRG Stadium (2)[note 3]
Houston, Texas 03 !Houston, Texas (3)
070807 !70,807
[61][62][63]

52 !LII
000000002018-02-04-0000February 4, 2018
Philadelphia Eagles 03 !Philadelphia Eagles*
(3, 1–2)
4133 !41–33
New England Patriots 10 !New England Patriots†
(10, 5–5)
U.S. Bank Stadium 01 !U.S. Bank Stadium
Minneapolis, Minnesota 02 !Minneapolis, Minnesota (2)
067612 !67,612
[64][65]

53 !LIII
000000002019-02-03-0000February 3, 2019 [note 5]
X 2019 !2018–19 AFC champion† at 2018–19 NFC champion*
0019 !—
X 2019 !To be determined (TBD)
Mercedes-Benz Stadium 01 !Mercedes-Benz Stadium
Atlanta, Georgia 03 !Atlanta, Georgia (3)
TBD
[66][67]

54 !LIV
000000002020-02-02-0000February 2, 2020 [note 5]
X 2020 !2019–20 NFC champion* at 2019–20 AFC champion†
0020 !—
X 2020 !To be determined
Hard Rock Stadium 06 !Hard Rock Stadium (6)[note 3]
Miami, Florida 11 !Miami Gardens, Florida (11)[note 2]
TBD
[66][67]

55 !LV
000000002021-02-07-0000February 7, 2021 [note 5]
X 2020 !2020–21 AFC champion† at 2020–21 NFC champion*
0021 !—
X 2021 !To be determined
Raymond James Stadium 03 !Raymond James Stadium (3)
Tampa, Florida 05 !Tampa, Florida (5)
TBD
[66][67]

56 !LVI
000000002022-02-06-0000February 6, 2022 [note 5]
X 2021 !2021–22 NFC champion† at 2021–22 AFC champion*
0022 !—
X 2022 !To be determined
City of Champions Stadium 01 !Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park
Los Angeles, California 08 !Inglewood, California (8)[note 1]
TBD
[66][67]

57 !LVII
000000002023-02-05-0000February 5, 2023 [note 5]
X 2022 !2022–23 AFC champion† at 2022–23 NFC champion*
0022 !—
X 2023 !To be determined
University of Phoenix Stadium 01 !University of Phoenix Stadium (3)
Glendale, Arizona !Glendale, Arizona (4)[note 1]
TBD
[68]

58 !LVIII
000000002024-02-04-0000February 4, 2024 [note 5]
X 2023 !2023–24 NFC champion* at 2023–24 AFC champion†
0023 !—
X 2024 !To be determined
Mercedes-Benz Superdome 01 !Mercedes-Benz Superdome (8)
New Orleans, Louisiana 11 !New Orleans, Louisiana (11)
TBD
[69]

Game
Date
Winning team
Score
Losing team
Venue
City
Attendance
Ref

text: Consecutive winners

text: Seven franchises have won consecutive Super Bowls, one of which (Pittsburgh) has accomplished it twice:

text:
Green Bay Packers (Super Bowls I and II)
Miami Dolphins (VII and VIII)
Pittsburgh Steelers (twice: IX and X as well as XIII and XIV)
San Francisco 49ers (XXIII and XXIV)
Dallas Cowboys (XXVII and XXVIII)
Denver Broncos (XXXII and XXXIII)
New England Patriots (XXXVIII and XXXIX)

text: No franchise has yet won three Super Bowls in a row, although several have come close:

text:
The Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls, and also won the NFL championship the preceding year.
The Miami Dolphins appeared in three consecutive Super Bowls (VI, VII, and VIII), winning the last two.
The Pittsburgh Steelers won two consecutive Super Bowls (IX and X); the following season they were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual Super Bowl champion Oakland Raiders. They also won two more consecutive Super Bowls (XIII and XIV) for four wins in six seasons.
The San Francisco 49ers won two consecutive Super Bowls (XXIII and XXIV); the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship by the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants.
The Dallas Cowboys won two consecutive Super Bowls (XXVII and XXVIII); the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship game by the eventual champion San Francisco 49ers. The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX the following year for three wins in four seasons.
The New England Patriots won Super Bowl XXXVI, which was two years before their consecutive wins in XXXVIII and XXXIX, for three wins in four seasons. They did not make the playoffs in the intervening season (XXXVII). The Patriots also won Super Bowls XLIX and LI and in the intervening season (50) were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual champion Denver Broncos.

text: Consecutive losers

text: Three franchises have lost consecutive Super Bowls:

text:
Buffalo Bills (4) (Super Bowls XXV, XXVI, XXVII, and XXVIII) – The only team to appear in four straight Super Bowls, let alone lose in all four appearances.
Minnesota Vikings (2) (Super Bowls VIII and IX) – They also lost Super Bowl XI, and were knocked out of the playoffs for Super Bowl X by the eventual losers the Dallas Cowboys for three losses in four seasons.
Denver Broncos (2) (Super Bowls XXI and XXII) – They also lost Super Bowl XXIV, but did not even make the playoffs for Super Bowl XXIII for three losses in four seasons.

text: Super Bowl appearances by team

text:
NFL‡/NFC* teams (27 wins)
AFL^/AFC† teams (25 wins)

NFL‡/AFC† team (0-1 as part of the NFL, 2-1 as part of the AFC)[note 6]

text: In the sortable table below, teams are ordered first by number of appearances, then by number of wins, and finally by number of years since last appearing in a Super Bowl. In the "Seasons" column, bold years indicate winning seasons, and italic years indicate games not yet completed.

text:
Appearances
Team
Wins
Losses
Winning
percentage
Seasons

10A-05W-01YA-02YW !10
New England Patriots†
05W-10A-02YW-01YA !5
05L-10A-01YL-01YA !5
.500
1985 !1985,† 1996,† 2001,† 2003,† 2004,† 2007,† 2011,† 2014,† 2016,† 2017†

08A-06W-08YA-10YW !8
Pittsburgh Steelers†[note 6]
06W-08A-10YW-08YA !6
02L-08A-08YL-08YA !2
.750
1974 !1974,† 1975,† 1978,† 1979,† 1995,† 2005,† 2008,† 2010†

08A-05W-23YA-23YW !8
Dallas Cowboys*
05W-08A-23YW-23YA !5
03L-08A-40YL-23YA !3
.625
1970 !1970,* 1971,* 1975,* 1977,* 1978,* 1992,* 1993,* 1995*

08A-03W-03YA-03YW !8
Denver Broncos†
03W-08A-03YW-03YA !3
05L-08A-05YL-03YA !5
.375
1977 !1977,† 1986,† 1987,† 1989,† 1997,† 1998,† 2013,† 2015†

06A-05W-06YA-24YW !6
San Francisco 49ers*
05W-06A-24YW-06YA !5
01L-06A-06YL-06YA !1
.833
1981 !1981,* 1984,* 1988,* 1989,* 1994*, 2012*

05A-04W-08YA-08YW !5
Green Bay Packers‡*
04W-05A-08YW-08YA !4
01L-05A-21YL-08YA !1
.800
1966 !1966,‡ 1967,‡ 1996,* 1997,* 2010*

05A-04W-07YA-07YW !5
New York Giants*
04W-05A-07YW-07YA !4
01L-05A-18YL-07YA !1
.800
1986 !1986,* 1990,* 2000,* 2007,* 2011*

05A-03W-27YA-27YW !5
Washington Redskins*
03W-05A-27YW-27YA !3
02L-05A-35YL-27YA !2
.600
1972 !1972,* 1982,* 1983,* 1987,* 1991*

05A-03W-16YA-35YW !5
Los Angeles/Oakland Raiders^†
03W-05A-35YW-16YA !3
02L-05A-16YL-16YA !2
.600
1967,^ 1976,† 1980,† 1983,† 2002†

05A-02W-34YA-45YW !5
Miami Dolphins†
02W-05A-45YW-34YA !2
03L-05A-34YL-34YA !3
.400
1971 !1971,† 1972,† 1973,† 1982,† 1984†

04A-02W-09YA-12YW !4
Baltimore/Indianapolis Colts‡†[note 6]
02W-04A-12YW-09YA !2
02L-04A-09YL-09YA !2
.500
1968 !1968,‡ 1970,† 2006,† 2009†

04A-00W-42YA-53YW !4
Minnesota Vikings‡*
00W-04A-53YW-25YA !0
04L-04A-42YL-42YA !4
.000
1969 !1969,‡ 1973,* 1974,* 1976*

04A-00W-25YA-53YW !4
Buffalo Bills†
00W-04A-53YW-25YA !0
04L-04A-25YL-25YA !4
.000
1990 !1990,† 1991,† 1992,† 1993†

03A-01W-17YA-19YW !3
St. Louis/Los Angeles Rams*
01W-03A-19YW-17YA !1
02L-03A-17YL-17YA !2
.333
1979 !1979,* 1999,* 2001*

03A-01W-03YA-04YW !3
Seattle Seahawks*
01W-03A-04YW-03YA !1
02L-03A-03YL-03YA !2
.333
2005 !2005,* 2013,* 2014*

03A-01W-01YA-01YW !3
Philadelphia Eagles*
01W-03A-01YW-01YA !1
02L-03A-14YL-01YA !2
.333
1980 !1980,* 2004,* 2017*

02A-02W-06YA-06YW !2
Baltimore Ravens†[note 7]
02W-02A-06YW-06YA !2
00L-02A-22YL-06YA !0
1.000
2000 !2000,† 2012†

02A-01W-49YA-49YW !2
Kansas City Chiefs^†
01W-02A-49YW-49YA !1
01L-02A-52YL-49YA !1
.500
1966 !1966,^ 1969^

02A-01W-12YA-33YW !2
Chicago Bears*
01W-02A-33YW-12YA !1
01L-02A-12YL-12YA !1
.500
1985 !1985,* 2006*

02A-00W-30YA-53YW !2
Cincinnati Bengals†
00W-02A-53YW-30YA !0
02L-02A-30YL-30YA !2
.000
1981 !1981,† 1988†

02A-00W-03YA-23YW !2
Carolina Panthers*
00W-02A-23YW-03YA !0
02L-02A-03YL-03YA !2
.000
2003 !2003,* 2015*

02A-00W-02YA-53YW !2
Atlanta Falcons*
00W-02A-53YW-02YA !0
02L-02A-02YL-02YA !2
.000
1998 !1998,* 2016*

01A-01W-50YA-50YW !1
New York Jets^†
01W-01A-50YW-50YA !1
00L-01A-53YL-50YA !0
1.000
1968 !1968^

01A-01W-18YA-18YW !1
Tampa Bay Buccaneers*
01W-01A-18YW-18YA !1
00L-01A-44YL-18YA !0
1.000
2002 !2002*

01A-01W-09YA-09YW !1
New Orleans Saints*
01W-01A-09YW-09YA !1
00L-01A-52YL-09YA !0
1.000
2009 !2009*

01A-00W-24YA-53YW !1
San Diego/Los Angeles Chargers†
00W-01A-53YW-24YA !0
01L-01A-24YL-24YA !1
.000
1994 !1994†

01A-00W-19YA-53YW !1
Houston/Tennessee Oilers/Tennessee Titans†
00W-01A-53YW-19YA !0
01L-01A-19YL-19YA !1
.000
1999 !1999†

01A-00W-10YA-53YW !1
St. Louis/Arizona Cardinals*
00W-01A-53YW-10YA !0
01L-01A-10YL-10YA !1
.000
2008 !2008*

00A-00W-53YA-53YW-11CG !0
Cleveland Browns†[note 6][note 7]
00W-00A-53YW-53YA-11CG !0
00L-00A-53YL-53YA-11CG !0
–
none

00A-00W-53YA-53YW-05CG !0
Detroit Lions*
00W-00A-53YW-53YA-05CG !0
00L-00A-53YL-53YA-05CG !0
–
none

00A-00W-23YA-23YW-00CG !0
Jacksonville Jaguars†
00W-00A-23YW-23YA-00CG !0
00L-00A-23YL-23YA-00CG !0
–
none

00A-00W-16YA-16YW-00CG !0
Houston Texans†
00W-00A-16YW-16YA-00CG !0
00L-00A-16YL-16YA-00CG !0
–
none

text: Teams with no Super Bowl appearances

text: Four current teams have never reached the Super Bowl. Two of them held NFL league championships prior to Super Bowl I in the 1966 NFL season:

text:
Cleveland Browns, NFL champions four times in 1950, 1954, 1955, and 1964; appeared in seven other NFL championship games in 1951, 1952, 1953, 1957, 1965, 1968, and 1969; and appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1986, 1987, and 1989.[70] The Browns are officially viewed as one continuous franchise that began in 1946 as a member of the All-America Football Conference, joined the NFL in 1950, suspended operations from 1996 to 1998, and resumed play in 1999.[71] The Baltimore Ravens were created as an expansion team with former Browns players in 1996, and have since won two Super Bowls.[72]
Detroit Lions, NFL champions four times in 1935, 1952, 1953, and 1957; appeared in one other NFL Championship Game in 1954; and appeared in one NFC Championship Game in 1991.[73]
Jacksonville Jaguars, 1995 expansion team; appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1996, 1999, and 2017.[74]
Houston Texans, 2002 expansion team; Divisional Round appearances in 2011, 2012, and 2016 seasons.

text: In addition, Detroit, Houston, and Jacksonville have hosted Super Bowls, making Cleveland the only current NFL city that has neither hosted nor had its team play in a Super Bowl.

text: Teams with long Super Bowl droughts

text: Although Jacksonville and Houston have never appeared in a Super Bowl, there are teams whose most recent Super Bowl appearance is older than when Jacksonville and Houston joined the NFL (1995 and 2002, respectively), resulting in longer Super Bowl droughts than these teams for the following eight teams.

text: Two of these teams have not appeared in the Super Bowl since before the AFL–NFL merger in 1970:[75]

text:
New York Jets (most recently appeared in Super Bowl III, 1968 season)
Kansas City Chiefs (Super Bowl IV in 1969 season)

text: However, the Jets and the Chiefs are the only non-NFL teams to win the Super Bowl, both being members of the now-defunct AFL at the time.

text: The most recent Super Bowl appearance for the following teams was after the AFL–NFL merger, but prior to the 1995 regular season:

text:
Minnesota Vikings (Super Bowl XI, 1976 season)
Miami Dolphins (Super Bowl XIX, 1984 season)
Cincinnati Bengals (Super Bowl XXIII, 1988 season)
Washington Redskins (Super Bowl XXVI, 1991 season)
Buffalo Bills (Super Bowl XXVIII, 1993 season)
Los Angeles Chargers (played as San Diego Chargers in Super Bowl XXIX, 1994 season)

text: Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories

text: Eight teams have appeared in the Super Bowl without ever winning. In descending order of number of appearances, they are:

text:
Minnesota Vikings (4), appeared in Super Bowls IV, VIII, IX, and XI. They won the NFL Championship Game in 1969, the last year before the AFL–NFL merger, but failed to win the subsequent Super Bowl. An NFL expansion team in 1961, they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships.
Buffalo Bills (4), appeared in Super Bowls XXV, XXVI, XXVII, and XXVIII. Their second and last AFL championship was in 1965, the season before the first Super Bowl.
Cincinnati Bengals (2), appeared in Super Bowls XVI and XXIII. An AFL expansion team in 1968, they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships.
Atlanta Falcons (2), appeared in Super Bowls XXXIII and LI. An expansion team in 1966, they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships.
Carolina Panthers (2), appeared in Super Bowls XXXVIII and 50. A post-merger expansion team, their first season was in 1995.
Arizona Cardinals (1), appeared in Super Bowl XLIII. Their last championship was in 1947 as the Chicago Cardinals.
Los Angeles Chargers (1), appeared in Super Bowl XXIX as the San Diego Chargers. Their only AFL championship was in 1963.
Tennessee Titans (1), appeared in Super Bowl XXXIV. They won the first two AFL Championships in 1960 and 1961 as the Houston Oilers.

text: Super Bowl rematches

text: The following teams have faced each other more than once in the Super Bowl:

text:
Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers (3) – Super Bowls X and XIII were won by Pittsburgh, and Super Bowl XXX was won by Dallas. See also Cowboys–Steelers rivalry.
Miami Dolphins and Washington Redskins (2) – Super Bowl VII was won by Miami, and Super Bowl XVII was won by Washington.
Cincinnati Bengals and San Francisco 49ers (2) – Super Bowls XVI and XXIII were both won by San Francisco.
Buffalo Bills and Dallas Cowboys (2) – Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII, the only rematch in consecutive seasons, were both won by Dallas.
New England Patriots and New York Giants (2) – Super Bowls XLII and XLVI were both won by New York.
New England Patriots and Philadelphia Eagles (2) – Super Bowl XXXIX was won by New England, Super Bowl LII was won by Philadelphia.


document_title: Lipan Apache people

question_text: when did the lipan apache arrive in oklahoma

text: Lipan Apache people

text: Synonymy[edit]

text: The name Lipán is a Spanish adaption of their self-designation as Lépai-Ndé reflecting their migratory story. The Lipan are also known as Querechos, Vaqueros, Pelones, Nde buffalo hunters, Eastern Apache, Apache de los Llanos, Lipan, Ipande, Ypandes, Ipandes, Ipandi, Lipanes, Lipanos, Lipanis, Lipaines, Lapane, Lapanne, Lapanas, Lipau, Lipaw, Apaches Lipan, Apacheria Lipana, and Lipanes Llaneros. The first recorded name is Ypandes.[citation needed]

text: Bands[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: By 1750, the Lipan Apache were driven from the Southern Great Plains by the Comanche and their allies, the so-called Norteños. The Lipan divided into the following groups or bands:

text: Eastern Lipan (Spanish: Lipanes de arriba – "Upper Lipan", "Northern Lipan")

text:
Tséral tuétahä, Tséral tuétahäⁿ ("Red Hair People"): merged later with the Tche shä and Tsél tátli dshä, lived south of the Nueces River in Texas, about 1884 extinct.
Tche shä, Tche shäⁿ ("Sun Otter People"): lived from San Antonio, Texas, south to the Rio Grande.
Canneci N'de,Connechi,Cancee Nde'("People Of The Pines", "Red Clay People", "Tall sticks in a row stand"): made up of many bands and family groups that joined together after being forced into and escaping slavery. Lived from Louisiana to East Texas along the Red River. Sharing a kinship with the Kune Tsa Ndé.
Kó'l kukä'ⁿ, Kó´l Kahäⁿ, Cuelcahen Ndé ("Tall Grass People", "High Grass People"): lived on the Central Plains of Texas along the upper Colorado River and its tributaries southward to the Pecos River.
Tchó'kanä, Tchóⁿkanäⁿ ("Pulverizing People", "Rubbing People"): merged later with the Tcha shka-ózhäye, lived west of Fort Griffin, Texas, along the upper Colorado River towards the western side of the Rio Grande, about 1884 extinct.
Kóke metcheskó lähä, Kóke metcheskó lähäⁿ ("High-Beaked Moccasin People"): lived south of San Antonio as far as northern Mexico.
Tsél tátli dshä, Tsél tátli dshäⁿ ("People of the Green Mountain"): merged later with Kóke metcheskó lähä, lived east of the Rio Grande along the lower Guadalupe River and Nueces River in Texas.
Ndáwe qóhä, Ndáwe qóhäⁿ, Ndáwe ɣóhäⁿ ("Fire People", "Camp Circle People"): lived southeast of Fort Griffin, along the Colorado, San Saba and Llano Rivers towards the upper Nueces River and its tributaries the Frio River and Atascosa River in Texas.
Shá i'a Nde, Shá'i'ánde, Nde 'Shini, Shä-äⁿ ("Northern People"): most northern group of the Lipan, sharing contacts with the Kiowa-Apache. They were forced to relocate 1884, when 300 people were moved to the Washita Agency in Oklahoma)
Tsés tsembai ("Heads of Wolves People", "Bodies of Men People"): lived between the upper Brazos River and the Colorado River towards the west.
Te'l kóndahä, Te'l kóndahäⁿ ("Wild Goose People"): lived west of Fort Griffin in Texas, along the upper Colorado River and its tributaries, were renowned and fierce warriors.

text: Western Lipan (Spanish: Lipanes de abajo – "Lower Lipan", "Southern Lipan")

text:
Tu'tssn Ndé, Tùn Tsa Ndé, Tú sis Ndé, Kúne tsá, Konitsaii Ndé ("Big Water People", "Great Water People"): formerly a Natage band, they lived in the Gulf Coastal Plains towards both sides of the Rio Grande into Coahuila; in 1765 the greater part of them left San Lorenzo de Sata Cruz and went into Mexico. Their territory stretched deep into Coahuila, and was called Konitsąąįį gokíyaa (Big Water People Country). Magoosh's band Tu' sis Nde would later merge with the Mescalero as the "Tuintsunde".
Tsésh ke shéndé, Tséc kecénde ("Painted Wood People"): perhaps lived former along the upper Brazos River, later moved down to live near Lavón, Mexico, about 1884 extinct.
Tindi Ndé, Tú'e Ndé, Tüzhä'ⁿ, Täzhä'ⁿ ("People of the Mountain", "Uplanders"): lived along the upper Rio Grande, in southern New Mexico and in northern Mexico; about 1850 they were in close contact with the Mescalero.
Tcha shka-ózhäye, Tchaⁿshka ózhäyeⁿ ("Little Breech-clout People"): lived along the eastern shore of the Rio Pecos in Texas, were close allies of the Nadahéndé or Natage (who later became the Mescalero and Salinero).
Twid Ndé, Tú’é'diné Ndé ("Tough People of the Desert", "No Water People"): moved north and therefore away from the gulf area, later they lived between the Rio Grande and the Pecos River, near the juncture of the two. There they became much mixed with the Mescalero and merged later as Tuetinini with the Mescalero. The Tú sis Ndé (“Big Water People”), who tried to remain nearer their old territory on the gulf but who were finally driven over into Mexico, are sometimes quite critical of the Twid Ndé because of their apostasy and mixture and classify them as a Mescalero or part-Mescalero group.[6]
Zit'is'ti Nde, Tséghát’ahén Nde, Tas steé be glui Ndé ("Rock Tied to Head People"): wearing a red turban-like headdress like the neighboring Mescalero, lived in the deserts of northern Mexico.

text: In addition the following bands were recorded:

text:
Bi'uhit Ndé, Buii gl un Ndé ("Many Necklaces People"): lived in the deserts and high plains of New Mexico and northern Mexico.
Ha'didla 'Ndé, Goschish Ndé ("Lightning Storm People"): lived from the lower Rio Grande Valley in southern Texas into the Mexican state of Tamaulipas, today Dene Nde' descendants are still living in the Lower Rio Grande area (El Calaboz Rancheria)and a branch re-settled in British Columbia, Canada.
Zuá Zuá Ndé ("People of the Lava Beds"): lived in the lava beds of eastern New Mexico and northwestern Texas and their descendants live today in Mescalero as well as South Texas.
Jumano Ndé, Suma Ndé (Jumano Apache – “Red Mud Painted People”): have continued to live in the lands of the Lower and Middle Rio Grande, the Nueces River, the Frio River, and the Conchos River watersheds; today descendants live in the Middle-Upper Rio Grande, West Texas (El Polvo (Redford), El Mesquite, El Conejo, El Mulato Chihuahua).
Indantųhé Ndé, Nakaiyé Ndé (“Mexican Clan People”): Mexicans who intermarried with Lipan bands who sought refuge in Mexico.

text: The Spanish associated these groupings with the Lipan:

text:
Lipiyánes (also Lipiyán, Lipillanes): a coalition of splinter groups of the Nadahéndé, Guhlkahéndé and Lipan of the 18th century under the leadership of Picax-Ande-Ins-Tinsle (Strong Arm), who fought and withstood the Comanche on the Plains.
Natagés (Nah-tah-hay, also Natagees, Apaches del Natafé, Yabipais Natagé, Natageses, Natajes, from Nadahéndé – "People of the Mescal"): original Apachean group who would become the Mescalero and Salinero; were often called by the Spanish and Apaches themselves true Apaches, which[clarification needed] had had a considerable influence on the decision making of some bands of the Western Lipan in the 18th century.
Ypandes (Ypandis, Ipandes, Ipandi, Lipanes, Lipanos, Lipaines, Lapane, Lipanis, Lipan): they once travelled from the Pecos River in eastern New Mexico to the upper Colorado River, San Saba River and Llano River of central Texas across the Edwards Plateau southeast to the Gulf of Mexico, were close allies of the Natagés, therefore it seems certain that they were the Plains Lipan division (Golgahį́į́, Kó'l kukä'ⁿ – “Prairie Men”), not to be confused with Lipiyánes or Le Panis (French for the Pawnee). They were first mentioned in 1718 records as being near the newly established town of San Antonio, Texas.
Llanero (Spanish meaning "plains dweller"): the name was historically used to refer to several different groups who hunted buffalo seasonally on the Great Plains, also referenced in eastern New Mexico and western Texas. (See also Carlanas.)
Pelones (Bald Ones): lived far from San Antonio and far to the northeast of the Ypandes in the Red River of the South country of north central Texas. Although able to field 800 warriors, more than the Ypandes and Natagés together, they were described as less warlike because they had fewer horses than the Plains Lipan. Their population was estimated between 1,600 and 2,400 persons. The Forest Lipan division (Chishį́į́hį́į́, Tcici, Tcicihi – “People of the Forest”): after 1760 the name Pelones was never used by the Spanish for any Texas Apache group. The Pelones had fled the Comanche south and southwest, but never mixed up with the Plains Lipan division, retaining their distinct identity, so that Morris Opler was told by his Lipan informants in 1935 that their tribal name was “People of the Forest”.

text: Their kin, west and southwest of them, sometimes allies and sometimes foes, the Mescalero, called them after their location and living conditions:

text:
Tuetinini ("No Water People"), called by the Lipan Twid Nde, "Western Lipan", because they lived most of the time in deserts, steppes and Mountains.
Tuintsunde ("Big Water People"), called by the Lipan Tu`tssn Nde, "Eastern Lipan", because they lived in the river valleys of the southern Texan Plains against the Gulf of Mexico.

text: History[edit]

text: The Lipan are first mentioned in Spanish records in 1718 when they raided Spanish settlements in San Antonio. It seems likely that the Lipan had become established in Texas during the latter half of the 17th century. They moved southward during the 18th century: a Spanish mission for this people was built in Coahuila in 1754 and another on the San Sabá River in 1757. Both missions were burned and deserted; the San Saba mission was destroyed by the Comanche and their allies. During 1757 the Lipan Apache were involved in fighting with the Hasinais.[7] The Lipan participated in a Spanish Expedition against the Wichita and Comanche in 1759, but were defeated in the Battle of the Twin Villages.

text: Their territory ranged from the Colorado River to the Rio Grande. Two Lipan local group chiefs had a total of 700 people in 1762. Since there were at least 12 other local groups, Morris Opler estimates that the population was approximately 3,000–4,000. He estimates a total of 6,000 in 1700.

text: The Spanish and Lipan frequently were in conflict as Spain tried to invade and colonize the Texas territory. The Spanish tried to thwart the Lipan through alcohol, provoking conflict between the Lipan and Mescalero, making them economically dependent on Spanish trade goods, and converting them through missionaries. It is not certain if the Lipan ever lived on the Spanish missions, but by 1767 all Lipan had completely deserted them.

text: In the same year, Marquis of Rubí started a policy of Lipan extermination after a 1764 smallpox epidemic had decimated the tribe. Shortly after that, the Lipan entered an uneasy alliance with Spain in fight against their traditional enemy the Mescalero. The alliance fell apart before 1800. Another serious enemy of the Lipan was the Comanche, who were also opposing Spanish colonists. Many historians cite Comanche aggression as a factor leading to the Lipan's southerly migration. At the beginning of the 19th century, by contrast, the Lipan formed an alliance with the Comanche to attack the Spanish.

text: In 1869, Mexican troops from Monterrey were brought to Zaragosa to eliminate the Lipan Apache, who were blamed for causing trouble. Troops attacked many Lipan camps; survivors flee to the Mescaleros in New Mexico.

text: From 1875 to 1876, United States Army troops undertook joint military campaigns with the Mexican Army to eliminate the Lipan from the state of Coahuila in northern Mexico.

text: In 1881, a large campaign by Mexican Army’s Díaz division (assisted by US troops) forced all Lipan out of Coahuila and into the state of Chihuahua.

text: Chiefs[edit]

text:
Bigotes (="Mustached One") (middle of the 18th century) (1751 he left Texas and crossed with his Kuné tsa the Rio Grande into Coahuila. About this date they lived along the Rio Escondido and Rio San Rodrigo in Coahuila)
Poca Ropa (="few or scant clothes") (ca. 1750 – ca. 1790) (Chief of the Tcha shka-ó´zhäye along the lower Pecos River)
Cavezon (="Big Head") (ca. ? – ca. 1780) (Chief of the Ndáwe qóhä, one powerful band of the San Saba River towards the upper Nueces River)
Casimiro (18. Jhd.) (Chief of one band in southern Texas, perhaps of the Ha´didla`Ndé)
Yolcna Pocarropa (ca. 1820 – ca. ?) (Chief of several bands of the Tcha shka-ó´zhäye in western Texas, in 1830 he led them across the Rio Grande into Tamaulipas in Mexico downriver of Laredo)
Cuelgas de Castro (ca. 1792 – ca. 1844) (Chief of the Tche shä in the territory of San Antonio across the Rio Grande in Tamaulipas)
Flacco (ca. 1790 – ca. 1850) (Chief of the Kóke metcheskó lähä east and southeast of San Antonio)
Costalites (ca. 1820 – 1873) (Chief of one band, that was wandering from Coahuila into southwest Texas)
Magoosh (Ma´uish) (ca. 1830 – 1900) (Chief of the Tu' sis Nde of southeastern Texas, because of a severe epidemic one part of this band went to Zaragosa in Coahuila, the other part of Magoosh took refuge by the Mescalero and accompanied them in 1870 onto the Mescalero Reservation)
Coco (Chief of the Cannesi N'de of Louisiana, ca.1810–1860)

text: Language[edit]

text: Lipan Apache is a Southern Athabaskan language. There were two people in 1981 living on the Mescalero Apache reservation known to be native speakers.[1] As of 2013, there is a concerted effort by Lipan speaking members living off reservation throughout North America who strive to keep the language and traditional culture alive.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: A song by American art-metal band Tool titled "Lipan Conjuring," from their multi-platinum album 10,000 Days, features Native American chanting over soft percussion.

text: This tribe was mentioned in a 1996 episode of Unsolved Mysteries about Devil's Backbone.[citation needed]

text: Snake Jason Blocker of "Deadliest Warriors" (episode featuring Apache Warrior vs Gladiator) and National Geographic's Survivalists series is a famous Lipan Apache.[citation needed]

text: Lipan Apache, Grandfather Stalking Wolf, was the boyhood mentor of Tom Brown Jr. and is featured prominently throughout Brown's books including: The Tracker, The Quest, Way of the Scout, and Grandfather.


document_title: Phase-contrast microscopy

question_text: where would phase contrast microscopy improve image quality

text: Phase-contrast microscopy

text:
Phase-contrast microscope

A phase-contrast microscope

Uses
Microscopic observation of unstained biological material

Inventor
Frits Zernike

Manufacturer
Zeiss, Nikon, Olympus and others

Related items
Differential interference contrast microscopy, Hoffman modulation-contrast microscopy, Quantitative phase-contrast microscopy

text: Phase-contrast microscopy is an optical microscopy technique that converts phase shifts in light passing through a transparent specimen to brightness changes in the image. Phase shifts themselves are invisible, but become visible when shown as brightness variations.

text: When light waves travel through a medium other than vacuum, interaction with the medium causes the wave amplitude and phase to change in a manner dependent on properties of the medium. Changes in amplitude (brightness) arise from the scattering and absorption of light, which is often wavelength-dependent and may give rise to colors. Photographic equipment and the human eye are only sensitive to amplitude variations. Without special arrangements, phase changes are therefore invisible. Yet, phase changes often carry important information.

text: Phase-contrast microscopy is particularly important in biology. It reveals many cellular structures that are not visible with a simpler bright-field microscope, as exemplified in the figure. These structures were made visible to earlier microscopists by staining, but this required additional preparation and killed the cells. The phase-contrast microscope made it possible for biologists to study living cells and how they proliferate through cell division.[1] After its invention in the early 1930s,[2] phase-contrast microscopy proved to be such an advancement in microscopy that its inventor Frits Zernike was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1953.[3]

text: Working principle[edit]

text: The basic principle to making phase changes visible in phase-contrast microscopy is to separate the illuminating (background) light from the specimen-scattered light (which makes up the foreground details) and to manipulate these differently.

text: The ring-shaped illuminating light (green) that passes the condenser annulus is focused on the specimen by the condenser. Some of the illuminating light is scattered by the specimen (yellow). The remaining light is unaffected by the specimen and forms the background light (red). When observing an unstained biological specimen, the scattered light is weak and typically phase-shifted by −90° (due to both the typical thickness of specimens and the refractive index difference between biological tissue and the surrounding medium) relative to the background light. This leads to the foreground (blue vector) and background (red vector) having nearly the same intensity, resulting in low image contrast.

text: In a phase-contrast microscope, image contrast is increased in two ways: by generating constructive interference between scattered and background light rays in regions of the field of view that contain the specimen, and by reducing the amount of background light that reaches the image plane. First, the background light is phase-shifted by −90° by passing it through a phase-shift ring, which eliminates the phase difference between the background and the scattered light rays.

text: When the light is then focused on the image plane (where a camera or eyepiece is placed), this phase shift causes background and scattered light rays originating from regions of the field of view that contain the sample (i.e., the foreground) to constructively interfere, resulting in an increase in the brightness of these areas compared to regions that do not contain the sample. Finally, the background is dimmed ~70-90% by a gray filter ring—this method maximizes the amount of scattered light generated by the illumination (i.e., background) light, while minimizing the amount of illumination light that reaches the image plane. Some of the scattered light (which illuminates the entire surface of the filter) will be phase-shifted and dimmed by the rings, but to a much lesser extent than the background light (which only illuminates the phase-shift and gray filter rings).

text: The above describes negative phase contrast. In its positive form, the background light is instead phase-shifted by +90°. The background light will thus be 180° out of phase relative to the scattered light. The scattered light will then be subtracted from the background light to form an image with a darker foreground and a lighter background, as shown in the first figure.[4][5][6][7][8][9]

text: Related methods[edit]

text: The success of the phase-contrast microscope has led to a number of subsequent phase-imaging methods. In 1952 Georges Nomarski patented what is today known as differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy.[10] It enhances contrast by creating artificial shadows, as if the object is illuminated from the side. But DIC microscopy and phase contrast microscopy both use polarized light, which is unsuitable when the object or its container alter polarization. With the growing use of polarizing plastic containers in cell biology, DIC microscopy is increasingly replaced by Hoffman modulation contrast microscopy, invented by Robert Hoffman in 1975.[11]

text: Traditional phase-contrast methods enhance contrast optically, blending brightness and phase information in single image. Since the introduction of the digital camera in the mid-1990s, several new digital phase-imaging methods have been developed, collectively known as quantitative phase-contrast microscopy. These methods digitally create two separate images, an ordinary bright-field image and a so-called phase-shift image. In each image point, the phase-shift image displays the quantified phase shift induced by the object, which is proportional to the optical thickness of the object.[12][13]


document_title: Joe Ranft

question_text: who does the voice of the caterpillar in a bug's life

question_tokens: who does the voice of the caterpillar in a bug 's life

text: Joe Ranft

text: Early life[edit]

text: Ranft was born in Pasadena, California,[1] and raised in Whittier. As a child, Ranft developed a love for magic, storytelling, film and comedy. At age 15, he became a member of the Magic Castle Junior Group. After graduating from Monte Vista High School, Whittier, in 1978, Ranft began studying in the character animation program at the California Institute of the Arts alongside John Lasseter and Brad Bird.[1] After two years, Ranft's student film Good Humor caught the attention of Disney animation executives, who offered him a job.

text: Career[edit]

text: In 1980, Ranft joined Disney as a writer and storyboard artist. During his first five years with Disney, Joe worked on a number of television projects[1] that were never produced. Later in his Disney career, he was promoted into the Feature Animation department, where he was mentored by Eric Larson. Ranft later spoke about training under the Disney legend: "He always reminds me of just the fundamental things that I tend to forget. You know, it's like, animation is so complex; 'How many drawings are in there?' and stuff, but Eric always comes back to like; 'What does the audience perceive?'"[2]

text: Around this time, he studied under and began performing with the improvisational group, The Groundlings. Ranft stayed with Disney throughout the 1980s, writing the story on many animated features, including Oliver & Company, The Lion King and Beauty and the Beast. He also worked on The Brave Little Toaster in 1987 for Hyperion Animation and James and the Giant Peach in 1996 for Allied Filmmakers.[1]

text: Ranft reunited with Lasseter when he was hired by Pixar in 1991 as their head of story.[1] There he worked on all of their films produced up to 2006; this included Toy Story (for which he received an Academy Award nomination) and A Bug's Life, as the co-story writer and others as story supervisor. His final film was Cars. He also voiced characters in many of the films, including Heimlich the caterpillar in A Bug's Life, Wheezy the penguin in Toy Story 2, and Jacques the shrimp in Finding Nemo.[1]

text: In the movie Monsters, Inc., Ranft had a monster named after him (J.J. Ranft) as most of the scarers in the film were named for Pixar staff. Ranft used a German accent to voice Heimlich the caterpillar in A Bug's Life and a French accent to voice Jacques the shrimp in Finding Nemo. He was also given lead story credit on The Brave Little Toaster (1987) and voiced Elmo St. Peters, the appliance salesman.[citation needed]

text: His favorite writers were Kurt Vonnegut, Hunter S. Thompson, and Tom Wolfe. His favorite magicians were John Carney, Daryl, Michael Ammar, Ricky Jay and Jimmy Grippo.[3]

text: He was posthumously honored in 2006 as a Disney Legend and in 2016 with the Winsor McCay Award, the lifetime achievement award for animators.

text: Death[edit]

text: On August 16, 2005, Ranft and his friend Eric Frierson were passengers in Ranft's 2004 Honda Element, which was being driven by another friend, Elegba Earl. Earl suddenly lost control and crashed through the guard rail while northbound on Highway 1. The SUV plunged 130 feet into the mouth of the Navarro River in Mendocino County, California. Ranft and Earl were both killed instantly. Frierson survived by escaping through the sun roof, though he received moderate injuries.[4][5] Ranft, who was 45, died during the production of Cars, which he co-directed and voice acted in. The film and tie-in game are dedicated to his memory, as is Tim Burton's Corpse Bride, on which Ranft was executive producer.[6] Ranft is survived by his wife Sue and their two children, Jordan and Sophia, and his brother Jerome.[7]

text: Henry Selick called him "the story giant of our generation."[5] In honor of Ranft, in Selick's animated film production Coraline, the moving SUV that moves Coraline into her new apartment is emblazoned with a "Ranft Moving, Inc." logo. The movers themselves are modeled after Ranft himself and his brother Jerome; Jerome Ranft voiced one of the movers.

text: In the 2010 DVD re-release of Toy Story 2, there is a special feature that talks about Ranft and his life and accomplishments.[citation needed]

text: Selected filmography[edit]

text:
Luau (1982 - actor "I.Q.")
The Brave Little Toaster (1987 - voice of Elmo St. Peters, Screenplay and Story, directing animator)
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988 - story artist)[8]
Oliver & Company (1988 - Story)
The Little Mermaid (1989 - Storysketch Artist: animation)
The Rescuers Down Under (1990 - Animation Screenplay, Story Supervisor)
Beauty and the Beast (1991 - Story and provided several cartoon screams)
Aladdin (1992 - Story and provided several cartoon screams)
The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993 - Storyboard Supervisor, voice of Igor)
The Lion King (1994 - Story)
Toy Story (1995 - voice of Lenny the Binoculars, Story/Story Supervisor)
James and the Giant Peach (1996 - Storyboard Supervisor)
Toy Story Animated Storybook (1996 - voice of Lenny the Binoculars)[9]
A Bug's Life (1998 - voice of Heimlich, Story/Story Supervisor)
A Bug's Life (video game) (1998 - voice of Heimlich)[9]
Toy Story 2 (1999 - voice of Wheezy, Additional Story Material)
Fantasia 2000 (1999 - Additional Art: story)
The Emperor's New Groove (2000 - Special Thanks)
Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins (2000 - voice of Wheezy)
Monsters, Inc. (2001 - voice of Pete "Claws" Ward, Story Artist)
Monkeybone (2001 - Streetsquash Rabbit)
Treasure Planet (2002 - voice of Pirates)
Finding Nemo (video game) (2003 - voice of Jacques the Shrimp)[9]
Finding Nemo (2003 - voice of Jacques the Shrimp)
Disney's Extreme Skate Adventure (2003 - voice of Wheezy)[9]
The Incredibles (2004 - Additional Voices)
Corpse Bride (2005 - Executive Producer, Dedication)
Cars (2006 - Co-Director, voice of Red and Peterbilt, Screenplay, Dedication, Final roles)
Mater and the Ghostlight (2006 - Story)


document_title: LED display

question_text: when did the first led tv come out

question_tokens: when did the first led tv come out

text: LED display

text: History[edit]

text: The first true all-LED flat panel television screen was possibly developed, demonstrated and documented by James P. Mitchell in 1977. Initial public recognition came from the Westinghouse Educational Foundation Science Talent Search group, a Science Service organization.[1] The paper entry was named in the "Honors Group" publicized to universities on January 25, 1978.[2] The paper was subsequently invited and presented at the Iowa Academy of Science at the University of Northern Iowa.[3][4] The operational prototype was displayed at the Eastern Iowa SEF[5] on March 18 and obtained a top "Physical Sciences" award and IEEE recognition. The project was again displayed at the 29th International SEF at the Anaheim Ca. Convention Center on May 8–10.[6] The ¼-inch thin miniature flat panel modular prototype, scientific paper, and full screen (tiled LED matrix) schematic with video interface were displayed at this event.[7][8] It received awards by NASA[9] and General Motors Corporation.[10][11][12] This project marked some of the earliest progress towards the replacement of the 70+ year old high-voltage analog CRT system (cathode-ray tube technology) with a digital x-y scanned LED matrix driven with a NTSC television RF video format. Mitchell's paper projected the future replacement of CRTs and included foreseen application to battery operated devices due the advantages of low-power. Displacement of the electromagnetic scan systems included the removal of inductive deflection, electron beam and color convergence circuits and has been a significant achievement. The unique properties of the light emitting diode as an emissive device simplifies matrix scanning complexity and has helped the modern television adapt to digital communications and shrink into its current thin form factor.

text: The 1977 model was monochromatic by design. The efficient Blue LED completing the color triad, did not arrive for another decade. Large displays now use high-brightness diodes to generate a wide spectrum of colors. It took three decades and organic light-emitting diodes for Sony to introduce an OLED TV, the Sony XEL-1 OLED screen which was marketed in 2009. Later, at CES 2012, Sony presented Crystal LED, a TV with a true LED-display (in which LEDs are used to produce actual images rather than acting as backlighting for other types of display, as in LED-backlit LCDs which are commonly marketed as LED TVs).

text: The 2011 UEFA Champions League Final match between Manchester United and Barcelona was broadcast live in 3D format in Gothenburg (Sweden), on an EKTA screen. It had a refresh rate of 100 Hz, a diagonal of 7.11 m (23 ft 3.92 in) and a display area of 6.192×3.483 m, and was listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest LED 3D TV.[13][14]


document_title: I Don't Feel at Home in This World Anymore

question_text: i don't feel at home in this world anymore filming locations

question_tokens: i do n 't feel at home in this world anymore filming locations

text: Plot[edit]

text: This section's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Ruth, a nursing assistant, has a bad start to her day when one of her patients dies. When she returns home, she realizes she has been burgled. She reports to the police that the thief has stolen anti-depressants and anti-anxiety medication along with her grandmother's silverware and a laptop. When she asks Detective William Bendix for advice, he chastises her for leaving her door unlocked.

text: Convinced the police will be of no help, she goes door to door, asking her neighbors if they saw anything suspicious. One of them, Tony, a heavy metal fan, becomes enraged that someone would target a neighbor. Frightened by his reaction, Ruth leaves; however, later, she returns to seek his help after the police refuse to follow up on a mobile app revealing the location of her laptop.

text: Ruth and Tony go to the location, where a man accidentally knocks himself out in a confrontation with Tony's martial arts weapon and Ruth intimidates the owner into returning her laptop. He reveals he bought it from a fence who operates a resale shop. After getting the shop's address, Ruth and Tony celebrate their victory by getting drunk and dancing. Investigating further the next morning, Ruth finds her grandmother's silverware and a man whose shoe matches a print left in her yard. Ruth gets into a scuffle with the fence when he demands she pay for the stolen silverware. After he breaks her finger, Tony knocks him unconscious, and they flee.

text: After Ruth becomes frustrated that she was not able to confront the youth she suspects to be the burglar, Tony reveals that he caught the license plate number on the van he rode away in. Tony researches the tag number of the van online, revealing the owner of the van and possible thief as Christian Rumack. Ruth takes all her evidence to Bendix, but he scolds her for investigating her case without police assistance. Though he warns that she will endanger herself further if she continues to engage in vigilantism, Ruth and Tony impersonate cops at the address linked to the tag on the thief's getaway van. A woman named Meredith lets them inside her mansion and answers their questions regarding Christian Rumack and the van. She reveals that the owner of the van, her husband Chris, is not the one who uses the van; it is instead her step-son, who was given the van by his father. She says Christian became disowned by his father after being jailed for drug-related offenses and befriending criminals he met there. Chris senior returns home abruptly with his bodyguard and angrily questions Meredith's intelligence for allowing Ruth and Tony inside, as they are obviously not cops.

text: As Chris' bodyguard holds them at gunpoint, Chris wearily offers to pay them off. He is confused when Ruth refuses his money, and she says she merely wants to confront Christian about his behavior. Chris taunts her for her idealism, and, as they leave, Ruth vandalizes his lawn art, stealing a sculpture, to which Tony protests. Christian and his friends, Marshall and Dez, watch from the side, calling off their intended robbery of Chris and instead send Christian to confront Ruth about what she knows about them. He surprises her inside her home, and she crushes his windpipe in defense. As he staggers into the street, a bus strikes and kills him. Marshall and Dez kidnap Ruth, forcing her to take Christian's place in their heist.

text: Armed with an empty pistol, Ruth gains them entry into the mansion. Meredith and Cesar are held at gunpoint and told to summon Chris. Dez shoots Chris in the hand after he comes downstairs; his gruesome injury causes Ruth to vomit, and she drops her gun. Cesar grabs it, and attempts to shoot Marshall, who fires back at him. As the two fight, Cesar pulls off Marshall's mask, but is shot in the neck and dies. Marshall demands that Chris open the safe hidden in the fireplace that Christian told them about. Marshall opens it to find that there is no cash inside, only documents, and in the moment of calm Ruth protests that she is a hostage, using her unloaded gun as proof. She is ignored, and Marshall and Dez proclaim that they are "done here".

text: Dez raises her gun to kill Meredith, but Ruth steps in front of her. Tony arrives, stolen lawn sculpture in hand, and strikes Dez in the face with a ninja star. When Dez tries to fire her gun at Tony, it backfires and explodes, blowing her hand off. Chris takes the opportunity to try to steal Marshall's gun, but Marshall accidentally shoots him through the head, killing him. Marshall points his gun at Tony next, but Ruth wrestles him to the ground. Dez stabs Tony several times in the stomach and then advances on Ruth. Marshall's gun goes off as Ruth tears at his hand with her teeth, and a stray bullet strikes Dez in the head, killing her. Ruth gains the upper hand over Marshall, bludgeoning him in the head and leg with the butt of his own gun, and helps Tony flee into the forest behind the mansion. Marshall recovers and chases them as Meredith flees the mansion unnoticed and alone.

text: Ruth hides Tony under some brush, as he can no longer walk due to his wounds, and continues to run from Marshall. After a long chase and confrontation, Ruth attacks Marshall by throwing rocks at him, and his sudden movements cause him to be bitten by a water moccasin that Ruth had avoided earlier. Ruth leaves him to die from his wounds. Panicked that she cannot find Tony on her way back, Ruth sees her grandmother's ghost point her in the correct direction. Grateful that Ruth saved her life, Meredith neglects to identify her as one of the burglars to Bendix. Ruth returns to her daily life with Tony, who survives his wounds, and she joins his church.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Melanie Lynskey as Ruth Kimke
Elijah Wood as Tony
David Yow as Marshall
Jane Levy as Dez
Devon Graye as Christian Rumack, Jr.
Christine Woods as Meredith
Robert Longstreet as Christian Rumack
Gary Anthony Williams as William Bendix
Lee Eddy as Angie
Derek Mears as Donkey
Jason Manuel Olazabal as Cesar
Maxwell Hamilton as Smoker
Matt Orduna as Dan
Michelle Moreno as Jana Huff
Jeb Berrier as Gearhead

text: Writer and director Macon Blair makes a cameo appearance as a man Ruth meets at a bar. The movie is dedicated "For Lee & Buck." (Lee Eddy who played Angie & Buck Eddy-Blair who played young Ruth)

text: Production[edit]

text: In April 2016, it was announced Melanie Lynskey and Elijah Wood had been cast in the film, with Macon Blair writing and directing the film.[3][4][5]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began in April 2016, in Portland, Oregon.[6][7]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 19, 2017.[8] It received a worldwide release on February 24, 2017, streaming exclusively on Netflix.[9]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: I Don't Feel At Home in This World Anymore received positive reviews from film critics. It currently holds an 88% "fresh" rating on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, based on 51 reviews, with an average score of 7.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "I Don't Feel At Home In This World Anymore transcends its unwieldy title to offer timely, intoxicatingly dark observations on gender dynamics and social norms in modern America."[10] On Metacritic, the film has a 75 out of 100 rating, based on 15 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[11]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

Gotham Independent Film Awards
November 27, 2017
Best Actress
Melanie Lynskey
Pending
[12]